VOLUME 9, NUMBER 1, JANUARY 2016 GOVERNANCE STRATEGIES TO AN AGEING SOCIETY – LOCAL ROLE IN MULTI LEVEL PROCESSES Cristina BARBOSA, Paulo FEIO, Ana FERNANDES and Mats THORSLUND ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ROLE OF OPPOSITION IN CONTEMPORARY PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACIES – THE CASE OF SLOVENIA Drago ZAJC ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... THE “SECURITIZATION” OF THE EAP POLICY IN THE EU: THE EXTERNAL EUROPEANIZATION IN THE WIDER EUROPE Attila ÁGH ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... TOWARDS AN EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY CLASS? A PROPOSAL FOR A TYPOLOGY OF THE MEPS Eugenio SALVATI ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL MANAGEMENT DIMENSIONS OF LOCAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNS Domen KOS ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... BOOK REVIEW: SIZE AND LOCAL DEMOCRACY Miro HAČEK and Simona KUKOVIČ ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 2 EDITORIAL TEAM General Editor General Editor Miro Haček Peter Csányi ................................................................. ................................................................ University of LJublJana Alexander Dubček University Trenčin Faculty of social sciences, CAAPPI Department of Political Science Kardeljeva ploščad 5 Študentská 2 1000 LjublJana, Slovenia 911 50 Trenčin, Slovakia [email protected] [email protected] General Editor Assistant Editor Jurij ToplaK Simona Kukovič .................................................................. .................................................................. Alma Mater Europaea University of LJublJana European Center Maribor (AMEU-ECM) Faculty of social sciences, CAAPPI Gosposka ulica 1 Kardeljeva ploščad 5 2000 Maribor, Slovenia 1000 LJublJana, Slovenia [email protected] [email protected] ...................................................................................... Articles appearing in JCP, are abstracted and indexed in following bibliographical databases: EBSCO, International Political Science Abstracts, ProQuest Political Science, International Bibliography of Social Sciences (IBSS), JournalSeek, UlrichsWeb and DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals); also included (from 12/2013) in Universal Impact Factor. EDITORIAL BOARD Davor BOBAN, University of Zagreb, Croatia Marjan BREZOVŠEK, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Đorđe GARDAŠEVIĆ, University of Zagreb, Croatia Victoria GRAHAM, Monash University Johannesburg, South Africa Pavol HRIVIK, Alexander Dubcek University of Trenčin, Slovakia Lars JOHANNSEN, Aarhus University, Denmark Kenneth KA-LOK CHAN, Hong Kong Baptist University, China Rudolf KUCHARČÍK, University of Economics Bratislava, Slovakia Lisa McINTOSH SUNDSTROM, University of British Columbia, Canada Meredith REDLIN, South Dakota State University, USA Andrius ŠUMINAS, Vilnius University, Lithuania Michael TKACIK, Stephen F. Austin State University, USA Taro TSUKIMURA, Doshisha University Kyoto, Japan Nebojša VLADISLAVLJEVIĆ, University of Belgrade, Serbia Reuben WONG, National University of Singapore, Singapore CO-PUBLISHERS Department of Political Science Alexander Dubček University Trenčin Študentská 2, 911 50 Trenčin, Slovakia Centre for analysis of administrative-political processes and institutions (CAAPPI) University of Ljubljana, Faculty of social sciences Kardeljeva ploščad 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Alma Mater Europaea - European Center Maribor (AMEU-ECM) Gosposka ulica 1, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia DESIGN CAAPPI, Ljubljana. Journal of Comparative Politics is published twice a year, in January and July. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 GOVERNANCE STRATEGIES TO AN AGEING SOCIETY – LOCAL ROLE IN MULTI LEVEL PROCESSES Cristina BARBOSA, Paulo FEIO, Ana FERNANDES and Mats THORSLUND ............................................................................................................................................................................ 19 ROLE OF OPPOSITION IN CONTEMPORARY PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACIES – THE CASE OF SLOVENIA Drago ZAJC ............................................................................................................................................................................ 36 THE “SECURITIZATION” OF THE EAP POLICY IN THE EU: THE EXTERNAL EUROPEANIZATION IN THE WIDER EUROPE Attila ÁGH ............................................................................................................................................................................ 59 TOWARDS AN EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTARY CLASS? A PROPOSAL FOR A TYPOLOGY OF THE MEPS Eugenio SALVATI ............................................................................................................................................................................ 75 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE POLITICAL MANAGEMENT DIMENSIONS OF LOCAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNS Domen KOS ............................................................................................................................................................................ 88 BOOK REVIEW: SIZE AND LOCAL DEMOCRACY Miro HAČEK and Simona KUKOVIČ ............................................................................................................................................................................ PARTICIPATE For further information on submissions, please consult the guidelines at http://www.jofcp.org. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 4 GOVERNANCE STRATEGIES TO AN AGEING SOCIETY – LOCAL ROLE IN MULTI LEVEL PROCESSES Cristina BARBOSA, Paulo FEIO, Ana FERNANDES and Mats THORSLUND1 ……………………………………………………………….…………………………………………… Demographic ageing marks strategic orientations and public policies. It’s a challenge to societies, public and private institutions and Welfare State. The goal of this study is to understand the local governance strategies to an ageing population and the role of the local in multilevel governance processes. A qualitative methodology it was followed that supports analysis and understanding of both local ageing policies. The samples are case studies of two contexts, Portugal and Sweden, respectively city councils of Lisbon and Nacka, where stakeholders were interviewed. Different concepts and visions influence local ageing policies. Vertical coordination is easier to follow in Portugal, but without concrete laws, and in Sweden, horizontal coordination is emphasized between providers and municipalities. Local public intervention in ageing seeks renewed actions and this study allows to conclude that a perfect local policy doesn’t exist. However in many aspects, can be complementary. Key words: local policies; public policy; governance. 1 INTRODUCTION Some authors consider ageing of the world population, a progressive and rapid phenomenon with unprecedented implications in societies of all countries (United Nations Population Fund and HelpAge International 2012). Harper (2010, 178) argues that population ageing is not a new phenomenon, but its pace of change and worldwide amplitude are growing rapidly. Cravey and Mitra (2011, 306) presents that all around the world, older populations are increasing and from 1950 to 1998, the world population over age 60 grew 255 million. By the year 2025, that number is expected to be 1.3 billion; the majority, 839 1 Cristina BARBOSA, UNIFAI – Institute for the Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto University and ISCTE, University Institute of Lisbon, contact: [email protected]. Paulo FEIO, University Institute of Lisbon, contact: [email protected]. Ana FERNANDES, CESNOVA - Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (New University of Lisbon), contact: [email protected]. Mats THORSLUND, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm University, contact: [email protected]. JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 5 million, will reside in developing countries and at least 500 million will reside in developed countries. A gender difference is also a specific characteristic to take into account, because women tend to live longer than men, with the result that there are older women worldwide than older men. In 2012, for every 100 women over age 60, there were 84 men, and this tendency creates so called feminization of ageing, particularly the relatively large proportion of the “oldest old” who are women and this have important implications for policy (United Nations Population Fund and HelpAge International 2012). Population ageing marks the contemporary society, imposing new conceptualisation, practices, and personal and social views. Despite the disparity in political orientations and policy models, strategies for ageing are characterized by innovative and challenging forms of action among the various layers of expertise, specifically with regard to the level of local expertise. In this framework, local governments and local and regional actors emerge as key players in capitalizing opportunities for active ageing and to promote solidarity between generations. For Age Platform Europe (2011), these actors are the only ones able to understand and respond to the specific challenges of demographic ageing to communities. The aim of this article is to analyze which are the local governance roles and practice strategies to an ageing population and to understand which could be the role of the local institutions and stakeholders in multilevel governance processes. The specific aims are to understand the new paradigms of ageing public policies; to understand and to analyze the State intervention in ageing field; to discuss and