THE USE OF METAPHOR IN ’S SHORT STORY THE BLACK CAT

Faizal Risdianto Islamic State Institute of Salatiga

Abstract

This study is aimed to elaborate the uniqueness of Edgar Allan Poe’s short story entitled The Black Cat. This research is a (qualitative) bibliographical study. The object of the study is the use of metaphor in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story The Black Cat. There are 21 sentences chosen to represent all the metaphorical sentences of Edgar Allan Poe being the object of the study. Having analyzed the data by the perspective of George Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor, the researcher can draw a conclusion that Edgar Allan Poe has succesfully used effective and creative metaphorical expressions in depicting the psychological ambnormality of the main character in his short story. His remarkable metaphorical expression shows his distictive position as one of the greatest American man of letters.

Keywords: Metaphor, Source Domain, Target Domain, and Short story.

Introduction expression in literary works such as short One of interesting problems in story helps us, the readers to be (Become language study is the use of metaphor in all More) realistic, mature, wise and humane. It walks of life. One of its mysteries is the public helps having deeper understanding of human confusion in encountering metaphorical sentiments, human interests and values, etc. It expression that says something that is brings us closer to other human beings of the different to what it really means. Hawkes says same or different nationalities, cultures, “Language which doesn’t mean what it human values, etc. Our lives become more says” (1980:1). This fact creates the impression tolerant, more balanced, and fuller. We learn that the user of metaphor looks like a liar or to appreciate what others appreciate properly. deceiver. When Juliet said to Romeo “The In this way our capacity for feeling and lights that shines from your eyes” she did not appreciation increases, and so does our mean to say that from Romeo’s eyeballs capacity for enjoyment. We become richer radiating or shining on the chamber they through our understanding and the use of our stayed. When a poet says,” A poem is a bird”, literary reading and experience. he did not mean to state that the poem can Considering above elaboration, this flap its wings and tail. Those two instances is paper analyzes the use of metaphor in Edgar only part of many examples that creates the Allan Poe’s short story The Black Cat. This impression of metaphor as the expression full outstanding short story has a distinctive of “absurdity” and ‘falsity” (Max Black in feature of metaphorical expression and to Ortony, 1993:21). define what had been analyzed in this One of the interesting studies of research, it had been formulated the problem metaphor is the use of metaphor in literary of this paper: What’s the uniqueness of the use works. The outstanding feature of metaphor in of metaphor in Edgar Allan Poe’s Short story this case lies on it uniqueness and specification The Black Cat? that very different to other genre of writing like business, science and technological Basic Theories and Analyis reports. Such uniqueness refers to the poetic The basic theory of this paper covers three function of literary wok to convey message or aspects as follows: (1) The definition of metaphor ideas to its readers (Culler, 1975:55). Culler (2) George Lakoff’ and Mark Johnson’s conceptual says, “By showing what properties of metaphor (3) The Biography of Edgar Allan Poe. language were being exploited in particular Those three aspects have a close relation to the texts and how they were extended or topic discussed in this paper. organized” (1975:55). A. What is Metaphor? In addition, the use of metaphorical In literary use, a metaphor (from the

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Greek: metapherin rhetorical trope) is defined metaphor like “black wolf” to depict “night as an indirect comparison between two or shadow” like what has Arthur Rimbaud said in more seemingly unrelated subjects that his poem is the example of effective and typically uses “is a” to join the first subjects expressive metaphor (Edi Subroto, 1995:39). for example: ” Man is a wolf “. This is an According to Herman Waluyo elliptical form compared to Simile sentence (1991:84), metaphor is an insight or approach Man is like a wolf. A metaphor is commonly towards object through direct or indirect confused with a simile, which compares two comparison. Aminuddin (1995:304), in his subjects using “like” or “as”. An example of a Stilistika explained that metaphor is: simile: “He was as sly as a fox.” In the One of the form of figurative language which simplest case, a metaphor takes the form: created and re-created through comparison and “The first subject is a second subject.” Edi the transfer of semantic features via direct or Subroto (1986:45) said that a metaphorical indirect comparison. The Indonesian metaphor expression can be categorized as metaphor if of “Aku ini binatang jalang”( I am the untamed it can give a new enjoyment in reading animal) for example, is a form of metaphor language expression, kicking out monotony which used direct comparison but in the and enliven inanimate object, and actualizing metaphor of “Jam mengerdip” something is something that which actually crippled or compared to the blinking as indirect nature. paralyzed. Viewed to its function, the use of metaphor is In the development of theories of functioned to enrich the nature of imagery description and the picturing of meaning of an metaphor there are several domestic and elaboration. foreign linguists who had tried to describe Ullmann said that the subjects of their complex conception about metaphor. metaphor by telling the things that we They are: Rachmad Djoko Pradopo (1987), Edi compared to. In his Semantic an Introduction to Subroto (1991), Herman Waluyo (1991), the science of meaning explained about both Aminuddin (1995), Stephen Ullmann (1972), things by giving term of tenor and vehicle, Andrew Orthony (1993), and Wellek (1993). whereas the common feature that they have has These conceptions will be elaborated one by formed the ground of metaphor. This had been one: stated in these following sentences: Pradopo (1987:66) explains that The basic structure of metaphor is very categorically metaphor consists of two terms simple. There are two terms present: the thing that is main term or tenor (Principal Term) we are talking about and that to which we are and the second term or vehicle (Secondary comparing it. In Richard’s terminology, the Term). The main term or tenor told about the former is the tenor, the later the vehicle, compared entities whereas the second term or whereas the feature or features they have in vehicle told about the comparison or the common from the ground of the metaphor things compared. Then it was said that (Ullman, 1972:213). metaphor sees things by the medium of other It means that the basic structure of entities. This metaphor explains something metaphor is very simple. There are two things with the same result which actually has that we are talking about the things we talk and different meaning. Edi Subroto (1995:38) the things we compared to. The first term of explains that metaphor is created particularly Richard from the early start is tenor (direction/ based on the similarity of two referents. The objectives) and the latest is vehicle. This first referent is called tenor and the second remains us to the idiosyncrasies of daily lexicon one is called vehicle. The similarity of both which form the ground of metaphor. referents is the basic builder of metaphor In the view of Andrew Ortony (1993:2), creation. in his book entitled Metaphor and Thought: According to Edi Subroto one of It seems preferable, however, to attempt to relate important factor in the affectivity of metaphor two alternative approaches to metaphor – is the distance between tenor and vehicle. If metaphor as an essential characteristic of the the distance of both of them is very close in creativity of language; and metaphor as deviant their similarity level, the metaphor is less and parasitic upon normal usage – to a more expressive, less effective. On the contrary, if fundamental and pervasive difference of opinion the similarity level of both elements is not so about the relationship between language and the real, the metaphor has expressive power. The world.

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It means that, however, it is better to ordinary language. Moreover, metaphor is relate two alternatives of approach in metaphor typically viewed as characteristic of language – metaphor as the main character from alone, a matter of words rather than thought or language creativity; and metaphor as a action. For this reason, most people think they deviation and parasitic from the normal can get along perfectly without metaphor. We language toward deep fundamental difference have found, on the contrary, that metaphor is from the opinion of the relationship between pervasive in everyday life, not just in language language and the world. but in thought and action. Our ordinary Furthermore Rene Wellek (1993:235) conceptual system, in terms of which we both explained that metaphor compared two world think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in and conveying theme through one idiom to nature. other idiom as the works of Shakespeare (raging The concepts that govern our thought sea, the wild storm in the meadow, the gloomy are not just matter of the intellect. They also lake). govern our everyday functioning, down to the In general, it can be concluded that most common details. Our concepts structure what had been said by the above linguistic what we perceive, how we get around in the experts had enrich our knowledge about the world and how we relate to other people. Our theories of metaphor started from the tenor and conceptual system thus plays a central role in vehicle explained by I.A Richard (1936). Even defining our everyday realities. If we are right though sometimes using different terminology in suggesting that our conceptual system is outstanding linguists like Pradopo, Edi Subroto, largely metaphorical, then the way we thinks Waluyo, Aminnuddin,Wellek and Ullmann had what we experience, and what we do every day just given an emphasis to the theory of Richard is very much a matter of metaphor. whereas Andrew Ortony had added by his The conceptual system used by viewpoints which insisted on the mankind in wherever society strongly inconsistencies between “the two terms” in influenced our style and style of thinking and metaphor called as tension. doing is metaphorical. The non-metaphorical thinking is only possible if we discuss merely B. CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR physical realities. The greater the level of It is true that all of us speak in abstraction made by people, the greater of the metaphors whether we realize it or not. In metaphorical layers needed to state the result of Metaphors We Live By by George Lakoff, a human thinking. linguist, and Mark Johnson, a philosopher, Many people ignored these for several suggest that metaphors not only make our reasons. One of them is the reason that few thoughts more vivid and interesting but that form of metaphor is considered “dead” and has they actually structure our perceptions and unknown origin. The other reason is that we do understanding. Thinking of marriage as a not know what happen on our conceptual “contract agreement,” for example, leads to one system in our thinking. (1993:224). set of expectations, while thinking of it as ‘team The clearer depiction of the view that play”, “a negotiated settlement,” ‘Russian most of our conceptual system is metaphorical roulette,” “an indissoluble merger,” or “a can be seen in the instances of conceptual religious sacrament” will carry different sets of metaphor by Lakoff and Turner (1989:3-4) that expectations. When a government thinks of its is given then name of the metaphor LIFE IS A enemies as ‘turkeys” or “clowns” it does not JOURNEY. In this metaphor the mental take them as serious threats, but if they said that domain) “Journey” as the source domain is they are “pawns” in the hands of the compared to mental domain of “Life” as the communists, they will be taken seriously target domain. The conceptual mapping indeed. In Metaphors We Live By has led many between the concepts is: readers to a new recognition of how profoundly LIFE IS A JOURNEY. metaphors not only shape our view of life in the - The person leading a life is a traveler. present but set up the expectations that - His purposes are destinations. determine what life will be for us in the future - The means fro achieving purposes are routes. (1980:13). - Difficulties in life are impediments to travel Metaphor is for most people a device of - Counselors are guides. the poetic imagination and the rhetorical - Progress is the distance traveled. flourish- a matter of extraordinary rather than - Counselors are guides.

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- Progress is the distance traveled being instrumental in the development of the - Things you gauge your progress by are the literary genres of Science Fiction and Mystery. landmarks. The catalog of his writing is diverse and - Material resources and talents are provisions. includes such classics as “The Fall of the House - The conception of the metaphor LIFE IS A of Usher", “", and The JOURNEY can be applied into other examples Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket. like what have been said by (in Ortony In 1809 Edgar Poe was born in Boston, 1993:206) like the metaphor of LOVE IS A Massachusetts to a family of actors. Some JOURNEY suppose his parents chose named him after the - Our relationship has hit a dead-end street. son of Gloucester in Shakespeare’s King Lear - We can’t turn back now. (which his parents were acting in at the time of - We’re at the crossroads. his birth.) The events of his early life would - The relationship isn’t going anywhere. inspire Angela Carter to pen “The Cabinet of - We’re spinning our wheels. Edgar Allan Poe." Within a year of his father’s - Our relationship is off the track. desertion of the family, his mother died of

tuberculosis. The Allan family from Richmond, It should be understood that the above Virginia took in the young Edgar Poe. Edgar metaphorical conception is not the only form, Poe was renamed Edgar Allan Poe to represent but there are hundreds and thousands form and this new family relation, but he was never mental domain mapping which compared on officially adopted. mental domain to other mental domain like During his first year of attendance at what had been elaborate by Lakoff in the the University of Virginia, Edgar Allan Poe metaphor of SOUL IS AN OBJECT, DEMON IS accumulated large gambling debts. Tension A PERSON,REASON IS A PERSON, SOUL IS over finances led to an estrangement from his A PERSON, HUMAN CHARACTER ARE foster family. Poe forced to support himself PLANTS, AFFECTION IS WARMTH, STATE IS found intermittent work before eventually A LOCATION, FRIENDSHIP IS A JOURNEY, joining the United States Army. His first year of THE GARDEN IS CONTAINER etc. service was also the year of publication for his From this, the researcher can defined first book of poetry, and Other that according to George Lakoff metaphor is the Poems. After two years of military service, he most important conceptual construction in the sought discharge to pursue an education at the development of human thinking history. The United States Military Academy at West Point. conceptual system which used daily in each and The discharge was granted with the caveat that every society will influence our ways of Edgar Allan Poe must reconcile with his foster thinking and doing which metaphorical in father. The reconciliation was short lived. nature. Within two years, Edgar Allan Poe renewed the C. THE BIOGRAPHY OF EDGAR ALLAN quarrel over finances with his foster father. Poe POE sabotaged his military career through neglect of Edgar Allan Poe was one of the seminal his duties and disobedience. After his court- American poets and short story writers of the martial in 1831, he traveled to New York before nineteenth century. Edgar Allan Poe also returning to . worked as a literary critic and editor. In his His life was characterized by lifetime, he had the distinction of being one of professional and personal turmoil. His ability to the first American writers with more cultural make a living was undermined by a general cache in Europe than in the United States. Edgar unwillingness of American publishers to Allan Poe studied languages at the University publish new American writers since the lack of of Virginia and United States Military Academy strong international copyright laws made it at West Point; however, he withdrew or was more profitable for to reprint British books. At dismissed from these institutions before taking the age of 26, Edgar Allan Poe married his a degree (although at West Point he achieved thirteen year-old cousin, Virginia Clemm. Her the rank of cadet.) tuberculosis (which led to her death in 1847) The writing of Edgar Allan Poe has exacerbated his drinking. Some see this loss influenced diverse writers and thinkers (coupled with the loss of his mother) as including Charles Baudelaire, Jules Verne and contributing to the frequent theme in his work H. P. Lovecraft. Edgar Allan Poe is also seen as of a beautiful woman’s death. This theme is

40 The Use of Metaphor... (Risdianto) perhaps most famously explored in “The of Gothic literature stands as a reaction to " as the speaker addresses his intellectual trends seen in transcedentalism. He despondency “for the rare and radiant maiden disparaged this line of thought as being whom the angels named ." Poe’s story pointlessly obscure and ridiculously mystical. “The Masque of the Red Death" is often also He reserved his criticism of the transcendental thought to be a reference not only to the Black movement for those he considered to be merely Death, but also of the contemporary pandemic sophists. In contrast, Edgar Allan Poe also of tuberculosis. viewed didacticism and allegory as Even when not acting as a meditation problematic. He promoted literary work that on the death of a beautiful, much of Edgar Allan had a singular focus and a brevity that allowed Poe’s writings are dark and measured. These a work to be read in one sitting. works often illustrate people on the cusp of a The writings of Edgar Allan Poe have dramatic event; they explore the darkness of helped fuel the works of such Continental human interactions, while offering visions of Philosophers and thinkers as Jean-Paul Sartre, the sublime. In addition to these dark works, Maurice Blanchot, Jean-Francois Lyotard, Gilles Edgar Allan Poe also wrote satirical pieces. Deleuze and Felix Guattari, and perhaps most Some of his works also showed a high level of notably Jacques Lacan. Specifically, Lacan understanding both his audience and the lectured and wrote extensively on Edgar Allan perceptions of reality. The Balloon Hoax was Poe’s “The Purloined Letter." Jacques Lacan originally published as a newspaper article. Its uses Edgar Allan Poe’s story to explicate the plot was plausible, and it created excitement Freudian conception of how the symbolic order and expectation on the emergent hot air balloon constitutes subject through an orientation to a technology, which fueled sales of the signifier. Lacan further says of the work: newspaper it first appear in. However in The narration, in fact, doubles the retrospect it is categorized as early Science- drama with a commentary without which no Fiction. mise en scene would be possible. Let us say that Although Edgar Allan Poe was truly the action would remain, properly speaking, original and singular in American literature, his invisible from the pit-aside from the fact that place in American letters is frequently over the dialogue would be expressly and by shadowed by the expansive works of Walt dramatic necessity devoid of whatever meaning Whitman and the enigmatic verse of Emily it might have for an audience… Dickinson. Edgar Allan Poe’s poetry retained The legacy of Edgar Allen Poe the metric structure assumed to be more typical continues through his ongoing popularity as a of nineteenth century European verse. Despite writer. His work has strong visual and narrative the reputation of these other figures, Edgar elements that inspire artists and thinkers. Film, Allan Poe remains a dominant influence in the radio and television adaptations of his stories world of letters. and poems have been popular throughout the In “The Philosophy of Composition"— twentieth century. The influence Edgar Allan true to his Romantic leanings, he discusses the Poe has exerted over culture is truly nature of writing and the Truth. In this essay, incalculable, Even watching a rerun of The Edgar Allan Poe argues the superiority of Simpsons may expose a viewer to an animated poetry over other genres of writing. Poe retelling of “The Raven." Perhaps, the most considers the goal of truth is to satisfy the loving and mysterious tribute to Edgar Allan intellect. He argues that truth and passion are Poe was the Poe Toaster. From 1949 until 2009 better served by the mechanics of prose than on January 19, the Toaster would leave a trio of poetry since the truth must be precise and roses on Poe’s grave and toast him with cognac. passion must have a homeliness. These forces, The repeated act of the Toaster is a sign that Poe warns, are contrary to the mechanics of Edger Allan Poe’s memory was still vivid in the Beauty, which is the purview of poetry. Poetry minds of his readers. is not entirely devoid of truth or passion. Edgar Allan Poe’s short stories include However, they are secondary to the primary “Hop-Frog", “The Gold-Bug", “", “The function of poetry to present a beautiful Cask of Amontillado", “The Pit and the atmosphere. The poetry and prose of Edgar Pendulum", “The Fall of the House of Usher", Allan Poe have cast a long shadow over world “The Masque of the Red Death", “The Oval literature and philosophy. His particular brand Portrait", “The Murders in the Rue Morgue",

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“The Purloined Letter", “The Facts in the Case constituent which acts as source domain is the of M. Valdemar" and “The Black Cat." phrase “ instantly possessed” whereas the (http://www.egs.edu/library/edgar-allan- target domain is discussing the scary word poe/biography/). “Demon”. As it can be clearly found on the group of words “a demon instantly possessed III. ANALYSIS me”; the abstract invisible entity of “Demon” is The following paragraphs are the result treated almost resembles to human being who of analysis toward 27 sentences which contain is able influence or control the life of human metaphor in Allan Poe’s short story. These being. In this case, it seems that the word sentences had been analyzed by using George “demon” cannot be just related to the evil spirit Lakoff’s theory of conceptual Metaphor. In this like ghost, Satan or monster but it can be analysis it can be found eight most outstanding interpreted as a vague “dark” passion or an conceptual mapping of metaphor: idea which haunts and drives the main character and let himself drowned and 1.SOUL IS AN OBJECT slumbered into near insanity or madness. In general, there are two metaphorical 3. REASON IS A PERSON data in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story showing There are two metaphorical data data in the pattern of SOUL IS AN OBJECT: Edgar Allan Poe’s short story showing the (1) Yet, mad am I not - and very surely do I pattern of REASON IS A PERSON: not dream. But to-morrow I die, and to-day I (4) When reason returned with the morning - would unburthen my soul. when I had slept off the fumes of the night's In the metaphorical expression (1) the debauch - I experienced a sentiment half of part which acts as source domain is the word “ horror, half of remorse, for the crime of which I unburthen” (It means “To unburden; to had been guilty; but it was, at best, a feeble and unload’) whereas the target domain is the word equivocal feeling, and the soul remained “soul”. As it can be seen on the group of words untouched. “unburthen my soul” the abstract entity of (5) But, by slow degrees - degrees nearly “Soul” is treated as a concrete object which can imperceptible, and which for a long time my be unburden or unload by the narrator. This is a Reason struggled to reject as fanciful - it had, at smart way of depicting the feeling of worry of length, assumed a rigorous distinctness of the main character in facing his coming soon outline. death. In the metaphorical expressions (4) and (2) When reason returned with the morning - (5) the constituents which act as source domain when I had slept off the fumes of the night's are the word “ returned” and “Struggled” debauch - I experienced a sentiment half of whereas the target domain is discussing just a horror, half of remorse, for the crime of which I single word “reason”. As it can be vividly seen had been guilty; but it was, at best, a feeble and on the sub clause of “When reason returned” equivocal feeling, and the soul remained and “my reason struggled” the abstract untouched. cognitive entity of “human’s reason” is treated In the metaphorical expression (2) the similar to the ability of human being who is part which acts as source domain is the phrase “ capable of to go somewhere and then return to remained untouched” whereas the target his or her initial place and it also able to make domain is the phrase“the soul”. As it can be effort or struggle of solving life’s problems. clearly observed on the group of words “the 4. FIRE IS A PERSON soul remained untouched” the abstract entity of There is only one metaphorical data “Soul” is treated as a concrete object which can data in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story showing be touched or perceived by the narrator or the pattern of FIRE IS A PERSON: anyone living around him. This is an interesting (6) On the night of the day on which this cruel craftsmanship of showing the turmoil or up and deed was done, I was aroused from sleep by down of the feeling of the main character, the the cry of fire. narrator. In the metaphorical expression (6) the 2. A DEMON IS A PERSON parts which act as source domain is the There is only one metaphorical data in reference of human being in the word “the cry” Edgar Allan Poe’s short story showing the whereas the target domain is aimed at focusing pattern of A DEMON IS A PERSON: on the single word “fire”. As it can be easily (3) The fury of a demon instantly possessed me. seen on the noun phrase “The cry of fire”; the In the metaphorical expression (3) the concrete visible object of “fire” is treated almost 42 The Use of Metaphor... (Risdianto) resembles to human being who is able to make to do cruel and wicked action towards his cat loud sounds that express feelings of pain or and wife. It is actually the narrator psychopath fear. In this case, the narrator and his family and paranoia which led him living in the world experienced an arson done by unknown person. of his own hallucination and paranoia. The The choice of Edgar’s diction of “the cry of fire” narrator enduring a split of personality where creates fresh and live idea in the mind of in one time he feels that he has a good readers about the gloomy saddening horrible disposition but at the same time has lack of picture of a person who faces conflagration or control of his wicked and cruel intention total house burning. towards his cat and wife. 5. POVERTY IS A PERSON 7. SOUL IS A PERSON There is only one metaphorical data There are four metaphorical data data data in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story showing in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story showing the the pattern of POVERTY IS A PERSON: pattern of SOUL IS A PERSON: (7) One day she accompanied me, upon some (11) But this feeling soon gave place to household errand, into the cellar of the old irritation. And then came, as if to my final and building which our poverty compelled us to irrevocable overthrow, the spirit of inhabit. PERVERSENESS. In the metaphorical expression (7) the (12) This spirit of perverseness, I say, came to parts which act as source domain is the my final overthrow. It was this unfathomable reference of human being in the word longing of the soul to vex itself - to offer “compelled” whereas the target domain is violence to its own nature - to do wrong for aimed at focusing on the single word “poverty”. the wrong's sake only - that urged me to As it can be vividly observed on the group of continue and finally to consummate the injury words “our poverty compelled us to inhibit”; I had inflicted upon the unoffending brute. the abstract unseen entity of “poverty” is (13) By slow degrees, these feelings of disgust treated almost resembles to human being who and annoyance rose into the bitterness of is able to force the narrator and his family to be hatred. I avoided the creature; a certain sense patient and accepting the state of being poor. In of shame, and the remembrance of my former this case, the creatively Edgar tried to elaborate deed of cruelty, preventing me from the gloomy picture of one’s feeling of sadness physically abusing it. enduring poverty. (14) Our friendship lasted, in this manner, for 6. BEAST IS A PERSON several years, during which my general There are two metaphorical data data in temperament and character - through the Edgar Allan Poe’s short story showing the instrumentality of the Fiend Intemperance - pattern of BEAST IS A PERSON: had (I blush to confess it) experienced a (8) It is impossible to describe, or to imagine, radical alteration for the worse. the deep, the blissful sense of relief which the In the metaphorical expressions (11), absence of the detested creature occasioned in (12), (13) and (14) the constituents which act as my bosom. source domain are the phrases “my final and (9) Upon its head, with red extended mouth irrevocable overthrow”, “to offer violence”, “to and solitary eye of fire, sat the hideous beast do wrong” whereas the target domain is whose craft had seduced me into murder, and discussing about “the soul of the narrator”. As whose informing voice had consigned me to it can be vividly seen on above four quotations the hangman. I had walled the monster up that the abstract invisible entity of “human’s within the tomb! soul” is treated similar to the ability of human In the metaphorical expressions (8) and being who is greatly influence the unstable (9) the constituents which act as source domain psychological condition of the narrator. It is a are the words “sat”, “had seduced” and “had kind of paranoia and split personality’s consigned” whereas the target domain is atmosphere circling and infecting the entire life discussing the noun phrases of “the creature” of the narrator which brings the bitter and “the hideous beast”. As it can be clearly occurrence of death penalty! seen that on both quotations the concrete visible animate object of “beast” (it refers to four footed 8. HUMAN CHARACTERS ARE PLANTS animal having cruel or disgusting mental There are three metaphorical data data quality) is treated similar to the ability of in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story showing the human being who is capable of mentally pattern of HUMAN CHARACTERS ARE haunting, terrorizing and seducing the narrator PLANTS: 43 Leksika Vol.8 No.1 – Feb 2014: 37-46

(15) This peculiarity of character grew with my growth, and in my manhood, I derived from it one of my principal sources of pleasure. (16) I grew, day by day, more moody, more irritable, more regardless of the feelings of others. (17) But my disease grew upon me - for what disease is like Alcohol! - and at length even Pluto, who was now becoming old, and consequently somewhat peevish - even Pluto began to experience the effects of my ill temper. In the metaphorical expressions (15), (16) and (17) the parts which act as source domain are the single word of “grew” whereas the target domain refers to the single discussion of “human characters”. It can be vividly seen on the three quotations that human characters as an abstract invisible entity is treated like plants which in particular period enduring development of size, height, length etc. this is a creative way of describing the unstable affection for a faithful and sagacious dog, psychological development of the narrator as I need hardly be at the trouble of the main character of the narrator which is explaining the nature or the intensity of deteriorating and decaying day by day. the gratification thus derivable. 9. AFFECTION IS WARMTH In the metaphorical expression (19) There is only one metaphorical data the constituent which acts as source domain data in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story showing is the the words of “at the trouble” whereas the pattern of AFFECTION IS WARMTH: the target domain is aimed at focusing on (18) To those who have cherished an affection the single word which refers to “location”. It for a faithful and sagacious dog, I need hardly can be easily seen on the quotation that the be at the trouble of explaining the nature or the abstract invisible entity of the narrator’s intensity of the gratification thus derivable. emotions and events were depicted as if the There is something in the unselfish and self- narrator was staying in particular physical sacrificing love of a brute, which goes directly location. It was a description about the to the heart of him who has had frequent narrator’s feeling of gratitude towards the occasion to test the paltry friendship and faithful, unselfish and self-sacrifice quality gossamer fidelity of mere Man . of the dog. In the metaphorical expression (18) the parts 11. FRIENDSHIP IS A JOURNEY which act as source domain is the words of There is only one metaphorical data “unselfish and self-sacrificing love of a brute” data in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story whereas the target domain is aimed at focusing showing the pattern of FRIENDSHIP IS A on the single word “Affection”. As it can be JOURNEY: easily seen on the quotation that the abstract (20) Our friendship lasted, in this invisible entity of “affection” resembles to the manner, for several years, during warmth given by inanimate object like the which my general temperament and sunshine. The faithful, unselfish and self- character - through the instrumentality sacrificing quality of the dog giving the feeling of the Fiend Intemperance - had (I of bliss on the mind and heart of the main blush to confess it) experienced a character of this short story. radical alteration for the worse. 10. STATE IS A LOCATION In the metaphorical expression (20) There is only one metaphorical data the constituent which acts as source data in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story domain is the words of “lasted” whereas showing the pattern of STATE IS A the target domain is aimed at focusing on LOCATION: the single word of “friendship”. It can be (19) To those who have cherished an 44 The Use of Metaphor... (Risdianto)

vividly seen on the quotation that the “human character”, the domain of “warmth” abstract invisible entity of “friendship” is over “affection”, the domain of “location” in pictured almost resemble to the conception explaining “state”, the domain of “journey” of the journey. The word “lasted” means in elaborating abstract idea of “friendship” something continues or endures. The and the conception of “the garden as friendship between the main character and container”. his pet is similar to the conception of a Finally, the researcher suggest that journey or going from one place to another there are many opportunities and facets which has a progress on every period of to make a lingual research about this time. study particularly a research on the 12. THE GARDEN IS CONTAINER metaphorical expression of world’s There is only one metaphorical data famous speech like Edgar Allan Poe’s data in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story short stories. This work requires deeper showing the pattern of THE GARDEN IS and broader observation, interpretation CONTAINER: and analysis. The study towards this (21) Upon the alarm of fire, this garden most outstanding figurative language had been immediately filled by the offers deeper interpretation about the crowd - by some one of whom the animal linguistic unique feature of formal must have been cut from the tree and speech. This suggestion is aimed to all thrown, through an open window, into language researcher and the students of my chamber. English department , particularly the In the metaphorical expression (21) the program of English linguistics. constituent which acts as source domain is the words of “filled the crowd” whereas the target domain is aimed at focusing on the BIBILIOGRAPHY words “this garden”. It can be easily seen on Cuddon, J.A. 1979. A Dictionary of Literary the quotation that the concrete visible Terms. Great Britain: W&J MacKay Ltd. object of a garden is directly compared by Culler, J. 1975. Structuralist Poetics. the author like a box, a bottle or any objects London: Routled & Keagan Paul. which is designed to contain or hold within Edi Subroto, D. 1991. “Metafora dan self a substance. It is very interesting Kemetaforaan: Analisis Pada Beberapa finding the group of words “this garden Puisi Indonesia” dalam majalah Haluan had been immediately filled by the crowd’ Sastra Budaya No.17 Th. Xx Oktober which showing the mastery of Edgar in 1991. Surakarta. Sebelas Maret using the metaphorical pattern of THE University Press. GARDEN IS A CONTAINER in describing Edi Subroto, D. 1992. Pengantar Metode the great numbers of people gathering at the Penelitian Linguistik Struktural. garden’s of the narrator wanting to see the Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University dead cat which have been cut from the tree Press. and thrown, through an open window and Edi Subroto, D. Dkk. 1999. Kajian Stilistika entered the room of the narrator/the main Novel Berbahasa Jawa Tahun 1980-an. character of this short story. Jakarta. Pusat Pembinaan dan III. CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION Pengembangan Bahasa . Having analyzed the data, the Hawkes, T. 1980. Metaphor. New York: researcher can draw the conclusion that Methuen & Co. Edgar Allan Poe has effectively and Keraf, Gorys. 2004. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. creatively used 21 metaphorical expressions Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. in elaborating the mental illness of paranoia Levin, Samuel. 1977. The Semantics of and the split of personality of the narrator as Metaphor. Baltimore: The John Hopkins the main character of the short story of The University. Black Cat. In a very brilliant way, he has Ortony, Andrew. (Ed). 1993. Metaphor & used the domain of “person” in describing Thought. London: Cambrigde various topics like “soul, demon, reason, fire, University Press. poverty and beast”. He also creatively using Saeed,J. 1997. Semantics. Massachusetts: the domain of “plants” in explaining over Blackwell Publishers. Scott, A.F. 1980. Current Literary Terms: A

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Concise Dictionary. London: The MacMillan Press. Sutopo, H.B. 2002. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press. Ullmann, Stephen. 1997. Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. http://www.egs.edu/library/edgar-allan- poe/biography/

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