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The Italian Wars, 1494–1559: War, State and Society in Early Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:00 30 September 2016 The Italian Wars, 1494–1559 Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:00 30 September 2016 MODERN WARS IN PERSPECTIVE General Editors: H.M. Scott and B.W. Collins This ambitious series offers wide-ranging studies of specifi c wars, and distinct phases of warfare, from the close of the Middle Ages to the present day. It aims to advance the current integration of military history into the academic mainstream. To that end, the books are not merely traditional campaign narratives, but examine the causes, course and consequences of major confl icts, in their full international political, social and ideological contexts. also in this series T he A nglo –D utch W ars of the T he G reat W ar (S econd edition ) S eventeenth C entury Ian F.W. Beckett J.R. Jones A ustria’s W ars of E mergence T he W ars of L ouis XIV Michael Hochedlinger John A. Lynn T he F rench C ivil W ars T he W ars of F rederick the G reat R.J. Knecht Dennis Showalter R ussia’s W ars of E mergence , T he W ars of A ustrian S uccession , 1460–1730 1740–1748 Carol B. Stevens M.S. Anderson O ttoman W ars : A n E mpire T he W ars of N apoleon B esieged , 1700–1870 Charles J. Esdaile Virginia H. Askan T he S panish –A merican W ar : T he E nglish R evolution and the C onfl ict in the C aribbean W ars in the T hree K ingdoms , and the P acifi c 1895–1902 1638–1652 Joseph Smith Ian Gentles C hina at W ar , 1901–1949 W ar and E mpire : T he E xpansion of Edward L. Dreyer B ritain , 1790–1830 T he W ars of F rench D ecolonization Bruce Collins Anthony Clayton T he S even Y ears W ar in E urope , A N oble C ause ? A merica and 1756–1763 the V ietnam W ar Franz A.J. Szabo Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:00 30 September 2016 Gerard J. DeGroot T he G lobal S even Y ears W ar , T he N orthern W ars 1754–1763 Robert I. Frost Daniel Baugh E ngland’s C olonial W ars T he W ar of A merican 1550–1688: C onfl icts , E mpire I ndependence , 1775–1783 and N ational I dentity Richard Middleton Bruce Lenman T he I talian W ars, 1494–1559 B ritain’s C olonial W ars , 1688–1783 Michael Mallett and Bruce Lenman Christine Shaw The Italian Wars, 1494–1559 War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:00 30 September 2016 First published 2012 by Pearson Education Limited Published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2012, Taylor & Francis. The rights of Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN 13:978-0-582-05758-6 (pbk) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mallett, Michael Edward. The Italian Wars, 1494-1559 : war, state and society in early modern Europe / Michael Mallett and Christine Shaw. -- 1st ed. p. cm. -- (Modern wars in perspective) Includes bibliographical references and index. Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:00 30 September 2016 ISBN 978-0-582-05758-6 (pbk.) 1. Italy--History--1492-1559. 2. Italy--History, Military--1268-1559. 3. Italy--Politics and government--1268-1559. 4. Italy--Foreign relations--1492-1559. 5. War and society--Italy-- History--To 1500. 6. War and society--Italy--History--16th century. 7. France--History, Military--1328-1589. 8. Europe--History, Military--1492-1648. I. Shaw, Christine, Dr. II. Title. DG541.M35 2012 945′.06--dc23 2011052971 Set in 10/13.5pt Sabon by 35 Contents List of maps ix Foreword by John E. Law x Preface xii Acknowledgements xiv Introduction 1 1 The genesis of the wars and the fi rst French expedition 6 Charles VIII and his inheritance 6 French interests in Italy 8 King Ferrante of Naples and the other Italian powers 9 Preparations for the Italian enterprise 11 The fi nal months 14 The reactions of the Italian powers 16 The march to Naples 19 The French in Naples 27 The French retreat and the Battle of Fornovo 28 The French loss of Naples 32 2 Milan and Naples overwhelmed, 1496–1503 38 Maximilian’s expedition to Italy, 1496 39 The Pisan War, 1495–9 40 Preparations for the French invasion of Milan 42 The French conquest of Milan, 1499–1500 47 The return and fi nal defeat of Ludovico Sforza 50 Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:00 30 September 2016 France as an Italian power 53 The conquest of Naples 58 The Spanish expulsion of the French from Naples 61 3 The confl ict widens 75 Florence and Pisa 77 Ferdinand in Naples 80 Louis in Italy, 1507 82 The genesis of the League of Cambrai 85 vi CONTENTS The beginning of the War of the League of Cambrai 88 The Battle of Agnadello and its consequences 89 The Venetian rally 93 The campaign against Venice in 1510 96 Julius II and the French 97 The campaign in the Veneto in 1511 101 The Holy League 103 The Battle of Ravenna 106 The expulsion of the French 109 4 New orders struggling to be born, 1512–19 116 The restoration of the Medici to Florence 117 The settlement in Milan 118 The Venetians stand apart 119 The French invasion of Milan, 1513 120 War in the Veneto 123 Diplomatic confl ict over Lombardy 125 The advent of Francis I and the conquest of Milan, 1515 126 The invasion of Milan by Maximilian and the Swiss, 1516 132 Final stages of the war against Venice, 1515–16 133 The quest for a Medici principate 134 The imperial election 136 5 The contest for supremacy in Italy, 1520–9 139 The expulsion of the French, 1521–2 140 The claims of the Empire 145 The French return to Milan, 1523–4 146 Francis I’s second expedition to Italy, 1524–5 148 The Battle of Pavia 150 The aftermath of the Battle of Pavia 152 The imperial takeover of the duchy of Milan 154 The League of Cognac 155 The sack of Rome 160 The war in Lombardy, 1527–8 164 Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:00 30 September 2016 The invasion of Naples, 1528 166 The last campaign in Lombardy, 1528–9 170 The Treaties of Barcelona and Cambrai 172 6 The transformation of war 177 Weapons and the balance of arms 178 The impact of gunpowder weapons 182 Fortifi cations and siegecraft 184 Permanence and professionalism 185 CONTENTS vii Training and skills 187 Tactics and strategy 189 Leadership 191 The war at sea 193 The experience of war 194 7 The resources of war 198 Recruitment and mobilization 199 The ordinances: muster and control 202 Billeting 204 Supply 205 Pay 209 Naval resources 211 The costs of war 213 8 Testing the boundaries, 1529–47 218 Charles V and Clement VII in Bologna, 1529–30 219 The siege of Florence, 1529–30 221 The second Congress of Bologna, 1532–3 226 Francis I’s designs on Italy 228 The devolution of Milan 229 The French invasion of Savoy and Piedmont, 1536 230 Charles V’s journey through Italy, 1535–6 231 Charles V and Francis I again at war in Italy, 1536–7 232 Truce and peace 236 The renewal of the war in Piedmont, 1542–4 238 The Peace of Crépy, 1544 242 The promotion of Spanish interests in Italy 243 9 The French challenge, 1547–59 250 The War of Parma and Mirandola, 1551–2 252 The war in north-west Italy, 1551–2 255 Charles V at bay 256 The War of Siena, 1552–5 257 Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:00 30 September 2016 The transfer of power in Italy from Charles to Philip 264 War from the sea 265 Corsica 267 The war in north-west Italy, 1552–6 268 The alliance between France and the papacy 271 Alba’s invasion of the Papal States, 1556 272 The expedition of the duc de Guise, 1557 275 The fi nal phase of the wars 279 The Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis 282 viii CONTENTS 10 The legacies of the wars 289 Economic consequences 290 A new state system 296 An oppressed nation? 300 The transformation of military society 304 Italy in the Spanish empire 310 Bibliography 313 Index 350 Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:00 30 September 2016 List of maps Maps 1 Italy in 1494 xv 2 Northern Italy xvi 3 Tuscany and central Italy xvii 4 Southern Italy xviii 5 North-west Italy xix 6 Battle of Pavia 1525 xx 7 Battle of Ravenna 1512 xxi Downloaded by [New York University] at 12:00 30 September 2016 Foreword n the Preface to his very infl uential View of the State of Europe Iduring the Middle Ages , fi rst published in 1818, Henry Hallam observed: The invasion of Naples by Charles VIII was the event that fi rst engaged the principal states of Europe in relations of alliance or hostility which may be deduced to the present day, and is the point at which every man who traces backwards its political history will be obliged to pause.
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