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Controls on Rockfall-Talus Process-Response Systems, Kananaskis, Canadian Rockies University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2017 Controls on Rockfall-Talus Process-Response Systems, Kananaskis, Canadian Rockies Thapa, Prasamsa Thapa, P. (2017). Controls on Rockfall-Talus Process-Response Systems, Kananaskis, Canadian Rockies (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/25457 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/3551 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Controls on Rockfall-Talus Process-Response Systems, Kananaskis, Canadian Rockies by Prasamsa Thapa A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GEOGRAPHY CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2017 © Prasamsa Thapa, 2017 Abstract Rockfall processes are important contributors to hillslope erosion in mountainous regions. Assessment of rockfall activity processes over regional scales has not been widely undertaken, and further assessment about controls of rockfall-talus processes is required. The present study investigates rockfall-talus processes over extended spatiotemporal scales in Kananaskis, Canadian Rockies utilizing aerial photographs, digital elevation models, geologic and paleoclimatic data. An inventory of talus deposits in fifth-order drainage basins was collected for Kananaskis, with rockfall erosion rates of 2.9 mm yr-1. Results show a strong association of talus with faults and cirques. Although frost cracking is likely an important process leading to rockfall erosion, reconstructed temperature data suggests frost cracking alone is not the major determinant of locations of rockfall activity and talus deposition. Findings of this study provide important information on the contribution and controls of rockfall activity that can be utilized to better understand landscape evolution in mountainous regions. ii Acknowledgements First and above all, I thank God for providing me this opportunity and granting me the capability to proceed successfully. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Yvonne Martin from the Department of Geography, University of Calgary, for her continuous support, patience, and guidance since the beginning. Her ideas, knowledge, and efforts are heavily embedded into this research. Furthermore, I am thankful to Dr. Edward A. Johnson from the Department of Biological Sciences and Dr. Darren Sjogren from the Department of Geography for offering valuable advice and insightful discussion throughout this research project. Sincere appreciation to Iris Morgan from Spatial and Numeric Data Services (SANDS) for providing me the dataset to conduct this project. Similarly, my special gratitude goes to Dr. Richard A. Marston from the Department of Geography, Kansas State University for guiding me through my career pathway. I am grateful to my dear friend Mr. Mallik Sezan Mahmud for his support and genuine comments. Also, thanks to all my close friends Saroat, Liv, Ritu, and Vishnu for always being there for me. A special thank you to my wonderful parents, grandparents, and in- laws for their love, blessings, and continuous encouragement. As this research is also an outcome of our longstanding study in Geography, I am indebted to all the faculty members from the Department of Geography, University of Calgary for uplifting my academic background. iii To my beloved husband, Prajwal Mardan Basnet, for your patience, love, support, and encouragement iv Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. iii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures and Illustrations .......................................................................................... viii List of Plates ............................................................................................................................. x List of Symbols ........................................................................................................................ xi List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research objectives .................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Thesis organization .................................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 5 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Talus slope characteristics ............................................................................................ 6 2.3 Major factors controlling rockfall-talus process response systems ........................... 9 2.3.1 Structural geology of the Canadian Rockies ......................................................... 10 2.3.1.1 The Front Ranges of the Canadian Rockies ..................................................... 11 2.3.1.2 Review of previous research about tectonic influence on rockfall ................... 13 2.3.2 Glacial imprint in the Front Ranges of the Canadian Rockies ............................ 16 2.3.2.1 Rockfalls and glacially steepened topography ................................................. 17 2.3.3 Influence of climatic and environmental factors in rockfall activity ................... 19 2.3.3.1 Climate and rockfall activity ............................................................................ 21 CHAPTER 3: STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY ................................................... 24 3.1 Study area ..................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Data acquisition ............................................................................................................ 27 3.2.1 Aerial photographs and orthoimages .................................................................... 27 3.2.2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) ............................................................................ 28 3.2.3 Paleoclimate data ................................................................................................... 28 3.2.4 Modern meteorological data .................................................................................. 29 3.3 Method of analysis ....................................................................................................... 30 3.3.1 Talus identification for study basins ..................................................................... 31 v 3.3.2 Talus surface area and volume calculation .......................................................... 32 3.3.3 Erosion rate calculation ......................................................................................... 34 3.3.4 Controlling factors of rockfall-talus activity ......................................................... 35 3.3.4.1 Structural Geology ........................................................................................... 35 3.3.4.2 Glacial Topography Analysis........................................................................... 36 3.3.4.3 Paleoclimate reconstruction ............................................................................ 38 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................... 40 4.1 Talus slope inventory ................................................................................................... 40 4.2 Erosion rates due to rockfall ....................................................................................... 44 4.3 Control of structural geology and glaciation on rockfall-talus process .................. 48 4.3.1 Results for control of structural geology and glaciation on talus deposits .......... 48 4.3.2 Talus deposits associated with structural geology ................................................ 60 4.3.3 Talus deposits and associated glacial topography ................................................ 62 4.3.4 Statistical analysis of talus associated with structural geology and glacial topography ....................................................................................................................... 65 4.4 Frost-cracking and talus deposits ............................................................................... 67 4.5 Significance of results to drainage basin development in Kananaskis, AB, Canadian
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