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Yangon University of Economics Master of Development Studies Programme Study on Socio-Economic Situation of Landmine Victims In

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Yangon University of Economics Master of Development Studies Programme Study on Socio-Economic Situation of Landmine Victims In YANGON UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS MASTER OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES PROGRAMME STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF LANDMINE VICTIMS IN KAYAH STATE MAR LAR SOE EMDevS – 18, ( 15th Batch) November, 2019 ABSTRACT Disabled landmine victims and socio-economic status are dynamic and intricately linked. �is study aimed to identify the current socio-economic situation of landmine victims in Kayah State and examine the courses and the impacts on socio-economic situation. The study applied snowball sampling method with structured questionnaire for collecting primary data. �e study found out that the cost of medical care, rehabilitation and assistive devices leave landmine victims and the families in debt, stigma, and discrimination in community. It was also found that most casualties had occurred in Kayah state many years ago, and the numbers of landmine and explosive remnants of war incidents have been decreasing since the 2012 bilateral ceasefire. The landmine victim assistance should not be conducted in isolation and it is suggested that Government, Non- Governmental Organizations and Community Based Organizations are to be integrated in providing livelihood and vocational programs more effectively in order to increase the accessibility and inclusion of all landmine victims to the services. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my great gratitude to Yangon University of Economics and the Master of Development Studies Programme to get permitted in attending this course. I am most thankful to Professor Dr. Tin Win, Rector of Yangon University of Economics, Pro Rector Dr. Ni Lar Myint Htoo and Pro Rector Dr. Kyaw Min Htun (Retired) for the opportunity to undertake this research. I also wish to extend my deepest thanks to Professor Dr. Cho Cho Thein, Head of Department, Department of Economics, Yangon University of Economics for her encouragement to complete this thesis in time. I would also like to express my special appreciation and thanks to Professor Dr. Tha Pye Nyo, Department of Economics, Yangon University of Economics for being a tremendous mentor. The door to Prof Dr. Tha Pye Nyo’s office was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot or had a question about my research or writing. She consistently allowed this paper to be my own work, but steered me in the right direction whenever she thought I was in need. I would like to thank World Education Inc, not only for providing financial support but also for supporting me throughout my study at the University. I must express my very profound gratitude to my beloved mom and friends for providing me with unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of research in completion of this thesis. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study 1 1.2 Objective of the study 2 1.3 Method of study 2 1.4 Scope and limitation of the study 2 1.5 Organization of the study 3 Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition of Landmine 4 2.2 Ban Landmine 7 2.3 Humanitarian Mine Action 8 2.4 Review of Previous studies 9 Chapter III LANDMINE SITUATIONS IN MYANMAR AND PROFILE OF KAYAH STATE 3.1 Landmine contamination in Myanmar 10 3.2 Mine Action in Myanmar 13 3.3 Mine ban policy 13 3.4 Profile of Kayah State 15 3.5 Landmine issues in Kayah State by Township 19 Chapter IV SURVEY ANALYSIS 4.1 Survey Profile 22 iii 4.2 Survey Design 24 4.3 Data Analysis 25 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 5.1 Findings 36 5.2 Suggestions 37 REFERENCES APPENDIX iv LIST OF TABLES Table No Particular Page 3.1 Landmine contaminated areas 11 3.2 Casualties in States and Region 12 3.3 Total number of incidents as of August 2019 13 3.4 Distribution of population of Kayah 17 4.1 Profile of the respondents 23 4.2 Age of landmine victims 23 4.3 Marital Status 24 4.4 Ethnic group present in landmine victims 24 4.5 Education level of landmine victims 25 4.6 Location & Activities at the time of incident 25 4.7 Period of the incident 26 4.8 Activities at the time of the incident 27 4.9 Types of injuries 28 4.10 Occupation at the time of the incident 29 4.11 Victim assistance 29 4.12 Current Working Status 30 4.13 Main Income sources and expenditure 31 4.14 Health situation 32 4.15 Number of land mine victim received subsidy 34 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure No Particular Page 3.1 Administrative Status of Kayah State 17 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFPFL Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League APLs Anti-personnel Landmines ARMAC Asean Regional Mine Action Center ATLS Anti-tank Landmines BPHWT Backpack Health Worker’s Team CBR Community-Based Rehabilitation CHDN Civil and Health Development Network CRPD Convention on the Rights of the Person with Disabilities DOR Department of Rehabilitation DPOs Disable Person Organization DRC/DDG Danish Demining Group and Danish Refugee Council DSW Department of Social Welfare ERW Explosive remnants of war FAAB Frontier Areas Administrative Board ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines ICRC International Committee of Red Cross KNDP Karenni National Democratic Party KNG Kayan National Guard vii KNHWO Kannei Health Worker Group KNLF Karenni National Liberation Front KNLP Kayan New Land Party KNPLF Karenni National Peoples Liberation Front KNPP Karenni National Progressive Party KNPP Karenni National Progressive Party MIMU Myanmar Information Management unit MRE Mine Risk Education MRWG Mine Risk Working Group NCA Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement NCRPD National Committee on Rights of Persons with Disabilities NCRPD National Committee on Rights of Persons with Disabilities NGO Non-Governmental Organizations NSAG Non-State Armed Groups PWD Person with disabilities SDGs Sustainable Development Goals UN United Nations United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with UNCRPD Disabilities UNDP United Nation Development Programme viii UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UXO Unexploded ordnance VATG Victim Assistance Technical Group WHO World Health Organization ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the Study Every year, many people are killed or injured by landmines and other explosive remnants of war (ERW). Those that victims are often disabled for life, adding to the many hundreds of thousands of mine victims around the world in need of long-term care, rehabilitation, social and economic support. Disability landmine victims and socioeconomic status are dynamic and intricately linked. Landmine affects the life of victims and their families, particularly if families are economically dependent on the victims. Moreover, landmine victims have limited opportunities to participate fully in family life and their society. Nineteen countries and territories in Asia and the Pacific are contaminated by ERW. All members of affected communities are poverty and underdevelopment, block access to and limit most socioeconomic activities in rural areas (Almas Heshmati and Nabaz T. Khayyat, 2012). Landmines are threat to sustainable development as major impact on economy, ecological crisis, loss of productivity, threat to food security, community health, poverty and social marginalization issues are interlinked (Ahmed, 2014).The Sustainable development goals (SDG) are highly complementary to the rights- based aims of victim assistance under the Mine Ban Treaty. SDG also offer opportunities for bridging between relevant frameworks. To be sustainable, victim assistance should be integrated into broader national policies, plans and lawful systems related to disability. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar has not acceded to the Mine Ban Treaty. To Nine out of fifteen states and Regions (at least 71 of Myanmar’s 325 townships) are supposed to be located in contamination areas of mine, ERW and other improvised explosive devices (Puangsuwan, 2016). Six decades of armed conflict have left many areas of southeastern Myanmar contaminated by landmines, including Kayah State. The border areas have been sites of armed conflict, where the Myanma Tatmadaw and non- state armed group have attempted to seize and keep up an area through military procedure and fighting. 1 The economic impact of landmine victims and their families is profound. Most of landmine victim’s families are going to be in debt as a result of the incident. The socio- economic impact of landmines is more far-reaching than the direct effect of the maiming or killing of those who trigger landmines. This study attempts to assess the socioeconomic situation of landmine victims in Kayah State. 1.2 Objective of the study The objectives of the study are; ( i ) to identify current socio-economic situations of landmine victims ( ii ) to examine the courses of landmine victims and ( iii ) to analyze the impacts of landmine on socio economic situations of victims in Kayah 1.3 Method of study The study applied descriptive method and mainly based on primary data with the support of secondary information. The study conducted 106 individual interviews with land mine victims and 10 Key Informant Interviews (KII) during June 2019 to July 2019 at Kayah. Snowball sampling method was used to identify the land mines victims for individual interviews across Kayah State. The Key Informants Interviews were conducted with Government officer (GO), International Non-Governmental (INGO), Local Non- Governmental (LNGO) and the inputs on key issues were addressed in the study. Secondary data was resourced from reliable resources by reviewing the available literature, Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU), Myanmar 2014 Census, Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement, Department of Rehabilitation (DOR), World Health organization (WHO), journal and related references from internet websites are especially emphasized as main information sources. 1.4 Scope and limitation of the study This study focused on the socio-economic situation of Landmine victims injured by landmines at Kayah State.
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