ISSN 2372-2517 (Online), ISSN 2372-2479 (Print) METALEPTEAMETALEPTEA THE NEWSLETTER OF THE ORTHOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY

* Table of Contents is now clickable, which will President’s Message take you to a desired page. By MICHAEL SAMWAYS President [1] PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE [email protected] n the north, summer is ap- [2] SOCIETY NEWS th proaching with the sound of [2] The 12 International Congress of Orthopterology “ in a orthops soon to be gracing our Changing World” by MARCOS LHANO ears. Here in the south, even [4] Get a triple dose of Orthoptera though winter is coming, there at ICE/ESA, 2016 by DEREK A. WOLLER I are still many orthops around, [5] Book Launch of Roger Farrow’s I “ of South-Eastern Australia: with some even emerging now. The an Ecological and Behavioural Guide” mole crickets have gone quiet, but by DAVID HUNTER there are still many other crickets and [6] The Theodore J. Cohn Research katydids singing. seem Funded by MICHEL LECOQ to make the most of the sunny winter consolidation with its activities run- [6] VI Brazilian Symposium of Orthop- tera by PEDRO G.B. SOUZA-DIAS days with many still active on sunny ning smoothly and with a wonderful banks and patches of dry grass. rapport within the society thanks to [13] T.J. COHN GRANT REPORTS In KwaZulu-Natal the sky is almost a wonderful team of officers and an [13] Inter- and Intra-island diversifica- perennially blue and the air very still. enthusiastic membership. The Journal tion in the Ariagona Krauss, Above 1000 m there is strong cold air of Orthoptera Research is reaching 1892 (Orthoptera: ) by TOBIAS SCHULTE-MIDDELMANN drainage and the grasshoppers move new levels under the very capable [15] Integrating species distribution from the cooler bases of hills onto the editorship of Dr. Corey Bazelet. The models, genetics, and morphology to sides and the tops, especially where JOR always seeks new and interesting infer species dynamics of New Zealand they can benefit from the northern manuscripts on all aspects of othop- grasshoppers by LOUISA SIVYER rays of the rising sun. This is also terology, so please do send her some. the fire season with lightning strikes Also, this is an excellent vehicle for [17] CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES in the Drakensberg being among the reviews, so please do consider that [17] The large saxaul humpbacked highest in the world. This means too. (Dericorys albidula Serv.) many natural grassland fires to which The International Congress of in Uzbekistan by GAPPAROV ET AL. [19] Notes on Ngogoma by C.H.F. the local grasshopper fauna is well- Orthopterology is approaching, late ROWELL adapted. The large, good fliers move October-early November in Ileus, [20] Orthopteran diversity in adjacent in haste while the small ones simply Brazil. Please consider going as it forest fragments between Southeast seek shelter among rocks, especially will be an amazing forum for meeting Asia’s first overhead ecological bridge new orthopterists with whom to share by MING KAI TAN ET AL. on the rocky krantzes where pockets [23] Salvador Dalí and the grasshop- of grass remain. Although they get ideas. There is also a post-congress pers by RICARDO MARIÑO-PÉREZ concentrated in these places, and tour to get to know some of the Bra- [24] Hidden Beauty by DEREK A. are therefore prone to predation by zilian fauna along with the country’s WOLLER birds and lizards in particular, they amazing culture. [25] EDITORIAL are well able to escape the predators’ Additionally, it is now time to elect sharp eyes by remaining close to their our new President-Elect. There were retreats where there is both food and three accepted nominations. I really shelter. do thank all of you for sending in The Orthopterists’ Society is reach- your votes. Dr. David Hunter received ing a new phase of true international the majority vote and the Board of Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 1 METALEPTEA our Society has ratified the results. enthusiasm over many years and we With warm regards to all of our So, we welcome David as our future look forward to his further injections members near and far! President! David has supported the into the development and growth of Society with enormous dedication and our Society. The 12th International Congress of Orthopterology “Orthoptera in a Changing World” (October 30 - November 3, 2016, Ilhéus, Brazil) By MARCOS LHANO President, ICO 2016 [email protected] ear friends, & , func- tional genomics, It is our pleasure to phylogeography & send you more news speciation, physiol- about the 12th ICO that ogy, morphology, DDwill be held in the city of and development, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. biotechnology in We´re working hard to provide you locust control, with a remarkable event where it will grasshopper and be possible to discuss the latest find- locust control, and ings in the various fields of Orthop- integrated pest man- terology regarding basic and applied agement. scientific research. The overall theme of the congress is Orthoptera in a VENUE: Changing World and the program will The meeting will include theme-related Plenary Lec- be held at the Hotel tures, Plenary Symposia, and Work- Praia do Sol (www. shop and Information Sessions as well praiadosol.com.br the Hotel Praia do Sol. The package as poster presentations. Topics will – In Portuguese). The hotel is in front includes: 5 nights in an apartment include behavior & communication, of the beach, close to the suburbs of during the event period, daily break- ecology & conservation, systematics Ilhéus and 5 minutes by car (2 km) fast, 6 meals (lunch on the days of 31st from the airport (the organization October and 1-3 November/dinner on will provide transfer from and to the the days of 30th October & 3rd No- airport for all ICO attendees). It is a vember (all without beverages)) and small hotel with beautiful gardens, regular transfer from airport to hotel swimming pool, and restaurants. to airport. It´s important to highlight that, Prices: due to Brazilian laws, prices must be We got a special price for the ICO. charged on a credit card in Brazilian The Congress official hotel has 5 Reais, so the rates in U.S. dollars may nights in an apartment single, double, vary depending on the exchange rate or triple during the event period from on the purchase date. The reservation 30th October to 04th November at must be made at the ICO website.

Per day/per person TOTAL Price/per room Single R$ 320,00 (approx. US$ 89.00) R$ 1.600,00 (approx. US$ 445) Double R$ 192,00 (approx. US$ 54.00) R$ 1.920,00 (approx. US$ 540) Triple R$ 172,00 (approx. US$ 48.00) R$ 2.580,00 (approx. US$ 720)

Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 2 METALEPTEA PLENARY CONFERENCES AND tered for the congress. Each congress the tour package. It is important SYMPOSIA PROGRAM: registration permits the submission of to note that it will be mainly a The organization is working to 3 abstracts. Abstracts must be written touristic and photographic tour release the complete scientific pro- in English and prepared in a one- since insects or any other organ- gram soon, which will include these page two-column format according to isms are unable to be collected wonderful contributions and topics: the abstract template and should be without the proper Brazilian submitted only through the web site’s collecting permits. The ICO 2016 Plennary Lectures online system before the end of 31st organization is not able to make • Dr. Hojun Song - “Systematics July, 2016. any arrangements for collecting of Orthoptera: Past, Present, and permits for the whole group or an Future” REGISTRATION FEES: individual. If somebody is inter- • Thomas Fartmann - “Biodiver- For those who register for the 12th ested in collecting Orthoptera ma- sity and Landscape Ecology of ICO before July 31, 2016 the price terial, then each scientist will be Orthoptera” will be: responsible for getting the permits • Participant/person: R$ 1.450,00 to collect and the paperwork/per- Symposia (approx. US$ 350.00) mits to carry the material outside • “Acoustic and vibrational com- • Student/person: R$ 680,00 (ap- Brazil (they are different permits) munication in Orthoptera” prox. US$ 170.00) at the Brazilian Government: Organizers: Dr. Fernando Mon- • Companion/person: R$ 680,00 Ministry of the Environment’s tealegre-Z, Dr. Thorin Jonsson, (approx. US$ 170.00) (MMA) and at the Ministry of and Dr. Tony Robillard Science and Technology (MCT). • “Molecule-organ-function-adap- SOCIAL EVENTS: Also we kindly ask those who tation: on the evolutionary history • Welcome cocktail get the permits to notify the local of Orthoptera in a changing envi- • “Nations Party” (will be a party committee in advance, so we can ronment” where the attendants will be asked manage the Post Conference Tour Organizers: Dr. Ioana C. Chin- to bring some typical costume/ according to the Brazilian laws tauan-Marquier, and Dr. Laure hat/shirt, etc. and will be invited because the Chapada Diamantina Desutter to sing a song from their country region is a National Park. • “The orthopteran systematics in a - a tradition that began during the changing world” last ICO in China) The Local Committee of the 12th Organizer: Dr. Hojun Song and • Gala dinner ICO would like to inform you that Ricardo Mariño-Pérez • Daily tours to Itacaré/Morro de your flight tickets might be cheaper if • “Orthoptera conservation” São Paulo/Barra Grande/Camamú you buy one from your city to Salva- Organizer: Dr. Axel Hochkirch and other places (prices will be dor (airport code SSA) and another • “Locust/Grasshopper control” indicated on the webpage, and the one from Salvador to Ilhéus. Travel- Organizer: Dr. Alexandre Latch- reservation can be made directly ers from Europe or America can fly ninsky on the ICO website) directly to Salvador. The GT5 group • “Phylogeography and speciation • One day tour: On Friday 4th No- (Congress Secretariat) can help you of Orthoptera” vember. to find the best prices for the domes- Organizer: Dr. Battal Çiplak • Post Conference Tour: a trip to tic flights in Brazil. You can ask for the amazing Chapada Diamantina a quotation directly from the ICO Workshops region and Salvador city. This is a website (for those going on the post • “Orthoptera Species File/Taxon very attractive tour that will soon conference tour, you only need a Works” be announced on the Congress one-way fare from Salvador to Ilhéus Organizer: Dr. Maria Marta website in the next days. Notice ahead of the conference). Cigliano that we will be starting our tour • “On the new generation sequenc- at the city of Ilhéus and finish it IMPORTANT DATES: ing (NGS) methods” at the city of Salvador (the capital • Deadline for abstract submis- Organizer: Dr. Ioana C. Chintau- of Bahia state). So, we kindly sions: 31st July, 2016 an-Marquier encourage you to book your travel • 12th International Congress of plans accordingly. For those who Orthopterology: 30th October to ABSTRACT SUBMISSIONS: will participate in the tour, the last 3rd November, 2016 In order to submit an abstract, all night at the hotel in Ilhéus (from participants must be previously regis- 4th to 5th) is already included in Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 3 METALEPTEA WEBSITE: order for our congress to be success- As President of the ICO 2016 orga- We recommend to visit our website ful. nization, I am delighted to cordially every week to stay up-to-date: invite you to join us and contribute in http://www.ico2016.com.br Get a triple dose of Orthoptera at ICE/ESA, 2016 By DEREK A. WOLLER Texas A&M University, U.S.A. [email protected] ellow Society members, Our orthopteroid symposium will Presentation id# 94358 I come bearing even be held on Thursday, September 29th Paolo Fontana (paolo_api.fontana@ better news than in the from 1:30 to 5:00 PM in the Orange fmach.it), Fondazione Edmund Mach, past regarding upcom- County Convention Center, room Pergine Valsugana, Italy ing symposia of interest! W231 C (subject to change – please Start Time: 2:00 PM Orthopteroid insects: A perfect group to F Orlando, Florida, U.S.A. check the official schedule on Thurs- F investigate ecology, conservation, and will be the site of the largest gathering day). The event will consist of a biogeography of entomologists in the history of our plenary talk by Piotr Naskrecki (30 planet during this year’s combined minutes) and then 11 more invited Presentation id# 94361 International Congress of Entomol- talks (15 minutes each) covering a Douglas Smith ([email protected]) ogy (ICE) and Entomological Society number of fascinating topics. There and Alexandre Latchininsky, University of of America (ESA) conferences (Sept. will also be an after-event celebra- Wyoming, Laramie, WY 25-30). I am pleased to once again tion at a near-by restaurant (location Start Time: 2:15 PM announce that I am co-hosting the to be determined) that all attendees Ecological factors affecting grasshopper third symposium in a row to feature are welcome to join, so please stay outbreaks in Wyoming orthopteroids at an ESA meeting with tuned for that announcement after the Presentation id# 94362 assistance this time from my collabo- symposium. David Robinson (david.robinson@open. rator Alexandre V. Latchininsky (our I truly hope that everyone who ac.uk)1, Patricia Ash2, Marion Hall1 and current President-Elect) from the Uni- comes to this year’s meeting will also Jürgen Rheinlaender3, 1The Open Univer- versity of Wyoming, and the title is be able to attend at least a portion of sity, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom, 2The “Orthopteroids Without Borders”. The one of these three symposia. Audience Open University in the South, Oxford, name reflects the fact that we have 12 size goes a long way in convincing United Kingdom, 3Nordkirchen, Germany speakers (researchers, professors, and conference organizers to continue to Start Time: 2:30 PM students) from eight countries across shine the spotlight on Orthoptera. If Ultrafast, ultrashort, and ultrasonic — four continents speaking on a wide anyone else is interested in running a the ecological and evolutionary implica- tions of an enigmatic acoustic communi- variety of subjects. similar symposium at a conference of cation system in a bush Additionally, there will also be their choice and would like advice, or two other Orthoptera-based sym- if you have any questions prior to the Presentation id# 94370 posia, which will focus exclusively event, feel free to contact me. Mario Poot Pech (mpootpech@gmail. on locusts and both have been orga- com), Esaú Ruíz Sánchez and Horacio nized by Arianne Cease and Stephen The “Orthopteroids Without Ballina Gómez, Conkal Technological Insti- Rogers of Arizona State University: Borders” line-up is as follows: tute, Conkal, Mexico “From Molecules to Management: (presentation ID #’s correspond to the Start Time: 2:45 PM New Tools for Understanding Locust official ICE schedule) Indicator plants in solitary phase and Swarms across Species and Research migration behavior of Schistocerca picei- frons in Yucatán, México Disciplines” (Tuesday, Sept. 27, 9:15 Presentation id# 94360 Piotr Naskrecki (p.naskrecki@conserva- AM - 12:30 PM) and “Mechanisms tion.org), Harvard University, Cambridge, *BREAK: 3:00 - 3:15 PM and Consequences of Phase Change MA in the Desert Locust, Schistocerca Start Time: 1:30 PM Presentation id# 94369 gregaria” (Tuesday, Sept. 27, 1:30 The science of natural history Tyler Raszick ([email protected]) and PM - 4:00 PM). Hojun Song, Texas A&M University, Col- lege Station, TX Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 4 METALEPTEA Start Time: 3:15 PM Start Time: 3:45 PM and female choice (Orthoptera: ) Transcriptomic profiling of the chemosen- Characterization of the nano-fiber silk of sory organs in grasshoppers with diverse Embioptera Presentation id# 94364 feeding strategies Pedro Souza-Dias (pedrogdias@gmail. Presentation id# 94363 com), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Presentation id# 94368 David Branson ([email protected]. Brazil Michael Sergeev ([email protected]), gov), USDA - ARS, Sidney, MT Start Time: 4:30 PM Novosibirsk State University and Institute Start Time: 4:00 PM Phylogeny of neotropical Phalangopsidae of Systematics and Ecology of , Effects of precipitation manipulation and (Ensifera, Grylloidea) Novosibirsk, Russia biotic factors on grasshopper popula- Start Time: 3:30 PM tions: Implications for responses to Presentation id# 117267 Grasshoppers in the eurasian temper- climate change Forest Huval ([email protected]), ate grasslands: Distribution, migrations, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, dynamics Presentation id# 94372 LA Gerlind Lehmann (Gerlind.lehmann@t- Start Time: 4:45 PM Presentation id# 94367 online.de), Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Cockroaches (Blattodea) of Southern Janice S. Edgerly (jedgerlyrooks@scu. Germany Louisiana: Morphology, diversity, and life edu)1, Grace Stokes1 and Jeff Yarger2, Start Time: 4:15 PM histories 1Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, Bushcricket genitalia: Morphology, func- 2Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ tion, and their role in species isolation Book Launch of Roger Farrow’s “Insects of South-Eastern Australia: an Ecological and Behavioural Guide” By DAVID HUNTER Executive Director and Regional Representative [email protected] n 11 May, I had the hundreds of privilege of being at photographs the launch of the book of insects by Roger Farrow who in their worked for Austra- natural en- OO lia’s Commonwealth vironment. Scientific and Industrial Research Grassland Organisation (CSIRO) for many insects years on locusts, migration, are well- and plant-feeding insects. Roger has represented spent his retirement in various proj- through a ects and one dearest to his heart has selection found fruition in his book “Insects of of different South-Eastern Australia.” Many of grasshop- his colleagues and friends, about 100 per species, in all, came to the launch of his book including David Hunter (standing) and Roger Farrow (sittng) at the book lauching event (Photo by Lucinda Raulston) at the Australian National Botanic their differ- Gardens in Canberra. The book differs ent colour hearing the stories associated with the from traditional taxonomic guides by morphs. These photos were taken making of this most valuable insect taking an ecological and behavioural over the past decade or so on regular guide. approach to insect identification. As field trips with the Australian Native The book was published by CSIRO Roger says in the preface to his book, Plant Society as well as on his rural in May, 2016 and is available from “this guide is directed towards anyone property, with generous donations of the publishers as well as many book- with an interest in the rich natural photos from colleagues and friends. shops worldwide, including on-line. history of insects” and tells the stories Everyone at the book launch and at An electronic version will be avail- of the insects as they live through the the social function afterwards enjoyed able. Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 5 METALEPTEA The 2016 Theodore J. Cohn Research Grants Funded By MICHEL LECOQ Chair, Theodore J. Cohn Research Fund Committee [email protected] f the 14 research • Oumarou Ngoute Charly (Camer- tion on development and life history proposals submit- oon) - Life cycle of Eyprepocnemis traits of the variable field cricket, ted this year from 7 plorans (Charpentier, 1825) (Orthop- Gryllus lineaticeps countries (Australia-1, tera: Eyprepocnemidinae) in south • Precious Tshililo (South Africa) - Brazil-2, Cameroon-1, Cameroon rainforests. Testing the unified species concept: OO Germany-1, Mexico-2, • Tim O’Connor (USA) - Does host Incorporating genetic markers for South Africa-1, USA-6), the commit- plant polyploidization promote co- species delimitation of agile grass- tee selected eight projects with a total divergence of a specialist orthopteran hoppers (: Euryphyminae), a award amount of $11,967. For the community? southern African endemic subfamily first time, two proposals from African • Salomón Sanabria-Urbán (Mexico)- with low morphological variation. students were selected. Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical grasshoppers of the genus Sphen- Congratulations to all the successful • Rebecca Ehrlich (USA) - Paling in arium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera; applicants, and best wishes for the comparison: Sexual and thermal ) success of their work! The committee selection on melanin-based immunity • Jessica Tanner (USA) - Adaptative appreciated all submitted proposals in insects behavioral plasticity in the calling and I encourage unsuccessful appli- • Owen G. Miller (USA) - Conse- song of Teleogryllus oceanicus cants to resubmit new proposals in the quences of variation in development • Lisa A. Treidel (USA) - Good Eats? next call for projects in early 2017. time in a field cricket (Gryllus vocalis) The effect of diet nutrient composi- VI Brazilian Symposium of Orthoptera By PEDRO G.B. SOUZA-DIAS Universidade de São Paulo, BRAZIL [email protected] n 10 and 11 March of 3) “Bioacoustics of crickets” by cricket species?” by Dr. Carlos Frankl 2016, in the city of Dr. Edison Zefa; 4) “Taxonomy of Sperber; and 10) “Determinants of Cuiabá, we organized Orthoptera, with emphasis in Acridoi- grasshopper fauna from Campos Rup- our sixth Brazilian dea” by Dr. Maria Katia Matiotti da estres” by Dr. Marco Antonio Alves meeting on Orthoptera, Costa; 5) “Systematics of Neotropical Carneiro. OO entitled “VI Brazilian crickets: what do we know and where Additionally, results of several inter- Symposium of Orthoptera: 10 years of are we going?” by Dr. Pedro G.B. esting projects were presented in the history and achievements” during the Souza-Dias; 6) “Precious precious- poster session. XXXI Brazilian Congress of Zoology. ness: the need of standardization in Below there is a set of abstracts In these two days, we reunited several the formulation of morphological from our event. Brazilian specialists, mainly young characters for a more robust and inte- doctors, for fruitful discussions con- grated systematics of Orthoptera” by TALKS cerning Orthoptera, and celebrated 10 Dr. Fernando Campos de Domenico; years since our first meeting. 7) “Show me your wings and I’ll tell VI Symposium of Orthoptera: 10 In this edition, we promoted 10 who you are: morphology of katydid years of stories and achievements talks of Brazilian orthopterists: 1) “VI tegmina and its use on taxonomy” Symposium of Orthoptera, 10 years by Dr. Juliana Chamorro Rengifo; 8) Neucir Szinwelski (neucirufv@gmail. of history and achievements” by Dr. “From Pacific islands to Neotropics: com). Universidade Estadual do Oeste Neucir Szinwelski; 2) “IUCN SSC the history of Neotropical Eneopteri- do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil. Grasshopper Specialist Group – the nae” by Dr. Natallia Maria de Freitas The Brazilian Symposium of role of scientists in species conserva- Vicente; 9) “What may I eat: is there Orthoptera is a great opportunity for tion” by Dr. Marcio Perez Bolfarini; feeding segregation among forest interaction among researchers and

Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 6 METALEPTEA

students from national and inter- ing for equipping laboratories and success found so far. national research and educational conducting research in all Brazilian institutions. During the Symposium, biomes. As main results, orthopter- the participants can report their sci- ologists increased their networks; Taxonomy of Orthoptera with em- entific results and discuss them with the group increased its capacity of phasis in colleagues. Discussions center on training students and, consequently, subjects as diverse as new methodolo- its publication quality and quantity. Maria Kátia Matiotti da Costa(katia - gies, morphology, taxonomy, use of Our website (www.orthoptera.com. [email protected]). Pontifícia Uni- molecular markers, biogeography, and br) contains our principal publica- versidade Católica do Rio Grande do ecology. In addition to the participa- tions and shows all researchers and Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. tion of researchers with renowned students involved in the project. We international prestige, the Orthoptera proposed for the sixth edition of the Taxonomy is the theoretical study of Symposium consolidated its global Symposium the title “VI Symposium classification, including bases, prin- reach to be recognized by the Orthop- of Orthoptera: 10 years of history and ciples, procedures, and rules. Orthop- terists’ Society. The Symposium is achievements”. Our goals were to tera, with more than 27,213 identified the result of efforts from Brazilian re- share and discuss experiences, stories, species, has its highest expression in searchers to bring together specialists and achievements obtained during the the superfamily Acridoidea, with large who used to work in isolation. This last decade, and prospects and new representation in the Neotropics. The effort culminated in the establish- challenges of Brazilian orthopterolo- number of known species should be ment of the Orthopterologia Research gists. During the last ten years, the even higher, considering the wide va- Group, which has more than 30 group conducted field expeditions to riety of biomes, but there are few tax- researchers and about 40 students (in all Brazilian biomes, facing logistic onomists to study this group. Repre- various degrees). This research group challenges in a country with continen- sentatives of Acrididae are popularly approved, in 2010, a multi-institution- tal dimensions and great culture and known by the name of grasshoppers. al research project in the announce- natural diversification. During that They have economic importance, ment MCT / CNPq / MMA / MEC time, the group has published over especially in agriculture, given the / CAPES / FNDCT - Cross Action / 65 articles in national and interna- severe damage they cause. There FAPs No. 47/2010 - National System tional journals, five books and book are 8,016 species in 1,711 genera of of Biodiversity Research - SISBIOTA chapters, and over 200 abstracts in Acridoidea and they differ from other Brazil. The project, entitled “Biota de conference proceedings. We are con- caeliferans by have the tympanum lo- Orthoptera do Brazil” had a grant of fident that the several editions of the cated on the first abdominal segment. 1.7 million of Brazilian reais, allow- Symposium were the trigger for the Within this superfamily there are the

Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 7 METALEPTEA families Acrididae, , and Grylloidea is recognized as a sidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Ommexechidae. Acrididae is the most monophyletic clade with almost 6,000 Brazil. numerous and widely distributed fam- species in 899 genera. The number of ily of Acridoidea, with ca. of 6,642 families and/or subfamilies in Gryl- Eneopterinae is a diverse cricket known valid species, and more than loidea is broadly debated. Histori- subfamily with a disjunct worldwide 1,401 genera. Over 500 species occur cally, several taxonomical schools distribution with species described in Brazil, and the diversity of shapes, studied the group, adopting distinct for all tropical regions of the world. colors, and sizes are great as well as taxonomic classifications and incon- The ca. 250 species of Eneopterinae the variety of habitats. Romaleidae gruent morphological interpretations, have been extensively studied for is the most diverse family of Acri- mainly regarding characters from the diversity of their communication doidea in the Neotropics with large male genitalia. The cricket fauna of signals since they are the only known specimens that often possess colorful, Neotropical region is probably the crickets that produce high-frequency flashy, and bright hind wings. Mem- least well-known in comparison with songs. We present here Eneopterinae bers of the family Ommexechidae other biogeographical regions, with as a model system to test hypotheses are small grasshoppers with rough or estimates of only 10% of its species that might explain diversification and tubercular integuments and varied and described. Due to the few taxonomic distribution patterns in widespread distinctive ornamentation. To date, the studies and the complex geological biota. We used fossils as calibration taxonomic knowledge of Acridoidea history of this region, the discovery points and biogeographic analyzes to in Brazil was obtained by examining of new genera and species, in the field estimate the origin, how many colo- numerous morphological materials and collections, is relatively common. nizations occurred in South America, coming from collections and depos- Over the last 15 years, about 210 and the routes towards this continent. ited in national and international in- cricket species were described for the Our dating analyses showed that the stitutions. The descriptions of genera Neotropics, but only 11 genera and subfamily is far older than expected and species of Acridoidea are per- 33 species in Brazil. The taxonomic and that its diversification can be formed by performing morphological knowledge of Grylloidea is incipient. traced back to the Late Cretaceous analyses of the external and internal The number of suprageneric lineages (ca. 76 million years ago (Ma)). The genitalia of males to assist in precise is uncertain, resulting in different most supported biogeographical identification of species. Currently, taxonomical classifications adopted scenario suggested that colonization taxonomic studies on Acridoidea in by specialists. Thus, descriptions, of the Neotropics have occurred twice Brazil are advanced in the states of identification keys, catalogues, and independently: (1) first as a dispersal Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, taxonomic revisions, in all levels, are event from Australia during the break- and Rondônia where samples were still very needed, in order to increase up of Gondwana; (2) later through a taken for years, and the material was the knowledge of its diversity. The northern recolonization originating cataloged and identified to species systematic knowledge of Grylloidea from South-east Asia, likely related level. In the state of Amazonas, a is even more incipient, with a lack of to a Holarctic boreotropical distribu- survey was carried out in the Reserva phylogenetic hypotheses and cladis- tion of an eneopterine lineage during Florestal Adolpho Ducke and new tic studies. In this talk state-of-art the Eocene. Therefore, we presented species records for the country were systematics of Neotropical crickets a dated worldwide biogeographi- obtained. It is necessary that studies will be presented, with discussions cal framework for the Eneopterinae of taxonomic aspects are performed on recent studies, including the first crickets. Overall, the disjunct distribu- continuously in the other states of the cladistic analysis based on morpho- tion pattern of Eneopterinae is better country in order to have a better esti- logical characters and performed explained by both ancient and recent mate of the total number of Brazilian for a large Neotropical group, the dispersal events. Whether this could representatives of Acridoidea. Phalangopsidae. These results and reflect a widespread pattern in insect prospects of future studies will also be groups exhibiting a disjunct distribu- discussed. tion remains to be investigated by Systematics of Neotropical crickets: studying other insect lineages. The in- what do we know and where are we formation gathered here will also help going? From Pacific islands to Neotropics: with proposing new directions for The history of Neotropical Eneopteri- future studies concerning the acoustic Pedro G.B. Souza-Dias (pedrogdias@ nae innovations presented by members of gmail.com). Instituto de Biociências, this clade. Departamento de Zoologia, Universi- Natallia Maria de Freitas Vicente dade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. ([email protected]). Univer- Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 8 METALEPTEA What may I eat: is there feeding between (i) Mellopsis doucasae and Gryllus assimilis is a well-known segregation among forest cricket Phoremia zefai + P. rolfsi, (ii) Luzari- agricultural pest of maize, soy, rice species? nae gen. nov. and P. zefai + P. rolfsi + and sunflower crops. As gregarious P. sp 2, (iii) M. doucasae and Eidma- behavior has not been described for Carlos Frankl Sperber1 (sperberufv@ nacris sp. (although both overlapped this species, it can be hypothesized gmail.com), Fabiene Maria de Jesus2 with P. rolfsi + P. sp1), (iv) Izecksoh- that females do not sexually select & Og Francisco de Souza3. 1Departa- niella sp. and P. zefai and between M. for their partners. Considering this mento de Biologia Geral; 2Laboratório doucasae and P. zefai (although both rationale, the objective of this study de Orthoptera, Departamento de pairs overlapped with each other), was to understand whether agonistic Biologia Geral; 3Departamento de and (v) between M. doucasae and P. behavior affects the number of eggs Entomologia, Universidade Federal de zefai + P. rolfsi. The values of δ15N is laid by females. In the laboratory, two Viçosa. evidence that crickets can occupy up experimental designs were used to Crickets are the most abundant or- to three trophic levels, from primary test it. In the first, nine couples were ganisms in litter macrofauna of tropi- decomposers to carnivores 2, with used. In the second, each female was cal forests. They coexist in this high intraspecific differences in trophic kept with two males. Either couples productivity stratum, without evident level among sites. Among the five or trebles were left in a box with segregation of ecological niche. When observed cases of diet segregation, dimensions of 10x10x15 cm. Average in equilibrium, coexistence of spe- most occurred between genera. Niche weight±S.E. of males (0.61±0.13 and cies at the same trophic level is only breadth was narrower in sites with 0.62±0.09 g) and females (1.03±0.08 possible if the rate of their resource four, compared to sites with three and 1.01±0.08 g) did not differ statis- reposition surpasses the rate of con- co-occurring cricket species (F1,19 = tically between experimental designs. sumption, or, alternatively, if there is 5.27; P = 0.03). Therefore, we did not A piece of damp cotton was provided some kind of resource-partitioning find an unequivocal pattern of niche for oviposition. Daily observations that reduces diet overlap among co- segregation. Our results showed a of the behaviors were performed and, occurring species. Here we tested great trophic amplitude, reinforcing after 31 days, the number of eggs the hypothesis that there is resource the mostly indirect concept of crickets laid were counted. From all females segregation in crickets that co-occur being omnivorous. We also showed (nine) kept with one male, only one in litter. We evaluated trophic niche there is a great trophic plasticity in female laid eggs (37 eggs), resulting of co-occurring cricket species using crickets among sites, and showed that in an average±S.E. of 4.11±12.33. stable isotope analyses for carbon feeding resource is not an absolute On the other hand, females kept and nitrogen. We studied nine cricket driver of trophic niche. Even so, we with two males laid an average of species in six independent forest detected that higher species richness 115.66±13.79 eggs. Regarding be- fragments, and the co-occurrence of was correlated to narrower niches. As havior, the following actions were re- three to four species. In case there far as this occurred even in species corded: (i) antennal stroking, in which was diet segregation, we expected no that overlapped their trophic niches, females recognize their partners by overlap of the 95% credibility el- we interpret this niche-narrowing as tapping the cephalic region of the lipses drawn in the delta space δ15N x resulting from segregation in another males; (ii) courtship songs, in which δ13C, among species collected at the niche dimension, which would lead to males emit acoustic signal; and (iii) same site. We did not find differences more restricted diets in the sites with sidling, in which defeated males move in δ13C values in any site. Values of more cricket species. We concluded to the edges of the container, in a sub- δ13C were bound within the spectrum that feeding resource is not limiting missive behavior, which often results of -33 to -24‰, which is evidence for litter cricket species co-occur- in death as this male is eaten either by for consuming resources originating rence. the other males or by the female. from C3 plants. The values for δ15N varied from 0 to 9%, showing that crickets explore a continuum of diets ORAL PRESENTATION POSTER ABSTRACTS ranging from primary to tertiary con- sumers. There were overlaps among Influence of agonistic behaviour on A new species of Amblytropidia 95% credibility ellipses, within the oviposition ofGryllus assimilis Stål, 1873 (Orthoptera, Acrididae, delta space δ15N x δ13C, in all sites, , Amblytropidiini) encompassing 15 pair-to-pair cricket Acosta, R.C.; Brugnera, R.; Limberger, Alagoas, Brazil with chromosome species combinations. There were G.M.; Fonseca, D.B.. Universidade complement only five cases of non-overlapping Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio ellipses, suggesting diet segregation Grande, RS, Brazil Costa, M. K. M1 (katiamatiotti@gmail. Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 9 METALEPTEA com); Zefa, E2. 1Pontifícia Universi- pronotum sinuous, apex of the wing collected by actively searching visu- dade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul rounded, supra-anal plate sub-oval, ally and with a sweep net. Screening (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; furculae composed of four sclerotized and identification were performed in 2Universidade Federal de Pelotas, projections, aedeagus of the genitalia the Entomology Laboratory, Pontificia Pelotas, RS, Brazil. of male strongly tapered, and epiphal- Universidade Católica do Rio Grande lus with flat bridge. The species do Sul (PUCRS). The genitalia were Acrididae is the largest family of displays 2n = 23, X0♂ / XX♀ with all dissected and drawn with the aid of Acridoidea, comprising a diversity acrocentric chromosomes, four pairs a microscope equipped with a clear of grasshoppers, with about 6,640 of large- sized bivalent (G1- G4), camera. Photos of the insect’s body species and 26 subfamilies. Gompho- five medium size (M5 - M9) and two in different positions were performed cerinae includes 192 genera, among small (P10 - Q11); presence of a chro- with the aid of a digital camera. Stud- them Amblytropidia, composed of mosome B in few nuclei. The species ied specimens included observations fourteen neotropical species. The aim analyzed here shares the same number of the following: integument of the of this study was to describe a new and chromosome morphology of the head and pronotum dorso-laterally, species belonging to the tribe Ambly- three species studied, Amblytropidia antennae ensiform, fastigium with the tropidiini that occurs in the state of robusta Bruner, 1906, Amblytropidia vertex pointed; supranal plate subtri- Alagoas and register, for the first time, australis Bruner, 1904 and Ambly- angular, longer than wide; cerci short this genus for the northeastern region tropidia sola Rehn, although the latter and conic. The important characters in of Brazil. Specimens were collected does not have megameric chromo- the recognition of internal genitalia, by Biota Project group Orthoptera of somes. the phallic complex of the male, were Brazil, in January, 2013, through an observed, drawn, and photographed, active search at the “Station Serra do highlighting the following structures Ouro”municipality of Murici (AL), Morphology and new occurrence of as important for species identification: 9 ° 14’7.50” S - 35 ° 50’10.40. The Aeolacris bella Rehn, 1909 (Orthop- epiphallus, ancorae, apodemes of the specimens were screened and identi- tera, Romaleidae, Romaleinae) in cingulum, aedeagus, and endophallic fied at the Entomology Laboratory, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil sclerites. These characters of the inter- Pontificia Universidade Católica of nal genitalia are not mentioned in the Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Pho- Costa, M. K. M1 (katiamatiotti@gmail. original genus description, justifying tographs and measurements of head, com); Zefa, E2.; Carvalho, G. S1. 1Pon- this study. Furthermore, the distribu- thorax, and abdomen, as well as tifícia Universidade Católica do Rio tion of the genus is being expanded. the phallic complex structures were Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, obtained with a stereomicroscope RS, Brazil; 2Universidade Federal de Discovery V20 - Zeiss. The descrip- Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Karyotype of the two species of tion of the external morphology crickets Oecanthus Serville, 1831 includes head, thorax, abdomen, and Aeolacris is a genus consisting of (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Gryllidae) of its appendices; the internal morphol- three species, including Aeolacris Rio Grande do Sul ogy covers the male genitalia. For bella, which belongs to the tribe morphological studies, the characters Procolpini. Its distribution in South Zefa, E1. ([email protected]); Costa, analyzed were: color pattern, shape of America occurs between Brazil, Peru, M. K. M.2. 1Universidade Federal de pronotum, form of supra-anal plate of Guyana, and Ecuador. They are grass- Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.; 2Pontifícia male, subgenital plate, cerci, furculae, hoppers of well-distinct body struc- Universidade Católica do Rio Grande and characteristics of the external ture compared to other members of do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, and internal genitalia of both sexes. the tribe with the presence of several Brazil. Four adult males were dissected to tubercles on the pronotum, wings with remove testicles, which were prepared yellow spots, and extremely robust Oecanthinae is a small subfamily in a solution of 0.075M KCl, fixed tibial spines. This study aims to report of crickets that occur in the canopy in Carnoy I and stained with 0.5% the record of the species in the State of trees or shrubs, representing a new lacto-acetic orcein. The new spe- of Rondonia and present morpho- taxon in the evolutionary history cies differs markedly from the other logical characteristics that distinguish of Grylloidea, with 169 described cited for Brazil by the presence of gender. Sampling was carried out in species with worldwide distribution. micropterous wings and developed December, 2013 in six modules in From the chromosomal point of view, furculae, and further characterized the areas of influence of UHE Santo only five species were studied with by: rounded fastigium, pronotum with Antônio Energia, the city of Porto karyotypes ranging from 2n = 19 and well-protruding ridges, lateral lobe of Velho, Rondônia. The samples were 20 chromosomes. The aim of this Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 10 METALEPTEA study was to describe the karyotype of zones, comprises around a thousand Luzarini is erected, Luzarini status Oecanthus lineolatus Saussure, 1897 species grouped in six subfamilies, nov. and Oecanthus pallidus Zefa, 2012 and constitutes one of the most occurring sympatrically in tobacco remarkable families of Grylloidea. plantations and in bushes in São This group reaches its largest diver- Wet or dry: that is the question! Lourenço, Rio Grande do Sul. The in- sification in the Neotropical region, What is the ideal humidity for litter dividuals were dissected with gut me- being the largest and most common crickets oviposition? dium ovaries and testes 0.075 subject- taxon of Grylloidea in tropical forests. ed to hypotonic solution for 10 min In this region, the subfamily Luza- Farias-Martins, F.1 (neucirufv@gmail. and then fixed in Carnoy I. Tissues rinae constitutes the largest lineage com); Fianco, M.1; Magro, S.1; Sper- were crushed on slides with a drop of of Phalangopsidae, with at least 290 ber, C.F.2 ; Szinwelski, N.1. 1Universi- 45% acetic acid and the chromosomes described species. However, the dade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, stained with 0.5% lacto-acetic orcein. taxonomic knowledge of Luzarinae is Cascavel, PR, Brazil.; 2Departamento Oecanthus lineolatus has 2n = 20 (18 incipient, resulting in a great debate de Entomologia, Universidade Federal + XY♂ / 18 + XX♀) with asymmetri- about the number of suprageneric de Viçosa, Viçosa, PR, Brazil. cal karyotype with two pairs of large lineages and, consequently, in differ- metacentric chromosomes, the smaller ent systems of taxonomic classifica- Humidity can determine the distri- one with a secondary constriction tion. The systematics knowledge, bution of organisms in the environ- in the arm, and seven pairs of small from a phylogenetic point of view, is ment. For many species, adequate acrocentric chromosomes; O. pallidus still more incipient. The evolutionary humidity represents greater reproduc- has 2n = 18 (16 + XY♂ / 16 + XX♀) relationships between Phalangopsidae tive success and rapid growth, as well with asymmetric karyotype with two subfamilies, as well as Phalangop- as larger individuals and populations. pairs of large metacentric chromo- sidae with other Grylloidea groups, Reproduction is a crucial step for the somes and six pairs of small acrocen- remain unknown. This study aims to success of species and it would be ex- tric chromosomes. In both species perform the first cladistic analysis of pected that females choose adequate the X chromosome is submetacentric Phalangopsidae using morphologi- reproductive sites, in order to increase large size and acrocentric Y chro- cal and genital characters in order to survival of their offspring. For litter mosome of small size. Among the propose a suprageneric classifica- crickets, however, the ideal moisture species studied, O. indicus Saussure, tion for this group. The study of the for reproduction is not known and the 1878, O. nigricornis Walker, 1869 male phallic complex allowed the few articles published on the sub- and O. quadripunctata Beutenmüller, proposition of 83 genital characters. ject cite the temperature as the main 1894 present 2n = 19, X0, O. lineola- The cladistic analysis was performed factor, overlooking humidity. In this tus, O. longicauda Matsumura, 1904 using 142 characters (83 genital + study, we evaluated, through manipu- and O. pelluscens (Scopoli, 1763) 2n 59 morphology) and 60 species with lative experiments in the field and = 20, XY, and O. pallidus 2n = 18, five species used as outgroups. The in the laboratory, the ideal humidity XY, all asymmetric with karyotypes, analyses were performed using both chosen by female crickets for repro- and the chromosome X large, and Y, if equal weights and implied weights for duction (oviposition). In the Iguaçu present, of small size. Although only the morphological + genital charac- Nation Park (Foz do Iguaçu – PR/ a few species have been studied, these ters and only genital characters. The BR) we conducted the field experi- characteristics appear to be relatively following taxonomic alterations were ment, with 30 transects of 100 meters conserved within the group. made based in one of the analyses: the length, divided into ten points each. genus Endophallusia de Mello, 1990 At each point, we randomly dis- is now considered a junior synonym tributed 10 trays with water-soaked Cladistic analysis of Phalangopsidae, of Eidmanacris Chopard, 1956; the cotton in 10 levels: 0 to 198 g of with emphasis in Luzarinae (Orthop- species Strinatia teresopolis Mesa, water, in a 22 g interval (n=30). We tera, Ensifera, Grylloidea) 1999 was not grouped with the other performed the laboratory experiment species of Strinatia and it is trans- (20,75 x lower scale) in the Labo- Souza-Dias, P.G.B (pedrogdias@gmail. ferred to a new genus, to be defined; ratório de Zoologia da Uniamérica com). Instituto de Biociências, Depar- the genus Endecous now comprises (Foz do Iguaçu – PR), with control tamento de Zoologia, Universidade two subgenera, Endecous and No- of relative humidity, temperature and de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. tendecous; a new tribe Aracambini photoperiod. Parthenogenetic females trib. nov. is proposed; the elevation of of Ubiquepuella telytokus were placed The family Phalangopsidae, dis- subtribe Lernecina to tribe Lernecini in circular trays (n=30). Each tray re- tributed in tropical and subtropical status nov. is proposed; and the tribe ceived ten levels of humidity packed Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 11 METALEPTEA in pet covers with 0.7 g of cotton. The Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. metanotal gland characters of Eid- humidity levels varied from zero to manacris using Scanning Electron 9.54 g of water, with a 1.06 g interval. The Neotropical fauna of Grylloi- Microscopy (SEM). Of the 19 spe- Each level was placed radially on the dea, compared with other Orthoptera, cies described up until now, 13 were tray, 7.5 cm away from each other, are still unknown. This is due to the sampled: E. alboannulata,E. biden- clockwise, and randomly. The highest small number of publications on this tata, E. caipira, E. corumbatai, E. level was considered due to the pres- group, mainly taxonomic studies, dissimilis, E. fusca, E. larvaeformis, ence of supernatant water (field and resulting in an underestimated diver- E. meridionalis, E. papaveroi, E. sep- lab). Both experiments had a 48 hour sity. The genus Eidmanacris Chopard, tentrionalis, E. simoesi, E. suassunai, duration. After the experiment, trays 1956 has 19 described species, and is and E. tridentata. We also sampled were screened and eggs were counted. distributed in Atlantic Forest and Cer- five other undescribed species. The We have adjusted generalized linear rado, extending towards south, south- examined specimens were dissected models with distribution of binomial east, and midwest Brazilian regions, with the forewings removed, and then errors. We found 270 eggs: 229 in reaching Bolivia and Paraguay (Cha- the thorax, including pro, meso and the field and 41 in laboratory. More cos). They are essentially nocturnal, metanotum. The samples were dehy- than 90% of the eggs were oviposited remaining under loose bark, hollow drated via ascending alcohol series in humidity above 44%. The prob- trunks on the ground, in natural cavi- until 100% ethanol. Next, the samples ability of oviposition was increased ties (burrows and caves), or between were submitted to critical point drying with humidity, both in the field and in the litter. Although the number of with CO2 as transitional fluid. The the lab, and there was no significant described species is relatively large, prepared metanota were fixed on stubs difference in the probability of ovi- being the most diverse cricket genus and coated with gold. We performed position between experiments. High in Brazil, there are still many spe- the analysis in the Scanning Electron availability of humidity in the embryo cies to describe. Together with the Microscopy Zeiss Sigma of Institute phase correlates with the biggest male’s phallic complex, metanotal of Biosciences, University of Sao and heaviest crickets, and these have gland characters have been important Paulo. Among the species cited above, higher survival rates, more fertility, to identify these species, contributing three in their descriptions did not have and more resistance to desiccation. to cladistics studies of the genus. The a metanotal gland, but we discovered Optimal levels of humidity do not metanotal gland, located in the dorsal that only E. tridentata lacked a meta- induce egg diapause, increasing birth region of the metanotum under the notal gland. Using the SEM images rates and population size. The results forewings of adult males, has been we proposed the following characters: provide support for the claim that the used as taxonomic character by many 1) triangular median crest of anterior humidity is an important factor in authors for different Grylloidea taxa. border of metanotum; 2) position the niche of these animals. Although Some functions have been proposed between lateral projections (parallels, the experiment was carried out with over time for this structure, the most convergent, directed to pronotum); 3) insects, there are indications that hu- accepted of which is its role in the lateral projections surface (smooth or midity availability is a limiting factor reproductive behavior of crickets. rugous); 4) lateral projections form for many groups of animals by chang- During the courtship, males raise their (cylindrical or conical); and 5) micro ing their geographical distribution and forewings and exhibit these glands, projection between lateral projections. abundance. This work also contributes their secretions serving as a nuptial These characters are very useful in to the biological conservation of litter gift for the females to feed on while identifying Eidmanacris species and crickets through the knowledge of the male transfers the spermatophore. can be used in a phylogenetic analysis optimal variables for the population The aim of this study was to examine of the genus. of these organisms.

Use of electron microscopy in the proposition of characters from meta- notal gland in Eidmanacris (Orthop- tera, Phalangopsidae) Metaleptea Campos, L. D. (lcdenadai@gmail. brevipennis com); Souza-Dias, P.G.B.; Nihei, S.S. from Mexico Instituto de Biociências, Departamen- (Photo: to de Zoologia, Universidade de São P. Fontana) Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 12 METALEPTEA Theodore J. Cohn Research Grant Reports Inter- and Intra-island diversification in the genusAriagona Krauss, 1892 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) By TOBIAS SCHULTE-MIDDELMANN Universität Trier, GERMANY [email protected]

ceanic archipelagos is a monotypic of volcanic origin are bush-cricket excellent areas for the genus, endemic study of colonization, to the Canary Is- differentiation, and lands (Fig. 1) and OO speciation processes its type species, (Emerson, 2002). The Canary Islands, Ariagona mar- a volcanic archipelago situated in the garitae Krauss, northeast Atlantic Ocean, are among 1892, has been the best-studied archipelagos in this found on three regard. They exhibit high rates of (Tenerife, El endemism, a broad range of habitats, Hierro and La and they are geologically dynamic Gomera) of the (Emerson, 2002). Due to the fact that seven Islands Figure 1. Male Ariagona margaritae the geological history of the archipel- (Gangwere et al., ago is well-known, the Canary Islands 1972). Recent Gomera show a significant genetic offer a temporal framework within preliminary studies suggest that some differentiation due to the high ages of which to examine biological diversi- populations show morphological dif- these two islands, whereas the popula- fication (Cox et al., 2010). Phyloge- ferences, suggesting that they repre- tions of the much younger island of El netic studies of numerous taxa have sent unique species (López, unpub- Hierro are assumably less differenti- shown a stepwise colonization se- lished). ated. I also hypothesized that popula- quence from older to younger islands In my PhD thesis, I tested the tions from La Gomera represent the (Juan et al., 2000), but exceptions ex- hypothesis that inter- and intra-island sister lineage for those from El Hierro ist (Husemann et al., 2014). The Or- differentiation occurred in the ge- due to its closer proximity. As Tener- thoptera fauna of the Canary Islands nus Ariagona. I hypothesized that ife originated from the aggregation of is comparatively well-known (Bland the populations on Tenerife and La three successive shields (Guillou et et al., 1996; Bland, 2001) and phylog- enies of several Canarian genera has been inferred using molecular mark- ers (Acrostira/Purpuraria: López et al., 2007; Calliphona: Arnedo et al., 2008; Arminda: Hochkirch and Görzig, 2009; Sphingonotus: Huse- mann et al., 2014). All of these studies included the discovery of hitherto undescribed species (Arminda palmae Hochkirch & Görzig, 2009; Sphin- gonotus fuerteventurae Husemann, 2008; Calliphona gomerensis Pfau & Pfau, 2007; Purpuraria magna López & Oromi, 2013). Thus, it is likely that more cryptic species will be discov- ered on the Canary Islands. The genus Ariagona Krauss, 1892 Figure 2. Locations in which Ariagona is present.

Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 13 METALEPTEA in which Ariagona occurs (see Fig. 2) cant differentiation on the island of and the locations cover the northern Tenerife. The songs are quiet, simple, slopes of Tenerife. I did not found any and best described as a syllable train specimens in the south of the island, (Fig. 4). I assumed that the most probably due to the climatic differenc- likely differentiation would be in the es between the dry hot south and the temporal components. Therefore, more humid conditions in the north of I analyzed the duration of the gaps Tenerife (see photos of the preferred between two syllables, the duration of habitat: Fig. 3). the gap between the opening and the In total, I collected 45 males and 40 closing part of a syllable, the duration females for further analysis. Due to of a syllable and the closing and open- the fact that many of the male speci- ing parts, and the amount of pulses mens were still in the last nymphal per syllable. Some of the analyzed stage, I took them back to the lab components show significant differ- alive and reared them, so that I could ences between regions, but, overall, record the songs. I recorded songs of these results do not show a clear 41 males from different regions of the differentiation between the specimens island. For the ecological analysis I belonging to different genetic clades. collected information on the habitat To further test my hypothesis, I will preferences of 65 females and 73 collect and analyze material from La males from eleven regions. The habi- Gomera and El Hierro. Also, I want tat analyses performed were similar to to visit the islands La Palma and Gran those by Gröning et al. (2007). Canaria to test if the genus also oc- The collected data still needs further curs there. analysis, but some preliminary results of phylogenetic analysis (sequencing References Cited the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene) Bland RG, et al. (1996) An annotated list of the Orthoptera (sens. lat.) of the Canary Islands. indicate a significant intra-island Journal of Orthoptera Research: 159–173. diversification. At minimum, there are Bland RG (2001) Additions to the Orthoptera two different clades on Tenerife. In (sens. lat.) of the Canary Islands. Journal of Orthoptera research 10: 113–119. Figure 3. Typical habitat of Ariagona margari- addition to the intra-island examina- Cox SC, et al. (2010) Divergence times and tae tions, I included specimens from El colonization of the Canary Islands by Gallotia Hierro and La Gomera (provided by lizards. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolu- al., 2004), I also want to test whether López) in the genetic analysis. The tion 56: 747–757. populations from here show intra-is- reconstructed phylogenetic tree also Emerson BC (2002) Evolution on oceanic land divergence as has been shown for revealed that inter-island differentia- islands: molecular phylogenetic. Molecular other taxa (Juan et al., 1996, 2000). Ecology 11: 951–966. tion is strong. Ferrer M, et al. (2007) Volcanic mega-land- To test these hypotheses, I combine The preliminary analyses of the slides in Tenerife ( Canary Islands , Spain ). : genetic, morphological, bioacoustics, recorded songs did not show a signifi- 185–192. and ecological methods. For this purpose, I performed an initial field study on Tenerife in July/ August 2015, funded by the Theodore J. Cohn Research Fund. The main objectives of that trip were: • Clarification of the distribution of Ariagona on Tenerife • Collect specimens from each region for morphological and phylogenetic analysis • Collect data on habitat preferences • Record songs for bioacoustic analy- Figure 4. Oscillogram of a recorded song (0.95 seconds). Lower amplitude: opening movement, ses higher amplitude: wing closure. Altogether, I found twelve locations

Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 14 METALEPTEA Gangwere SK, et al. (1972) The Distribution K/Ar ages and magnetic stratigraphy. Earth sequence variation and phylogeography of of the Orthopteroidae in Tenerife, Canary and Planetary Science Letters 222: 599–614. Pimelia darkling beetles on the island of Islands, Spain. American Entomological Husemann M, et al. (2014) Multiple indepen- Tenerife (Canary Islands). Heredity 77 ( Pt 6): Institute. dent colonization of the Canary Islands by 589–598. Gröning J, et al. (2007) Habitat preferences the winged grasshopper genus Sphingonotus Juan C, et al. (2000) Colonization and diversifi- of an endangered insect species, Cepero’s Fieber, 1852. Molecular Phylogenetics and cation: Towards a phylogeographic synthesis ground-hopper (Tetrix ceperoi). Ecological Evolution 81: 174–181. for the Canary Islands. Trends in Ecology and Research 22: 767–773. Ingrisch S, Köhler G (1998) Die Heuschrecken Evolution 15: 104–109. Guillou H, et al. (2004) Implications for the Mitteleuropas. early shield-stage evolution of Tenerife from Juan C, et al. (1996) Mitochondrial DNA

Integrating species distribution models, genetics, and morphology to infer species dynamics of New Zealand Phaulacridium grasshoppers By LOUISA SIVYER Massey University, NEW ZEALAND [email protected]

he grasshopper genus Richards and Prof. Steve Trewick, the predicted distributions of P. mar- Phaulacridium (Acridi- I used species distribution models, ginale and P. otagoense differ; 2) the dae: ) occurs spatial genetics, and morphology restricted P. otagoense shows higher throughout Australasia of the New Zealand Phaulacridium levels of genetic variation and geo- with two species en- species to discover how taxonomy, graphic structure than the widespread TT demic to New Zealand. geography, and biology intersect. I P. marginale; 3) P. marginale will Phaulacridium marginale (Walker focused on populations of Phaulac- show recent population expansion; 1870) is recorded from most parts ridium from southern South Island and 4) there is morphological varia- of New Zealand, including Stewart where the two species ranges overlap tion between the two Phaulacridium Island and various other off-shore is- to examine their evolutionary and species. lands. In contrast, P. otagoense (Wes- ecological interactions. A model that terman and Ritchie 1984) is restricted Post Pleistocene changes in distribu- Methods to semiarid regions of South Island. tion explains the observed disparity Species distribution modelling: For my MSc research with super- of genetic variation was tested: 1) the five climate layers were used to infer visors Assoc. Prof. Mary Morgan- environmental conditions underlying potential distributions of the Phaulac- ridium species. Species distribution models were generated with Maxent (Phillips et al. 2006); with models based on georeferenced localities ob- tained from collections and published works. Spatial genetics: a total of 149 Phaulacridium grasshoppers were collected from 18 locations. Haplo- type tree topology, population genet- ics, and demographic history of the Phaulacridium individuals were ex- amined using mtDNA COI sequences. Morphometrics: eight morphometric traits were measured for each indi- vidual using traditional morphometric methods. The model-based clustering Figure 1. Species distribution model projections for the current distribution of New Zealand software, Mclust (Fraley and Raftery Phaulacridium grasshoppers a) P. marginale and b) P. otagoense. Warmer colours indicate land 1999), was used to classify individu- inferred to be within the niche and colder colours represent land outside of the niche. An area als into morphotypes. In addition, where no environmental variable data is available is white. pronotum shape variation among

Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 15 METALEPTEA individuals was Lineage I individuals referred to as P. examined using marginale grasshoppers in a previ- geometric morpho- ous study (Goldberg et al. 2015). metric analysis. Individuals in Lineages II, III, and IV, with the exception of Lineage II, Results have previously been referred to as Species distribu- P. otagoense (Goldberg et al. 2015), tion modelling: the are considered together as Group 2. potential distribu- Both mtDNA COI lineage groups tion of P. marginale co-occurred within a single location at covers the majority southern South Island locations. of New Zealand Demographic history analysis sug- (Fig. 1). In contrast, gests that the widespread range of P. P. otagoense habitat marginale has resulted from recent was limited primar- population expansion because low ily to patches in the genetic diversity is best explained by central/southern small population size. In contrast, P. South Island (Fig. otagoense has a restricted range to- 1). The modelled day, but higher genetic diversity sug- distribution of P. gests that this species was represented otagoense showed in large populations until recently. that this species had Morphometrics: two distinct mor- high potential of oc- photypes were apparent among New curring in a region Zealand Phaulacridium grasshop- of northern South pers using traditional and geometric Island, although this morphometric methods. Individuals of species has not been Type 2 were smaller and typically had recorded that far a wider pronotum and were restricted north (Westerman to southern South Island locations and Ritchie 1984). compared to the larger and wide- Spatial genetics: spread Type 1. Based on Westerman results from the and Ritchie’s (1984) description of phylogenetic analy- New Zealand Phaulacridium spe- sis of the haplotypes cies, I inferred that Type 1 and Type indicated four well- 2 individuals represent P. marginale supported mtDNA and P. otagoense, respectively. Both COI lineages. A Phaulacridium morphotypes co-oc- shallow clade (Lin- curred at some locations in the South eage I) comprised Island. Furthermore, several individu- haplotypes sampled als could not be classified to either from North Island morphotype. This suggests that these and South Island individuals had a mixture of morpho- New Zealand while logical features, with some features three more diverse being more similar to one grasshopper clades (Lineages II, species than the other. Figure 2. Classification of 73 New Zealand Phaulacridium grasshop- pers from populations in central/southern South Island. The two III, and IV) com- Discussion main mtDNA COI lineages are Group 1 (Lineage I (orange)) considered prised haplotypes The overlapping recorded and po- to be P. marginale and Group 2 (Lineage II (light blue), Lineage III sampled from grass- tential distributions of Phaulacridium (dark blue), and Lineage IV (purple)) considered to be P. otagoense. hoppers in south- grasshoppers, along with both species Morphotype is obtained from cluster analysis of the traditional ern/central South co-occurring at some southern South morphology where Type 1 is P. marginale and Type 2 as P. otagoense. Classification was determined using the combined result of genetic Island. Two main Island populations according to ge- and morphotype data. Individuals as identified as having hybrid traits sequence groups netic and morphometric analyses sug- are in bold. were formed, Group gest that there is some introgression. 1 contained all Evidence for this among P. marginale Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 16 METALEPTEA Phaulacridium hybrids exist in the wild, however it is unknown whether these hybrids are F1 and fertile. Lindis Valley and Lake Dunstan areas appear to be the last strongholds of P. otagoense (Fig. 3). Based on histori- cal records of the distribution and the results of the current study, it seems that P. marginale is steadily replac- ing P. otagoense and this may be facilitated by human modification of landscape and vegetation.

References Cited Figure 3. Geographic distribution of New Zealand Phaulacridium classifications around the Fraley, C. & Raftery, A. E. 1999. MCLUST: southern South Island. The three classifications are grouped by colour: P. marginale (red), P. Software for model-based cluster analysis. otagoense (blue), and putative hybrid individuals (green). Journal of Classification, 16, 297–306. Goldberg, J., Morgan-Richards, M. & Trewick, and P. otagoense comes from the Southern South Island populations S. A. 2015. Intercontinental island hopping: Colonization and speciation of the grasshop- mismatch between morphology and consisted of grasshoppers classified per genus Phaulacridium (Orthoptera: Acridi- genetic data. as P. marginale, P. otagoense (Genet- dae) in Australasia. Zoologischer Anzeiger, All North Island and northern South ics = Group 2, Morphology = Type 255, 71–79. Island populations sampled consisted 2), and putative hybrids (Group 1 Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P. & Schapire, R. E. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of of individuals inferred to be P. margi- and Type 2, Group 2 and Type 1, and species geographic distributions. Ecological nale (Genetics = Group 1, Morphol- Group 1 or 2 and Mixed). Modelling, 190, 231–259. ogy = Type 1). However, within the Comparing the morphological and Westerman, M. & Ritchie, J. M. 1984. The samples from the nine southern South genetic data from my study dem- taxonomy, distribution and origins of two Island locations there was a mixture onstrates the first reported case of species of Phaulacridium (Orthoptera: Acri- didae) in the South Island of New Zealand. of Phaulacridium classifications (Fig. introgression between P. marginale Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 21, 2). and P. otagoense. It is evident that 283–298. The large saxaul humpbacked grasshopper (Dericorys albidula Serv.) in Uzbekistan By GAPPAROV, F.A.1, LATCHININSKY, A.V.2, NURZHANOV, A.A.1, & TUFLIEV, N.1 1Uzbek Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tashkent, UZBEKISTAN 2University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.

dult description. The is widespread in North large saxaul hump- Africa, Eastern Mediter- backed grasshopper – ranean zone (Syria, Iraq), Dericorys albidula Serv. Iran, Western Pakistan, is a large acridid: body Northern Afghanistan, AA length of male is 42.5- Central Asia, Kazakh- 51.2 mm, female 49.7-57.1mm [1] stan, and in Dzungaria (Fig. 1). Wings yellowish-green with (the Northern Xinjiang a smoky spot at tip. Tarsi with well- region of China). This developed arolia. Hind tibia long, red acridid species is charac- on the inside, with clearly asymmetri- teristic of sandy deserts cal spines. - sand dunes, sand hills, and valley-shaped sandy Distribution. Dericorys albidula depressions, and is also Figure 1. Large saxaul humpbacked grasshopper – Dericorys quite commonly associ- albidula Serv. Photo: A. Latchininsky, 2008 Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 17 METALEPTEA Atriplex micrantha (Amaranthaceae), and Agriophyllum latifolium (Ama- ranthaceae).

Ecology. In Uzbekistan, the govern- ment pays a great deal of attention to propagating shrubs, in particular the saxaul woodlands. Prior to 1991, the total area of saxaul woodlands in the republic was about 600 thousand hectares. After Uzbekistan became independent in 1991, the extent of saxaul woodlands has increased by two and a half times. Dozens of oil refineries and gas-processing plants have been constructed jointly with Russian and European companies in the past two decades and to prevent sand encroaching onto these industrial facilities, saxaul plantations have been Figure 2. Image of large saxaul humpbacked grasshopper damage to white saxaul (Haloxylon created and the area of saxaul wood- persicum). On this one saxaul shrub, there are more than 100 grasshoppers. Location: Saxaul lands increased greatly. Saxaul wood- woodland in the Nishan district of the Kashkadarya region in South Uzbekistan (Gapparov, lands have also been planted in areas 2008). where the Aral Sea waters receded ated with saxaul shrubs (Haloxylon (the so-called intermediate molt) with such plantations now covering spp.) (Fig. 2). when coming out onto the soil surface 125 thousand hectares. During Soviet In Uzbekistan, the large saxaul and then climb up on a saxaul crown. times, the populations of Uzbekistan humpbacked grasshopper is a typical All further stages of nymphal devel- living in desert areas had a shortage inhabitant of desert shrublands. The opment as well as adult mating occur of electricity and gas and were com- main habitats of this locust in Uz- on saxaul and other halophytic shrubs pelled to go to the saxaul woodlands, bekistan are desert areas with saxaul and bushes [2,3]. in particular, to provide themselves shrublands, such as: Surkhan Sher- The duration of nymphal develop- with fuel. Thus, instead of coal and abad and Karshi steppes, and Kara- ment is 44-50 days. Over this period, gas, the saxaul firewood was used in Kum and Kyzyl-Kum deserts. The the nymphs molt five times and the large quantities, with more than one largest permanent breeding areas are adults emerge in early to mid June. thousand hect- in the saxaul woodlands in the Bukha- Oviposition starts in early July and ares of saxaul ra region (Karakul, Olat districts) in continues into August. Egg-pods are woodlands Karakalpakstan (Turtkul, Elikkala deposited in open clay depressions destroyed ev- districts) and in the Hozarasps district (takyr) and in the compacted soils ery year. Since of the Khorezm region. along sheep trails. Under natural con- 1991, the ditions, the large saxaul humpbacked percentage of Phenology. In the Karshi steppe (Nis- grasshopper feeds on green shoots of the population han district of Kashkadarya region, S. black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum), of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan), hatching of nymphs of white saxaul (H. persicum), and plants that use gas D. albidula starts in late April while of the Amaranthaceae (formerly has increased in Karakalpakstan (NW Uzbekistan) it Chenopodiaceae) family growing on from 17% to starts in mid-May. Hatching begins in salinized soils such as Salsola lon- 78% and sax- the late afternoon after the heat of the gifolia, S. arbuscula, and S. richteri. aul woodlands day declines and all nymphs from the According to Tokgayev [4], in the are protected same egg-pod hatch out together. The laboratory, this grasshopper fed on Figure 3. Egg-pod egg-pod is flask-shaped and contains Gamanthus gamocarpus (Amarantha- of Dericorys 22-34 eggs (Fig. 3) [1]. Hatchlings ceae), Lycium ruthenicum (Solanace- albidula. Vertical immediately shed their egg capsule ae), Peganum harmala (Nitririaceae), line equals to 1 cm (from [3]). Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 18 METALEPTEA by the state through the creation of a and can completely destroy shrubs J.A., Kambulin V. E., Gapparov F.A. Locusts special protection service. by feeding on them from the top. In of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and adjacent The large saxaul humpbacked grass- 2008, there was a mass outbreak of territories. – Association for Applied Acridol- ogy International/University of Wyoming, hopper is a typical inhabitant of desert this grasshopper in saxaul woodlands, Laramie, WY, USA, 2002. – 387 pages. shrublands. As indicated before, its which resulted in a very high level 2. Gapparov F.A., Eshchanov B. Mass repro- diet is quite narrow and includes pri- of damage. Interestingly, the saxaul duction of saxaul’s humpbacked locusts in marily saxaul (Haloxylon spp.) shrubs grasshoppers are attracted to light Uzbekistan / Sb. materials of Republican scientific and practical conference of young and Salsola spp. plants. However, to and when their large swarms fly into scientists. – Tashkent, 2008. protect saxaul woodlands from the villages they create panic among the 3. Gapparov F.A., Eshchanov B. R., Nurzhanov grasshopper damage, a locust control local population. However, since A.A. Locusts bringing damage to saxsaul’s service was specially created in the both the nymph and adult stages feed plant. / “Biology and actual problems of it Bukhara region of Uzbekistan. Every primarily on saxaul shrubs the saxaul teaching” Scientific and practical conference at the State Pedagogical University named year this service uses pesticides to grasshoppers are not dangerous to Nizomy – Tashkent, 2009. –311. treat 10 to 30 thousand hectares of agricultural crops. 4. Tokgayev T. Fauna and ecology of acridids of saxaul woodlands infested by this Turkmenistan. – Ylym: Ashgabat, 1973. – 220 grasshopper. During mass outbreaks References Cited pages. these grasshoppers form swarms 1. Lachininsky A.V., Sergeev M. G., Childebayev M. K., Chernyakhovsky M. E., J. A. Lokvud, Notes on Ngogoma By C.H.F. ROWELL [email protected] ccording to both the Banyoro and the Bagan- da people of Uganda, a child who wets his/her bed can be permanently AA cured of the habit by having him/her eat a certain species of roasted tettigoniid. Actually, 2 species, both Copiph- orini, that are found living in-between the fibrous sheaths of a plantain/ba- nana main stem. They are both known as Ngogoma (Nyoro) or Bukamun- gogoma (Ganda) - both names refer to its position in the sheath (ngogoma), -buka being the root of the Luganda (the major language of Uganda) verb meaning “to jump into”. I have not been able yet to discover how widely the belief is distributed among other Ugandan peoples, who include many non-Bantu language speakers as well. It is perhaps worth adding that another closely-related Conocepha- Figures a-e. a) P. pungens, brown morph; b) P. pungens, green morph; c) P. pungens, frontal line, differens (in Luganda, view of frons; d) Lanista annulicornis, brown morph; e) Lanista annulicornis, oblique view of “Nsenene”), is prized throughout East frons and mandibles. Africa as a tasty snack when fried, Claudia Hemp kindly identified medicinal properties of these grass- so it should therefore be easy to get a specimens of these copiphorins for hoppers by Tibagamba Ereza Joseph, child of this region to take this medi- me: they are Pseudorhynchus pun- of Masindi, and Namubiru Phiona cine without complaint. gens and Lanista sp. nr. annulicornis. Phoebe, of Entebbe. I was informed of the interesting Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 19 METALEPTEA Orthopteran diversity in adjacent forest fragments between Southeast Asia’s first overhead ecological bridge By MING KAI TAN, ROBIN WEN JIANG NGIAM, YI FEI CHUNG National University of Singapore, SINGAPORE [email protected] orest fragmentation is one of the primary threats to biodiversity around the world (Turner & Cor- lett, 1996; Tscharntke et FFal., 2002; Fahrig, 2003; Tscharntke & Brandl, 2004; Haddad et al., 2015). Roads and other linear infrastructures, which are among the most common factors of fragmenta- tion, are known to have acute envi- ronmental impacts on natural habitats, especially in tropical rainforests. A mitigation method for fragmentation is the provision of ecological cor- ridors, which are physical or biologi- cal strips that connect patches for the dispersal and migration of species (Foreman et al., 1995; Rosenberg et al., 1997; Jongman et al., 2004). An example is the Eco-Link@BKE in Figure 1. Aerial photograph of the Eco-Link@BKE and its adjacent forests. Right side of the cor- Singapore (N1.3568, E103.7835). ridor is the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) and left side is the Bukit Timah Nature This is the first overhead wildlife Reserve (BTNR). The expressway running below the corridor is the Bukit Timah Expressway. bridge in Southeast Asia and was completed at the end of 2013 (Chung et al., 2014). At about 60 m in length sampling transect, Orthoptera were et al., 2004). We found that CCNR and 50 m wide, it was constructed to collected, identified, and quantified (mean = 9) support a significantly enhance connectivity between two before released. This was repeated richer orthopteran community than rainforest nature reserves, the Bukit ten times for each forest reserve. In BTNR (mean =7) (Mann-Whitney Timah Nature Reserve (BTNR) and total, 61 species were recorded from test, p-value = 0.021) (Fig. 4). Since the larger Central Catchment Nature the two forest fragments with 32 and species richness is not representative Reserve (CCNR), which were separat- 48 species recorded from the BTNR of the diversity, we also calculated ed by the construction of an eight-lane and CCNR fragments respectively. the Shannon diversity to account for vehicular expressway in 1986. Species accumulation curves using abundance and evenness. The Shan- Between 2011 and 2013, we inves- the Kindt exact method suggested that non diversity in the two fragments tigated the orthopteran diversity in the asymptote was not reached (Fig. were 1.70 and 1.90 but were not sta- two forest fragments on both ends of 3). Species diversity (richness and tistically significant (Mann-Whitney the Eco-Link@BKE (Fig. 1). Sam- abundance-weighted diversity) and test, p-value = 0.147) (Fig. 4). pling was conducted at night (8 PM), community structure have been used We also examined the ecologi- during which most species are active, to understand biodiversity response to cal traits that were hypothesised to along two belt-transects (50 m×5 habitat fragmentation (Turner, 1996; influence fragmentation vulnerability. m) about 100 m apart in each for- Didham et al., 1998; Kemper et al., These traits, such as rarity (abundance est reserve (Fig. 2). Within 30 min- 1999; Benítez-Malvido & Martínez- and occurrence), trophic position, utes of active searching along each Ramos, 2003; Henle et al., 2004; Zhu body size, dispersal ability, vertical

Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 20 METALEPTEA functionally diverse. Being abundant and diverse in nearly every biome, especially in biodiversity hotspots, like Tropical Southeast Asia (Myers et al., 2000), orthopterans are important fauna in various ecosystems and fulfill numer- ous ecological roles (Joern, 1979, 1982; Lockwood, 1998; Belovsky & Slade, 1993; Samways, 1997; Gar- diner & Dover, 2008; Micheneau et al., 2010; Bazelet & Samways, 2011; Yang & Gratton, 2014). Our study highlighted the potential use of orthopterans as ecological indicator in Singapore and Southeast Asia where it is still rarely applied. Moreover, little about the life history of most or- thopterans in tropical Southeast Asia Figure 2. Map of Eco-Link@BKE adjacent forest. Two belt transects (50m×5m) were placed is known as many species are known about 100 m apart in each forest reserve. Boundary of the map was traced with Google Earth only from taxonomic descriptions. Pro (2015) satellite image dated 27 June 2015. This calls for more baseline studies to allow a more precise categorisation of ecological traits. There are on-going stratification, and habitat specialisa- al. 2001; Van Houtan et al., 2007; efforts to improve our understanding tion were among the factors that Meyer et al., 2008). We found that of the diversity and ecology of or- correlate with vulnerability of spe- most species are rare (low abundance thopterans in this region. By filling in cies extinction (Pimm and Lawton and low occurrence) from both forest this knowledge gap we hope orthop- 1977; Simberloff, 1986; Robinson fragments. Trophic position, dispersal, terans will be a useful indicator for & Quinn, 1988; Caughley, 1994; and vertical stratification show similar evaluating the success of biodiversity Lawton, 1994; Gaston & Blackburn, distribution for species found in and ecological conservation projects. 1995; Blackburn & Gaston, 1997; both forest fragments. Body size and Frank & Amarasekare, 1998; Holt et habitat specialisation appear normally Acknowledgements al., 1999; Davies et al., 2000; Duncan distributed in both forest fragments, The authors thank Yen Kheng Chua, Na- & Young, 2000; Owens & Bennett, suggesting that the orthopteran com- tional Parks Board (NParks), Singapore, 2000; Purvis et al., 2000; Davies et munities in both forest fragments are for initiating the project. The collection

Figure 3. Species accumulation curves of BTNR and CCNR forest frag- Figure 4. Boxplot comparing richness and Shannon diversity between ments. BTNR and CCNR forest fragments.

Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 21 METALEPTEA of material in the Central Catchment tors shifts control of diversity from local to duced predators.Proceedings of the National Nature Reserve and Bukit Timah Nature spatial processes.Ecology Letters, 1(1), 3-5. Academy of Sciences, 97(22), 12144-12148. Reserve was granted by the NParks (NP/ Gardiner, T., & Dover, J. (2008). Is microcli- Pimm, S. L. Lawton 1977. Number of trophic RP10-073-2). The work of MKT was mate important for Orthoptera in open levels in ecological communities.Nature, partly supported by the Lady Yuen Peng landscapes? Journal of Insect Conservation, 268, 329-331. 12(6), 705-709. Purvis, A., Gittleman, J. L., Cowlishaw, G., & McNeice Graduate Fellowship. This re- Gaston, K. J., & Blackburn, T. M. (1995). Birds, Mace, G. M. (2000). Predicting extinction search was funded by the National Parks body size and the threat of extinction. Philo- risk in declining species. Proceedings of the Board (NParks) of Singapore for faunal sophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Royal Society of London B: Biological Sci- survey for the Ecological Corridor Project Biological Sciences, 347(1320), 205-212. ences, 267(1456), 1947-1952. “Eco-Link@BKE”. Google Earth Pro (2015). Singapore. 1° 21’ Robinson, G. R., & Quinn, J. F. (1988). Extinc- 24.10”N, 103° 48’ 56.87”E, Eye alt 500m. tion, turnover and species diversity in an References Cited DigitalGlobe 2016. http://www.earth.google. experimentally fragmented California annual Bazelet, C. S., & Samways, M. J. (2011). Iden- com [Accessed on 2 May 2015]. grassland.Oecologia, 76(1), 71-82. tifying grasshopper bioindicators for habitat Haddad, N.M., Brudvig, L.A., Clobert, J., Rosenberg, D. K., Noon, B. R., & Meslow, E. C. quality assessment of ecological networks. Davies, K.F., Gonzalez, A., Holt, R.D., et al. (1997). Biological corridors: form, function, Ecological Indicators, 11(5), 1259-1269. (2015) Habitat fragmentation and its last- and efficacy. BioScience, 677-687. Belovsky, G. E., & Slade, J. B. (1993). The role ing impact on Earth’s ecosystems. Science Samways, M. J. (1997). Conservation biology of vertebrate and invertebrate predators in a Advances, 1. of Orthoptera. Bionomics of grasshoppers, grasshopper community. Oikos, 193-201. Henle, K., Davies, K. F., Kleyer, M., Margules, katydids, and their kin. Benítez-Malvido, J., & Martínez-Ramos, M. C., & Settele, J. (2004). Predictors of species Simberloff, D. (1986). The proximate causes of (2003). Impact of forest fragmentation on sensitivity to fragmentation. Biodiversity & extinction. In Patterns and processes in the understory plant species richness in Amazo- Conservation,13(1), 207-251. history of life (pp. 259-276). Springer Berlin nia. Conservation biology, 17(2), 389-400. Joern, A. (1979). Feeding patterns in grass- Heidelberg. Blackburn, T. M., & Gaston, K. J. (1997). A hoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): factors Tscharntke, T., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Kruess, A., critical assessment of the form of the inter- influencing diet specialization. Oecologia, & Thies, C. (2002). Characteristics of insect specific relationship between abundance 38(3), 325-347. populations on habitat fragments: a mini and body size in animals.Journal of Joern, A. (1982). Vegetation structure and review. Ecological Research, 17, 229-239. Ecology, 233-249. microhabitat selection in grasshoppers Tscharntke, T., & Brandl, R. (2004). Plant-insect Caughley, G. (1994). Directions in conserva- (Orthoptera, Acrididae). The Southwestern interactions in fragmented landscapes. An- tion biology. Journal of animal ecology, Naturalist, 197-209. nual Reviews in Entomology, 49(1), 405-430. 215-244. Jongman, R. H., Külvik, M., & Kristiansen, I. Turner, I. M. (1996). Species loss in fragments Chung, Y. F., R. R. Kolandavelu, R. W. J. Ngiam, (2004). European ecological networks and of tropical rain forest: a review of the evi- Shunari M., Neves E. S., M. K. Tan, A. H. N greenways. Landscape and urban planning, dence. Journal of applied Ecology, 200-209. Tan., H. K. Chin, J. W. M. Gan & S. K. L. Chan, 68(2), 305-319. Turner, I. M., & Corlett, R. T. (1996). The con- 2014. Connecting rainforest nature reserves Kemper, J., Cowling, R. M., & Richardson, D. servation value of small, isolated fragments in Singapore: the first overhead wildlife M. (1999). Fragmentation of South African of lowland tropical rain forest. Trends in bridge in tropical Asia. Abstracts of the renosterveld shrublands: effects on plant Ecology & Evolution, 11(8), 330-333. Biodiversity Research Symposium. Singapore community structure and conservation Van Houtan, K. S., Pimm, S. L., Halley, J. M., Botanic Gardens, Singapore. P. 19. implications. Biological Conservation, 90(2), Bierregaard, R. O., & Lovejoy, T. E. (2007). Davies, K. F., Margules, C. R., & Lawrence, 103-111. Dispersal of Amazonian birds in continu- J. F. (2000). Which traits of species predict Lawton, J. H., Daily, G., & Newton, I. (1994). ous and fragmented forest. Ecology letters, population declines in experimental forest Population dynamic principles [and discus- 10(3), 219-229. fragments?. Ecology,81(5), 1450-1461. sion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Laurance, W. F., Goosem, M., & Laurance, Davies, K. F., Melbourne, B. A., & Margules, Society B: Biological Sciences, 344(1307), S. G.W. (2009) Impacts of roads and linear C. R. (2001). Effects of within-and between- 61-68. clearings on tropical forests. Trends in Ecol- patch processes on community dynamics in Lockwood, J. A. (1998). Management of ogy & Evolution, 24 (12), 659–669. a fragmentation experiment. Ecology, 82(7), orthopteran pests: a conservation perspec- Yang, L. H., & Gratton, C. (2014). Insects as 1830-1846. tive. Journal of Insect Conservation, 2(3-4), drivers of ecosystem processes. Current Didham, R. K., Hammond, P. M., Lawton, J. 253-261. Opinion in Insect Science, 2, 26-32. H., Eggleton, P., & Stork, N. E. (1998). Beetle Meyer, C. F., Fründ, J., Lizano, W. P., & Kalko, E. Zhu, H., Xu, Z. F., Wang, H., & Li, B. G. (2004). species responses to tropical forest frag- K. (2008). Ecological correlates of vulner- Tropical rain forest fragmentation and its mentation. Ecological Monographs, 68(3), ability to fragmentation in Neotropical bats. ecological and species diversity changes in 295-323. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(1), 381-391. southern Yunnan. Biodiversity & Conserva- Duncan, R. P., & Young, J. R. (2000). Determi- Micheneau, C., Fournel, J., Warren, B. H., tion, 13(7), 1355-1372. nants of plant extinction and rarity 145 years Hugel, S., Gauvin-Bialecki, A., Pailler, T., . . after European settlement of Auckland, New . Chase, M. W. (2010). Orthoptera, a new Zealand. Ecology,81(11), 3048-3061. order of pollinator. Annals of botany, 105(3), Fahrig, L. (2003). Effects of habitat fragmen- 355-364. tation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecol- Myers N., Mittermeier R.A., Mittermeier C.G., ogy, Evolution, and Systematics, 487-515. da Fonseca G.A.B. & Kent J. (2000) Biodi- Foreman, D., Davis, J., Johns, D., Noss, R., & versity hotspots for conservation priorities. Soulé, M. (1995). The Wild Land mission Nature 403, 853–858 statement. Wild Earth, 1, 3-4. Owens, I. P., & Bennett, P. M. (2000). Ecologi- Frank, S. A., & Amarasekare, P. (1998). Increas- cal basis of extinction risk in birds: habitat ing resource specialization among competi- loss versus human persecution and intro- Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 22 METALEPTEA Salvador Dalí and the grasshoppers By RICARDO MARIÑO-PÉREZ Texas A&M University, U.S.A. [email protected]

t was not until I was in front of the emotional state the “Face of the Great Mastur- of Dalí at that time. bator” in the Museo Nacional He fell in love with Centro de Arte Rina Sofía in Gala (beginning Madrid, Spain the last year their fifty-year II when I started to question the relationship) that at relationship of Dalí with the grass- that time was the hoppers. In page 128 of his book wife of the French “The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí” he Poet Paul Eluard. expressed that at the beginning, when In Figure 3, it is he was a kid, he liked grasshoppers possible to appreci- and he even chased them together ate another painting with his aunt and sister. He claimed that has a grasshop- he unfolded their wings to appreci- per. This work is ate colors, such as pink and blue. But entitled “The First later, some of his friends threw grass- Days of Spring”. hoppers at him and then he started to Finally, I found that be afraid of them. Even 37 years old in 1964-1967 he he would prefer to jump over the edge painted “Locusta of a cliff than to deal with a large et bruchus” (Fig. grasshopper in his face. His panic and 4). Here the style is aberration for grasshoppers was obvi- different and what ous in some of his paintings. came into my atten- In 1929, at the beginning of his tion were the spines surrealism stage, he painted two in the legs. Also, paintings at the same time. In both, some titles of his he uses grasshoppers as a symbol paintings referred of hysterical fear and disgust. In the to grasshoppers first one “Portrait of Paul Eluard” (oil (although in the Figure 1. Portrait of Paul Eluard (1929), oil on canvas. on canvas - Fig. 1), it is possible to appreciate the bust of Eluard and to the left a self-portrait of Dalí with an upside-down grasshopper. Apparently this grasshopper has the first two pair of legs and the hind femur. The tegmina are present but no antennae are visible. In the second one “Face of the Great Masturbator” (oil on canvas - detail of the grasshopper in Fig. 2), an autobiographic painting, a grasshopper is sucking a very modi- fied body form of Dalí. In this case, the grasshopper has antennae, wings, and two pairs of legs (one of these pairs are the hind legs). The grasshop- per is dead and has attracted ants that symbolize death. It turns out that both works tell us Figure 2. Detail of Face of the Great Masturbator (1929), oil on canvas.

Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 23 METALEPTEA

Figure 3. The First Day of Spring (1929), collage, oil on canvas, panel. Figure 4. Locusta et bruchus (1964-1967), gouache. works themselves not a single one ap- (1933) and an engraving entitled “The knowing that grasshoppers played pears), such as “Myself at the age of grasshopper child” (1933). I already such a significant role in his life, I ten when I was the grasshopper child” appreciated the work of Dalí, but after now admire him. Hidden Beauty hese marvelous hind legs many specimens of this quite large By DEREK A. WOLLER belong to Pardalophora acridid I have yet to see it use its hind Texas A&M University, U.S.A. [email protected] phoenicoptera (Burmeis- leg coloration for a specific function if ter, 1838), also known one exists, although startle as the “Orange-Winged display comes to mind, TT Grasshopper”. However, although the wings could if you’re a fan of the American foot- also, presumably, be used ball team at the University of Florida, for this. Both sexes have U.S.A., then you might know this this coloration, so sexual species as the “Gator Grasshopper” display does not seem to be because its brilliant orange and blue its purpose. If anyone out interior matches the school’s official there knows the answer or colors extraordinarily well and it’s has any ideas, feel free to found across Florida (and much of the write! (focal-stacked image southeastern U.S.A.). Belonging to was taken using a Vision- the Oedipodinae subfamily of Acri- ary Digital Imaging System didae, these grasshoppers are often combined with StackShot identified by pronotal differentiation and Zerene Stacker for and hind wing coloration (the “bands” compositing – resulting from which the subfamily gets its image was enhanced us- common name: “banded-wing grass- ing Adobe Photoshop CS5 hoppers”), and even by the some- Extended) times-vivid coloration on the inner side of their hind legs as seen here. Although I have seen and collected Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 24 METALEPTEA Metaleptea is an excellent outlet To publish in Metaleptea, please Editorial to communicate to our members send articles, photographs, or any- By HOJUN SONG around the world. There is no limit on thing related to orthopteroid insects Editor, Metaleptea what we can publish: articles, sto- to [email protected] with a subject [email protected] ries, photos, artwork, etc. However, line starting with [Metaleptea]. As specifically, I would like to solicit the for the format, a MS Word document My students often tell me that this following types of contributions for is preferred and images should be in editorial section is where I vent out all future issues: JPEG or TIFF format with a resolu- my frustrations and maybe it appears tion of at least 144 DPI. Please do not so, but I consider it more as a record -Collecting travelogues embed figures in the Word document, of my career as an orthopterist. The -Museum visit travelogues but send me separate figure files. The first issue of Metaleptea that I edited -Highlights of your peer-reviewed next issue of Metaleptea will be pub- was Vol. 30(1), which was published publications lished in September, 2016, so please in January 2010. I was a postdoc -Photography/collecting techniques send me content promptly. I look back then, desperately searching for -Collecting techniques forward to hearing from you soon! a faculty position. Back then, I never -Personal stories imagined I would be in Texas in 7 years with my own lab and doing cool orthopteran research. Certainly, a lot of things have changed since I started this editorship and they have been sort of recorded in the editori- als of the back issues of Metaleptea. Officers of the Orthopterists’ Society This issue is the 20th issue that I have edited so far. Although it’s tedious to President: Michael Samways, Department of Conservation Ecology put together a nice-looking newslet- & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa. ter, I do enjoy this task a lot and I can [email protected] proudly say that we probably have the President-Elect: Alexandre Latchininsky, Department of Ecosystem Science best newsletter compared to all other and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA. insect-related societies in the world. [email protected] This is possible because we have Executive Director: David Hunter, Locust and Grasshopper Control, enthusiastic members who contribute 125 William Webb Drive, McKellar ACT 2617 Australia. interesting contents and, of course, [email protected] because Orthoptera is the most awe- Treasurer: Pamm Mihm, 2417 Fields South Drive, Champaign, IL 61822 some insect group to work with. USA. [email protected]. As always, this issue is full of inter- Managing Editor JOR: Corinna S.Bazelet, Department of Conservation esting contents and it certainly gives Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South the impression that orthopterists are Africa. [email protected] a busy and active group of scientists. Editorial Assistant JOR: Nancy Morris, Department of Biology, University In all corners of the world, we are ad- of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada. vancing the science of orthopterology [email protected] and there is no sign of slowing down. Manager Orthopterists’ Society Website: Piotr Naskrecki, Museum of This is especially evident whenever Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. I read through the Ted Cohn grant [email protected] reports. I really feel that our society’s Associate Manager OS Website: David C.F. Rentz, 19 Butler Dr., Kuranda, dedication and investment in the Queensland, Australia. [email protected] future generation of orthopterists will Editor Metaleptea: Hojun Song, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M have a transformative effect on our University, College Station, TX, USA. [email protected] field. Associate Editor Metaleptea: Derek A. Woller, Department of Entomology, I would like to thank all those who Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. [email protected] have contributed to this issue as well Orthoptera Species File Officer: María Marta Cigliano, División as our associate editor, Derek A. Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Woller, for his continued assistance in La Plata, Argentina. [email protected] the editorial process. The Ted Cohn Research Fund Manager: Michel Lecoq, CIRAD, France. [email protected] Volume 36 (2) / May 2016 25