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Panitan Lukkunaprasit Vibration, Chulalongkorn University

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Panitan Lukkunaprasit Vibration, Chulalongkorn University Critical Infrastructure Protection & Resilience Asia, Bangkok, June 24-25,2014 Towards disaster resilience – from global perspective to action Panitan Lukkunaprasit Center of Excellence in Earthquake Engineering and Vibration, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand (http://evr.eng.chula.ac.th ) Background • Recent disasters from earthquakes in Haiti (Mw 7.0, January, 2010) Christchurch, New Zealand (M7.1, September 2010 and M6.3, 22 Feb 2011 ), and Japan (M 9.0, 11 March, 2011) have taught us valuable lessons concerning preparedness for and mitigation of disasters. Outline • This presentation highlights important strategic actions for disaster resilience. • Lessons are drawn from M6.1Mae Lao eqk., Thailand, May 5, 2014 and others • Essential non-engineering aspects - safety culture, leadership and ethics are also addressed. • • • Fig. 3-4-4-1. No. of Disasters by Region • The number of deaths by region and disaster type. Asia shows a relatively large number of deaths compared to other regions ut Low-income countries account for only 9% of world’s disasters, but 48% of the fatalities Source: World Bank Between 1980 and 2009, about 2% of total development assistance was allocated to disaster-related activities, with the small- est share for disaster prevention UNISDR • The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction reflects a major shift from the traditional emphasis on disaster response to disaster reduction, and in effect seeks to promote a "culture of prevention". • UNISDR is the secretariat of the International Strategy and mandated by the UN General Assembly to ensure its implementation. World conference on disaster reduction, Kobe, 2005 The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters The Hyogo Framework for Action was adopted by 168 Member States in Japan in 2005 to build the resilience of nations and communities by the year 2015. (Dr Arturo Pesigan WHO) Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015) • "Protect and strengthen critical public facilities and physical infrastructure, particularly, schools, clinics, hospitals … through proper design, retrofitting and re -building , in order to render them adequately resilient to hazards " (HFA 4.ii.f) • Calls for capacity enhancement, research, advocacy, and policy development (Dr Arturo Pesigan WHO) Resilience the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) (2009), UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction, UNISDR, Geneva. Example of non-resilience M7.0 HAITI EARTHQUAKE 4:53 p.m.; JANUARY 12, 2010 (Walter Hayes) CATASTROPHIC DEATH TOLL OF 220,000+ COLLAPSE OF UN BUILDING; PORT AU PRINCE Collapse of Haiti Presidential Palace, Jan. 13, 2010 earthquake INFRASTRUCTURE DAMAGE • Power was knocked out. • Communication was disrupted. • Utility service was interrupted. • Roads were damaged. • The airport’s control tower was badly damaged, limiting usage. • The port was damaged. • Two years after the tragedy, a large number of Haitian residents still have to live in temporary shelters, with constant threats from further hazards such as floods, hurricanes, etc.! STRATEGIC MEASURES ! • Seismic resistant design regulations and standards – for new buildings • Upgrading critical facilities and infrastructure • WARNING SYSTEM AND PREPAREDNESS • Upkeep of supporting equipment and back-up systems • Capacity building – Cultivation of safety culture – Leadership – Instillation of ethical values • Legal measures and law enforcement • Emergency response • Effective restoration – not covered in this presentation due to time limitation STRATEGIC ACTIONS ! • Because of the large building stock without seismic resistant construction, it would be impossible, considering our state of economy, to retrofit most of the vulnerable buildings to have sufficient resistance to major earthquakes. UPGRADING FACILITIES • Should logistically prioritize plans for upgrading vulnerable critical infrastructure and public buildings - hospitals, schools, electrical power facilities, water supply facilities, communication facilities, elevated expressways, viaducts, bridges, etc. Preparedness CRITICAL FACILITIES • For a critical facility to function during and after a natural disaster, not only the building must be operational immediately after the event, but all supporting systems – power, communication and utility services must also function, or at least be restorable to normal operation within a reasonable time . => for BUSINESS CONTINUITY The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant successfully shut down when it was struck by the M9 eqk on 11/03/2011. However, failure of the emergency generators caused by tsunami that followed led to failure of the cooling system with the consequence of partial melt-down of fuel rods and explosions of some units. Hatyai Hospital’s Experience During Flood 22--33 Nov. 2010 Thailand mega-flood, 2011 (mapsofworld.com) • In 201iland0 and 2011 floods in Thailand, some critical facilities (e.g. back-up generators) were flooded or damaged due to lack of maintenance • We should upkeep and maintain supporting facilities ( Backup systems, e.g. electrical power supply, telecommunication system ) for quick response in worst disaster scenario e.g. • Moving emergency generators to higher level( for flood mitigation) • Proper maintenance of equipment, safety instruments, etc. • Stocking essential spare parts • Providing proper anchorage to equipment/parts prone to falling off Lack of maintenance increases vulnerability of buildings to damage/collapse Capacity Building • Investment on human resource development – empowering HR at all levels Education and research Training, research, drills Media • Personnel trained to cope with emergencies so as to keep the facilities operational • instillation of ethical values • Dissemination of knowledge to community level M6.1 Mae Lao earthquake, Chiangrai, Thailand, May 5,2014 Some braces were wrongly placed against the flimsy timber walls. Dissemination of basic technical knowledge is important to better prepare laymen for damage reduction in future earthquakes. 3- story RC building with soft story and torsional irregularity collapse in Mae Lao district, M6.1 Mae Lao earthquake, Chiangrai, Thailand, May 5,2014 The day of main shock Total collapse next day with aftershock~ M5 Cultivation of safety culture • Safety culture is lacking, especially in developing countries. • Safety rules and building codes are meaningless if engineers and regulating officials are not conscious of safety; they will simply be ignored - many buildings collapsed in Haiti and L’ Aquila, Italy earthquakes because they were of sub- standard design and/or construction. Damaged 3-story RC building in Wat Muangnga kindergarten school, Phan district-Mae Lao Earthquake, May 5, 2014 Leadership • In most developing countries, investment on disaster related activities is customarily set at a lower priority than development investment. • It takes leadership at all levels to undertake necessary action to mitigate disasters. A hero’s story Ye Zhiping, the school principal of Sangzao Middle School, is Ye Zhipping noteworthy for saving thousands of his students. Concerned with the shoddy construction of the school, he pestered government officials for funds from 1996 to 1999. He was granted 400 ,00 Yuan to strengthen the existing structures. After the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, although the school was seriously destroyed, all 2,323 students and staff emerged unharmed compared to the more than 10 ,000 children crushed in their classrooms in other schools!! (Courtesy A. Oreta) Instillation of ethical values • In the Wenchuan Earthquake (M8.0, May 2008), there was a great outcry about irregularities in construction leading to many building collapse in schools • Sub-standard design and construction caused by un-ethical act of engineers and others can cause tragic casualties and fatalities not only in the event of a natural disaster, but also in a normal condition Wenchuan earthquake M8.0, 12/05/08 • Sub-standard design and/or construction kills people !! So, educators have an important obligation to instill ethical values in our young generations !! Concluding remarks (1) • Development without appropriate investment on disaster mitigation leads to a vulnerable environment. Concluding remarks (2) • positive empowerment - advocating disaster risk management should be viewed as an opportunity rather than a cost, something which makes you — your city, your business, your supply chain, and yourself — more sustainable and more competitive (global assessment report 2013,UNISDR) Concluding remarks (3) • Educators need to instill ethical values, safety culture and leadership in young generations. • International collaboration in capacity enhancement, research, advocacy, and policy development (Hyogo Framework) could bring about a safer world for future generation. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning • Chulalongkorn University Case study - Thailand • Lessons from Mae Lao earthquake, May 5, 2014 Prior to 1983, Thailand was believed to be a non-seismic prone country. However, the M5.9 earthquake on the Richter scale on April 22 , 1983 which shook the central and western parts of Thailand including Bangkok stimulated academics to seriously
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