Dee Why Lagoon Data Compilation Study

Draft Report MHL845 . January 1997

I I I I I I I I I I I I I 'I I

I DEE WHY LAGOON DATA COMPILATION STUDY I I I I ~'I I I Department of Public Works and Services I Manly Hydraulics Laboratory I Draft Report MHL845, January 1997 I DPWS Report No. 97004, ISBN 0 7310 6882 3 I I I I I I I Foreword

I The Dee Why Lagoon Data CompIlatlOn Study was carned out by Manly Hydrauhcs Laboratory (MHL) for Warnngah CouncIl The study was undertaken and report prepared by LOUIse Howells and Heather Nelson under the supervIslOn of Doug Lord and revIewed by I Steve Wylhe ThIs report was prepared wIth assIstance m provIdmg mformatlOn from a number of sources I mc1udmg Damel Lovett, Enca GnffIths, Jenme Powell and Mark Evens (Warnngah CouncIl) and RIchard MIchelle and Annabelle ReIder (Fnends of Dee Why Lagoon)

I ThIS study was Jomtly funded by Warnngah CouncIl and the Department of Land and Water ConservatlOn (DLWC) under the Estuary Management Program. I I I I I I I I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - i I 28 January, 1997 I I I I Summary

The New South Wales Estuary Management Pohcy was developed to encourage the I mtegrated, balanced, responsible and ecologically sustamable use of the State's estuanes The pohcy IS designed to reflect and promote cooperatIOn between the State Government, local government, catchment management comrruttees, landholders and estuary users m the I development and ImplementatIOn of estuary management plans for each estuary I To asSiSt m the development of estuary management plans, an Estuary Management Manual (NSW Government 1992) was pubhshed to outhne the processes of ImplementatIOn I Essentially, the process consIsts of eIght steps. These steps are (1) form an estuary management comrruttee; (2) assess eXlstmg data (data compilatlon study); I (3) carry out estuary processes study, (4) carry out estuary management study, (5) draft estuary management plan, I (6) review estuary management plan, (7) adopt and Implement estuary management plan, and I (8) momtor and review management process The Estuary Management Committee was formed m 1994 and Manly Hydrauhcs Laboratory was commIssioned by Warnngah CouncIl to undertake the second stage of the estuary I management process for Dee Why Lagoon

Data was compiled from a number of sources for this study (outlmed m SectIOn 2 of the I report) A vrulable data IS presented under subject headmgs mcludmg hIStOry, legislatIOn and pohcy framework, catchment charactenstlcs, chmate, geology and geomorphology, water mflow and outflow, entrance behaVIOur and management, water quahty, ecology and I recreation (SectIOns 3-12). From avrulable data a hst of slgmficant events was compIled (SectIOn 13)

I A prehmmary assessment of the mam processes IS presented (SectIOn 14) whIch hlghhghts the data gaps for the lagoon whIch need to be addressed to move to the next step of the estuary I management process - the estuary process study The compIled mformatlOn IS presented m two forms one m alphabetical hstmg by author I (AppendIx A) and the other hstmg by subject (Appendix B) I I

DRAFT MHL845 - u I 28 January, 1997 I I I I I Table of Contents

1. Introduction 1 I 1 1 Study Objectives 1 1 2 Study Methodology 1 I 1 3 Report OutlIne 1 2. Liaison 2 3. History 3 I 4. Legislation and Policy Framework 6 5. Catchment Characteristics 9 6. Climate 10 I 61 Ramfall 10 6 2 Temperature and HumIdIty 10 6 3 W md Speed and DIrectIOn 10 I 6 4 Solar RadIatIOn 11 6 5 EvaporatIOn 11 7. Geology and Geomorphology 12 I 7 1 GeologIcal Settmg 12 7 2 GeomorphologIcal Settmg 12 7 3 Catchment SOIl Landscapes 13 I 7 4 Lagoon SedIments 16 7 5 SedImentatIon 16 76 Dredgmg 17 I 8. Water Inflow and Outflow 18 8 1 Lagoon Water Level 18 82 Inflows 18 I 8 2 1 DIrect Ramfall 18 8 2 2 Stormwater Dramage and Overland Flows 18 8 2 3 Sewer Overflows 19 I 8 2 4 Groundwater Inflow 19 8 2 5 TIdal Inflow 20 I 8 2 6 Barner Overtoppmg by Ocean 20 827 Floodmg 20 83 Outflows 20 I 8 3 1 EvaporatIOn 20 8 3 2 Groundwater Outflow 20 8 3 3 Lagoon 'Breakout' 21 I 9. Entrance Behaviour and Management 22 9 1 Entrance HydraulIcs 22 9 I 10pemng 22 I 912 Closmg 23 9 2 Entrance Management PolIcy and LegIslatIOn 24 93 Entrance Management Works 25 I 9 4 Impacts of Lagoon Openmg 25

DRAFT MHL845 - ui I 28 January, 1997 I I I 9.4.1 Water Level for Blfdhfe 25 9.4.2 Odour Problems 25 I 9 4 3 Fish Habitat 26 10. Water Quality 27 10 1 Physical 28 I 10 2 Chemical 29 10 3 BIOlogical 30 11. Ecology 32 I 11 1 Flora 32 11 2 Fauna 33 I 11 2.1 Fish 33 12. Recreation 48 13. Significant Events 49 I 14. Processes and Data Gaps 51 15. References 53 I Appendices

Appendix A Alphabetical Database I Appendix B Database by Subject I I I I I I I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - iv I 28 January,1997 I I I I List of Tables 1 AerIal Photographs DLWC Sector Sydney Heads 46 I 2 AerIal Photographs DLWC Sector' Mona Vale' 45 3 Monthly Mean Pan Evaporation Data 4 GeologIcal Umt DeSCrIptIOns I 5 SoIl Umts 6 FIsh SpecIes IdentIfIed (Vertebrates) 7 Molluscs (Invertebrates) I 8 AnnelIds (Invertebrates) 9 Crustaceans (Invertebrates) 10 Insects (Invertebrates) I 11 BIrd SpecIes 12 Events I List of Figures

I 1 LocatIOn Plan 2 Catchment and Topography 3 Catchment Zonmg I 4 RaInfall Trends for the RegIOn 5 Wmd Rose - Summer 6 Wmd Rose - Autumn I 7 Wmd Rose - Wmter 8 Wmd Rose - SprIng 9 Geology of RegIOn I 10 EstuarIne ClassIfIcatIOn 11 Salme Coastal Lake EvolutIOn 12 Bathymetry (to be provIded by Sydney Water) I 13 SoIl Landscape of the Catchment 14 SedIment SamplIng LocatIOns 15 Transect A-A I 16 Transect B-B 17 Transect C-C I 18 Surface Water Levels and Runoff 19 MHL Water Level StatIOn Data 20 SedIments Basms I 21 Catchment Overflows and Groundwater Bores 22 NatIOnal Trust ClassIfIcatIOn (1981) I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - v I 28 January, 1997 I I I I I 1. Introduction

I Dee Why Lagoon IS located on Sydney's northern beaches and draInS a catchment area of approximately 550 ha (FlgUlc I). The lagoon IS one of four coastal lagoons In the area of I varyIng sizes that are all Intermittently open to the sea 1.1 Study Objectives

I The study objectives are to Identify, compile and review eXistIng data pertInent to Dee Why Lagoon As compamons to thiS report, an Issues Paper and DISCUSSion Paper have been I prepared from the findmgs of thiS report 1.2 Study Methodology

I The lagoon has been the subject of a number of studies which have been compiled for thiS report Over 130 Items IncludIng documents, maps and photographs were Identified as beIng relevant to the lagoon These Items were Identified from a number of sources listed In SectIOn I 2 and the findIngs of the review reported here The Items located are catalogued In two formats In the Appendices AppendiX A contaInS an alphabetical listIng (by author) of the Items and AppendiX B contaInS a listIng by subject Eighteen fields were Identified for Items I to be categonsed These are outlined and descnbed In the Appendices Items were also subjectively assessed for their usefulness and rated on a scale of 1-5.

I 1.3 Report Outline I The report IS diVided mto a number of sectIOns With four maIn themes. SectIOn 2 outlmes the liaison for the IdentificatIOn of data

I SectIOns 3-12 compile and review the most relevant data and cover every aspect of InformatIOn available for the lagoon IncludIng hiStOry, legislation and policy framework, I catchment charactenstIcs, climate, geology and geomorphology, water Inflow and outflow, entrance behaVIOur and management, water quality, ecology and recreatIOn

I SectIOn 13 proVides a summary of slgmficant events denved from the reviewed data

SectIOn 14 outlines a prelimInary assessment of the processes and the maIn Issues for the I lagoon to Indicate the data gaps requIrIng attentIOn pnor to undertaking the estuary process study I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 1 I 28 January, 1997 I I I I I 2. Liaison

Data collatIOn mvolved contactmg relevant Government departments, agencies, non­ I government organISatIOns and mdlvlduals as listed below

I • Australian Museum • A WT Environmental Measurement Services • Bureau of Meteorology I • Coastal Environment Centre • Colman, Phil • Dee Why Library I • Department of EnVIronment, Sport and Terntones (Federal) • Department of Mmeral Resources Library I • DLWC Bndge St Library • DLWC Estuary Management • DLWC Coastal Management I • DPWS InfonnatIOn Resource UnIt • EPA Library • Kay, Stephen I • Lennox,Sue • Macquane Umverslty Library • Manly HydraulIcs Laboratory Library, Files and Data I • Maxwell, Nonna • NPWS Library • NSW Flshenes Research InstItute I • RTA Technology Library Services • State Library of New South Wales - General Reference Library I • State Library of New South Wales - Mitchell Library • Sydney Water Library • Total EnVironment Centre I • Umverslty of New South Wales Library • Warnngah Council • Water Data Services, DLWC I • Water Reference Library (UNSW) I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 2 I 28 January, 1997 I I I I 3. History

A detaIled history pertment to the lagoon and Its surrounds can be found m the geology thesIs I by Vogt (1994) The followmg sectIOn IS a summary of the hlstoncal sectIOn of that report I Vogt (1994) dates possible discovery of the lagoon to the earliest European settlement m 1788 when Governor Arthur Phillip and a small group travelled north m search of water and I sUitable farmmg land Other expeditions followed The ongmal mhabltants of the area are Identified as the KunnggaI Abongmes who were I forced off their traditional land and placed m reserves James Meehan, the Government Surveyor dunng 1814, was the first person to make wntten reference to the lagoon whilst surveYIng land for possible fanmng grants The lagoon did not I make for good fannIng land and thus a full survey was not completed In a revIsit to the area In 1815 IS the first record of the namIng, 'DY Beach'. A varIety of reasons have been I provided for thiS namIng, which are outlined In Vogt (1994) FollOWIng Meehan's survey varIOus people held possessIOn of the land, most notably the I JenkIns famIly from the 1830s to 1890s In 1816 the lagoon was bndged to assist with access to the northern beaches

I In the late 1800s areas of the JenkIns land were given to the SalvatIOn Anny which made use of the swampy areas by establIshmg an Industnal farm for commumty purposes In the early 1900s the Industnal farm was closed, the area subdivided, swamp area reclaimed and streets I marked. I Much development took place In the penod of 1914-1920, however few pennanent residences eXisted In 1956 an area of 170 acres was rezoned for Industnal use. The post-war penod saw an Increase in development of Dee Why with much unplanned home umt development In the I 1960s It should also be noted that Bell and Edwards (1980) Indicate that the 'area IS Important I archaeologlcally With a number ofaxe-gnndIng grooves and rock engravIng sites'

From 1940 onwards there has been regular aenal photography of the area which asSiStS In I assessmg the development of the area and changes In the lagoon and ItS surrounds ThiS aenal photography IS held In the Department of Land and Water ConservatIOn's Coastal, Floodplain and Rlvenne Resources Directorate Aenal Photograph Library The holdIngs are listed In I Tables 1 and 2 I

DRAFT MHL845 - 3 I 28 January, 1997 I I I Table 1 Aerial Photographs DLWC Sector: Sydney Heads: 46

I DLWC Date Scale Flight Run Frames Colour Set 4 29/9/40 132200 SVY 3175 - 64, 75 B&W I 8 /5/51 1 12200 472 6 111-113 B&W 12 18/5/62 1 18000 31 CPE 8652 5042 - 5057 B&W 14 1112172 134600 CAC3949 3 46-50 B&W I 15 19/6174 1 16000 NSW2236 4 33-42 B&W 17 26/4175 125900 CAC6034 9 126 - poor qualIty B&W 18 17/11176 18000 NSW2418 12 9,10,8 Colour I 19 17111176 18000 NSW2418 11 185, 186, 187 Colour 22 19/8177 140000 NSW2460 10 54,55,56 Colour 25 717178 13000 Dee Why Bch 3,7,8 I Long Reef 2 40 18/8/86 18000 NSW 3533 203,204,205 Colour 47 7/4/85 1 17000 QA52338C 20 5757 - 5759 Colour I 49 /4/66 NSW 1452 5012,5013,5014 B&W 51 1718/90 18000 NSW3746 - 32,33 Colour 60 19/4/93 18000 NSW 4122 - 86,87,88,89 Colour I 65 3115/96 18,000 NSW 4311 M203110 176-191 Colour

I Table 2 Aerial Photographs DLWC Sector: Mona Vale: 45

DLWC Date Scale Fhght Run Frames Colour I Set 2 1941 1 16000 SVY 1312 - 3712,3713 B&W 4 May 51 1 12000 472 6 111 B&W I 473 5 23-25 B&W 6 111156 1 18300 NSW234 15 5105 B&W 19/1/56 14 5014-16 I 8 30/4/58 13000 RAAF408 1 5005-5008 B&W 10 28/6/61 1 13000 NSW 1049 26 5004,5005,5006 B&W 12 29/8/65 122200 NSW 1405 16 5251,5250,5249,5002, B&W I - 15 5004 14 717170 1 12300 NSW 1910 11 5053-54, 5059-60 B&W 16 117172 133000 NSW2019 10 5140,5141 B&W I 17 1112172 134600 CAC 3939 3 51 B&W 18 19/8177 140000 NSW2460 10 55,56 Colour 19 17111176 18000 NSW2418 11 185, 186 Colour I 20 16/4/77 14000 NSW2445 1 59-63 24 23/5179 14000 NSW2775 1 49-53,66 Colour 25 2717177 14000 NSW2463 I 19-24 Colour I 26 3/3/81 I ? NSW3037 A 3106-08, 311 0, Colour 27 9/1182 I 10000 NSW2964 17 40-42 Colour 28 9/1182 I 10000 NSW2964 18 9-13 Colour I 30 30/3/83 I 10000 NSW 3304 1 33,34,55,35,39,40,41, Colour 42, I

DRAFT MHL845 - 4 I 28 January, 1997 I I I Table 2 Aerial Photographs DLWC Sector: Mona Vale: 4S (contd)

I 32 14/5174 - NSW 3315 2 09 Colour 33 9/5/83 14000 NSW 3315 2 41-46 Colour 34 9/5/83 1.4000 NSW3315 4 57 Colour I 38 19/6174 1 16000 NSW2236 4 43,44 B&W 40 18/8/86 1 10000 NSW3533 - 217,218 Colour 41 4/3/30 - SVY3245 - 3332, 1131, 1130 B&W I 42 12/4/1972 1 14000 C78 6 104,105 B&W 47 7/4/85 1.16oo0 QAS 2336c 17 5653,5654 Colour 51 17/8/90 18000 NSW3746 - 31 Colour I 53 l7/8/90 1 10000 NSW 3746 - 25,27 Colour 54 22112177 14000 NSW2488 1 1-6 Colour 55 2/8178 14000 NSW2720 1 60-64 Colour I 57 19/4/93 1 10000 NSW 4122 - 81,83 Colour 61 9/l/89 140000 3647 4 75 Colour 63 2917175 140000 2326 4 132 B&W I 67 4/3/30 1131, 1132 I I I I I I I I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 5 I 28 January, 1997 I I I I 4. Legislation and Policy Framework

I The followmg policies and legislatIon are relevant to the management of Dee Why Lagoon Register of the National Estate I Registration on the NatIOnal Estate serves to notify developers and declSlon-makers of the hentage values of an area and the need to take mto account hentage consideratIOns when assess 109 the Impact of proposals Commonwealth Government departments are bound by the I Austrailan Heritage CommissIOn Act 1975 to refer to the Commission for comment any proposals they have which may adversely affect a place on the Register or Intenm List Dee Why Lagoon Reserve was placed on the Intenm List of the Register 10 May 1996 However, I the conservatIOn value of the lagoon reserve was recogmsed much earlier when It was proclaImed as a Wildlife Refuge 10 1973 under the Fauna ProtectIOn Act 1948 The reserve subsequently gaIned protection under the NatIOnal Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, which I repealed the Fauna ProtectIOn Act (Warnngah Council undated) Japan-Australia and China-Australia Migratory Birds Agreement (lAMBA and CAMBA) I The JAMBA and CAMBA agreements reqUire the respectIve governments to protect rrugratory birds and their environments Some JAMB A and CAMBA species (such as the Little Tern) have be observed at Dee Why Lagoon Further legislatIve protectIOn IS provided I under the Commonwealth Endangered Species ProtectIOn Act 1992 and NSW Threatened Species ConservatIOn Act 1995.

I Total Catchment Management Policy (TCM) TCM recogmses that SOlIs, trees, nvers, groundwater systems are mter-related components wlthm mdlvldual catchments and that water catchments are logical umts for natural resource I planmng and management. The Catchment Management Act 1989 defines TCM as the coordinated and sustainable use and management of land, water, vegetatIOn, and other natural resources on a catchment baSIS so as to balance resource UtilisatIOn and I conservatIOn

State Rivers and Estuaries Policy (SREP) I The alms of the SREP are to • Slow, halt or reverse the overall degradatIOn of the rivers and estuary systems I • Ensure long term sustalnablluy of the rivers' and estuaries' blO-physlcal functIOns • Maintain the beneficzal uses of these natural resources (NSW Government 1995). ActiVIties which form part of the SREP are I • MOnitoring and reporting on the conditIOn of rivers and estuaries over tlme. • Developing component poilcles to address specific river and estuarine ecosystems, uses I and values (Water Resources 1993) Adopted component poliCies relevant to Dee Why Lagoon are the NSW Estuary Management I Policy, the NSW Wetlands Management Policy and NSW Coastal Management Policy

DRAFT MHL845 - 6 I 28 January, 1997 I I I Estuary Management Policy The goal of the Estuary Management Pohcy IS I • to achieve the mtegrated, balanced, responsible and ecologically sustamable use of the State's estuarzes. The pohcy IS Implemented through estuary management plans which address I • conservation ofaquatic and other wtldlife habitats; • conservatIOn of the aesthetic values of estuarzes and wetlands, I • preventIOn offurther estuary degradatIOn, • repmr ofdamage to the estuarme enVironment, and • sustamable use of estuarme resources, mcludmg commerCial and recreatIOnal uses as I approprzate (NSW Government 1992) Once adopted by counCil, estuary management plans effectively become counCil pohcles As I such, they must be taken mto conSideration when making land use deCISIOns, for example whether a development should proceed and under what conditions It may proceed. Some management plan strategies and actIOns may be Implemented (and given more legal status) I through mcorporation m bUlldmg and development controls

Wetlands Management Pollcy I The aims of the Wetlands Management Pohcy are to halt and where pOSSible, reverse • loss of wetland vegetatIOn, • declmmg water quality, I • declmmg natural prodUCtiVity, • loss of bIOlogical diverSity, and • declmmg natural flood regimes I ImplementatIOn of the policy mcludes prepanng an annual wetland action plan I Fisheries Management Act 1994 The Flshenes Management Act proVides for the preparatIOn of Habitat ProtectIOn Plans (under Mmlstenal directIOn) and the declaratIOn of AquatiC Reserves An aquatic reserve I eXists from Long Reef to the north of Dee Why WIldhfe Refuge An mtertldal protected area eXists to the south of Dee Why Wildlife Refuge to Dee Why Headland NSW Flshenes' Fish Habitat ProtectIOn Plan 1 1995 sets out controls, assessment and consent procedures for I certam activIties which may affect fish habitats. The FIshenes Management Act does not affect dredgmg carned out under State EnVironmental PlannIng Policy No 35 - Mamtenance I' Dredgmg of Tidal Waterways Local Government Act 1993 Under the Local Government Act most open space under a CounCil's control has been I clasSified as 'communIty' land The nature, use and management of communIty land IS governed by an adopted plan of management, prepared m accordance With the Act The maJonty of the Dee Why Lagoon Wildlife Reserve IS owned by Warrmgah CounCil (two I Crown land road reserves are located wlthm the reserve) and IS claSSified as communIty land

Crown Lands Act 1989 'I The Crown Lands Act also mcludes provlSlons for the preparation of plans of management for Crown land, however, unhke the Local Government Act, they are not mandatory and no I speCific reqUirements are outlmed for their preparatIOn The bed of Dee Why Lagoon IS

DRAFT MHL845-7 I 28 January, 1997 I I I Crown land under the control of the Department of Land and Water Conservation, and IS I managed by Warnngah Council State Environmental Planning Policy (SEPP) No. 19 - Bushland in Urban Areas The rums of SEPP mclude I • to protect the remnants of plant communzt,es which were once characteristic of land now wlthm an urban area, • to retam bushland m parcels of a Size and configuratIOn which Will enable the eXisting I plant and anzmal communities to survive m the long term, • to protect rare and endangeredflora andfauna species; I • to protect habitats for native flora and fauna, • to protect Wildlife corridors and vegetatIOn lmks with other nearby bushland, • to protect eXisting landforms, such as natural dramage lmes, watercourses and foreshores, I and • to promote the management of bushland m a manner which protects and enhances the quallty of the bushland and facilitates publtc enjoyment of the bushland compatible with Its I conservatIOn

Leadmg us mto the 21st century 1996-2000, Wamngah Council Management Plan I The management plan, prepared as reqUired by the Local Government Act, sets out the objective for the natural environment as bemg • to protect Warrmgah's natural environment and bIOdiversIty to enhance Its natural I features, such as bushland, streams, creeks, estuaries, harbour and coastal bluffs and beaches

I Wamngah Council Urban Bushland Management Plan 1990 The Urban Bushland Management Plan IS consistent with SEPP 19 and addresses management Issues relatmg to bushland wlthm the then Warnngah Shire (mcludmg PIttwater I Council) The plan will be updated and revised followmg the completIOn of a current flora I survey of the local government area by P and J Srruth Dee Why Lagoon WIldlife Refuge Draft Plan of Management A draft plan of management IS currently bemg prepared m accordance with the Local I Government Act 1993 and covers both the lagoon and surroundmg reserve Dee Why Valley and South Creek Open Space Comdor GeographIc Plan of Management, draft 1996 ThiS plan of management was prepared under the Local Government Act and mcludes Dee I Why Creek from the western Side of PIttwater Road I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 8 I 28 January, 1997 I I I I I 5. Catchment Characteristics

The catchment has been defined m thiS study usmg the 1 10,000 orthophoto maps (Long Reef I U2760 and Frenchs Forest U1860) as well as reference to Council's dramage plans for delmeatlOn of the South Creek boundary The extent of the catchment boundary IS shown m Figure 2 which has an area of 550 ha The area of the catchment from thiS map IS I approximately 550 ha I The area encompassed by the dotted boundary on Figure 2 IS an area which forms part of the catchment when the Oaks Avenue bypass operates m heavy ram (further discussed m SectIOn I 8 2.2) This area IS approximately 40 ha The topography of the catchment IS undulatmg to low slope m general, With steeper slopes m some areas The Immediate areas around the lagoon are lowlands below the 10 m contour I (Bell and Edwards 1980).

Dramage from the northern and western parts of the catchment IS along reSidual parts of a I tnbutary creek (Dee Why Creek). The southern parts of the catchment are dramed by culverts and stormwater drams (SPCC 1978)

I Most of the development IS reSidential but the northern part has some mdustnal development (SPCC 1978) (see Figure 3 Land Use Zonmgs) As at 1978 the catchment was 82% reSidential, 4% mdustnal, 3% schools and commumty faCIlIties, and 3% recreation reserves I (SPCC 1978) A visual assessment of Figure 3 mdlcates that thiS remams much the same

The greatest change m the catchment has resulted from the mfillIng of the wetland area, I removmg the natural trap for sediments and pollutants (SPCC 1978)

The seaward boundary of the catchment consists of a coastal dune field With the entrance of I the lagoon expenencmg mterrruttent openmg and closure I I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 9 I 28 January, 1997 I I I I I 6. Climate

Dee Why Lagoon IS located wlthm a temperate zone with umform ramfall, with a summer of I mamly relIable ramfall and warm to hot temperatures, and a wmter of mamly relIable ramfall also, with cool to cold temperatures (Lee and Gaffney 1986)

I 6.1 Rainfall I The region falls wlthm the Bureau of Meteorology Ramfall Dlstnct 66, MetropolItan - East The ramfall trends for thiS regIOn are shown m Figure 4 MedIan annual ramfall IS approximately 1200 mm The spread of ramfall over the year IS such that on average, the highest ramfall occurs m March and lowest ramfall m January

Ramfall statIOns m the catchment (pluvlOgraphs) are located In Dee Why (BowlIng Club, I A WT) and Cromer (CouncIl Depot). These are shown m FIgure 2 The nearest daily read gauges With long-term data collated by the Bureau of Meteorology are located at Cromer Golf Club (1898 onwards), Belrose (1992 onwards), Frenchs Forest (1957 onwards) and Manly I Vale (1906 onwards) I 6.2 Temperature and Humidity Average dally temperatures for the Sydney region range for summer from 16 6 - 267°C, for autumn from 99 - 253°C, for WInter from 76 - 189°C and for spnng from 96 - 241°C I (NatIOnal ClImate Centre 1991)

The nearest Bureau of Meteorology air temperature statIOn to Dee Why Lagoon With I accessible data IS to the south at Sydney Airport where the air temperature IS recorded every three hours. Humidity IS also recorded at thiS station by the Bureau of Meteorology on a I three-hourly baSIS Air temperature was also measured by Laxton (1992, 1996) In conjunctIOn With water qualIty samplmg One measurement per day (usually just after dawn) was taken over the penod of I 13 July 1980 to 15 July 1981 I 6.3 Wind Speed and Direction WInd speed and dIrectIOn data IS requIred for the assessment of mlxmg of the lagoon by thiS I force Wmd data IS collected at Sydney airport (Bureau of Meteorology) and also at the Ocean Reference Station (A WT), operated for the assessment of the deepwater ocean outfalls Wmd roses compiled from data from the Ocean Reference StatIOn mdicatmg wmd speed and I directIOn on a seasonal baSIS are shown m Figure~ 5, 6, 7 and 8

Laxton (1992, 1996) also measured (m conjunctIOn With water qualIty data) wmd speed and I directIOn as well as cloud cover and wmd wave height and dIrectIOn

DRAFT MHL845 - 10 I 28 January, 1997 I I I I 6.4 Solar Radiation Solar radiatIOn data IS Important In the assessment of heat vanatIOns In the lagoon

2 I DaIly solar radiation data In MJ/m for the Sydney area IS collected by the Bureau of Meteorology and IS aVailable only from the Sydney Airport statIOn and at present only up I until 1994 6.5 Evaporation

I EvaporatIOn data IS reqUIred for any water balance calculatIOns to resolve the lagoon water level behaVIOur and for assessment of heat variatIOns In the lagoon

I Pan evaporatIOn data for the Sydney area IS denved from data collected at Mascot (Sydney Airport) and shown here as a monthly mean from Chapman and Murphy (1992)

I Table 3 Monthly Mean Pan Evaporation Data

I J F M A M J J A S 0 N D I mm 217 177 157 126 94 85 93 116 141 168 193 252 I I I I I I I I I I DRAFT MHL845-11 , 28 January, 1997 I I I I 7. Geology and Geomorphology I 7.1 Geological Setting The geological map Sydney 1.100,000 (9130) presents the geological settIng of Dee Why Lagoon This map has been digitised for the local area and shown In Figure 9 The I geological UnIts shown are descnbed In Table 4 I Table 4 Geological Unit Descriptions I Unit Description Qha Silty to peaty quartz sand, silt, and clay Ferrugmous and humic cementatIOn m places Common shell layers I rnf/Qha Human denved fill Dredged estuanne sand and mud, demolitIOn rubble, mdustnal and household waste over Qha Qhf Medium to fine manne sand (Holocene) I Qhb Coarse quartz sand, varymg amounts of shell fragments Rnn Narrabeen Group, Newport FormatIOn and Gane FormatIOn, mterbedded laminIte, shale, and quartz, to lithic-quartz sandstone, clay pellet sandstone I Rh Hawkesbury Sandstone, medIUm to coarse-gramed quartz sandstone, very mmor shale and laminIte lenses I Rhs Shale,lammlte The rock geological UnIts give an mdlcatlOn of groundwater flow confmement The I hydrogeological catchment has not yet been defined and should be assessed 7.2 Geomorphological Setting

I Roy (1982) clasSified New South Wales estuanes mto three mam types drowned nver valleys, barrier estuaries and salme coastal lakes, shown m Figure 10 Dee Why Lagoon IS a salme coastal lake The evolutIOn of a salme coastal lake IS also descnbed by Roy (1982) and I shown m diagrammatically m Figure 11 I Figure 11 (coastal lake evolutIOn) mdlcates that the evolutIOn of the lagoon follows the path of mflllmg over a penod of time I These trends can be exammed by companng bathymetnc surveys or hydrosurveys (depth of the lagoon) For Dee Why Lagoon there have been two such surveys, one m the early 1960s (Nelson 1992, map presented m Gordon and Cooke 1977) and the other m 1992 (Water Board 'I 1992)

Figure 4 of Gordon and Cooke (1977) shows the Bathymetry of the lagoon With a note at the , bottom, 'Compiled from Lands Department Plan MET343' The datum of thiS plan IS

DRAFT MHL845 - 12 I 28 January, 1997 I I I standard datum (approximately mean sea level) but does not have any reference gnddmg (eg I ISG or AMG) and thus may be hmlted m Its use The Water Board (1992) bathymetnc survey IS shown m Figure 12

I ReductlOn and companson of this bathymetnc data has been undertaken by Brodie (1988) and Vogt (1994) Brodie (1988) gives a lagoon surface area curve (surface area versus elevatlOn) denved from orthophotomaps of the local area. This mformatlOn should be compared with I the more recent bathymetric data obtamed by AWT Vogt (1994) used a transect from the 1977 and 1992 surveys to compare the change m depth of the lagoon m the assessment of the sedlmentatlOn. Essery et al (1995) also report on data reductlOn undertaken for then water I quahty mveshgatlOns This contounng mformatlon and surface area and volume relatlOnshlps have been calculated by AWT but are not documented m any reports. The mformatlOn I appears to be held on a CADD system at A WT (Essery et al. 1995). I 7.3 Catchment Soil Landscapes The soli landscapes of the area have been mapped by Chapman et al (1992) and have been reproduced for the catchment m Figure 13 This map IS discussed m an accompanymg book I by Chapman and Murphy (1992) The catchment has nme different soli umts These have vanous charactenshcs which are I reproduced from Chapman and Murphy (1992) and descnbed m Table 5 The descnpttons of the solis mdlcate the susceptlblhty to erosIOn of varlOUS areas m the catchment.

I Table 5 Soil Units (See Figure 14)

Symbol na I Grouping Manne Name Narrabeen Landscape Beaches and coastal foredunes on marme sands Beach plams With rehef to I 6 m, slopes < 3%, foredunes With rehef <20 m and slope gradients up to 45%. Splmfex grassland/herbland to close-scrub on foredunes Soils Deep (>200 cm) calcareous sands on beaches, slhceous sands and occasIOnal I calcareous compressed sand on foredunes Limitations Extreme wmd and wave eroslOn hazard, non-cohesive soli, very low soli fertlhty, high SOil permeablhty I Symbol np Grouping Aeohan I Name Newport Landscape Gently undulatmg plams to rolhng nses of Holocene sands manthng other SOlI matenals or bedrock Local rehef <10m, slopes<10% on lower slopes and I plateau surfaces up to 35% agamst obstacles, facmg prevathng wmds Extensively cleared low open-woodland, scrub and open-heathland I I

DRAFT MHL845·13 I 28 January, 1997 I I I

Soils Shallow «SOcm), well sorted siliceous sands overlymg moderately deep I «ISOcm) buned sOlIs mcludmg yellow podzohc sOlIs with sandy topsOIls on crests and gentle slopes, deep (>200cm) podzols on steep slopes, lower slopes and m depressIOns I Limitations Very high soil erosion hazard, locahsed steep slopes, very low sOlI fertlhty, locahsed floodmg permanently high water tables Symbol et I Grouping Swamp Name Ettalong Landscape Level to very gently undulatmg coastal swamps Local rehef ISOcm) orgamc aCid peats, peaty podzols and humus podzols often overlymg buned slhceous sand Limitations Floodmg, permanently high water table, extremely aCid orgamc SOlI of low I fertlhty Symbol wa Grouping Swamp I Name Warnewood Landscape Level to gently undulatmg swales, depreSSions and mfilled lagoons on Quaternary sands Local rehef to <10 m, slopes <3%, water table at <200 cm I Mostly cleared of native vegetatIOn Soils Deep (> ISO cm), well sorted, sandy humus podzols and dark mottled slltceous sands, overlymg buned aCid peats m depreSSions, deep podzols and pale I slhceous sands on sandy nses Limitations Localtsed floodmg and run-on, high water tables, highly permeable soil Symbol er I Grouping EroSIOnal Name Erma Landscape Undulatmg to rollmg nses and low hills on fine gramed sandstones and I claystones of the Narrabeen Group Local rehef to 60m, slopes <20%. Rounded narrow crests with moderately mclmed slopes. Extensively cleared tall open-forest with open heathland m exposed areas I Soils Moderately deep to deep (100->200cm) yellow podzolIc soIls on sandstone crests and slopes, moderately deep (1 00-IS0 cm) red podzolIc SOlIs on shale I crests and steeper slopes; deep (>200cm) yellow podzohc SOlIs on shale lower slopes, some deep yellow earths on foots lopes Limitations Very high SOlI erosIOn hazard, Impermeable plastiC low wet-strength SUbSOIl, I locahsed run-on, seasonal waterloggmg of footslopes Symbol gy Grouping EroSional I Name Gymea Landscape Undulatmg to rolhng nses and low hills on Hawkesbury Sandstone Local relIef 20-80 m, slopes 1O-2S%. Rock outcrop < 2S% Broad convex crests, I moderately mchned Side slopes with Wide benches, localIsed rock outcrop on low broken scarps Extensively cleared open forest and woodland I

DRAFT MHL845 - 14 I 28 January, 1997 I I Soils Shallow to moderately deep (30-100 cm) yellow earths and earthy sands on I crests and mSlde of benches, shallow «20 cm) sIlIceous sands on leadmg edges of benches, localIsed gleyed podzolIc sOlis and yellow podzolIc sOils on shale lenses, shallow to moderately deep «IOOcm) sIlIceous sands and I leached sands along dramage lInes Limitations Localised steep slopes, high soIl erosIOn hazard, rock outcrop, shallow highly permeable soIl, very low SOli fertilIty I Symbol la Grouping ErOSIOnal Name Lambert I Landscape Undulatmg to rollIng low hills on Hawkesbury Sandstone Local relIef 20- 120 m, slopes <20%. Rock outcrop >50% Broad ndges, gently to moderately mclmed slopes, Wide rock benches with low broken scarps, small hangmg I valleys and areas of poor dramage Open and closed-heathland, scrub and occasIOnal low woodland I Soils Shallow (<50 cm), discontInuous earthy sands and yellow earths on crests and Inside of benches, shallow (<20 cm) SIlIceous sands/lIthosols on leadmg edges, shallow to moderately deep «150cm) leached sands, grey earths and I gleyed podzolIc SOlis m poorly dramed areas, localIsed yellow podzolIc SOlis associated with shale lenses Limitations Very high soIl erosIOn hazard, rock outcrop, seasonally perched water tables, I shallow, highly permeable SOli, very low soIl fertilIty. Symbol xx Grouping Disturbed I Name Disturbed Terram Landscape Level plam to hummocky terram, extensively disturbed by human activity, Includmg complete disturbance, removal or bunal of soIl Local relIef <10 m, I slopes <30% Land fIll mcludes soIl, rock, bUlldmg and waste matenals Ongmal vegetatIOn completely cleared, replaced with turf or grassland Soils Turfed fill areas commonly capped with up to 40cm of sandy loam or up to I 60 cm of compacted clay over fill or waste matenals Limitations Dependent on nature of fIll matenal. Mass movement hazard, unconsolIdated low wet-strength matenals, Impermeable soIl, poor draInage, localised very I low fertilIty and tOXIC matenals Symbol ha I Grouping CollUVial Name Hawkesbury Landscape Rugged, rollIng to very steep hills on Hawkesbury sandstone. Local relIef 40- I 200m, slopes >25% Rock outcrop >50%. Narrow crests and ndges, narrow Incised valleys, steep sides lopes with rocky benches, broken scarps and boulders Mostly uncleared open-woodland and tall open forest I Soils Shallow «50 cm), dlscontmuous IIthosols/sllIceous sands assOCiated with rock outcrop, earthy sands, yellow earths and some yellow podzolIc SOlis on Inside of benches and along JOInts and fractures, localIsed yellow and red I podzolIc SOlis associated with shale lenses, SIlIceous sands and secondary yellow earths along dramage lInes Limitations Extreme SOli erosIOn hazard, mass movement (rock fall) hazard, steep slopes, I rock outcrOQ, shallow, stony, highly permeable SOlis, low SOli fertilIty

DRAFT MHL845 -15 I 28 January, 1997 I I I 7.4 Lagoon Sediments

Two maIn InvestIgatIOns have been undertaken relatmg to lagoon sedIments These are I Gordon and Cooke (1977) and Vogt (1994) Gordon and Cooke (1977) present geotechmcal mvestlgatlOns m the lagoon and sedIment samplIng on Dee Why Beach as part of theIr mvestlgatlOn Borehole, auger and surface I samplIng locatIOns are shown m FIgure 15 From these samples transects through the lagoon were developed These transects have been reproduced and are shown In FlgUles 15, 16 and I 17 Borelogs and gradmg curves are contaIned WIthIn Gordon and Cooke (1977) From the transects, SIX dIfferent types of matenal can be IdentIfied In the lagoon bed These I are' • 'organIc fIll matenal- dark grey sandy, SIlty, clay, gIves off odour when dry, I • angular medIUm to fine gramed sand - reworked from older deposIts - possIbly mfill matenal from western catchment, restrIcted to very lImIted area In the south-western comer of lagoon, I • angular sand, medIUm to fine graIned wIth some manne sand - generally confined to southern end of lagoon, • marme and aeolIan sand, rounded, medIUm graIned and well sorted - generally restncted I to the present day dune bamer system WIth the exceptIOn of the south-eastern comer where slgmfIcant deposIts under the lagoon bed possIbly IndIcate locatIons of old entrance channels, I • sand clay WIth sand fractIOn angular, medIUm to fine graIned, poorly sorted, underlIes most of the lagoon at a depth of between -2.0 and 075 m AHD, belIeved to predate the more recent deposIts above, beIng laId down at a tIme of lower sea level, I • lagoon clay - a stIff grey clay layer whIch underlIes all above sedIments at a depth of -4 m and -1 m WIth a general seaward dIppIng trend, It IS belIeved that thIs clay layer IS some I five metres thIck' (Gordon and Cooke 1977) Vogt (1994) took fIve vlbrocores m the southern areas of the lagoon for the assessment of I sedImentatIOn rate ThIs report also has borelogs and gradmg curves for the data collected The locatIOns of the boreholes are shown m FIgure 14. I 7.5 Sedimentation

As dIscussed m SectIOn 7 2, sedImentatIon IS part of Roy's (1982) descnptlOn of the evolutIOn I of a salIne coastal lake estuary However thIS occurrence may be accelerated by a number of processes Includmg channel bank erosIOn and urban development In the catchment

I ObservatIOn of thIS accelerated process dates back to 1977 when Gordon and Cooke (1977) note that 'from the sedImentologIcal eVIdence and an examInatIOn of aenal photographs It IS I apparent that the lagoon IS mfillIng WIth sedIments'. It was observed and reported m the SPCC (1978a) report that deltas were apparent at the mouth of the creek flowmg through Dee Why Park and Dee Why maIn dram. ThIS report also I observed that the area of greatest sedIment depOSItIon was at the mouth of Dee Why maIn

DRAFT MHL845 -16 I 28 January, 1997 I I I dram which was eVidenced by formatIOn of natural levees (SPCC 1978) This study, however, did not quantify the rate of sedimentatIOn or the amount of sediment SPCC (1978a) I argued that urbamsatlOn of the catchment IS the reason for quantities of silt entenng the lagoon, however no data IS presented to support this argument Most has come from the southern area Via Dee Why mam dram (Hawkesbury Avenue), fOrmIng a natural delta mto the I lagoon Much of the residential area had been redeveloped dunng the 1970s. This concentrated activity causmg considerable soil disturbance'

I Further to this observatIOn the vlbroconng mvestIgatlOn reported m Vogt (1994) provides a quantificatIOn of the rate of mfillmg of the lagoon For this assessment the penod for mfilling was assumed as 50 years Vlbrocores taken mdlcate that the fluvial sediments are I accumulatmg m the lagoon m the deltas formed at the mouths of the major tnbutanes at a rate of 3.3 - 4 3 cm per year Vogt discusses that this rate of depositIOn IS at a rate 125 times the usual rate of depositIOn for this type of waterbody This observatIOn conflicts with that I reported m Nelson (1992) which references a study by Montgomery Hoskmg Stone PIL (1987) to estimate the sedimentatIOn rate for the western area of Narrabeen Lagoon as a result I of future catchment development This estimate was 3 mm per year and cited to be double the natural sedimentation rate Thus mvestIgatlOn of the rate above the natural range IS further I reqUired For the process study there needs to be an assessment of the time It would take for the lagoon I to mfill usmg a rate calculated by Vogt (1994) and the bathymetry from Water Board (1992) Works to mitigate sedimentatIOn of the lagoon have been undertaken by CouncIl, mcludmg constructIOn of a gross pollutant trap (GPT) and sediment traps The GPT IS located on Dee I Why mam dram at the discharge pomt to the lagoon at Hawkesbury Avenue This structure has a sediment basm, a meshed 'mornmg glory' type pipe to dram the area and a small trash rack on the overflow pomt to the lagoon On the northern edges of the lagoon there are mne I sediment traps along PIttwater Road With a combmed capacity of 72 5 cubiC metres (Nelson 1992, Council Plan P & R Plan No 192-4) (also discussed m SectIOn 822)

I 7.6 Dredging I No dredgmg has been undertaken m the lagoon to date Gordon and Cooke (1977) mvestlgated a proposal to dredge up to 3 m of sediments over an area of 18 2 ha ThiS matenal was to be used for beach nounshment (150,000 m3) and the I remamder for reclamatIOn of the southern shore ThiS dredgmg was never carried out I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 -17 I 28 January, 1997 I I I I I 8. Water Inflow and Outflow I 8.1 Lagoon Water Level Water level has been recorded by AWT EnvIronmental Measurement Services and MHL at the locatIOns shown In FlgUle 18 The AWT statIOn was In operation from 15 January 1992 I until 5 July 1995 (I5-mlnutes data) Dally averages of thIs data are presented In Laxton (1996) The MHL statIOn has been In operatIOn from 11 March 1996 onwards (15-mmutes I data). Data from the MHL statIOn IS shown In FIgure 19 Other water level records are presented In Gordon and Cooke (1977) for a bnef penod In I June-July 1977 For most of the year the water level IS between 10m and 20m AHD (Gordon and Cooke I 1977) (I.e around 1-2 m above mean sea level) .

Water surface level of the lagoon IS Influenced by Inflows and outflows Including rainfall, I runoff, evaporatIOn, the level of the bar where the lagoon breaks out to the sea and percolatIOn losses through the dune bamer and the entrance bar (Gordon and Cooke 1977)

I 8.2 Inflows

Lagoon Inflows are denved from dIrect rainfall, stormwater drainage and overland flows, I sewer overflows, groundwater Inflow, wave overtopping the dune bamer when the entrance IS closed and tidal Inflows when the entrance IS open

I 8.2.1 Direct Rainfall

Volumes and intensities of rainfall Into the lagoon can be denved from the nearby rainfall I statIOns dIscussed In SectIOn 6.1 I 8.2.2 Stormwater Drainage and Overland Flows Average recurrence Interval runoff events of around 1-In-5 years are captured and delIvered to I the lagoon by the stormwater system of the catchment. For hIgher recurrence Intervals overland flow paths are utilIsed as well The stormwater Inflow locations to the lagoon are I shown III Flglll e 19 Wamngah CouncIl has the entIre catchment drainage system dIvided into three sub-systems, Dee Why North, Dee Why South and Dee Why Beach Each system has each pIt and I structure detaIls numbered and shown on 1 2,000 cadastral maps of the area The relevant numbered maps held by Council Include 26b, 26c, 26d, 27c, 31a, 31b, 31c, 31d, 32a, 32b and I 32c (e g 32c corresponds to cadastral map Long Reef U2760-43).

DRAFT MHL845 - 18 I 28 January, 1997 I I I The Dee Why North area can be sub-dlVlded mto two catchments, the Dee Why Creek catchment and the area dlfectly north of the lagoon whIch drams to the lagoon VIa a senes of I inflows drammg small sub-catchments (1 e. not to a partIcular tnbutary, but dram to the lagoon dIrectly) The northern mflows have sedIment traps onlme to asSISt m the removal of I sedIment before the flow reaches the lagoon (FIgure 20) The Dee Why South system drams to Dee Why mam dram WhICh dIscharges to the lagoon at the end of Hawkesbury Avenue ThIS system has a gross pollutant trap located at the exIt of I the system to the lagoon

The Dee Why beach system delIvers stormwater from Its catchment (marked on FIgure 2) up I to l-m-5-year average recurrence mterval ramfall events. Dunng larger storm events the Oaks Avenue bypass operates and the excess water that cannot be handled by the beach system IS I dIverted to the lagoon No momtonng of the flows from any of these systems has been undertaken CouncIl has I numencally modelled half of the entIre local government area (M Evens pers. comm )

6 3 I Bell and Edwards (1980) present the mean annual runoff to the lagoon as 3 6 x 10 m • 8.2.3 Sewer Overflows

I The entlfe catchment IS sewered WIth one pumpmg statIOn near the edge of the lagoon m Clarence Street (SPCC 1978, Currey et al 1992) shown on FIgure 19

I Other mdIrect overflows are presented m Currey et al (1992) around the lagoon and are also shown m Figure 19 Overflows m the catchment are shown m Figure 21

I ConfirmatIOn of these sewer overflow locatIOns IS aWaIted from Sydney Water (Stephen Kay pers comm) to be denved from Sydney Water's EISs for sewer overflows

I [Insert text WIth other possIble overflow sItes - three dlfect overflows to Dee Why Creek - Sydney Water Report "Coastal Stormwater Study Fmal Report" 1991 Water Board I EnVironmental Projects Group] 8.2.4 Groundwater Inflow

I No data IS available pertainmg to the groundwater mflow to the lagoon, however bores WIth documentatIOn are regIstered WIth DLWC and could be utIlIsed for assessment of the I groundwater behavIOur m the area The bores' approxImate locatIOns are shown m Figure 21. Much of the catchment IS underlam by sandstone (FlgUle 10) confinmg the water table I mflows to the lagoon The hydrogeologIcal boundanes of the lagoon need to be defmed Cracked sewer pIpes may also be a source of mflows VIa groundwater to the lagoon No data I IS aVaIlable on the occurrence or volume of flow that may be sourced from cracked sewer pIpes I

DRAFT MHL845 - 19 I 28 January, 1997 I I I 8.2.5 Tidal Inflow

I When the lagoon IS open to the sea, the lagoon expenences an alternated semi-dIUrnal tide with a tYPiCal range of approximately 10m This IS apparent m the records collected by MHL I and AWT (Section 8 1) 8.2.6 Barrier Overtopping by Ocean

I Shortly after entrance closure of the lagoon, wave overtoppmg of the entrance bar may asSiSt with the mltJal recovery of the lagoon water level (Gordon and Cooke 1977). Dunng occurrences of elevated ocean levels and large wave events the bamer may also be I overtopped, contnbutIng to mflow to the lagoon I 8.2.7 Flooding Gordon and Cooke (1977) mdlcate that floodmg as a result of high water level m the lagoon I has been a problem m the past around Billarong A venue and Tarra Crescent. Gordon and Cooke (1977) discuss three mam causes for floodmg, bemg eXlstmg waterways I unable to cope with peak discharges, culverts under Plttwater Road not able to handle high discharges and the backwater effects from the lagoon

I The peak flood levels for anyone event are also dependent on the height of the entrance bar I Floodmg IS alleviated by the artificial openmg of the lagoon by Council (See SectiOn 9.2) 8.3 Outflows

I 8.3.1 Evaporation

Dunng penods when the entrance IS closed, one of the mam mechamsms of water loss from I the lagoon IS via evaporatiOn of the surface waters Mean monthly evaporatiOn data IS presented m SectIOn 6 3.

I 8.3.2 Groundwater Outflow

As well as evaporatIOn, groundwater outflow IS the other mechamsm for the loss of water I from the lagoon Flow through the dune barrier between the lagoon and the ocean along the length of Dee Why Beach contnbutes to the reductIOn m water level m the lagoon Data I pertammg to thiS occurrence has been collected by the Coastal Management Program (DL WC) for the purposes of two expenments on Dee Why beach. A wave setup mvestlgatlOn was carried out over the penod of 1986-87 reported m Nielsen (1988), with boreholes I mstalled m a transect through the dune system and two setup measunng deVices m the surf and swash zone of the beach. The locatIOn of thiS transect IS shown m Figure 18 Data from thiS expenment IS m various fonns and some references contam water level profiles along the I transect through the dune. These profiles mdlcate the hydraulIc gradients that occur which deterrnme the amount of outflow from the lagoon to the ocean through the barrier I

DRAFT MHL845 • 20 I 28 January, 1997 I I I The other expenment carned out was the installation of beach 'drams' whIch IS an artificIal system of stnp drams used to lower the water table m the beach ThIs lowenng of the water I table IS postulated to Improve the accretIOn of sand onto beaches ThIS expenment was carned out from March 1991 onwards and reported m Hanslow et al (1993) Water table data I through the transect was mOnItored for thIS expenment. 8.3.3 Lagoon 'Breakout'

I From bathymetry and water level data Essery et al (1995) estImated the annual flow out of the entrance of the lagoon IS 3 24 MUha Thus for the catchment of 540 ha thIS IS a flow of I 1750 ML The average dIscharge volume IS estImated at 350 ML per breakout The lagoon drams entIrely to the sea as shown m photographs m Howells (1994) and Vogt I (1994) and dIscussed m Essery et al (1995) I I I I I I I I I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 21 I 28 January, 1997 I I I

I 9. Entrance Behaviour and Management

I The penodlc openmg of the lagoon to the sea IS a feature of the northern beaches estuanes, as well as a number of estuarIes along the New South Wales coast mcludmg Lake Wollumboola, the Shoalhaven RIver and the Central Coast lagoons (Cockrone, Avoca, Temgal and I Wamberal) Entrance behavIOur and management Impacts upon the water level, water quahty and ecology of the lagoon

I To assess the aVailable data pertment to the behavIOur and management of the entrance, varIOus aspects of the Issue are consIdered mcludmg

I • entrance hydrauhcs (openmg and closmg), • entrance management pohcy and legIslatIOn, • entrance management works, and I • Impact of entrance opemng (odour problems and ecologIcal Impacts) I 9.1 Entrance Hydraulics Gordon (1981, 1990) provIdes the only pubhshed mformatlon on thIs subject from a study I undertaken m the late 1970s and early 1980s ThIS study was undertaken partly due to the small nature of the Dee Why Lagoon system ThIS small sIze IS a useful full scale model to determme entrance processes that occur m the larger sImIlar systems such as the Shoalhaven I RIver The dredgmg mvestlgatlOn by Gordon and Cooke (1977) also contains mformatlOn on the entrance hydrauhcs of Dee Why Lagoon and references a report not published. Other mvestlgatlOns of the entrance hydrauhcs of Dee Why specIfically mclude that by BrodIe I (1988), a numencal model, and Howells (1994), a field mvestlgatlon

Data relatmg to the entrance hydrauhcs mclude mformatlOn about the sedIments m the barner, I the heIght and profIle of the bamer, the lagoon water levels, the ocean water levels and coastal processes occurring (mcludmg wave actIOn and longshore transport) to close the lagoon

I 9.1.1 Opening I There are three mechanIsms that wIll result m the opemng of the lagoon: • water overtoppmg from the lagoon and scounng a channel, I • mechamcal or shovel opemng (by CouncIlor Illegally), or • wave action scour I A dIfference m water level eXIsts between the lagoon and the ocean, rangmg from zero at hIgh tIde when the lagoon IS open to the sea, to 3 metres at low tIde when the lagoon IS closed and at peak water level (Jones 1977) ThIS dIfference m water levels provIdes a dnvmg force for I the lagoon to dram to the sea once the bamer IS overtopped naturally or an artIficIal channel IS created I DRAFT MHL845 - 22 28 January, 1997 I I I

The bamer level IS a contnbutmg factor m the occurrence of a breakout The hIgher the I bamer the hIgher the lagoon water level must be for a natural breakout to occur Surveys of the bamer have been undertaken by BrodIe (1988) and the DLWC Coastal Management I Program (no publIshed data) The average crest level gIven by BrodIe IS 2 05 m AHD. Dunng overtoppmg the flow scours the barrier mto a channel that WIdens to a dIstance of I approxImately 70 m (Howells 1994) BrodIe (1988) references Gordon statmg that the scounng actIOn of the entrance breakout IS lImIted by the clay substrate at a level of about o 5 m AHD which was found by Gordon and Cooke (1977) and shown m Figures 16. 17 and I 18

WhIlst wave actIOn scour from the ocean IS postulated as a mechanIsm of breakout, there are I no records of occurrence of thIS action. Theoretical mvestIgatIon has been undertaken for other SImIlar systems mcludmg NIcols and Allen (1981) referenced m BrodIe (1988) and for I the Gosford lagoons, reported m RIbbons et al (1994) Vanous observatIOns of openmgs have been undertaken mcludmg Gordon (1981, 1990) I Laxton (1992, 1996), AWT and MHL water level records and Howells (1994). Entrance openmgs have been observed by Laxton (1992) over the penod July 1980-July 1981 I Dunng thIS tIme the entrance was open SIX times Entrance openmgs have been observed usmg data from the A WT and MHL recorder From VIsual observatIOns of water level records, lagoon openmgs have occurred SIX tImes m 1992 I (February, Apnl, May, June, August and October), five tImes m 1993 (January, June, August, September and November), seven times m 1994 (March (tWIce), Apnl, June (tWIce), September (26th - Howells 1994) and October); three times m the first half of 1995 (January I (20th - MHL observatIOns), March, May and June) From 16 July 1995 to 10 March 1996 there was no water level data collected. In the penod of data collectIOn to the end of 1996 I there were SIX openmgs (Apnl, May, June, September (tWIce) and pOSSIbly October) I Thus m recent years the lagoon has tended to open five to seven times a year 9.1.2 Closing

I Gordon and Cooke (1977) dISCUSS conceptually the processes that occur for closmg. They dISCUSS that waterborne movement of sand m the swash zone of the beach IS suffICIently large to close off the entrance channel The time for closure of the entrance can vary from a few I days to several weeks dependmg on wmd, tide and weather condItIOns at the time Once closed the bar bUIlds up to the surroundmg beach benn under the actIOn of tides and wmds

I Closure of coastal lagoons IS a complex and dynamIC process governed by the mteractIOn of several forces These forces mclude wave mduced lIttoral dnft of manne sedIments mto the I mlet, the ebb and flood tIdal currents and wave actIOn at the entrance of the mlet I No detaIled mvestIgatIOns pertammg to the closure of the lagoon have been undertaken.

I DRAFT MHL845 - 23 28 January, 1997 I I 9.2 Entrance Management Policy and Legislation

I Current Council policy for entrance opemng IS outlined m draft form on the Dee Why/Curl Curl Estuary Management Committee Mmutes File (held by Council) This SIX page document entitled 'Dee Why Lagoon Entrance Management Policy' dated July 1996 sets out I the procedures and responsibilities for natural and authonsed opemngs of the lagoon and the I preventIOn of unauthonsed openmgs of the lagoon Council's entrance management policy (1996) outlmes the essential conditIOns for artifiCial I breakout bemg • level at Billarong A venue, and/or • steady ram IS fallmg or heavy ram has occurred m the catchment m the week precedmg the I nse m the lagoon I The deSirable conditIOns for breakout mclude • moderate to heavy ramfall, • relatively large ocean tidal range (> 10m), and I • relatively low wave actIOn I Council procedure for openmg IS as follows: • the lagoon IS opened after the top of the tide for the lower tide of the day, I • the directIOn of the artifiCial channel IS mime With the two markers on the northern Side of the channel, and • the excavated sand IS placed at least 2 m south of the entrance trench and above high tide I mark

Entrance management policy also Impmges on beach management smce there IS the potential I for poor quality water to be released to the beach Thus m Council's entrance management policy there IS provlSlon for the beach to be closed after an entrance opemng

I Council's entrance management policy allows for penalties to be applied to offenders who open the lagoon Illegally. Under the Local Government Act 1993 , Council has the authonty to enforce penalties on anyone actmg contrary to a notice erected on public land or m a I bathmg place under SectIOn 632 (1). ThiS refers to the slgnage placed m the area prohlbltmg unauthonsed openmgs

I Lugg (1996) discusses the legislative framework for the artifiCial openmg of lagoons Pnor to the Local Government Act 1993, local councils had general authonty to open coastal lagoons under the 1919 Act ThiS authonty was not carried through and thus councils no longer have I the 'umlateral nght' to open lagoons, regardless of their duty of care With respect to floodmg I and water quality The entrance IS Crown land and under the JurisdictIOn of DLWC Any works wlthm the lagoon entrance (other than those by DLWC) reqUire concurrence of the Mmlster I admmlstermg the Crown Lands Act 1989

I DRAFT MHL845 - 24 28 January, 1997 I I I Lugg (1996) makes reference to State EnvIronmental Plannmg PolIcy No 35 - Mamtenance Dredgmg of TIdal Waterways and that thIS polIcy mdicates that a certam protocol IS to be I observed

Under the Envlronmental Planmng and Assessment Act 1979 CouncIl IS requIred to assess the I envIronmental Impacts of opemng the lagoon. ThIS can be a genenc document for all I openmgs To date this document has not yet been prepared by CouncIl 9.3 Entrance Management Works I The locatIOn of the entrance tends to mIgrate due to coastal processes such as longshore and onshore-offshore transport of sedIment The movement of the entrance to the north IS I problematic due to the locatIOn of the Long Reef Surf Life Savmg Club and the carpark The entrance locatIOn has been stabIlIsed on the north and south sides. On the north the channel was stabIlIsed by a gabIOn wall (also known as a 'tnpper wall') The gabion wall was I constructed m 1982 to 76m and extended by 22m m 1986 (Howells 1994). In 1994 approxImately 50 m of the wall became exposed revealIng a need for repaIr The baskets were I repaIred m late September 1994 followmg an artIfICIal breakout by CouncIl on 27 September In May 1996 a trammg wall of sandstone was constructed as a result of concern over eroSIOn I around the southern bank 9.4 Impacts of Lagoon Opening

I Lugg (1996) dIscusses the frequency of opemng and Its Impact on the vegetatIOn commumties and ecologIcal processes Lugg gIves ranges of acceptabIlIty and thIS should be revIewed

I 9.4.1 Water Level for Birdlife

VarIatIOns m water level are requIred to mamtam bIrd speCIes dIversIty (Norma Maxwell pers I comm) DetaIled mvestIgatIOn of these reqUirements has not been undertaken to date. I 9.4.2 Odour Problems Odour complamts date back to 1978 m the SPCC (1978a) report mdicatmg that after a I breakout the lagoon bed IS exposed and offenSive odours result These odours may be blown over the reSIdential area by onshore wmds

I A reSident complamt documented m the Manly Dazly (November 1992) mdlcates that the problem of lagoon odour has been an Issue for the lagoon m recent years It IS postulated m the artIcle that the reason for the odour IS the extended penod of closure of the lagoon pnor to I an extended penod of bemg open However this cannot be confirmed With data

Gordon and Cooke (1977) dISCUSS the odour problems dunng low water whIch IS postulated to I be lInked to the exposure of decomposmg orgamc matter on the lagoon bed To solve thIS problem, dredgmg was proposed to lower the bed level such that It remamed covered at all I times by water and thus prevented odour release Dredgmg was never undertaken

I DRAFT MHL845 - 25 28 January, 1997 I I I No data has been collated dunng a breakout event to quantIfy the extent of the problem

I 9.4.3 Fish Habitat

Lugg (1996) dIscusses that 'there IS often a deSIre to enhance fish and prawn recruitment Into I the lagoon by opemng the entrance when fish and prawn larvae are abundant In coastal waters. Unfortunately, It IS currently Impossible to predict when and where larvae will be abundant I TimIng the opemng to favour one species IS likely to disadvantage others, SInce peak larval abundances In coastal waters may not cOIncIde'. The only gUideline IS that given by Burchmore et al (1993) In that fish recruitment IS likely to peak between October and I December and agaIn between February and June I Further assessment of thiS process IS reqUired I I I I I I I I I I I I

I DRAFT MHL845 • 26 28 January, 1997 I I I I

I 10. Water Quality

I Water quality IS defined here In three categorIes: physical (litter and floatables, turbldlty/clanty, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and salImty), chemical (nutrIents and heavy metals); and bIOlogical (phytoplankton, algae, faecal colifonns and faecal I streptococcI) Data collected has been categonsed Into these three groups fonnIng SectIOns 10.1,102 and 10 3

I Water quality measurements In the lagoon Itself and Its trIbutaries have been undertaken by a number of groups These Include that reported In/collected by:

I • Laxton (1992, 1996), • Sydney Water and AWT (Currey et al 1992 and Essery et al 1995), • Streamwatch Data (Sydney Water based and OZGREEN project data), I • Mercer (1994), and I • SPCC (1978a) SamplIng sites are shown In FlgUlc 22 I Laxton (1992) reports on weekly data collected at a smgle site dUrIng the perIod of July 1980- June 1981 Laxton (1996) reports on monthly data collectIOn at eight sites dunng the perIod I 1994-5 Sydney Water and AWT (the commercial ann of Sydney Water, fonnerly the Water Board) has been active m ItS measurement of water qualIty Currey et al (1992) present summary I statistics of the data collected In Tables B3 and B4 of their report Essery et al (1995) undertook an mvestlgatlOn of the quality of water discharged from the lagoon to the ocean I dUrIng a breakout over the penod October 1992-September 1993 Streamwatch data IS collected by school students and coordmated by a team at Sydney Water. Data has been collected for mne parameters The usefulness of the data for mvestIgatlOn of I processes IS limited, due to the discrete nature of the data and the vaned expenence of those conductmg the samplmg The data, by virtue of the parameters measured, are more Indicative of Immediate problems (e g broken sewer pipes etc.) than processes A recent one-off I InvestigatIOn was undertaken as part of the Dee Why Wetlands RehabilitatIOn Project (Sue Lennox, OZGREEN pers comm) Samplmg of the mne Streamwatch parameters was undertaken by students from Cromer High School and PIttwater House at 17 sites As with I the other Streamwatch data It IS difficult to use thiS data for evaluatIOn of processes smce It IS discrete and only proVides a snapshot for the catchment. Council has a copy of thiS data I (Damel Lovett pers comm)

Water quality samplmg IS mentIOned In SPCC (1978), however no dates or locatIOns of I samplmg are given and no data IS given Samples were taken from two mflows and at three locatIOns In the lagoon and the results are discussed subjectively only, mdlcatmg that under

I DRAFT MHL845 - 27 28 January, 1997 I I I dry weather condItIons the lagoon was found to be clear, well-oxygenated and low m I phosphorus and mtrogen compounds 10.1 Physical

I Litter and Floatables

The only data on load of 'gross pollutants' IS reported m Essery et al (1995) for flow eXltmg I the lagoon dunng a breakout (I e load delIvered to the ocean) The annual load IS reported as I o 166 kg/halyear Event load for 8 August 1993 IS reported as 18 kg Other measurements of lItter and floatables mcludmg that wlthm the lagoon Itself are dIfficult and may possIbly be denved from any future clean-up campaIgn data The amount collected I from Hawkesbury Avenue GPT WIll gIve an mdlcatlOn of part of the load delIvered to the system. It IS dIffIcult to ascertaIn the total load smce the GPT IS only one pomt of delIvery of I gross pollutants for the lagoon and It can be bypassed and overtopped dunng hIgh flows Turbidity/Clarity

I Water clarIty has been measured by Laxton (1992) as a percentage transmIssIon of lIght through water For the penod of measurement the values ranged from 5 2 to 98 9% WIth a I mean of 88 7% Laxton presents reasons for the vanatlOns m the clarIty mcludmg • fine sedIment carned mto the lagoon WIth runoff from the catchment, • resuspenslOn of fme bottom sedIments by wmd waves, I • phytoplankton blooms; and • entramment of fine sedIments m breakout flow

I Laxton (1996) measured turbIdIty (NTU) and percent transmISSIOn of lIght. I Suspended Solids Laxton (1996) measured concentratIOn of suspended solIds (TSS m mgIL) and volatIle I suspended solIds (VSS mglL) ,I Temperature Laxton (1992) presents data from a one-year penod (1980-81) mdlcatmg that the measured range of the water surface was 7.1-30 °C Laxton (1996) also provIdes measurements of I water temperature.

Allan et al (1985) measured temperature as part of theIr fish specIes mvestlgatlOn and present I smgle data pomts at specIfIc locatIOns for January and March 1982 I Electrical Conductivity I Measures by Laxton (1996) over the penod 1994-95 m mS/cm

DRAFT MHL845 - 28 I 28 January, 1997 ~I I I Dissolved Oxygen

I Currey et al (1992) measured collected samples for dissolved oxygen I Laxton (1996) measured dissolved oxygen as percent saturatIOn and mgIL Allan et al (1985) measured dissolved oxygen as part of their fish species InvestigatIOn and I present SIngle data POInts at specific locatIOns for January 1982. pH

I Measured by Laxton (1992) over the 1980-81 penod glVlng a range of 727-897 Also ,I measured by Laxton (1996) Salinity I Laxton (1992) presents salImty data The range of surface water salImty over the measured penod was from 1 9 to 35 03 ppt. Laxton (1996) also contaInS measurements of salimty. I Laxton (1992) reports that the salimty IS Influenced by the state of the entrance When the lagoon IS open to the sea most of the water draInS and the bed becomes exposed At these times almost fresh water passes the sampling sites, espeCially If the tide IS low at the time of I sampling When the entrance IS open the entrance channel and eastern sectIOn of the body of the lagoon are subject to tidal Influence Dunng this time surface water salimtIes at the I sampling site vaned markedly. Allan et al (1985) measured salimty as part of thelf fish species InvestigatIOn and present I SIngle data POInts at speCific locatIOns for January and March 1982. 10.2 Chemical

I Nutrients

Laxton (1992) measured mtnte, mtrate and orthophosphate In the 1994-95 InvestigatIOn, I Laxton (1996) measured ammoma, total KJeldahl mtrogen, orgamc mtrogen, mtnte, mtrate, orthophosphate and total phosphorus

I Mercer (1994) presents comparative annual loads from storrnwater and sewer overflows For the year of 1993 total mtrogen storrnwater load was 4 68 tonnes/year and sewer overflow load I was 0 67 tonnes/year Of the total load the proportions are 87 5% and 12 5% respectively For the year of 1993 total phosphorus storrnwater load was 0.6 tonnes/year and sewer I overflows load was 015 tonnes/year Of the total load the proportIOns are 80% and 20%. This data IS sourced from the Water Board (1992) Report 'Pollutant LoadIngs Into the I Waterways of Sydney and Illawarra RegIOns - PrelimInary Assessment'. Mercer (1994) Indicates that this data IS prelimmary only and loads are expected to change substantially I follOWIng the results of further momtonng.

DRAFT MHL845 - 29 I 28 January, 1997 I I I Essery et al (1995) present data for totalllltrogen and total phosphorus eXltlllg the lagoon for a I breakout event and as an annual discharge from the lagoon Currey et al (1992) measured collected samples for total llltrogen and total phosphorus

I Heavy Metals I Trace metal concentratIOns for one samplmg of water and sediments for Dee Why Lagoon are given m Currey et al (1992) Metals analysed for mc1ude cadmIUm, copper, lead, ZIllC and mercury

I Organochlorides I Currey et al (1992) measured surface water and sediments for orgalllc chemicals I 10.3 Biological Phytoplankton (Chlorophyll a )

I Measured by Laxton (1992, 1996) m J.lg/L The concentratIOn IS a measure of the phytoplankton standmg crop present at the time of samplmg

I Algal

Cheng (1981) discusses the occurrence of algal blooms m Dee Why Lagoon. Cheng discusses I that this occurrence IS of filamentous green algae No other references or data are provided to support this observatIOn

I No algal data (counts) have been taken for the lagoon. I Faecal coliforms Laxton (1992) sampled over the 1980-81 penod for faecal cohfonns and recorded a range of 0 to 2000 cohfonn ullltsllOO mL, With the highest concentratIOns occumng dunng and I followmg ram fall

I Currey et al (1992) report on a data collectIOn program which mvolved three sites III the lagoon and two sites on the adjacent beach These were sampled every SIX days Bactenologlcal mvestigatlOns wlthm this data collectIOn program lllc1ude faecal cohfonns and I faecal streptococcI Beachwatch (six-monthly reports smce November 1989) data on faecal cohfonns and I enterococcI This data needs to be correlated With entrance condition to make some assessment of the Impact of lagoon discharge on beach water quahty

I Mercer (1994) presents comparative annual loads from stonnwater and sewer overflows For the year 1993 total faecal cohfonn UllltS (Tcfu) m the stonnwater load were 1450 Tcfu/year and sewer overflow load IS 486 Tcfu/year Of the total load the proportIOns are 75% and 25% I respectively This data IS also sourced from the Water Board (1992) Report 'Pollutant

DRAFT MHL845 - 30 I 28 January, 1997 I I I Loadings Into the Waterways of Sydney and Illawarra Regions - Preliminary Assessment' Mercer (1994) indicates that this data IS preliminary only and loads are expected to change I substantially following the results of further momtonng. I I I I I I I' I I I I I I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 31 I 28 January, 1997 I I

I 11. Ecology

I The mam documents Identified contammg mformatlon on aquatic flora and fauna were • Lugg (1996) I • Anglers ActIOn Group (1995)- submISSIOn to nommate areas for the preparatIOn of HabItat Management Plans under the Flshenes Management Act 1994 • Wmnmg, Shortland Wetland Centre (1994) I • Allan et al (1985) (WIth reference to unpubhshed work by Auty and Se1osse) • West et al (1985) • SPCC (1978a, b) • Colman (1958)

A number of reports document the fnngmg and terrestnal flora and fauna of Dee Why Lagoon and a draft Plan of Management for the WIldhfe Reserve (consIstent WIth the reqUIrements of the Local Government Act) IS m preparatIon P and J SmIth have been engaged by CouncIl to map vegetatIOn commumtles wlthm the Warnngah Local Government Area and to proVIde I hsts of flora (mcludmg rare plants) and fauna speCIes (frogs, reptIles, bIrds and mammals), whIch WIll mcorporate the fmdmgs of prevIOUS surveys/studIes and new survey work as part I, of the study TheIr mtenm report (1996) contams prehmmary flora and fauna speCIes hsts for Dee Why Lagoon and the Dee Why Lagoon Catchment Accordmgly, thIS report focuses on mformatlon on flora and fauna relatmg to the water body Itself and not covered m the report I by P and J SmIth t 11.1 Flora In general mtermlttently open lagoons tend to have few true seagrasses but an abundance of the aquatic macrophyte Sea Tassel (Ruppla sp) and hIgher denSIties of algal speCIes (Lugg I 1996)

West et al (1985) estimated a saltmarsh area of 0 044 km2 and seagrass area of 0 034 km2 for I Dee Why Lagoon, based on aenal photograph mterpretatIOn undertaken between 1981 and 1984 Water plants IdentIfIed were Eelgrass (Zosteracae) and Sea Tassel (Ruppla sp)

I Allan et al (1985) estimated seagrass cover to be about 5% m the northern entrance channel, 10% m the central area of the lagoon and zero at the southern end Eelgrass grows rapIdly when the lagoon IS closed but dIes back WIth prolonged exposure to aIr (when the lagoon I drams) and water of low sahmty (after heavy ram) (SPCC 1978a) The Eelgrass beds were found by Allan et al (1985) to form a substrate for Enteromorpha sp and several other fIlamentous green algae The Anglers ActIOn Group (1995) reported that some years ago the I 'green weed' cover was very extensIve but appears to have thmned out m recent years Colman (1958) noted luxunant growths of Cladophora sp and two varIetIes of Enteromorpha I sp m the lagoon

DRAFT MHL845 - 32 I 28 January, 1997 I I I The fnngmg vegetation of Dee Why Lagoon has been noted by Jay Sticker (formerly of the Water Board's Environmental Management UOlt) as bemg of high conservatIOn value, I particularly the area of Sea Rush ]uncus krausll which has coloOised the delta area at the end of the Dee Why maIn dram An mtroduced species Spmy Rush ]uncus acutus was noted as coloOlsmg the mouth of Dee Why Creek (report to Warnngah Lagoons Jomt AdvIsory I Committee November 1992)

Figure 22 shows the conditIOn of vegetatIOn surroundIng the lagoon (from The National Trust I of Australia 1981) with regard to weed mvaslOn As can be seen areas of poor condition are generally associated with creeks and drams Smce this mappmg, stormwater treatment zones have been mstalled along Plttwater Road to help address this problem and a GPT has been I mstalled on the Hawkesbury Avenue malO dram (see Figures 18 and 20) I' A degraded freshwater wetland eXists along Dee Why Creek between Fisher North Road and Campbell Avenue, With a smaller remnant to the north which has little remammg native vegetatIOn In the early 1950s the wetlands covered about 50% of the area west of Plttwater I Road between South Creek Road and Fisher Road North The Shortlands Wetland Centre (1994) descnbed the southern remnant as a sedgeland with species typical of dunal wetland vegetatIOn which would once have occurred m a number of wetlands along the northern I Sydney coast Common native species mclude Siebers Saw-sedge Gahnza sieberana and Spreadmg Rope-rush Empodlma mmus. Common weed species mclude the Peruvian Water­ I pnmrose Ludwlgza peruvzana 11.2 Fauna

I 11.2.1 Fish

Fish species recorded by Colman (1958), NSW State Flshenes (SPCC 1978) and Allan et al I (1985) from 1977, 1979 and 1982 surveys are shown In Table 6

The SPCC report (1978) refers to a study undertaken by NSW State Flshenes where 29 I species of fish were Identified Mullet and eels were found to be the most abundant edible fish m the lagoon while adult whltmg, flathead, flatfish and leather Jackets occurred In small numbers The Anglers ActIOn Group (1995) also noted mullet occurrmg m large numbers I together with eels and that other fish such as flathead, bream, blackfish and whiting are seldom found m the lagoon

I Allan et al (1985) presented data from an unpublished 1977 survey by Auty, a 1979 survey by Selosse (Allan et al 1985) and two 1982 (mid-January and mid-March) surveys A total of 53 I species were recorded for the combmed 1977, 1979 and 1982 surveys Allan recorded 41 species (of the 12 species not recorded only SIX had prevIOusly been represented by more than two mdlvlduals) and of the 12 species not prevIOusly recorded, five were represented by more I than two mdlVlduals The number of permanent reSidents of Dee Why Lagoon was found to be Similar between the years Ie. 14, 11 and 12 respectively. The number of temporary reSidents was Similar m 1977 and 1979 (14 and 12 respectively) but much higher m 1982 (29) , The relevant abundance of most fish species was generally constant between 1977 and 1978, however, flat-tailed mullet and leathefJacket were more abundant m 1982. For the 1982 survey 30% of species and 28% of mdlvlduals were of economic Importance Most of these I were JuveOiles and thought to be temporary reSidents Also most were restncted to the central

DRAFT MHL845 - 33 I 28 January, 1997 I I I lagoon area and entrance channel More species of economic Importance were collected m 1982 than for the prevIOus surveys. It was thought the differences between the earlier surveys I and the 1982 survey could have been due to different samplmg technIques and that the 1982 sampling followed a penod when the lagoon was open to the sea for a lengthy penod dunng I spnng and early summer Allan et al (1985) concluded that the lagoon compnses two dlstmct fish habitats. The central lagoon area and entrance channel form one habitat which has the strongest manne mfluence, I' the greatest depth, the highest percentage of sand m the sediment and some seagrass patches The southern sectIOn of the lagoon forms the other habitat which has more vanable salinIty, is I relatively shallow, has more clay m the sediment and little seagrass due to fresh water mputs When compared to other NSW estuaries, Dee Why Lagoon has considerably fewer species Allan et al (1985) and the Anglers Action Group (1995) note that fish species diverSity and I abundance IS restncted by the small size of the lagoon, limited fish habitats (espeCially as the lagoon IS almost dry after It breaks out to the sea) and the harshness of the environment ,I (extreme changes m water level and salinIty). Allan also Cited short duratIOn opemng penods and openIngs not comcldmg With major larval or JuvenIle fish recruitment pen ods as other pOSSible reasons for the lack of species diverSity. However, most authors conSider the lagoon I IS valuable as a fish nursery. The spec (1978) noted that fish numbers were highest Immediately after the lagoon was I open to the sea Schools of fish were also observed to congregate near the entrance channel to feed on bIOta washed out of the lagoon dunng break outs

I Some diSCUSSIOn on the pOSSibility of dredgmg to Improve fish habitat was mcluded m Allan et al (1985) They concluded that mcreasmg the depth by dredgmg the southern part of the lagoon may Improve the capacity of the lagoon as a nursery area, however It was not thought I the number of species usmg the lagoon would mcrease, Just eXlstmg species abundance Suggested dredgmg parameters were as follows

I • dredge depth - Ideally 15m to ensure the bed remams m the euphotiC zone (depth to which light penetrates), I - not to exceed the clay layer depth (2 m) smce turbidity would mcrease and clay IS an unSUitable substrate for colOnIsatIOn by seagrasses and many benthiC mvertebrates, • shallow shelvmg batters to faCIlitate wmd mlxmg, '-, • retentIOn of some shallow areas as habitat for economic speCies, such as the sand whltmg, and I • placement of sand on the bed of the lagoon where the clay component IS high

Some authors also suggested management of entrance breakouts to mcrease fishenes I' productIOn However, Lugg (1996) concluded that 'It is extremely difficult, If not ImpOSSible, to artifiCially mampulate entrance openIng With any certamty of enhancmg fish or prawn recruitment and productIOn m subsequent months or years, either on an mdlvldual lagoon I baSIS or on a regIOnal basis'.

Allan et al (1985) prOVided a comparison between 1977, 1979 and 1982 data and was the only I' reference source to give survey details mcludmg

,I DRAFT MHL845 - 34 28 January, 1997 I I I

• tImes - mId-January and mId-March 1982, I • methods of samplmg - three replIcate hauls usmg a 30 m, 10 mm mesh sIze seme net, 60 m, 38 and 76 mm mesh sIze gIll nets, and rotenone (pOIson), • fish length range, and I • assocIated lagoon condItIons at the tIme of samplmg substrate - see SectIOn 7 4, percentage cover of seagrass - see SectIOn 11.1, I some water qualIty parameters - see SectIon 10, entrance condItIOns - open, and , tIde - hIgh tIde

Accordmgly thIs paper IS the only useful data for comparatIve purposes However, the I knowledge and observatIOns of the Anglers ActIon Group provIdes a useful broad pIcture of the lagoon fishenes resources and factors affectmg these resources. fl 11.2.2 Invertebrates I, SPCC (1978) conSIdered the occurrence of benthIC organIsms was SImIlar to that of other coastal estuanes and stated that 'unusually hIgh numbers of the major specIes occur at tImes' The eXIstence of mud crabs was noted and also that prawns are probably the most Important I fishmg resource m Dee Why Lagoon The Anglers ActIon Group (1995) note that the Dee Why Lagoon mudflats contam 'good' numbers of blood worms and soft shelled clams and that good SIzed mud crabs also eXIst m the I' lagoon They also state that prawn productIVIty depends largely on how long the lagoon remams closed If the lagoon IS opened early m the season (the prawn season IS from I' November to March) prawmng tends to be poor as most of the mature prawns have gone to sea WIth the opemng of the lagoon

Colman (1958) noted the dommant mollusc m the lagoon as the manne snaIl Salmator fragills I whIch IS adapted to envIronmental extremes He found crustacea to be poorly represented A polychaete mud worm was found to f10unsh m the sandy sedIments m the Dee Why Creek I' delta area and the gIant beach worm was found m the entrance channel Dragonfly larvae were noted as helpmg to control mosqUIto numbers I LIsts of molluscs, annelIds, crustaceans and msects recorded at Dee Why Lagoon are shown m Tables 7,8,9 and 10 respectIvely

I 11.3 Birds

A varIety of food sources (fish, crustacea, molluscs and worms) and habItats (dense natIve I vegetatIOn and fnngmg reeds) are aVaIlable for buds wlthm the Dee Why Lagoon WIldlIfe Refuge About 100 bud specIes have been recorded at Dee Why Lagoon, mcludmg some rare to Sydney I e. Czstzcola eXllls Golden-headed ClstIcola or TaIlor BIrd (Sydney IS the south­ I east lImIt of ItS range) and Megalurzs tlmorzensls Tawny Grassblrd (the two Sydney colomes at Dee Why and CronulJa are the southern most populatIOns) As noted m SectIon 3 some I, JAMBA and CAMBA specIes and specIes lIsted as threatened or endangered have been observed at Dee Why Lagoon

I DRAFT MHL845 - 35 28 January, 1997 I I

Species lists were provided by Norma Maxwell and these, together with the spec species list I are shown III Table 11. These lists will be updated by the work of P and J Smith.

I Table 6 Fish Species Identified (Vertebrates)

Family Genus/Species Common Name Reference I AngUllhdae AngUilla australIs Shortfinned Eel SPCC (l978b) A remhardtu Longfinned Eel + Allan et al (1985) Colman (1958 - I (Shortfmned eel only) Poeclhdae Gambusla affims MosqUito Fish SPCC (1978b), I Colman (1958) + Allan et al (1985) Athenmdae Athermosoma mlcrostoma Smallmouthed Hardyhead SPCC (l978b) I Scorpaemdae Centropogon australis Fortescue SPCC (l978b) + Allan et al (1985) Tnghdae Tnglld sp (luvemle) Gumard SPCC (l978b) I Platycephahdae Platycephalus bassensls Sand Flathead SPCC (1978b), P fuscus Dusky Flathead Colman (1958) + Allan et al (1985) I Platycephalus bassensls Flathead Allan et al (1985) Centropomldae Velambassls ]acksomensls Glass Perchlet SPCC (l978b) SllIagmldae Stllago CIliata Sand Whiting SPCC (l978b), I Colman (1958) + Allan et al (1985) Carangldae Usacaranx nobtlls SIlver Trevally SPCC (1978b), I Colman (1958) + Allan et al (1985) Gerredae Gerres ovatus Silver Biddy SPCC (1978b) I + Allan et al (1985) Spandae Acanthopagrus australis Silver Bream SPCC (l978b), Chrysophrys auratus Schnapper Colman (1958) Rhabdosargus sarba Tarwhme + Allan et al (1985) Kyphosldae Kyphosus sp (luvemle) Drummer SPCC (l978b) Grrelhdae Glrella tncuspldata Blackfish, Ludenck SPCC (l978b) Muglhdae Mugt/ cephalus Sea Mullet, Bully Mullet SPCC (1978b), Myxus elongatus Sand Mullet Colman (1958 - 1 species) + Allan et al (1985) Goblldae Aremgoblus bl/renatus Bndled Goby SPCC (l978b) I Cnstatogoblus sp Crested Goby SPCC (l978b) I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 36 I 28 January, 1997 I I I

Family Genus/Species Common Name Reference I Favomgoblus exqulSltus ExquIsite Goby SPCC (1978b). F tamarensls Sand Goby Allan et al (1985) + Mugllogoblus stlgmatlcus Spotted Mullet-goby Colman (1958 I Parkraemerw ornata Goby (ornate) Flathead Gudgeon Pseudogoblus olorum LvmgGoby only) Favomgoblus lateralts Goby Allan et al (1985) I, Mugllogoblus paludls Goby CryptocentrOldes sp Goby MesoRoblus pulchellus Gobv II Eleotndae GoblOmorphus australIs Stnped Gudgeon SPCC (1978b) Hypseleotrls compressus Empue Fish. Carp Gudgeon + Allan et al (1985) Phllypnodon sp nov Flathead Gudgeon I Pleuronecttdae Ammotretls rostratus Longsnouted Flounder SPCC (1978b) + Allan et al (1985) Pseudorhombus sp Flounder SPCC (1978b) + I Colman (1958) Soleldae Achlyopa mgra Black Sole SPCC (1978b) + Allan et al (1985) I Bahstldae Meuschema trachylepls Yellow-finned Leathenacket SPCC (1978b) Tetradonttdae TorqUlgener hamlltom Toadfish SPCC (1978b) + Allan et ali1985) 'I' Torqulgener pleurogramma Toadfish Allan et al (1985) Torqulgener aquamlcauda Toadfish Arothron hlspldus Stars & stnpes toad I Elopldae Eltps australIs Giant hemng Allan et al (1985) Ophlchthldae Ophlsurus serpens Serpent eel Allan et al (1985) Clupeldae Sardmops neopllchardus Pilchard Allan et al (1985) I Harengula abbrevwta Southern hemng Hyperlophus translucldus Translucent sandy sprat Antennarhdae Antennarlus stnatus Angler fish Allan et al (1985) I Tnghdae Cheltdomchthys loumal Red gurnard Allan et al (1985) Ambassldae Velambassls 1acksomensls Glass perch let Allan et al (1985) Therapomdae Pelates sexlmeatus Six-imed trumpeter Allan et al (1985) I Therapon larbua Grunter Lethnmdae Lethrmus latlcaudlS Emperor Allan et al (1985) Monodacty hdae Monodactylus arKenteus Silver Batfish Allan et al (1985) I Kyphosldae Glrella tnbuspldata Blackfish Allan et al (1985) + Colman (1958) Pomacentndae Abudefduf saxatalls 5 banded damselftsh Allan et al (1985) 'I Muglhdae Mugll cephalus Sea mullet Allan et al (1985) LIla argentea Flat-tall mullet Myxus elongatus Sand mullet I Labndae Achoerodus ViridIS Blue groper Allan et al (1985) Chmdae Heteroclmus sp Weedfish Allan et al (1985) Bothldae Pseudo rhombus arslUs Large toothed flounder Allan et al(1985) I Monacanthldae Meuschema trachylepls LeathefJacket Allan et al (1985) I

DRAFT MHL845 - 37 I 28 January, 1997 I I I Table 7 Molluscs (Invertebrates)

I Scientific Name Reference Molluscs FluvlOlantus amarus SPCC (I 978b) + Colman (1958) ModIOlus sp SPCC (I 978b) + Colman (1958) I Arthrltlca helmsl SPCC (l978b) + Colman (1958) Sangumolana blradtata SPCC (l978b) + Colman (1958) S DonaclO/des SPCC (1978b) , Tellma deltoldalls Lutrana sp SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) Notosplsula sp SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) I Latemula creccma SPCC (l978b) Eumarcta fumlgata SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) Donax deltO/des SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) I Amesodesma elongata Hydrobta buccanoldes SPCC (1978b) Tatea rufilabns SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) Salmator fragllts SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) I Polmlces mcel SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) Austropyngus ruptae SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) Macoma tnstls SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) I Amphldesma angusta SPCC (l978b) + Colman (1958) Nassanus sp SPCC (1978b) I Physastra glbbosa SPCC (I 978b) + Colman (1958)

I Table 8 Annelids (Invertebrates)

ScientIfic Name Reference Australonerels ehlersl I' Annelids SPCC (1978b) Nerels sp Onuphls teres SPCC (1978b) I Boccardta sp PrlOnosplo sp SPCC (I 978b ) Scoloplos scoloplos I Barantolla lepte SPCC (l978b) Notomastus sp I' I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 38 II 28 January, 1997 I I Table 9 Crustaceans (Invertebrates)

I Scientific Name Common Name Reference Crustaceans Acetes australts UnIdentified Barnacles SPCC (1978b) Shnmp I Alpheus edwardsl Mud Nipper SPCC (l978b) + Colman (1958) Metapenaeus macleaYI School Prawn M bennettae Green Tail Prawn SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) I Penaeus plebejus Eastern Kmg Prawn SPCC (1978b) Cyclograpus audoulnu SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) Ocypode cordlmana Ghost Crab SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) I o ceratophthalma Ghost Crab SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) Ovallpes blpustulatus Sand Crab SPCC (1978b) Scylla serrata Mud Crab SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) I Sesarma sp SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) Uca sp Call1Oplus sp SPCC (l978b) I Enoplsella sp Exoedlceros sp SPCC (1978b) Melita sp I Monoculodes sp SPCC (1978b) Oedlceros sp Talorchestza sp SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) I Sphaeromld ssp Colman (1958) 'I Table 10 Insects (Invertebrates) SCientific Name Common Name Reference Insect Austrolestes annulosus Blue and Red Dragonfly SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) I s Hemzanax papuensls Large Blue Dragonfly SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) Procordulla jackSOmensls Large Green Dragonfly SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) I XanthagrlOn erythroneurum Bnght Red Dragonfly SPCC (1978b) + Colman (1958) MosqUito I MosqUito sp Colman (1958) I' I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 39 I 28 January, 1997 I -- .. --- .. ------~

Table 11 Bird Species Common Name Actual Name Status in Breeding Status in Dee Why Reference Sydney Region Study Area Lagoon Dee Why Catch- Long Reef West ment Golf Course Brown Quail SynOlcus australis R +? X X X SPCC (l978b) KmgQuail Excalfactorta chmensls $ +? X X Ibid Red-backed Quail TurnlX maculosa I -? X Ibid Peaceful Dove Geopelta striata R I F Ibid Spotted Turtledove Streptopelta chmensis R + X X etc Domestic Pigeon Columba IlVla R + X LeWin Water Rail Rallus pectoralis R + X Marsh Crake Porzana pusdla R + X Spotless Crake P tabuensis R + X X X Dusky Moorhen Gallmula tenebrosa R + X X Swamphen PorphyrlO porphyrlO R + X X Coot Fullca atra R,W +? X X AustralIan Little Grebe Podlceps novaehollandtae R? +? X Hoary-headed Little P pollOcephalus I - X Grebe Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo W,S - X Little Black Cormorant P sulClrostris W,S - X Pled Cormorant P varlus I - X X Little Pled Cormorant P melanoleucos I - X X Darter Anhm~a rufa I - X Caspian Tern HydrOlprogne caspta I - X Little Tern Sterna alblfrons S + X Crested Tern S ber~1l I - X Silver Gull Larus novaehollandtae W,S - X X X Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopusfull~mosus R - X Spur-winged Plover Vanellus mdes R + X X novaehollandtae Banded Plover V tricolor I - F

DRAFT MHL845 - 40 28 January, 1997 ------

Table 11 Bird Species (continued) Common Name Actual Name Status in Breedmg Status in Dee Why Reference .... Sydney Region Study Area Lagoon Dee Why Catch- Long Reef West ment Golf Course Grey Plover Pluvtahs squatarola S - X IbId , Eastern Golden Plover P domlmca S - X Double-banded Dotterel Charadnus blcmctus W - X Red-capped Dotterel C alexandrmus R + F Austrahan Dotterel Peltohyas australts - X Black-fronted Dotterel Charadnus melanops R? +? X Ruddy Turnstone Arenarta mterpres S - X Eastern Curlew Numemus madaRascanensls S - X Common Whlmbrel N phaeopus S - X Bar-taIled GodWit Llmosa lappomca S - X Grey-tailed Tattler Trm/?a brevlpes S - X Sharp-tailed SandplPeer Cahdns acummata S - X Red-necked Stmt C ruficolils S - X Japanese Smpe Gallmago hardwlckll S - X Brolga Grus rublcunda V - F WhIte Ibis ThresklOrms molucca I - X X X Straw-necked Ibis T spmlcolils I - X White-necked Heron Ardea pacifica I - X White-faced Heron A novaehollandtae R +? X X X Little Egret E/?retta garzetta I - X Plumed Egret E mtermedta I - X White Egret E alba I - X X X Cattle Egret Ardeo/a IbIs W - X Reef Heron E/?retta sacra R - X Nankeen Night Heron Nyctlcorax caledomcus R -? Mangrove Heron Butondes stnatus R +? X Black Bittern Dupetorl1avlOcolils S,W - X R? X Brown Bittern Botaurus POICt!Optt!us - _._------_._- -

DRAFT MHL845 - 41 28 January, 1997 ------

Table 11 Bird Species (continued) Common Name Actual Name Status in Breeding Status in Dee Why Reference Sydney Region Study Area Lagoon Dee Why Catch- Long Reef West ment Golf Course Black Swan CYKnus atratus R + F IbId Wood Duck Chenonetta Jubata I - X Australian Black Duck Anas superct!lOsa R + X Chestnut Teal A castanea I -? X Grey Teal A glbberl/rons I - X Swamp Harner CIrcus approxlmans I - X White-breasted Sea-eagle Haltaetus leucoRaster I - X Whistling Kite Haltastur sphenurus I -? X Black-shouldered Kite Elanus notatus R - X Letter-wmged Kite E SCrtptus V - X X Little Falcon Falco lonRlpenms I - X X Brown Falcon F bertJ?ora I - X X Nankeen Kestrel F cenchrOldes R +? X X Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandtae R +? X Rambow Lonkeet TrtchoJ?lossus haematodus R + X Scaly-breastedLonkeet T chlorolepldotus R +? X Galah Eolophus roselcaplllus R + X Eastern Rosella Platycercus eXlmlUS R + X X Red-romped Parrot Psephotus haematonotus R? +? X Tawny Frogmouth PodarJ?us strtJ?OIdes R + X Dollar-bird Eurystomus ortentalts S + X Laughmg Kookaburra Dacefo RIRas R + X Sacred Kmgflsher Halcyon sancta RS + X I White-throated Nlght)ar Eurostopodus mystacalts S + X Spme-talled SWift Hlrundapus caudacutus S - X Fork-tailed SWift Apus paclficus S - X Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantls fJyrrhophanus R +? X R? +? ,---Horsfield Bronze Cuckoo Chrvsococcyx basalts - ---- X X ------,

DRAFT MHL845 - 42 28 January, 1997 ------

Table 11 Bird Species (continued)

Common Name Actual Name Status in Breeding Status Dee Why Reference Sydney Region In Study Area Lagoon Dee Why Catch- Long Reef West ment Golf Course Shmmg Bronze Cuckoo C Lucldus lucldus R? +? X Ibid Golden Bronze Cuckoo C Lucldus plagosus P - X Common Koel Eudynamys scolopacea S + X Pheasant Coucal Centropus phaszanznus R + X Welcome Swallow Hlrundo neoxena R + X X Tree Martm Petrochelldon nlf?rzcans R,S + X X Grey FantaIl Rhlpldura fulz!?znosa R + X Rufous Fantatl R rufifrons p - X W I1he-Wagtatl R leucophrys R + X Restless Flycatcher M inquleta ? - X X Black-faced Flycatcher Monarcha meianopsis P - X X Brown Flycatcher Mlcroeca leucophaea ? - X X Scarlet Robm PetrOica multlcolor ? - X X Rose Robm P rosea W - X Southern Yellow Robm Eopsaltrza australzs W +? X Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis R + X Rufous Whistler P ruJiventrzs W? +? X Grey Stnke-thrush Collurzczncla harmOnica R + X Eastern Stnke-tlt Falcunculus frontatus R + X White-fronted Chat Ephthzanura alblfrons -- F Stnated ThornbIlI Acanthlza lzneata R + X Yellow Thornblll A nana R + X Brown ThornbIlI A pusilia R + X Yellow-taIled Thornblll A chrysorrhoa R + F Whtte-browed Scrub- Serlcornls frontalzs frontalis R + X wren LIttle Grassblrd Maf?alurus f?ramzneus R + X X l'awny_Qrassblrd M tlmorzensls R + X

DRAFT MHL845 - 43 28 January, 1997 ------

Table 11 Bird Species (continued)

Common Name Actual Name Status In Breeding Status Dee Why Reference Sydney In Study Area Lagoon Dee Why Catch- Long Reef RegIon West ment Golf Course Great Reed-warbler Acrocephalus arundmaceus R? + X X Ibid Southern Emu-wren Stlptturus malachurus R + X Superb Blue Wren Malurus cyaneus R + X Vanegated Wren M lambertl R + X Black-faced Cuckoo-shnke Coracma novaehollandtae R,P + X Southern CIcada-bIrd C tenulrostriS S I X Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus R + X Grey-breasted Sllvereye Zosterops lateralts W,P + X Whlte-naped Honeyeater Meltthreptus lunatus W,P + X Brown-headed Honeyeater M brevlrostrls W? +? X X Eastern SpmebIlI Acanthorhynchus tenUlrostris R + X Tawny~crowned Honeyeater Gltclphtla melanops - - F Yellow-faced Honeyeater M chrysops R + X New Holland Honeyeater PhyltdonYris novaehollandlae R + X WhIte-cheeked Honeyeater P nt~er R + X LIttle Wattle-bIrd Anthochaere chrysoptera R + X X Red Wattle-bIrd A carunculata R + X X AustralIan PIPIt Anthus novaeseelandtae R + X Smgmg Bushlark Mlrafra ]avantca R,S + X X Double-bar Fmch Stlzoptera blchenovll ? ? X Chestnut-breasted Fmch Lonchura castaneothorax R +? X X Red-browed Fmch Ae~mtha temporalls R + X X House Sparrow Passer domestlcus R + X X OlIve-backed Onole OrlOlus sa/?lttatus R + X EnglIsh Starlmg Sturnus vul~arls R + X X Imdan Myna ACridotheres trlstls R + X X Spangled Drongo Dlcrurus bracteatus W,I - X

AustralIan Raven Corvus coronOldes R ------+ ------X X

DRAFT MHL845 - 44 28 January, 1997 ------,

Table 11 Bird Species (continued)

Common Name Actual Name Status m Breedmg Status Dee Why Reference Sydney in Study Area Lagoon Dee Why Catch- Long Reef Re~ion West ment Golf Course Magpie-lark GraUma cyanoleuca R + X X IbId Pled Currawong Strepera graculma R,W + X Grey Butcher-bird Cractlcus torquatus R + X Black-backed Magpie Gymnorhma tlblcen R + X Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotusl0COSUS R + X Australasian Grebe X Norma AustralIan PelIcan X Maxwell & Great Cormorant X Reg Angus Great Egret X IbId IntermedIate Egret X etc Eastern Reef Egret X StrIated Heron X Glossy Ibis X Sacred Ibis X Royal Spoonbill X AustralasIan Shelduck X Pacific Black Duck X Mallard X Australasian Shoveler X Maned Duck X Collared Sparrowhawk X Little Eagle X AustralIan Hobby X AustralIan Kestrel X Buff-banded RaIl X BaIllon's Crake X AustralIan (Spotted) Crake X Dusky Moorhen X

DRAFT MHL845 - 45 28 January, 1997 ------

Table 11 Bird Species (continued) Common Name Actual Name Status in Breeding Status Dee Why Reference Sydney In Study Area Lagoon Dee Why Catch- Long Reef Reeion West ment Golf Course Purple Swamphen X EurasIan Coot X Pled Oystercatcher X Masked Lapwmg X Double-banded Plover X Mongohan Plover X Black-fronted Plover X Ruddy Turnstone X Grey-taIled Tattler X Greenshank X Latham's Smpe X Bar-taIled GodwIt X Red Knot X Curlew SandpIper X Reeve X WhIte-fronted Tern X Feral PIgeon X WhIte-throated Needletatl X RIchard's PIPIt X Eastern Yellow Robm X Eastern Whlpblrd X Clamorous Reed Warbler X Golden-headed Clshcola X WhIte-throated Warbler X Superb FaIry-wren X Vanegated FaIry-wren X Red Wattleblrd X

DRAFT MHL845 - 46 28 January, 1997 ------

Table 11 Bird Species (continued) Common Name Actual Name Status in Breeding Status Dee Why Reference Sydney in Study Area Lagoon Dee Why Catch- Long Reef Region West ment Golf Course Little Wattleblrd X NOIsy Fflarblrd X NOIsy_Mmer X White-plumed Honeyeater X Silvereye X European Goldfinch X Red-browed Flretail X Nutmeg MannIkm X Common Starhng X Common Myna X FIgblrd X Australian Magpie-lark X Australian MagQle X

Key R Resident S Summer VIsitor I Irregularly breeds In study area P PassIng migrant V Vagrant ? Breedmg status possible but not certaIn I Irregular VIsitor T Breeds In study area X Species found W WInter VIsitor - Does not bread In study area F Species found formerly, unlIkely to be found now

DRAFT MHL845 - 47 28 January, 1997 I I I I 12. Recreation

I The most Important recreatIOnal use of the lagoon waterbody IS for recreatIOnal prawmng The lagoon's small SIze and shallow depth make It madequate for boatmg but occasIOnally I chIldren fish from the shore, mamly at the entrance channel As the pnmary functIOn of the lagoon and surrounds IS a wIldlIfe refuge, recreatIOn IS restncted to passIve activIties such as walkmg and nature study. Developed open space IS I located on the south-eastern comer of the lagoon (James Meehan Reserve) and there IS a walkmg track on the hmd dune area of Dee Why Beach Another walkway wmds along I adjacent to the southern natural bushland edge of the reserve and Richmond Avenue I I I I I I I I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 48 I 28 January, 1997 I I I I I 13. Significant Events

I ThIS lIst has been drawn from the revIewed references Vogt (1994) also presented a tlmelme of slgmficant events from whIch part of thIs lIst has been drawn however the lIst presented I does not reference the source of data, therefore some events cannot be confirmed I Table 12 Events Date Event Reference

I Pre 1946 Drams on northern bank and Dee Why mam dram constructed (Nelson 1992) 1950s InfIllIng of the wetland area west of Pmwater Road, m the (SPCC 1978) onward angle formed by FIsher Road North and South Creek Road I 1954 Tltamum Alloy Manufactunng Co applIes to mme Dee Why (Vogt 1994) Beach and Dee Why Lagoon 1955 Charles McDonald proposes Meehan Reserve (Vogt 1994) I 1957 Seaplane JoyflIghts from lagoon commence (Vogt 1994) 1961- Avon Road Dram (southern sIde, east of Dee Why mam dram) Nelson (1992) 1965 constructed and SPCC I (1978a) Late 60s Small area m south-west corner filled m for car park for beach (SPCC 1978a) I to mld- 70s 1961 Bndge constructed over Dee Why Creek for access to Vogt (1994) I northern beaches 1963 ConservatIOn CommIttee formed and Dee Why Lagoon (Vogt 1994) Management Proposal put forward I 1964/5 South-east corner of Dee Why Lagoon used as a garbage tIP (Vogt 1994) 1965 - HIgher rate of depOSItion occurred (peak m 1970-72) - SPCC 1978 1976 referencmg I Jones 1977 1967 Dee Why Beach and Gardens Proposal put forward (Vogt 1994) 1973 (March) lagoon and ImmedIate surroundmg area declared a Ref? I WIldlIfe refuge under the Fauna ProtectIOn Act 1977 (November) Jones Coastal Management Study (Jones 1977) 1977 (December) Gordon and Cooke Dredgmg Study Gordon and I Cooke (1977) 1977 FIsh Survey by Auty (Allan et al 1985) I 1978 SPCC Study (SPCC 1978a, b) 1978 Meehan Reserve named Vogt (1994) 1979 Lagoon entrance stabIlIsed - thIS clashes WIth 1982 gab IOns ?? Vogt (1994)

DRAFT MHL845 - 49 28 January, 1997 I I 1979 Fish survey by Selosse (Allan et al 1985) I 1980 Fnends of Dee Why Lagoon formed Fnends of Dee Why Lagoon (19??), Vogt I (1994) 1980/81 Water quahty samphng Laxton (1992) I 1981 NatIOnal Trust Bushland Survey of the lagoon Warnngah CouncIl (1986) 1982 Mid-January and mId-March fish survey (Allan et al I 1985) 1985 Warnngah CouncIl Coastal Management Strategy PWD (1985) 1986 Warnngah CouncIl Draft Plan of Management Warnngah I CouncIl (1986) 1987-88 Wave setup mvestigatlOn NIelsen (1988) 1989 Warrmgah CouncIl Draft Plan of Management #2 Vogt (1994) I 1990 Indigenous regeneration company prepares report for Vogt(1994) Warnngah CouncIl on bush regeneratIOn 1991 Water Board Estuanne Study for Sydney's Northern Currey (1991) I Metropohtan Region 1991 ArtIfiCial beach dram mvestigatlOn Hanslow et al (1993) I 1992 Bathymetnc Survey by Water Board Vogt (1994) 1992 PIlot Study by Water Board on non-pomt source pollutIOn Currey et al (1992) I 1992?? SedIment traps constructIOn Plttwater Road (Damel Lovett pers comm) 1992/93 Breakout water quality mvestigatlOn Essery et al I (1995) 1994 RehabilItation and Management Study by SWC for Warrmgah SWC (1994) CouncIl I 1994 Plan of Management for Dee Why Lagoon WIldlife Refuge Stuchbury Richards and I ASSOCIates (1994) 1994-95 Water quality samplmg Laxton (1996) I 19?? Gross pollutant trap construction (Warnngah Council ????) I I I I

I DRAFT MHL845 - 50 28 January, 1997 I I I I I 14. Processes and Data Gaps

I Processes wlthm the lagoon and catchment affectmg various users of the system are Imtlally assessed as bemg related to

I • catchment processes, • water flow processes, • water quality processes, and I • entrance behavIOur

The processes are mter-related For example, water flow processes wIillmpact upon the water I quality processes and entrance behavIOur I Catchment processes mclude • depositIOn, bUild-up and wash-off of pollutants m the catchment, and I • excess exposure, erosIOn, transport and deposition of sediment I Water fl ow processes mcl ude • mflow and outflow (as discussed m SectIOn 8 0), and I • circulatIOn via wmd mlxmg when closed Water quality processes mclude

I • eutrophicatIOn processes (mcludmg nutnent budget), • human health Impacts (delIvery ofpathogemc orgamsms via sewer system), I • heat fluxmg wlthm the system Issues also arise m the lagoon as a result of these processes Major Issues Identified for the I lagoon are reported m Nielsen (1995) denved from a commumty workshop These Issues mclude

I • the need for a clear and concise plan/strategy for the lagoon and catchment • the need for the enforcement of legislatIOn and polIcies I • fundmg • water cycle management • lagoon entrance management I • habitat management • commumty mvolvement I • total catchment management (Nielsen 1995)

DRAFT MHL845 - 51 I 28 January, 1997 I I I An assessment of the data collated for thIs study IndIcate that the current data gaps pertInent I to the processes and Issues for the lagoon are as lIsted below • need for assessment of hydrogeologIcal catchment and quantIty and qualIty of groundwater Inflows, I • further quantificatIOn of the rate of sedImentatIOn by vlbroconng and carbon datIng and companson with estImated natural rates; • assessment of the performance of the GPT and sedIment basIns In reducIng sedIment Input I to the lagoon, • assessment of odours - data to be collected dunng breakout events, I • quantIficatIOn of flows from the catchment and the ocean (monItonng), • assessment of the envlfonmentallmpacts of artIfIcIally openIng the lagoon, • lagoon closure mechanIsms need further InvestigatIOn, I • need to consIder the change In the salInIty of the lagoon over a penod of time wIth the InstallatIOn of a salInIty probe and recorder ThIS would produce time senes data captunng all events; I • algal data (counts) to be collected for the lagoon, • an assessment of the lItter and floatables wlthm the Lagoon and the volume delIvered to the lagoon, I • assessment of the Impact of sedImentatIOn on habItat, • benthIc fauna mvestlgatlOn - lIttle actual data eXIst to support the clrums made m SPCC I (1978) regardmg benthIc fauna, • assessment of water level varIatIOns reqUIred for bIrd lIfe, and I • need to assess the effect of artIficIal openIng on fish habItat I I I I I I I I

DRAFT MHL845 - 52 I 28 January, 1997 I I I I Median Monthly Rainfall mm 66 Metropolitan (E) I 125 r------~ I 100 r-

,-- 75 I- - I - I 50 I-

I 25 I-

o~~l~l~I~I~I~~ll~l~l~l~I~I~~ I J F M A M J J A SON D I

Deciles for Each Month I 66 Metropolitan (E) mm I BOO ,------, 700 I-

I 6001- I 500 I- 400 _ "

300 - .;', , - ,- , ,- -'\...... I ,... " ,- -~ - , , 200 - '>.. /' ..... --" - ..... / ..... - I 100 _ 'I( ••••• ··.x·····)f·· .. tc •••• ~ elf •• ... 111 •••• -..; ••••• ,. ••••••••• .-..····· I o ,---",I-=- -=-=<.-<-=-=--=~r<=-=--=.-.1.:=-=-=-=--~.J:--=--=:.::t.... ~-_-_-- ___r-- -_---'~ 1:-=--=-=--"'" ... -=-=- -....t=- -=--=""=--=-2=----1 Months I lowest - __ _ FIrst Oec ----fj--- MedIan" .... 10:...... NInth Dec - ...... - Hlghest·_·1O: •••

I Source Lee and Gaffrey (1986) Manly Hydraulics Figure Laboratory RAINFALL TRENDS FOR THE REGION 4 I III hI Report 845 Department of Public Worl

I Speed Category(m/s) Percentage Occurrence 00 15 30 60 90 120 >120 I o 3 6 9 12 15 18% Manly Lab prog MET42 Time 21/01/971116 I By MEBLCOPE I I Manly Hydraulics Figure Laboratory WIND ROSE - SUMMER I IIIh I Report 845 5 Department of Public Works and ServiceS I I I I I TN I I I I I I I I I I I Speed Category(m/s) Percentage Occurrence 00 15 30 60 90120 >120 I o 3 6 9 12 15 18%

Manly Lab prog MET42 I Time 21/01/97 11 34 By MEBLCOPE I I

Manly Hydraulics Figure Laboratory I WIND ROSE - AUTUMN 6 III hI Report 845 Department of Public Works and SelVlceS I I I I TN I I I I I I I I I I I I Speed Category(m/s) Percentage Occurrence 00 15 30 60 90 120 >120 I o 3 6 9 12 15 18%

Manly Lab prog MET42 I Time 21/01/971203 By MEBLCOPE I I

Manly Hydraulics Figure Laboratory WIND ROSE - WINTER I • hI Report 845 7 Department of Public Works and Services I I I I I TN I I I I I I I I I I

I Speed Category(m/s) Percentage Occurrence 00 15 30 60 90 120 >120 I o 3 6 9 12 15 18%

Manly Lab prog MET 42 Time 21/01/971216 I By MEBLCOPE I I Manly Hydraulics Figure Laboratory WIND ROSE - SPRING 8 I • hI Report 845 Department of Public Works and Services --- I Qha I I

Rh N I Qha

I 6266000mN I I I I 'I

I SOUTH I

I PACIFIC I

I OCEAN I Rh I 6261000rnN

I o 1km Scale I Figure I 9 , GEOLOGY OF REGION I I I I I 1 2 DROWNED RIVER VAllEY BARRIER ESTUARY I I I

1 km L-...J

TIDES ATTENUATEO ------t §!!~,=-L_!.!~E_ --- -~---;--1 ______HO TIDE -I I ------aCE AN TIDE RANGE ------:----t--- ., . , I F=:;;:;:::;::-::------~f_r0 llO'\-.,.,..=-----'? ,'~~

coastal washover. ~ estuarine ",,,, fluvial _- flood plain barrier tidal delta IIIIIl mud ... : sandi ~ SiltS. swamp Dsand Dsand ~A muddy ~- deposits I sand I I I I I

I' Source Roy (1992)

Manly Hydrauhcs Figure laboratory ESTUARINE CLASSIFICATION I • hI Report 845 10 Department of Public Works and SeMCes I I I I I I 3. COASTAL LAKE I (SALINE COASTAL LAKE)

, ' NO TIDE 1 ;-- -- OCEAN ------i I f TIOE , .--j RANGE I , ., , , I I beach b,el:~ __ ------~ I 1 I :---- organlc·rfch I I mud I I (FRESHWATER SWAMP) I 1__ _

- ...... ---~---=:! I 1__ _1 I \ I I I ~

I I I

Manly Hydraulics Figure Laboratory I SALINE COASTAL LAKE EVOLUTION 11 IIIh I Report 845 Oe artment 01 Public Wor1

I I

hI Manly Hydraulics Figure I, • Laboratory BATHYMETRY Report 845 12 I Department of Public Works and Services DAAWlN(I....owIt.DA'It I I I I

I o I I I I ) I ...... , I I I I I I I I I

Manly Figure Laboratory I SOIL LANDSCAPE OF THE CATCHMENT 13 mhl Report 845 of Public Worlt. and Servfces I .- .. .. - - -:n ------342000mE ------IfEi a; n Ai *'" 0° CD \ ~:r G) "'0 a0 0 n~- s:: .," ~:o r ~ c." ~~ §-'< 0 .,OO:c 0 / J eSH18 eBH26 0 ::J :::I. w'< c. -Co !E..'" g'CXlOiil co <-1>--<<: ... ~eSH2geBH17 eSH19 eBH23 ij(]J 1r .::! '" '" /~ I eBH5 DY3C) eSH6 eSH8

ODYI ODY2 eBH9 (J) e SH16 m 0 nVR1n ... / SOUTH s: m eBHlO ·'fBH2~ Z DY40 eBH14 -i DY50 »(J) s: ...... eBHll "U II L J 1..-<1 / PACIFIC r Z G) r- 6264000mtj '\J / 6264000mN r 0 0» -i OCEAN 0 ODY2 Lagoon samphng (Vogt 1994) Z (J) eBH15 Lagoon bore hole ~ DYA (!lDYA Auger holes on beach De. Why 0 (!l (!lDYB SLSC DYB4...... DYB9 Beach samples (surface)

DYS3... \ NOTE Samples taken at Low !Ide DYBIL MId Dde DYSIM HIgh tIde DYBIH Top 01 berm DYBIB .j:>. c 0 100m ~ ~I DYSa\~ Front 01 Dune DYBIF CD 342000mE Top 01 Dune DYBIT Scale ------tIIII -- - - ,- - .. - - " :D II! ..c;- :> iil :> ~::r ..n g- Gl n ~ 0 :;: s: :> o::Dr$ll ~CD$ll2. :> "0 0"'< "c. ~ 0 0 I a.~i»,< ~ cnCDO~ .§: CD i» S ~ -< c: gC11 =- ~ 0en 3!'"

-'en :::;: ~ a: a. a.«

-i ~ Z CJ) m () -i :l> :i> Datum IS 100m below standard

Manne and Aeolian sand, rounded, Angular sand, medium to fine grained 1~ Lagoonal clay 3c=J medium-grained and well sorted 5" (reworked from 2 by human activities) Sandy clay Sand fracllon IS Angular sand, medium to fine-grained, 2c=J angular, medium and fine 4c::J poorly sorted (reworked from 2 by smill Organic fill grained, poorly sorted human activities) and marine sand 3

Pre Holocene Holocene

"TI o 100km ~ci5 01 c Approximate hOrizontal scale CD ------'~ ------.. -- :Ils. III '"Cil " " -u~:r G> a0 §--if 0 s:: " 1i' JJ r § II> ,.. ([) III - c." 00 "'C 0"'< C'l II> 0 0 I 0 0 :::J ::l. ii1 '< c. -a. cnCO°""'l. ~'" ", ... -

99

--I »::D enZ m () --I 97 OJ • OJ

Datum IS 100m below standard

Manne and Aeolian sand, rounded, 1~ Lagoonal clay 3CJ medium-grained and well sorted 6mmi Organic fill

Sandy clay Sand fracton IS A r::::;:-;I Angular sand, medium to fme-gramed, 2CJ angUlar, medium and fine ~ poorly sorted (reworked from 2 by gramed, poorly sorted human activities) and manne sand 3 "'Tl o 100km ...... 0 0> c Pre Holocene Holocene ApprOXimate honzontal scale CD ------If :Il I f ~:r "g Gl 104 0 n a ~-;s:: 0 ::E JJ r ~ "I\> ~ (1) §.'< ~"'O 0 "0. I» 0 .., I () ~ ~ 2t~ (00)°; 8 "'-1>0-<1:: ~"" ~01 5"

101

BH18 100

--' (/) ::;: x 99 0 -I a: :D a. » «a. Z 98 (J) m 0 -I 97 0 I 0 96 Lagoonal clay

Pre HOlocene~e=:]~ Sandy clay Sand fraction IS 95 angular, medium and fine grained, poorly sorted

94 Manne and Aeolian sand, rounded, medium-grained and well sorted Holocene Fe=:]

Organic fill o 100km "'T1 ...... 0 ~ -...J c ApproXimate honzontal scale Cil ------fl J%,.:r~0J. 0" a_~­ (J i!_ I!l g ~ ~ ~ \ ~ ~ :;: JJ r ~ ~ CD §.-<" u>"tl 0 J: ~gp;,< c. -co "-1>--<0:cn(X)O~ 501 =- £u> ~

en Dee Why Lagoon c JJ I!l »"'T1 (") , SOUTH m I!l o )( ::E 0 I!l » m Groundwater bores )( -I m AGPT I!l ~::E , I!l rI m-< PACIFIC < r m » rG) 1 6264000mN en O I »0zz 0 OCEAN JJ C Z 0 "'T1 "'T1

I!l Sewer overflow (Currey et al 1992)

"T1 ..... <0 Stormwater ex> c t Inflow pOint o 100m (il 342000mE Scale I

DATUM AUSTRAlIAN HEIGHT DATUM I MAXIMUM ... 2 00 AT 044S 13JO.4196 MINIMUM _ 0 45 AT 1500 3OJ04I96

______~,__J

I --' W > ~!il I o l !il+,~rrrr"""nrrr"""nrrr",,"nrrr,,,,,_rrrr,,"nrrrTO 9'11213141516171819202122232425262728293031123" 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 1 I MAR-96 APR-96 MAY-96 DATUM AUSTRAlIAN HEIGHT OAlUM MAXIMUM", 1 49 AT 1745 11106196 MINIMUM ... 0.28 AT 1645 18106196 I !il I i:t:=MAY-96 .. ~ ...JUN-96 i'~:lllllll'l'~ JUL-96 I DATUM AUSTRAUAN HEIGHT DATUM MAXIMUM", 2 26 AT 0445 31108196 MINIMUM ... 0 24 AT 1615 31/08196 !il I N E~ --'w ~------~ I ~!il o

!il+'"nrrr"",_rrrr"",_rrrr"",_rrrT""nrrr"""rrrr"",_rrrr"" 9 1 2 3" 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324252627282930311 23 .. 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324252627282930311 I JUL-96 AUG-96 SEP-96

DATUM AUSTRAliAN HEIGHT DATUM I MAXIMUM"" 1 81 AT0515 21/10196 MINIMUM ",0 09 AT 2300 04110196 !il N

I E~ --'w ~!il I o ~ INDICATES DATA lOSS

q 1 23" 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324252627282930 1 2 3 .. 5 6 7 8 9101112131415161718192021222324252627282930311 I SEP-96 OCT-96 NOV-96

DATUM AUSTRAlIAN HEIGHT DATUM I MAXIMUM c 1 65 AT 1400 07/12/96 MINIMUM ... 0 95 AT oo15-{)1/11/96

E~ I --'w ~!ilo

I !il+''''''-''TO'''''''''''-'''''-''''-''''-''TO""""".-....-,,,,-rrTO'''''' 91234567691011121314151617181920212223242526272829301234 5 6 789101112131415161716192021222324252627262930311 NOV-96 DEC-96 JAN-97 I Manly Hydraulics Figure Laboratory MHL WATER LEVEL STATION DATA I m hI Report 845 19 Department of Public Wor1

Source Wetlands I Joumal of the Coast and Wetlands Society Inc Manly Hydraulics Figure Laboratory SEDIMENTS BASINS I • hI Report 845 20 Department of PublIC Works and Services ------340i00me ------,/,''''l , Iii .I ,. ~ :r .I . ..., .I ,. 6266000mN I , ~/I' -'!: 11266000mN Catchment area \ III ~ ~ ~~ I .I .i "'-- ~ 'C 0-'< • I N .. oo:x: / . ::l. iil '< !J a. -a. / \ \ g>(X)°iil // ! ~.~-<~ ,.. '/' , '" '. /' .-. ~ g ,.. ,...... '. Source: • Laxton (1996) i "'.\. • Laxton (1992) i o Currey et 01 (1992) i GW03201S. ... Essery et 01 (1995) i • DLWC i ~".' »z /' ""'" 0 \ • '- G>0 ::D» 0-1 ./ cO I Z:I i O~ / ~~ .I »-1 / -I"Tl r"-- .. _·.,.,' mr 6264000mN I / .// 11264000mN ::DO (._. ~ ""'" IJ)~ ,...--1""'; Oen ~ SOUTH ::D i i m / en , V _._,J.Il ~'" . PACIFIC ROAo----. -. / I \ \ 1.... •• , •• \ OCEAN \,

I ! ~O/ ' .... j·-··-· .. - ... I

prnwA7ER / lkm ...... -. \ 0 M~m r._ 342:loome Scale ------:I ;:r c: III :E~ ­l: o:Ilrl» ~0-<1» ~()1 §, ., !h

z Dee Why Lagoon ~ oz »r -i SOUTH JJ C CJ) -i o ~ CJ) CJ) PACIFIC "o Good condition: Very few weeds and a ~ • large number of natove species. Would o respond well to the Bradley minimal z disturbance method ...... ~ Fair condition: Weeds common but a ...... ~ large number of native p'lants. Would <0 respond well to the Braaley minimal OCEAN (Xl...... disturbance method . Poor condition: Weeds abundant with - D some native plants. Weed by the Bradley minimal disturbance method put. p'rogress very 9autiously as there IS nsk of overcleanng !88888 Very poor condition: Mostly weeds, very I8888S few native plants. Landscping rather than the Bradley minimal disturbance method J\)~ J\) c: E=:l Cultivated: It does not qualify as bush. o 100m E3 Some form of cultivation is generally til In use, such as mowing or planting 342000mE Scale I I I I I I I I I

I Appendix A I Alphabetical Listing of Compiled References I I I I I I I I I I I I I Appendices Explanatory Notes

Each Item reviewed has been clasSIfIed with a field number as the pnmary field that It relates I to Where reports cover multiple Issues secondary and tertiary field numbers have also been assigned

I Items have also been ranked subjectively m terms of their usefulness This rankmg IS on a scale of 1-5 with 1 bemg most useful % mdlcates that the reference was not obtamed or not I reviewed Field No Field Description

I 1 Bathymetry 2 Catchment Charactenstlcs I 3 Ecology - Flora and Fauna - Terrestnal and Aquatic 4 Entrance BehaVIOur and Management 5 Geology and Geomorphology I 6 Groundwater (Hydrogeology) 7 Hlstoncal InformatIOn 8 Lagoon Management I 9 Lagoon Sediments 10 Land Use and Development 11 Maps I 12 Miscellaneous 13 Overland Flows - Stormwater drams, creek flows and sewer overflows 14 Photography I 15 Water Levels 16 Water QualIty 17 Weather and ClImate I 18 RecreatIOn I I I I I I I I ------Dee Why Lagoon AlphabetIcal Database LIst

Author Date TItle Sourcel Pubhsher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- TertIary Rank Pubhsher LocatIon FIeld I ary FIeld FIeld 1(1-5) Adam, P and 1989 Wetlands of the Sydney RegIOn NatIOnal Referenced m ? 3 % Stncker, J Estate Grants Currey (1991) Program ProJect No 55 Allan, G , Bell, J 1985 FIshes of Dee Why Lagoon Wetlands, 4-12 STREAMLINEICE Journal 3 1 D and Wllhams, specIes compOSItIOn and factors 1985,5(1) C (FIsh Folder) ArtIcle RW affectmg dlstnbutlOn Anglers Action 1995 Flshenes Management Act 1994, Narrabeen 60+ Council (Parks and Report 3 1 Group (NorthsIde) Section 192 PartIculars of Annex ConservatIon) NommatIon and Supportmg -ures EVIdence NommatlOn of the Followmg areas for HabItat ProtectIOn Plans, Narrabeen Lagoon, Queenschff (Manly) Lagoon and Dee Why Lagoon Anon 1996 Lagoon access trail to expand Northern Parks and Newspaper 8 3 Beaches ConservatIon - ArtIcle Weekender Newspaper ArtIcle September 20, Folder 1996 Anon 1996 Project to cut erosIOn The Manly I Parks and Newspaper 4 2 Dally, ConservatIon - ArtIcle Wednesday Newspaper ArtIcle May I, 1996 Folder Anon 1995 Dee Why pollutIOn anger The Manly 7 Parks and Newspaper 13 2 Dally ConservatIon - ArtIcle 16/9/1995 Newspaper ArtIcle Folder Anon 1995 Floods threaten pub The Manly 2 Parks and Newspaper 13 2 Dally ConservatIon - ArtIcle 191511995 Newspaper ArtIcle Folder Anon 1978 LIttle Joy In lagoon study The Manly 13 CounCIl Newspaper 9 13 3 Dally, ArtIcle

22/4/1978 ------

Report MHL845 - AppendIX A Page 1 ------

Author Date Title Sourcel PublIsher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Sccond- TertIary Rank PublIsher LocatIon Field ary Field FIeld (1-5) Anon Undat Narrabeen and Dee Why Lagoons 9 Council Report? 7 2 ed Anon 1985 Hlstonc Reef IS a playground and The Manly 17 Council Newspaper 7 3 much more Daily 7/8/85 Article AustralIan Hentage 1996 RegIster of the NatIOnal Estate AustralIan 2 Parks and Database 3 5 I CommIsSIOn Database - Place Report Hentage ConservatIon Report CommiSSIOn AustralIan Museum 1996 UntItled - Probably Draft Listing ?? DLWC List 3 I of all Molluscs ever found In Narrabeen Lakes and Dee Why, Curl Curl and ManlyLagoons Barnes, R S K 1980 Coastal Lagoons the natural Cambndge Cambndg CECISydney Um Book 05212 3 % history of a neglected habItat Umverslty e 574523649 99454 Press Belessls, M 1996 Birds In danger - Lagoons The Manly 1&3 Parks and Newspaper 4 3 2 breached Daily, ConservatIOn - ArtIcle 19/111996 Newspaper Article Folder Bell,F C and 1980 An Envifonmental Inventory of Total Sydney ?? WRLQ333916099 Report 2 13 4 Edwards, A R EstuarIes and Coastal Lagoons In Envifonment 4412A1UTS I New South Wales Centre Sydney-KurIngal 333916409944IBE LL Bell, K 1981 SubmiSSIOn to the House of The Fund for ?? TEC 341 7BEL 3 12 3 RepresentatIves StandIng Ammals Ltd CommIttee on EnVIronment and (AustralIa) Conservation InqUiry Into AustralIa's OblIgatIOns Under InternatIOnal ConservatIOn TreatIes Benson, D and 1994 The Natural Vegetation of the Cunmnghamla 677- MHL Book ISSN 3 1 Howell, J Sydney 1 100 000 map sheet - A Journal of 1004 0727- Plant Ecology, 9620 Volume 3(4), December

Report MHL845 - AppendiX A Page 2 ------

Author Date TItle Source! PublIsher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- TertIary Rank PublIsher Locatton FIeld ary FIeld FIeld 1(1-5) Besley, C and 1994 Northern Beaches Lagoons Water Board, Sydney ?? Sydney Water Report 16 % CollIe, T (Manly and Dee Why Lagoons AWTSclence (WALlS) and Manly ReserVOIr) wet and CWP0658 weather mtenslve water qualIty EnVIronment samplIng 28th October 1992 Report Senes mterprettve report No 93122 BrodIe, I 1988 Breachmg of coastal lagoons a Master of School of 60 MHL ThesIs 4 2 model study Engmeenng ClVll SCIence TheSIS Engmeen ng, Umverslty of New South Wales Bureau of undate ClImate of Sydney AustralIan Canberra 13 WRL InformatIOn 17 I Meteorology d Government FIle Weather

"- PublIshmg ServIce Byrnes, J G 1982 Blackrock Near Long Reef Department of UnpublIsh 3 Department of Report 5 % Mmeral ed Mmeral Resources Resources, PetrologIC GeologIcal al Report Survey of No 82/29 NSW CaSImIr, J 1991 Dee Why Lagoon WIldlIfe Bush CounCIl Report 3 2 Refuge - A GUIde for Regeneratton Management and Bush CertIficate RegeneratIOn ASSIgnment Chapman, G A 1989 SOlI Landscapes of the Sydney SOlI Sydney 160 MHL Book 07305 2 5 I and Murphy, C L I 100 000 Sheet ConservatIOn 63405 ServIce of NSW --

Report MHL845 - AppendIx A Page 3 - - -. ------

Author Date Title Source/ Publisher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- Tertiary Rank Publisher Location Field ary Field Field (1-5) Cheng, D M H 1981 Coastal Lagoons m New South Wetlands - 21-23 MHL Paper 16 3 Wales Journal of the Coast and Wetlands Society Volume I Number I Chnstopher Miller 1986 Warrmgah's Waterways - An ?? Council ?? % % Consultants Pty Ltd Overview of Potential Development Under the NSW Waterways Program Clouston, Ian 1996 Dee Why Valley and South Creek Warrmgah 60+ Council Report 10 3 1 Perlans and Open Space Corndor Geographic Council, Figure Willing and Plan of Management - Draft NS312 sand Partners Appen dices Coenraads, R R 1978 The Application of GeophYSical Macquane Unpublish 128 Macquane Um Honours 5 % Methods to the Delineation of Umverslty, ed ThesIs Ancient Dramage Patterns m the School of Sydney Basm Earth SCiences Collie, T 1992 Manly Lagoon, Manly ReservOir, Water Board, Sydney ?? Sydney Water Report 16 % Curl Curl Lagoon, Dee Why SCientific (WALlS) Lagoon wet weather mtenslve Services CWP0115 water quality sampling on 10-11 March 1992 data report Collie, T and Van 1994 Northern Beaches Lagoons Water Board, Sydney ?? Sydney Water Report 16 % Roo, S (Manly and Dee Why Lagoons AWT SCience (WALlS) and Manly ReservOir) wet and CWP0672 weather mtenslve water quality Environment sampling 28th October 1992 data Report Senes report No 92/111 Collie, T et al 1994 Northern Beaches Lagoons Water Board, Sydney ?? Sydney Water Report 16 % (Manly, Curl Curl and Dee Why AWTSclence (WALlS) Lagoons and Manly ReservOir) and CWP0688 dry weather intensive water Environment quality sampling 10th and 11th Report Senes March 1992 mterpretlve report No 92/65 Report MHL845 - Appendix A Page 4 ------

Author Date Title Source/ PublIsher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- Tertiary Rank PublIsher LocatIOn Field lary Field Field 1(1-5) Collie, T et al 1994 Northern Beaches Lagoons Water Board, Sydney ?? Sydney Water Report 16 % (Manly, Curl Curl and Dee Why AWTSclence (WALlS) Lagoons and Manly ReservOIr) and CWP0687 dry weather intensIVe water Environment qualIty samplIng 10th and 11th Report Senes March 1992 data report No 92/110 Colman, P 1958 Ecological Survey of Dee Why UnpublIshed 14 + Process Study Report 3 1 Lagoon for the Year 1958 Figure Bnef, Apnl 1996 s Colman, P 1995 Narrabeen Lagoon Committee 16 P Colman Reference 12 2 Inc/Sydney Northern Beaches List Catchment Management Committee' Library Listing Cumberland Bird 1991 Dee Why Lagoon Bird List 2 CounCil Leaflet 3 1 Observers Club Currey, M 1991 Estuarine Studies In Sydney's Water Board Sydney 40 STREAMLlNEIM Report 16 13 1 northern metropolItan regIOn SCientific HL Services Report No 91119 Currey, M, 1992 Non-pomt source pollutIOn m Water Board West 110 WRL Report 16 13 I Nahhas, Rand Narrabeen, Dee Why, Curl Curl SCientific Ryde Q363 7394/411Cou Swmcer, M and Manly Lagoons and adjacent Services nCll/Sydney Water beaches a pilot study Report No 333917/CUR 92114 DaVIS, G A and 1993 Beach Dune Disposal of Sewage Proceedmgs of 601- DLWCCoast Conference 6 2 Ha~slow, D J Effluent the lIth 605 Paper AustralaSian Conference on Coastal and ! Ocean

Engmeenng I Dee Why/Curl Curl ongom Mmutes of Meetings Warrmgah Parks and Mmutes of 8 1 I Lagoon Estuary g CounCil ConservatIOn Meetmgs Management Committee

Report MHL845 - AppendiX A Page 5 ------

Author Date Title Source/ Publisher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- TertIary Rank Publisher Location FIeld I ary FIeld FIeld (1-5) Department of 1982 FIshes of Dee Why Lagoon ?? Process Study ?? 3 I Agriculture & Brief, April 1996 Macquarle UniversIty Fisheries Dlvl~lOn & School of BIOlogical SCiences Department of 1996 The NSW Wetlands Management NSW Sydney 32 MHL Policy 07310 3 I Land and Water Policy Government 23544 Conservation Department of 1985 Coastal Management Strategy 111 Council Report 4 12 5 Public Works Wamngah Shlfe Department of 1978 DesIgn of a Low Power Cassette Report No 244 Sydney ?? MHL File D03/07 Report 6 1 Public Works Loggmg System to Record Water NSW,Manly Table VariatIOns at Dee Why Hydraulics Beach Laboratory , ElectrOniCs DIVISIOn DLWC 1996 Llstmg of Aerial Photographs DLWC List 14 7 1 held by DLWC Coastal Branch Dwyer, S et al 1994 Northern Beaches Lagoons Water Board, Sydney ?? Sydney Water Report 16 % Faecal Coliform MOnitoring AWT SCience (WALlS) Programme (January 1994 - and CWP0703 March 1994) a compilatIOn of Environment reports Report Series No 94n5, 94n6,94n7 Easton, J undate Survey of the Dee Why Lagoon Unpublished ?? Council ?? % % d System Edwards, J 1996 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy Department of ?? DLWC Database 5 1 Database of NSW Estuanes Land and (Draft) Water Conservation Edwards J 1996 Untitled - Llstmg of all studies to Unpuh ?? DLWC ?? 5 1 do With Geomorphology & NSW Estuaries Report MHL845 - AppendiX A Page 6 ------

Author Date TItle Sourcel PublIsher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- TertIary Rank

PublIsher LocatIOn FIeld I ary FIeld FIeld 1(1-5) Essery, C I, 1995 Assessmg PollutIOn Loads from Proceedmgs, 397- MHL Conference 0646 16 2 Capararo, G , Dlschargmg Coastal Lagoons 16th Federal 402 Paper 23093 X Mcleod, K and ConventIon of O'Bnen, E J AustralIan Water and Wastewater ASSOCIatIon, Volume 2 Fraser, P 1996 Hentage value for Lagoon The Manly AWACS Newspaper 12 3 2 Datly, ArtIcle Wednesday 29 May 1996 Freeman, G 1994 Upgradmg Hawkesbury Avenue Internal 5 DLWC Report 13 16 I Mam Dram Gross Pollutant Trap Report for NSWPubhc Works Coast and EstuarIes Branch Fnends of Dee 1988 Draft Management Plan Dee UnpublIshed ?? CouncIl Report % % Why Lagoon Why Lagoons and Surrounds Fnends of Dee 1994 Dee Why Lagoon Entrance 2 CEC Letter 4 3 Why Lagoon Management (Letter dated 4/9194) Fnends of Dee Undat Are you pollutmg Dee Why 5 CouncIl Leaflet 16 8 3 Why Lagoon ed Lagoon? Fnends of Dee undate Dee Why Lagoon - Lagoon Warrmgah 2 Parks and Pamphlet 4 2 Why d Watch - Help prevent Counctl ConservatIon LagoonIWarnngah unauthonsed opemngs of your Counctl lagoon GauthIer, R , 1993 - Northern Beaches Lagoons Water Board, Sydney ?? Sydney Water Report 16 % CollIe, T and Van Manly, Curl Curl, Dee Why AWTSclence (WALlS) Roo, S Lagoons, Narrabeen Lagoon and and CWP0664 Manly ReservOIr faecal colIform EnVIronment momtormg program data report Report Senes I

Report MHL845 - AppendIx A Page 7 ------

Author Date Title Source/ PublIsher Pages Source Type ISBN PrImary Second- Tertiary Rank PublIsher LocalIon Field I MY Field Field (1-5) Gibbons, G S 1967 Shell content 10 quartzose beach Journal of 869- Dept Mmeral Paper 5 I and dune sands, Dee Why, NSW Sedimentary 878 Resources Petrology 37 Llbrary/UNSW?? (3) Gleeson, M L 1988 The Landscape Management of ?? ?? 160 UNSW ?? % % Long Reef Headland and Dee ARCT3339164/24 Why Lagoon Gleeson, T 1994 An EnVironmental InveslIgalIon UnIverSIty of UnpublIsh 70 UnIversity of Honours 5 % of Dee Why Lagoon Technology, ed Technology, ThesIs Sydney, Geology Reference Department of Library ApplIed Geolo~y Gordon, A D 1981 The behavIOur of lagoon mlets 5th AustralIan 54-58 ENGINE! Conference 4 I Conference on L Howells Paper Coastal and Ocean EngmeerIng, - Perth, 25-27 November Gordon, A D 1990 Coastal Lagoon Entrance 22nd 2880- MHL Conference 4 I DynamiCS International 2893 Paper Conference on Coastal EngmeerIng, ASCE, Delft Gordon, A D and 1977 Dee Why Lagoon InveslIgalIon of Department of 27 + MHLLlbrary Report 07240 9 5 3 I Cooke, R Dredgmg Proposal PublIc Works Figure OR476/CounclllDP 26517 Coastal s WS Library EngmeerIng Q620/40/40A Branch Report NumberPWD 77029 ------

Report MHL845 - Appendix A Page 8 ------.. -- - .------

Author Date Title Source! Publisher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- Tertiary Rank Publisher LocatIon Field ary Field Field (1-5) Government of 1974 Agreement between the Government 5 DEST Agreement 3 12 1 Australia/Governm Government of Australia and the of ent of Japan Government of Japan for the Australia/Gov Protection of Migratory Birds and ernment of Birds In Danger of Extinction and Japan their EnVironment Government of 1986 Agreement between the Government 4 DEST Agreement 3 12 1 Australia/Governm Government of Australia and the of ent of People's Government of the People's Australia/Gov Republic of China Republic of China for the ernment of , ProtectIon of Migratory Birds and People's their EnVironment Republic of China Hann, J 1979 Offshore Bathymetry and Macquane Unpublish ?? Macquane UnI Honours 5 % Sediment Patterns off Sydney University ed ThesIs Beaches Hansen, D 1983 Dee Why Lagoon InspectIOn NatIOnal Trust 1 Council Report 3 3 Report of Australia Hansen, D 1984 Dee Why Lagoon InspectIon NatIOnal Trust 2 Council Report 3 3 Report of Australia

Report MHL845 - Appendix A Page 9 ------Hanslow, D J, 1993 MorphologIcal effect of artificIal 11th 711- ENGINE Conference 6 3 DavIs, G A, beach drainage Australasmn 713 Paper Bowen, R , Reed, Conference on A, Sano, R, Coastal and HIbbert, K and Ocean NIelsen, P Englneenng Coastal Englneenng a partnership with nature Sheraton Breakwater Hotel, TownsvIlle, Qld,23-27 August, , Prepnnts of Papers Volume 2 Herbert, C (Ed) 1983 Geology of the Sydney I 100,000 Department of MHL Book 5 I Sheet 9130 Minerai Resources Howells, L C 1994 Lagoon Entrance BehavIOur Bachelor of School of 45 + MHL ThesIs 4 I Englneenng CIVIl FIgure ThesIs Englneen s ng, Umverslty of New South Wales Johnson, M 1984 Black sands and brown waters - a New South AESIS (Dept of 5 % hydrochemIcal view of the Wales Minerai Resources) minerai sands mining areas of the GeologIcal New South Wales Coast Survey - Unpublished Report - GS I 984/60

Report MHL845 - AppendIx A Page 10 ------

Author Date TItle Sourcel Pubhsher Pages Source Type ISBN PrImary Second- Tertiary Rank Pubhsher LocatIOn Field ary Field Field 1(1-5) Jones,M J 1977 Dee Why Lagoon Management Department of Sydney 36 + UNSW Report 07240 8 I Study Pubhc Works photog PQ33391709944/4 13938 Coastal raphs ICounclIlDPWS ' Management Library Branch Q620/41/41A1DL WC Flshmg Ports Library Q3339164/2 KJerfve, B 1994 Coastal Lagoon Processes ElseVier Amsterda 557 Sydney VOl Book % % m 57452636 134 Knowles, L 1995 Kid's growmg concern The Manly 8 Parks and Newspaper 2 3 Dally ConservatIOn - Article 7/911995 Newspaper Article Folder Knowles, L 1996 PollutIOn Shock - Catchment '10 The Manly 1 MHL Newspaper 16 4 putnd state' Dally Article 13/12/96 Knowles, L 1996 Hope for Wetlands The Manly ? CEC Newspaper 3 3 Dally Article 11112/96 Laxton, J H 1992 Water Quahty of Narrabeen Sydney ?? Council Report 16 17 4 1 Lagoon, Curl Curl Lagoon and Dee Why LaJ(oon 1980/81 Laxton, J H 1996 Water Quahty of Warrmgah J H &E S St Ives, 90+ Council Report 16 I Lagoons 10 1994/95 Laxton - NSW Appen Environmental dices Consultants PIL Limberg, G E 1992 Wildfire - Dee Why Lagoon 1 + Council Letter & 3 3 Map Map Wlldhfe Reserve - 25/9/92 - ---

Report MHL845 - Appendix A Page 1 I I I I I 15. References

I Other than those contaIned In Appendices Lee, D. M. and Gaffney, D 0 (1986) Dlstnct RaInfall Deciles - Australia, Bureau of I Meteorology, Department of SCience, Australian Government PublishIng Service

Nicols, M and Allen, G 1981, Sedimentary Processes In Coastal Lagoons, UNESCO I Techmcal Papers m Manne SCience, No 33, Pans I NSW Government 1996, The NSW Wetland Management Policy, prepared by DLWC NSW Government 1995, State of the Rivers and Estuanes Report, Mid-North Coast I Catchments, prepared by DLWC NSW Government 1992a, Estuary Management Manual

I NSW Government 1992b, The Sand and Gravel ExtractIOn Policy for Non Tidal Rivers, prepared by NSW Department of Water Resources

I Ribbons, C, Haradasa, D K, Gordon, A D., Luketma, D A and Cox, R.I. 1994, The Entrance DynamiCs of Wamberal, Terngal, Avoca and Cockrone Lagoons, Australian Water and I Coastal Studies Pty Ltd, Report 93/34 I Warnngah Council undated, Dee Why Lagoon Wildlife Refuge Draft Plan of Management Water Resources 1993, NSW State Rivers and Estuanes Policy, State of the Rivers and I Estuanes, Orara River Pilot Study I I I I I

I DRAFT MHL845 - 53 28 January, 1997 I I I I II I N

I 6266000mN 6266000mN I I I I I

I SOUTH I

I PACIFIC I Dee Why Head I OCEAN I

I 6261000mN 6261000mN I o lkm I Scale

Figure I LOCATION PLAN 1 I I I I II I N Catchment area I 6266000mN I I I I I I SOUTH I

I PACIFIC I

I OCEAN I

I 6261000mN

A AWT station I • Council rainfall station

I o 1Ian Scale

Figure I CATCHMENT AND TOPOGRAPHY 2 I ------I I ~;r " 1') 6266000mN 6266000mN ~-~ :0 r~ (!) OJ- If! "0 0"'< c"/_ma_ \ '\ OOJ: ;::\.W'< c.,~. N -a. D Residential I Cf~iil c: • Existing recreallon (]I 15' fJ) D Reservallon

• Prtvate recreation J L ~ '-- \ Long Reef • Business " ."" II Industrial D Special uses n Arterial road reservation \ , ()» -I .. () I .. I ~ mz -I r------·..,· / • -- / . N l 6264000mN I / .-. 6264000mN 0 .1. _ - Z z I r-/'-~ I SOUTfI Ci) ... --rf I j$ -; \ PACIFIC . ~ \ OCEAN

cC· c.u c" o lkm CD Scale ------

Author Date TItle Source! PublIsher Pages Source Type ISBN PrImary Second- TertIary Rank PublIsher Location FIeld ary FIeld FIeld 1(1-5) Lugg, A 1996 ArtIfiCIal openIng of ProceedIngs, 12 MHL Conference 4 3 1 Intermittently-openIng EstuarIne 6th Annual Paper Lagoons NSWCoastal Conference, 12-14th November, Ulladulla, TechnIcal - Paper No lOa Mamdls Roberts 1993 Dee Why Flat and MedIUm Warnngah 60+ CouncIl Report 10 1 Consultants DenSIty Area - Open Space Plan CouncIl Appen dIces Manly DaIly 1987 Students Clean Up Lagoon CouncIl Newspaper % 3 ArtIcle Manly DaIly 1992 Lagoon's smell IS natural, frIends CouncIl Newspaper 7 9 3 say ArtIcle Manly Dally 1992 Dee Why's 'paradIse lost' IS born CouncIl Newspaper % 3 agaIn ArtIcle Manly Dally 1993 Golf Walk Plan hIts a bunker CouncIl Newspaper % 3 ArtIcle Manly HydraulIcs 1996 TIdal GaugIng CompIlation - Manly ?? MHL Report 15 4 Laboratory Draft HydraulIcs Laboratory , Department of I PublIc Works I

and ServIces, I Draft Report I MHL766,

AprIl I MartIn, A R H 197'1 The DepOSItional EnVIronment of ProceedIngs of 278- DLWC Paper? 5 % the OrganIc DepOSIts on the the LInnean 281 Foreshore at North Dee Why, SocIety of New South Wales New South I Wales, Vol 96 (4) --- --

Report MHL845 - AppendIX A Page 12 ------.. - - - - - .. ------

Author Date Title Source/ PublIsher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- Tertiary Rank PublIsher Location Field ary Field Field 1(1-5) McComb, A J 1995 Eutrophic shallow estuanes and CRC Press Boca 240 Sydney UnI Book 0849 % % lagoons Raton 574526365 368391 25IUNSW McInnes, H 1985 Problems and PrInciples In Masters of ?? Referenced In ThesIs 3 8 % Estuanne Management Case Environmental Currey (1991) Study, Manly Lagoon Studies ThesIs Macquane University Meaker, T J 1994 Recreational Influences on four of Integrated Lismore, 58 + Southern Cross Um University 18 2 Sydney's northern beaches Palm, Project - NSW Maps Library 333 7 Proj Project Bungan, Dee Why and Bachelor of Freshwater ApplIed SCience (Coastal Management) Southern Cross University Mercer, C 1994 Estuanes, Beaches and Coastal National Parks Sydney ?) MHL Report 13 16 I Waters ecological ImplIcations AssociatIOn of of Water Board ActIVIties NSW National ClImate 1991 ClImate Almanac - Sydney Bureau of Melbourn 16 WRL Information Booklet 17 I Centre Meteorology e File ClImatic Data National Parks and 1973 Dee Why Lagoon WildlIfe UnpublIshed ?? CounCil Report % % WildlIfe Service Refuge, No 373 - Scheme of OperatIOns Proposed Working Plan National Parks and 1969 Dee Why Lagoon - A ?? Process Study ?? 8 % Wlldhfe Service Management Plan Proposal Bnef, Apnl 1996 NatIOnal Trust of 1981 Bushland Survey of Dee Why NatIOnal Trust 7+ CounCil Parks and Report 3 1 AustralIa (NSW) Lagoon of AustralIa Tables ConservatIOn & 5819954BUS Figure s NatIOnal Trust of 1986, Wamngah Shire Bush 11+ Council Report 3 3 Austraha (NSW) 1987, RegeneratIOn Annual Reports Figure PC33377NAT 1988 s Report MHL845 - Appendix A Page 13 ------,- - -

Author Date TItle Source/ PublIsher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- TertIary Rank PublIsher LocatIon Field I ary FIeld FIeld 1(1-5) Nature 1989 Wetlands of the Sydney RegIon Nature ?? Referenced In Report 3 2 ConservatIon NatIOnal Estate Grants Program ConservatIon RegIster of CouncIl of New No 55 CouncIl of NatIOnal Estate South Wales New South Wales Nelson, H 1992 Dee Why Lagoon - Report on UnpublIshed 5 MHL Report 9 % DredgIng Internal report Warnngah CouncIl NIelsen, P 1989 Measurements of wave setup and 9th 275- ENGINE Conference 6 2 the coastal water table AustralaSIan 279 Paper conference on coastal and ocean engIneenng AdelaIde, 4-8 December Prepnnts of Papers NIelsen, P , DaVIS, 1988 Wave Setup and the Water Table PublIc Works Sydney 132 DLWC Report 6 2 G A, In Sandy Beaches Coastal W Interbourne, J Branch M and ElIaS, G TechnIcal Memorandum TM 88/1, September NIelsen, R 1995 CommunIty based workshops and CouncIl Undergradu 8 I consultatIon for the development ate Report of an EnVIronmental Management Strategy for Curl Curl and Dee Why Lagoon Catchment Areas NSW Flshenes 1995 FIsh Habttat ProtectIOn Plan No I NSW Sydney 5 Parks and Report 3 2 Flshenes ConservatIon NSW Government 1992 Estuary Management Manual - ?? MHL Manual 8 I Draft NSW PublIc Works 1994 Dee Why Lagoon Entrance 2 MHL TechnIcal 4 2 TraInIng Wall AdVIce Report MHL845 - AppendIX A Page 14 ------'-

Author Date Title Source! Publisher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- Tertiary Rank Publisher LocatIon Field ary Field Field (1-5) Philip, N A and 1996 EPA Licensing of Sydney Water's Proceedings, 212- MHL Conference 0 13 4 van Dort, F M Sewerage Overflows Watertech - 218 Paper 908255 Water 306 Conference Promoting Technology, SCIence and BUSiness In the Water .. Industry, The Centre, Darhng Harbour, Sydney, 27-28 May Pollard, D A, 1991 Estuarine Habitat Management DIVISIOn of Sydney 41 MHL Report 07305 8 2 Middleton, M J GUidelines FIshenes, 6651 X and WIllIams, R J NSW (Eds) Agriculture & Flshenes Pollon,F 1988 The Book of Sydney Suburbs ? Council, Dee Why 7 5 Library R994-91 BOO Potter, I C, 1986 Life cycles and dlstnbutlOn of HydroblOlogm 23-40 STREAMLINE Journal 3 % Ivantsoff, W , athenmds In the manne and , 1986-08-12, Article Cameron, Rand estuarine waters of southern 139 (I) MInnard, J Austraha Public Works 1979 Dee Why Research Project 10 DPWS Library Report % 2 Department Wave Setup InvestIgatIon Stage 1 Q6201285! - Beach Probes ReVIew of L Howells EnVironmental Factors

Report MHL845 - AppendiX A Page 15 ------

Author Date Title Sourcel PublIsher Pages Source Type ISBN PrImary Second- Tertiary Rank PublIsher LocalIon Field I ary Field Field 1(1-5) Roy,P S 1984 New South Wales EstuarIes mThom,B 99-120 WRL? Book 5 % Their OrIgm and EvolutIOn G (Eds) Coastal Geomorpholo gym AustralIa, AcademiC Press Smith, P and 1996 VegetalIon Survey ofWarnngah P&JSmlth Blaxland 34 CounCil Report 3 2 Smith, J Bushland - InterIm Report Ecological Consultants State Pollution 1978 Environmental Investigation of 73 + MHLLlbrary Report 07240 2 7 10 I Control Narrabeen, Dee Why and figures ORI88IWRL 13040 Commission Harbord Lagoons Q30131099441llC ounclllDept of Mmeral Resources Library State PollutIOn 1978 EnvIronmental InveslIgalIon of 35 MHLLlbrary Report 3 I Control Narrabeen, Dee Why and OR424/STREAML Commission Harbord Lagoons - Supplement INElDeptof Flora and Fauna of the Lagoons Mmeral Resources and Catchments Library Stone, E , CollIe, 1993 - Northern Beaches Lagoons Dee Water Board, Sydney ?? Sydney Water Report 16 % T and Van Roo, S Why, Curl Curl, Manly Lagoons AWTSclence (WALlS) faecal colIform momtonng and CWP0663 program data report Environment Report Senes Swancott, C 1967 Dee Why to BarrenJoey and WoyWoy ?? UNSW ?? % % PIttwater G994 4/SW All, S9944nO Swann, K 1995 Dee Why Lagoon WildlIfe Major Ryde 38 CounCil Report 3 2 Refuge - Bushland Report Assignment for Bushland RegeneratIOn CerlIficate, Ryde College ofTAFE Report MHL845 - AppendiX A Page 16 ------

Author Date Title Source/ Pubhsher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- Terttary Rank Pubhsher LocatIon FIeld ary Field Field (1-5) SWC Wetlands & 1994 Dee Why Wetland Rehablhtatlon Report to 30 CouncIl Report 3 I Ecological and Management Plan Warnngah Management EnVironmental Consultancy ActIon Group The Dee Why Undat What Will happen to Dee Why 6 CounCil ? 16 8 3 Lagoon ed Lagoon? ConservatIon and Development Committee The Manly Datly 1996 Edltonal 'The Manly Datly Says' The Manly 4 MHL Newspaper 16 5 Datly Article 13/12/96 Thom,B G 1984 Transgressive and RegreSSive Manne DLWCCoast Journal 5 % Straugraphles of Coastal Sand Geology, Article Barners In SouthEast Austraha 56137-158 Vogt, P 1994 A Sedimentary Study of Dee UnIversity of Sydney ?? Process Study ?? 9 1 Why Lagoon, NSW Technology Bnef, Apnl 1996 Warnngah CounCil 1994 Dee Why Lagoon Entrance 1 MHL Fher 4 2 Management Works Warnngah CounCil 1996 Dee Why Lagoon WildlIfe CounCil Report 3 1 Refuge Draft Plan of Management Warnngah CounCil 1994 Dee Why Lagoon and Catchment Warnngah Dee Why 3 CounCil BlblIograph 12 1 - A BiblIography CounCil Iy Warnngah CounCil 1994 Water Quahty of the Northern ?? CounCil ?? 16 % Lagoons Mar - Apr 1993 Warnngah CounCil 1989 Dee Why Lagoon - WildlIfe ?? CounCil Report 3 8 1 Refuge - Draft Plan of Management Warnngah CounCil 1996 Dee Why Lagoon Estuary ?? DLWC Bnef 12 2 Process Study Bnef - Apnl Warnngah CounCil 1993 State of the EnVironment Report ?? CouncIl Report 12 3 Warnngah CounCil ongoIn Dee Why Lagoon Photo Parks and Folder of 14 1 ConservatIon Photographs '---- ig CollectIOn -_.-

Report MHL845 - Appendix A Page 17 ------

Author Date Title Sourcel Pubhsher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- Tertiary Rank Pubhsher LocatIOn FIeld ary Field Field (1-5) Warrmgah Council 1995 Warrmgah Council News - Northern 4 Parks and Newspaper 3 3 Wetlands Grant Received Beaches ConservatIOn - Article Weekender Newspaper Article September 22, Folder 1995 Warrmgah Council 1994 Dee Why Lagoon New signs to Warrmgah 2 Parks and Pamphlet 4 2 help protect the lagoon's aquatic CouncIl, ConservatIOn habitat December Warrmgah Council 1991 Dee Why Lagoon Reserve Council Plan 8 9 I Sediment Basin Maintenance Areas P & R Plan No 192-4 Warrlngah 1994 Letter Dated 519/96 3 CEC Letter 4 2 Environmental ActIOn Group Wamngah Shlfe 1986 Dee Why Lagoon Plan of Unpubhshed ?? Council Report 8 2 Council Management - Draft Water Board 1992 BathymetrIC Survey of Dee Why Process Study Map? 1 1 Lagoon Brief, April 1996 Water Board 1994 EutrophicatIOn Study Report Water Board Sydney ?? Process Study Report 16 % Report No Bnef, April 1996 941102 Water Board 1994 EXISting Environmental UtIhtIes Sydney ?? Process Study Report % % ConditIOns Planning Brief, April 1996 Services Webb, H 1996 Urban Bushland Under Threat- Nature Sydney ?? TEC 333 7Urb Report 0 3 3 Volumes I & 2 ConservatIOn 949257 Council of 125 NSW IncITotal EnVironment I Centre I West, R J, 1985 Flshenes Bulletin 2 - An Department of Sydney ?? - MHL Report 3 3 Thorogood, C , estuanne Inventory for New ,Agnculture See I Walford, T and South Wales, Austraha New South Stuart Wllhams, R J Wales, DIVISIOn of

FIsheries --_.- Report MHL845 - AppendiX A Page 18 ------

Author Date Title Source/ Publisher Pages Source Type ISBN Pnmary Second- Tertiary Rank Publisher Location Field ary Field Field 1(1-5) Williams, G C 1983 HydraulIc CharactenstIcs of Master of School of ?? DWllkmson ThesIs % 4 NSW Estuarme Lake Inlets Engmeenng CIVIl SCience ThesIs Engmeen ng, I University of New South Wales 1996 Edltonal 'The Manly Daily Says' The Manly 4 Parks and Newspaper 4 3 5 Dally, Conservation - Article I 19/1/1996 Newspaper Article Folder

Report MHL845 - AppendiX A Page 19 I I I I I I I I I

I AppendixB I Subject Listing of Compiled References I I I I I I I I I I ------Author Date TItle Pnmary Secondary Tertiary Rank (1-5) FIeld FIeld FIeld Water Board 1992 Bathymetnc Survey of Dee Why Lagoon 1 1 Chapman, G A and Murphy, C L 1989 Sod Landscapes of the Sydney 1 100 000 Sheet 2 5 1 State PollutIOn Control CommIssIOn 1978 Envuonmental InvestigatIOn of Narrabeen, Dee Why 2 7 10 1 and Harbord Lagoons Bell, F C and Edwards, A R 1980 An EnvIronmental Inventory of Estuanes and Coastal 2 \3 4 Lagoons In New South Wales Knowles, L 1995 KId's growing concern 2 3 Austrahan Hentage CommIssIOn 1996 RegIster of the NatIOnal Estate Database - Place 3 5 I Report McInnes, H 1985 Problems and Pnnclples In Estuanne Management 3 8 % Case Study, Manly Lagoon Warnngah CouncIl 1989 Dee WhY,Lagoon - Wlldhfe Refuge - Draft Plan of 3 8 1 Management Bell, K 1981 SubmISSIOn to the House of Representatives Standing 3 12 3 CommIttee on EnVIronment and ConservatIOn InqUIry Into Austraha's Obhgatlons Under International Conservation TreatIes Government of AustrahalGovernment of Japan 1974 Agreement between the Government of Austraha and 3 12 1 the Government of Japan for the ProtectIOn of MIgratory Buds and Buds In Danger of ExtinctIOn and theu EnVIronment Government of AustrahalGovernment of 1986 Agreement between the Government of Austraha and 3 12 1 People's Repubhc of China the Government of the People's Repubhc of China for the ProtectIOn of MIgratory BIrds and theIr Envuonment Adam, P and StrIcker, J 1989 Wetlands of the Sydney RegIOn 3 % Allan, G , Bell, J D and Wllhams, R W 1985 FIshes of Dee Why Lagoon specIes compOSItion and 3 1 factors affecting dlstnbutlOn Anglers Action Group (NorthSIde) 1995 Flshenes Management Act 1994, Section 192 3 1 Particulars of NominatIOn and Supporting EVIdence NominatIOn 01 the FollOWing areal. for HabItat Protection Plans, Narrabeen Lagoon, Queenschff (Manly) Lagoon and Dee Why Lagoon Austrahan Museum 1996 Untitled - Probably Draft LIsting of all Molluscs ever 3 1 found In Narrabeen Lakes and Dee Why, Curl Curl and Manly Lagoons

Report MHL845 - AppendIX B Page 1 ------

Author Date Title Pnmary Secondary Tertiary Rank (1-5) Field Field Field Barnes, R S K 1980 Coastal Lagoons the natural history of a neglected 3 % habitat Benson, D and Howell, J 1994 The Natural VegetatIOn of the Sydney I 100000 map 3 I sheet Casimir, J 1991 Dee Why Lagoon WildlIfe Refuge - A GUide for 3 2 Management and Bush RegeneratIon Colman, P 1958 Ecological Survey of Dee Why Lagoon for the Year 3 I 1958 Cumberland Bird Observers Club 1991 Dee Why Lagoon Bird List 3 I Department of AgrIculture & Macquarle 1982 Fishes of Dee Why Lagoon 3 1 Umverslty Flshenes DlVlslOn & School of BIOlogical SCiences Department of Land and Water Conservation 1996 The NSW Wetlands Management Pohcy 3 I Hansen, D 1983 Dee Why LaJ(oon InspectIOn Report 3 3 Hansen, D 1984 Dee Why Lagoon Inspection Report 3 3 Knowles, L 1996 Hope for Wetlands 3 3 Limberg, G E 1992 WIldfire - Dee Why Lagoon Wlldhfe Reserve - 3 3 25/9192 NatIonal Trust of Austraha (NSW) 1981 Bushland Survey of Dee Why LaJ(oon 3 1 National Trust of Austraha (NSW) 1986, Warnngah Shire Bush RegeneratIOn Annual Reports 3 3 1987, 1988 Nature ConservatIOn CounCil of New South 1989 Wetlands of the Sydney RegIOn NatIonal Estate 3 2 Wales Grants Program No 55 NSW FisherIes 1995 Fish Habitat ProtectIOn Plan No I 3 2 Potter, I C, Ivantsoff, W , Cameron, Rand 1986 Life cycles and dlstnbutlOn of athenmds m the 3 % Mmnard, J marIne and estuarme waters of southern AustralIa Smith, P and Smith, J 1996 VegetatIon Survey ofWarnngah Bushland - InterIm 3 2 , Report State PollutIOn Control CommiSSIOn 1978 EnVIronmental InvestigatIon of Narrabeen, Dee Why 3 I and Harbord Lagoons - Supplement Flora and Fauna of the Lagoons and Catchments Swann, K 1995 Dee Why Lagoon WIldlIfe Refuge - Bushland Report 3 2 SWC Wetlands & Ecological Management 1994 Dee Why Wetland RehabilItatIOn and Management 3 I Consultancy Plan

Report MHL845 - AppendiX B Page 2 ------

Author Date Title Pnmary Secondary Tertiary Rank (1-5) Field Field Field Warnngah Council 1996 Dee Why Lagoon Wlldhfe Refuge Draft Plan of 3 1 Management Wamngah Council 1995 Warnngah Council News - Wetlands Grant Received 3 3 Webb, H 1996 Urban Bushland Under Threat - Volumes 1 & 2 3 3 West, R J , Thorogood, C , Walford, T and 1985 Flshenes Bulletm 2 - An estuarme mventory for New 3 3 Wllhams, R J South Wales, Austraha Belessls, M 1996 Buds m danger - Lagoons breached 4 3 2 Lugg, A 1996 Artificial openmg of mtenmttently-openmg Estuarme 4 3 I Lagoons 1996 Edltonal 'The Manly DaIly Says' 4 3 5 Department ofPubhc Works 1985 Coastal Management Strategy Wamngah Shire 4 12 5 Anon 1996 ProJect to cut erosIOn 4 2 Brodie, I 1988 Breachmg of coastal lagoons a model stud v 4 2 Fnends of Dee Why Lagoon 1994 Dee Why Lagoon Entrance Management (Letter 4 3 dated 4/9/94) Fnends of Dee Why LagoonlWarrmgah undat Dee Why Lagoon - Lagoon Watch - Help prevent 4 2 Council ed unauthonsed openmgs of your lagoon Gordon, A D 1981 The behavIOur of lagoon mlets 4 1 Gordon, AD 1990 Coastal Lagoon Entrance DynamiCs 4 I Howells, L C 1994 Lagoon Entrance BehavIOur 4 1 NSW Pubhc Works J994 Dee Why Lagoon Entrance Trammg Wall 4 2 Wamngah Council 1994 Dee Why Lagoon Entrance Management Works 4 2 Wamngah Council 1994 Dee Why Lagoon New signs to help protect the 4 2 lagoon's aquatic habitat Warnngah Envuonmental Action Group 1994 Letter Dated 5/9/96 4 2 Byrnes, J G 1982 Blackrock Near Long Reef 5 % Coenraads, R R 1978 The AppitcatlOn of GeophYSical Methods to the 5 % DehneatlOn of AnCient Dramage Patterns m the Sydney Basm Edwards, J 1996 Sedimentology and Strattgraphy Database of NSW 5 I Estuaries (Draft) Edwards J 1996 UntItled - Llstmg of all studies to do With 5 I Geomorphology & NSW Estuanes Gibbons, G S 1967 Shell content m quartzose beach and dune sands, Dee 5 I Why,NSW Gleeson, T 1994 An EnVironmental InvestigatIOn of Dee Why Lagoon 5 % Report MHL845 - AppendiX B Page 3 ------

Author Date Title Pnmary Secondary TertIary Rank (1-5) FIeld FIeld FIeld Hann, J 1979 Offshore Bathymetry and SedIment Patterns off 5 % Sydney Beaches Herbert, C (Ed) 1983 Geology of the Sydney 1 100,000 Sheet 9130 5 1 Johnson, M 1984 Black sands and brown waters - a hydrochemIcal 5 % vIew of the mtneral sands mtntng areas of the New South Wales Coast Marttn, A R H 197? The Deposlttonal EnvIronment of the OrganIc 5 % DeposIts on the Foreshore at North Dee Why, New South Wales Roy, P S 1984 New South Wales Estuanes TheIr Ongtn and 5 % EvolutIOn Thom,B G 1984 TransgressIve and RegressIve Strattgraphles of 5 % Coastal Sand BarrIers 10 SouthEast Australta DaVIS, G A and Hanslow, D J 1993 Beach Dune DIsposal of Sewage Effluent 6 2 Department of Publtc Works NSW, Manly 1978 DeSIgn of a Low Power Cassette Loggtng System to 6 1 Hydraultcs Laboratory, ElectronICs DIVISIOn Record Water Table VanatlOns at Dee Why Beach Hanslow, D J , DaVIS, G A, Bowen, R , 1993 MorphologIcal effect of artIfiCIal beach dratnage 6 3 Reed, A , Sano, R , HIbbert, K and NIelsen, P NIelsen, P 1989 Measurements of wave setup and the coastal water 6 2 table NIelsen, P , DaVIS, G A, Wtnterbourne, J M 1988 Wave Setup and the Water Table 10 Sandy Beaches 6 2 and Eltas, G Manly Dally 1992 Lagoon's smell IS natural, fnends say 7 9 3 Anon Unda Narrabeen and Dee Why Lagoons 7 2 ted Anon 1985 Hlstonc Reef IS a playground and much more 7 3 Pollon,F 1988 The Book of Sydney Suburbs 7 5 Wamngah CounCIl 1991 Dee Why Lagoon Reserve SedIment Bastn 8 9 1 Matntenance Areas P & R Plan No 192-4 Anon 1996 Lagoon access tratl to expand 8 3 Dee Why/Curl Curl Lagoon Estuary ongol Mtnutes of Meettngs 8 1 Management CommIttee ng Jones,M J 1977 Dee Why Lagoon Management Study 8 1 NatIOnal Parks and WIldltfe ServIce 1969 Dee Why Lagoon - A Management Plan Proposal 8 %

Report MHL845 - AppendIX B Page 4 ------_.. ------

Author Date Title Pnmary Secondary Tertiary Rank (1-5) Field Field Field

Nielsen, R 1995 Commumty based workshops and consultatIOn for the 8 1 I development of an Environmental Management Strategy for Curl Curl and Dee Why Lagoon Catchment Areas NSW Government 1992 Estuary Management Manual - Draft 8 1 Pollard, D A, Middleton, M J and Williams, 1991 Estuanne Habitat Management GUidelines 8 2 R J (Ed~) Warnngah Shue Council 1986 Dee Why Lagoon Plan of Management - Draft 8 2 Gordon, A D and Cooke, R 1977 Dee Why Lagoon Investigation of Dredging Proposal 9 5 3 I i Anon 1978 Little JOY In lagoon study 9 13 3 Nelson, H 1992 Dee Why Lagoon - Report on Dredging 9 % Vogt, P 1994 A Sedimentary Study of Dee Why Lagoon, NSW 9 1 Clouston, Ian PerkinS and Willing and 1996 Dee Why Valley and South Creek Open Space 10 3 1 Partners Comdor Geographic Plan of Management - Draft Mamdls Roberts Consultants 1993 Dee Why Rat and MedIUm Density Area - Open IO I Space Plan Fraser, P 1996 Hentage value for Lagoon 12 3 2 Colman, P 1995 Narrabeen Lagoon Committee Inc/Sydney Northern 12 2 Beaches Catchment Management Committee Library Listing Warrlngah CounCil 1994 Dee Why Lagoon and Catchment - A Bibliography 12 I Wamngah CounCil 1996 Dee Why Lagoon Estuary Process Study Bnef - Apnl 12 2 Warrlngah CounCil 1993 State of the Environment Report 12 3 Freeman, G 1994 Upgrading Hawkesbury Avenue Main Drain Gross 13 16 1 Pollutant Trap Mercer, C 1994 Estuanes, Beaches and Coastal Waters ecological 13 16 1 ImplicatIOns of Water Board ActIVIties Anon 1995 Dee Whvpollutlon anger 13 2 Anon 1995 Roods threaten pub 13 2 Philip, N A and van Dort, F M 1996 EPA Licensing of Sydney Water's Sewerage 13 4 Overflows DLWC 1996 Listing of Aenal Photographs held by DLWC Coastal 14 7 I Branch Warrlngah Council ongOi Dee Why Lagoon Photo CollectIOn 14 I ng Manly Hydraulics Laboratory Tidal Gauging CompilatIOn - Draft 15 4 - 1996 Report MHL845 - AppendiX B Page 5 ------.. ------

Author Date TItle Pnmary Secondary TertIary Rank (1-5) FIeld FIeld FIeld Fnends of Dee Why Lagoon Unda Are you pollut1Og Dee Why Lagoon? 16 8 3 ted The Dee Why Lagoon Conservation and Unda What wIll happen to Dee Why Lagoon? 16 8 3 Development CommIttee ted Currey, M 1991 Estuanne StudIes 10 Sydney's northern metropolItan 16 13 I regIOn Currey, M , Nahhas, Rand Swmcer, M 1992 Non-pomt source pollutIOn 10 Narrabeen, Dee Why, 16 13 I Curl Curl and Manly Lagoons and adjacent beaches a pIlot study Laxton, J H 1992 Water QualIty of Narrabeen Lagoon, Curl Curl 16 17 4 I Lagoon and Dee Why Lagoon 1980/81 Besley, C and CollIe, T 1994 Northern Beaches Lagoons (Manly and Dee Why 16 % Lagoons and Manly ReservOIr) wet weather mtenslve water qualIty samplIng 28th October 1992 10terpretlve report Cheng,D M H 1981 Coastal Lagoons 10 New South Wales 16 3 CollIe, T 1992 Manly Lagoon, Manly ReservOIr, Curl Curl Lagoon, 16 % Dee Why Lagoon wet weather mtenslve water qualIty sampl10g on 10-II March 1992 data report CollIe, T and Van Roo, S 1994 Northern Beaches Lagoons (Manly and Dee Why 16 % Lagoons and Manly ReservOIr) wet weather 10tenslve water qualIty samplIng 28th October 1992 data report CollIe, T et al 1994 Northern Beaches Lagoons (Manly, Curl Curl and 16 % Dee Why Lagoons and Manly ReserVOIr) dry weather IntensIve water qualIty samplIng 10th and II th March 1992 Interpretive report CollIe, T et al 1994 Northern Beaches Lagoons (Manly, Curl Curl and 16 % Dee Why Lagoons and Manly ReserVOIr) dry weather IntensIve water qualIty samplIng 10th and II th March 1992 data report Dwyer, S et al 1994 Northern Beaches Lagoons Faecal ColIfonn 16 % MOnItonng Programme (January 1994 - March 1994) a compIlatIOn ofreports Essery, C I, Capararo, G, Mcleod, K and 1995 AsseSSIng Pollution Loads from Dlschargmg Coastal 16 2 O'Bnen, E J Lagoons I

Report MHL845 - AppendIX B Page 6 ------

Author Date TItle Primary Secondary TertIary Rank (1-5) FIeld FIeld FIeld Gauthier, R, Collie, T and Van Roo, S 1993 Northern Beaches Lagoons Manly, Curl Curl, Dee 16 % - Why Lagoons, Narrabeen Lagoon and Manly Reservolf faecal coliform mOnltonng program data report Knowles, L 1996 PollutIon Shock - Catchment 'In putrid state' 16 4 Laxton, J H 1996 Water Quality ofWarrlngah Lagoons In 1994/95 16 1 Stone, E, Collie, T and Van Roo, S 1993 Northern Beaches Lagoons Dee Why, Curl Curl, 16 % - Manly Lagoons faecal coliform mOnltonng program data report The Manly Dally 1996 Edltonal 'The Manly Dally Says' 16 5 Warrlngah Council 1994 Water Quahty of the Northern Lagoons Mar - Apr 16 % 1993 Water Board 1994 EutrophIcatIOn Study Report 16 % Bureau of Meteorology undat Climate of Sydney 17 1 ed Nattonal Climate Centre 1991 Chmate Almanac - Sydney 17 1 Meaker, T J 1994 Recreattonal Influences on four of Sydney's northern 18 2 beaches Palm, Bungan, Dee Why and Freshwater Chnstopher MIller Consultants Pty Ltd 1986 Warnngah's Waterways - An OvervIew of Potenttal % % Development Under the NSW Waterways Program Easton, J undat Survey of the Dee Why Lagoon System % % ed Friends of Dee Why Lagoon 1988 Draft Management Plan Dee Why Lagoons and % % Surrounds Gleeson, M L 1988 The Landscape Management of Long Reef Headland % % and Dee Why Lagoon Klerfve, B 1994 Coastal Lagoon Processes % % Manly Dally 1987 Students Clean Up Lagoon % 3 Manly Dally 1992 Dee Why's 'paradIse lost' IS born again % 3 Manly Dally 1993 Golf Walk Plan hIts a bunker % 3 McComb,A J 1995 EutrophIC shallow estuarIes and lagoons % % NatIOnal Parks and WIldlife ServIce 1973 Dee Why Lagoon Wlldltfe Refuge, No 373 - Scheme % % of Operattons Proposed Working Plan Pubhc Works Department 1979 Dee Why Research Project Wave Setup InvesttgatlOn % 2 Stage 1 - Beach Probes ReVIew of EnvIronmental

Factors ------_._------Report MHL845 - AppendIX B Page 7 ------

Author Date TItle Pnmary Secondary TertIary Rank (1-5) FIeld FJeld FIeld Swancott, C 1967 Dee Why to BarrenJoey and Plttwater % % Water Board 1994 EXIstm,l( EnVironmental CondItIOns % % Wllhams, G C 1983 Hydrauhc Charactensucs of NSW Estuarme Lake % 4 Inlets

Report MHL845 - AppendIx B Page 8