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Rwanda Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) 2008 Update

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Rwanda Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) 2008 Update Rwanda Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) 2008 Update JULY 2008 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Chemonics International Inc. Rwanda Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment 2008 Update EPIQ IQC Contract No. EPP-I-00-03-00014-00, Task Order 02 Biodiversity Analysis and Technical Support for USAID/Africa is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau for Africa, Office of Sustainable Development (AFR/SD). This program is implemented by Chemonics International Inc., World Conservation Union, World Wildlife Fund, and International Program Consortium in coordination with program partners the U.S. Forest Service/International Programs and the Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group. Photos, front cover: Nyungwe National Park (Lance Gatchell, USFS); Gorillas in Volcano National Park (Anecto Kayitare, IGCP), Southern Province (Stephanie Otis, Chemonics International) The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To capture the maximum amount of information in the short amount of field time available to conduct this assessment, planning, logistics, and communications had to function seamlessly. Accordingly, the assessment team relied heavily on the cooperation and goodwill of many others. The entire team is most appreciative of the time given generously by individuals and institutions to assist in our efforts to understand the situation of biodiversity and tropical forest conservation in Rwanda. There are several individuals in particular whom we would like to thank. They include Mr. Roger Gakwerere, Tourism Warden at Akagera National Park, and Mr. Louis Rugerinyange, Chief Warden at Nyungwe National Park, who each gave generously of their time to meet with us, answer our many questions, and to escort us to particular sites in the parks that we asked to investigate. At USAID, Environmental Officer Mr. Timothy Karera was extremely important to the success of our assignment by helping to arrange meetings, plotting our logistical arrangements with us, making constructive suggestions on key documents, and providing a critical review of the drafts produced for this report. We are of course grateful to the many individuals who met with us to answer a broad array of questions about Rwanda, its biodiversity, its forest assets, and the threats to these natural attributes. The complete list of people whom we consulted can be found in Annex E. We are indebted to each of them for the information they provided and sincerely hope that this assessment may also be of value to them and their organizations. RWANDA 2008 ETOA i CONTENTS Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................... i Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................iii Executive Summary........................................................................................................................ v Section 1: Introduction.................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose and Background ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Methodology for the ETOA Update .......................................................................................... 1 1.3 ETOA Update Report Organization........................................................................................... 2 Section 2: Context of the Assessment............................................................................................. 3 2.1 Biophysical Description............................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Socioeconomic Description ....................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Political and Legal Contexts ...................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Overview of Environmental Programs and Initiatives............................................................. 20 2.5 Key Changes since the 2003 Assessment ................................................................................ 20 Section 3: Status of Environmental Resources in Rwanda........................................................... 23 3.1 Forest and Terrestrial Biodiversity .......................................................................................... 23 3.2 Watersheds and Wetland Ecosystems...................................................................................... 32 3.3 Agriculture and Farming Systems ........................................................................................... 33 3.4 Energy Resources..................................................................................................................... 34 3.5 Economic Value and Importance............................................................................................. 38 Section 4: Threats to Forests, Biodiversity, and the Environment ............................................... 41 4.1 Population pressure on biodiversity resources and protected areas......................................... 41 4.2 Institutional weaknesses and inefficiencies ............................................................................. 43 4.3 Energy pressure........................................................................................................................ 45 4.4 Degradation of wetlands and lack of clean water .................................................................... 45 4.5 Agricultural inefficiencies and soil erosion ............................................................................. 47 4.6 Climate Change........................................................................................................................ 48 4.7 Waste disposal issues............................................................................................................... 48 Section 5: Initiatives in the Environment Sector .......................................................................... 51 5.1 Government Institutions........................................................................................................... 51 5.2 Donors and the Environmental Landscape .............................................................................. 52 5.3 USAID-Funded Environmental Activities............................................................................... 56 Section 6 Potential Entry Points and Recommendations.............................................................. 63 6.1 General Entry Points................................................................................................................ 64 6.2 Opportunity Areas and Recommendations for USAID Involvement ...................................... 65 Resources Consulted..................................................................................................................... 71 Annexes A: Scope of Work B: U.S. Foreign Assistance Act 118-119 C: Environmental Analysis – Rwanda D: Biographies of the 2008 ETOA Update Team E: Persons Consulted/Interviewed F: Environmental Legal and Policy Framework in Rwanda G: IUCN Threatened Animal and Plant Species H: Rwanda Species on CITES Appendices I and II I: Additional Maps ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACNR Association for the Conservation of Nature in Rwanda AfDB African Development Bank ANP Akagera National Park ARECO Rwandan Association of Ecologists AREDI Rwandan Association for Integrated Development of the Environment AWF African Wildlife Federation CBD Convention on Biodiversity CBOs Community Based Organization CDF Common Development Fund CURPHAMETRA University Center for Pharmacy and Traditional Medicine DFGFI Diane Fossey Gorilla Fund/International DFID Department for International Development DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAC East African Community EDPRS Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy EIA Environmental impact assessment ETOA Environmental threats and opportunities assessment FAA Foreign Assistance Act FFI Fauna and Flora International GDP Gross domestic profit GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Geographic Information Systems GNU Transitional Government of National Unity GOR Government of Rwanda GTZ German Development Cooperation ICRAF International Center for Research in Agroforestry IGCP International Gorilla Conservation Project IRST Institute of Scientific Research and Technology ISAR Rwanda Institute of Agronomic Sciences IUCN International Union for Conservation and Nature KIST Kigali Institute of Science, Technology, and Management LFRC National Land and Forest Research Centre LVBC Lake Victoria Basin Commission MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements MINAGRI Ministry of Agriculture & Animal Resources MINALOC Ministry of Local Government, Good Governance, Community Development and Social Affairs MINEDUC Ministry of Education MINERENA Ministry of Water, Energy and Natural Resources MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance & Economic Planning MINICOM Ministry of Commerce, Trade, Industry, Tourism & Cooperatives MININFRA Ministry of Infrastructures
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