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Introduction Notes Introduction 1 I use the term ‘scientist’ anachronistically throughout the book as it was not a term that would have been used during the Romantic period, when ‘natural philosopher’ or ‘man of science’ would have been preferred. The label ‘scientist’ was proposed during a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at which it seems S.T. Coleridge intervened, vetoing the use of the word ‘philosopher’. The Quarterly Review reported that ‘some ingenious gentleman proposed that, by analogy with artist, they might form scientist’, Anon., ‘On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences. By Mrs. Somerville’, Quarterly Review, 51 (1834), 54–68 (p. 59). 2 Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principles of Population, ed. Anthony Flew (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), p. 67. 3 William Wordsworth, ‘French Revolution, as it appeared to enthusiasts at its commencement’, 17–20, Wordsworth: Poetical Works, ed. Thomas Hutchinson, rev. Ernest de Selincourt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 166. 4 Wordsworth, ‘London, 1802’, 2–3, William Wordsworth: A Critical Edition of the Major Works, ed. Stephen Gill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 286. 5 Nicholas Roe, ed., Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Sciences of Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 2. 6 See H.W. Piper, The Active Universe: Pantheism and the Concept of Imagination in the English Romantic Poets (London: Athlone Press, 1962). 7 ‘An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump’, Joseph Wright of Derby, 1768 (National Gallery, London). 8 C.P. Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959). 9 Ian Wylie, Young Coleridge and the Philosophers of Nature (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 9, 10. 10 Patricia Fara, Sympathetic Attractions: Magnetic Practices, Beliefs, and Symbolism in Eighteenth-Century England (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996). 11 Jan Golinski, Science as Public Culture: Chemistry and Enlightenment in Britain, 1760–1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 6. 12 Alan Bewell, Romanticism and Colonial Disease (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Marilyn Gaull, English Romanticism: The Human Context (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1988); Noah Heringman, ed., Romantic Science: The Literary Forms of Natural History, Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century (New York: State University of New York Press, 2003); David Philip Miller and Peter Hanns Reill, eds, Visions of Empire: Voyages, Botany, and Representations of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Jenny Uglow, The Lunar Men: The Friends Who Made The Future (London: Faber, 2002). 186 Notes 187 13 John L. Thornton, John Abernethy: A Biography (London: Printed by the Author, 1953), pp. 20, 23. 14 Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus: The 1818 Text, ed. Marilyn Butler (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 228. Other recipients of the Quarterly’s attack that Butler singles out are William Cobbett, William Hone, John Bellamy and Richard Carlile, p. 228. 15 Trevor H. Levere, Poetry Realized in Nature: Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Early Eighteenth-Century Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Nicholas Roe, ‘“Atmospheric Air Itself”: Medical Science, Politics and Poetry in Thelwall, Coleridge and Wordsworth’, in 1798: The Year of the Lyrical Ballads, ed. Richard Cronin (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), pp. 185–202; and ‘Coleridge and John Thelwall; Medical Science, Politics, and Poetry’, Coleridge Bulletin, 3 (1994), pages unnumbered; Hermione de Almeida, Romantic Medicine and John Keats (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1991); Denise Gigante, ‘The Monster in the Rainbow: Keats and the Science of Life’, Proceedings of the Modern Language Association, 117 (2002), 433–8. 16 ‘Ode to the West Wind’ is quoted from P&P. Line numbers are given after quotes. 17 William Smellie, The Philosophy of Natural History, 2 vols (Dublin: William Porter, 1790), I, 13. 18 Andrew Bennett, Romantic Poets and the Culture of Posterity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 19 Anon., ‘An Inquiry into the Probability and Rationality of Mr. Hunter’s Theory of Life; being the subject of the first Two Anatomical Lectures delivered before the Royal College of Surgeons, of London. By John Abernethy’, Edinburgh Review, 23 (1814), 384–98 (p. 386). 20 Paul Hamilton, Percy Bysshe Shelley (London: Northcote House, 2000), p. 3. 21 Anon., ‘Cases of Wolcot v. Walker; Southey v. Sherwood; Murray v. Benbow, and Lawrence v. Smith’, Quarterly Review, 53 (1822a), 125–34 (p. 130). 22 Cp. ‘The principal object, then, proposed in these Poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as was possible in a selection of language really used by men, and, at the same time, to throw over them a certain colouring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect’, quoted from the 1850 Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, The Prose Works of William Wordsworth, ed. W.J.B. Owen and J.W. Smyser, 3 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), I, 123. In the Defence of Poetry, Shelley claims that poetry ‘strips the veil of familiarity from the world, and lays bare the naked and sleeping beauty which is the spirit of its forms’, P&P, p. 533. 23 John Hunter, A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gun-shot Wounds (London: George Nicol, 1794), p. 78. 24 ‘Both positions, it is true, were “vitalistic”: they rejected the iatromechanical systems of the mid-eighteenth century, insisting instead upon the unique properties of living beings’, L.S. Jacyna, ‘Immanence or Transcendence: Theories of Life and Organization in Britain, 1790–1835’, Isis, 74 (1983), 311–29 (p. 312). 25 Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans. F. Gold (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1816), p. 21. 188 Notes 26 Davy’s First Bakerian Lecture (1806), quoted in Harold Hartley, Humphry Davy (London: Nelson, 1966), p. 52. 27 Lawrence, Introduction, p. 177; Essay on Man, ll. 99–100. 28 Peter G. Mudford, ‘William Lawrence and the Natural History of Man’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 29 (1968), 430–6 (p. 435). 29 See Alfred White Franklin, ‘Abernethy’s Letters to George Kerr, 1814–22’, St Bartholomew’s Hospital Journal, 38 (1930–31), 237–41 (p. 240). 30 Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London Relative to that Event (London: J. Dodsley, 1790), p. 89; this passage is quoted by Jacyna, p. 323. 31 William Lawrence, ‘Life’, in Abraham Rees, The Cyclopædia: or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature, with the assistance of eminent profes- sional gentlemen, 39 vols (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1819), XX. 32 Charles Bell, An Essay on the Forces Which Circulate the Blood; Being an Examination of the Difference of the Motions of Fluids in Living and Dead Vessels (London: Longman, 1819); John Barclay, An Inquiry into the Opinions, Ancient and Modern, Concerning Life and Organization (Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute, 1822); [Mary Shepherd], An Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect controverting the Doctrine of Mr. Hume, concerning the nature of that rela- tion; with Observations upon the Opinions of Dr. Brown and Mr. Lawrence, con- nected with the same subject (London: T. Hookham, 1824); Thomas Rennell, Remarks on Scepticism, especially as it is connected with the subjects of organiza- tion and life. Being an answer to the views of M. Bichat, Sir T.C. Morgan and Mr. Lawrence upon these points (London: F.C. & J. Rivington, 1819); Edward Grinfield, Cursory Observations on the ‘Lectures on Physiology, Zoology, and the Natural History of Man, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons by William Lawrence F.R.S. Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to that College, &c. &c. &c.’ In a series of letters addressed to that Gentleman; with a concluding letter to his pupils, 2nd edn (London: T. Cadell & W. Davies, 1819). 33 [George D’Oyly], ‘An Enquiry into the Probability of Mr. Hunter’s Theory of Life …’, Quarterly Review, 43 (1819), 1–34 (p. 6). 34 Lawrence, Lectures, p. 14n; Lawrence is quoting Abernethy’s Physiological Lectures, p. 203. 35 Anon., Monthly Magazine, 53 (1822b), 524–44 (p. 544). 36 Anon., The Radical Triumvirate, or Infidel Paine, Lord Byron, and Surgeon Lawrence, Colleaguing with the Patriotic Radicals to Emancipate Mankind from All Laws Human and Divine. A Letter to John Bull, from an Oxonian Resident in London (London: Francis Wesley, 1820). 37 Lawrence may have been involved with this publication, or at least not frowned upon it since Carlile may have been a friend; see Owsei Temkin, The Double Face of Janus (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), pp. 355–6. Lawrence visited Carlile in his last illness, Temkin, 1977, p. 357. 38 This letter is held in the British Library, Add. 40120 f. 171, and had accom- panied a copy of his Lectures. Hugh J. Luke discovered that both Shelley and Lawrence subscribed to the public fund set up for Hone after he was tried on three occasions in 1817 for blasphemous libel, Hugh J. Luke Jnr, ‘Sir William Lawrence: Physician to Shelley and Mary’, Papers on English Language and Literature, 1 (1965), 141–52 (p. 150). Notes 189 39 The Letters of Thomas Love Peacock, ed. Nicholas A. Joukovsky, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001). 40 William Drummond, Academical Questions (London: T. Cadell & W. Davies, 1805). 1 The Vitality Debate 1 W.R. Albury, ‘Ideas of Life and Death’, in Companion Encyclopaedia of the History of Medicine, ed. Roy Porter and W.F. Bynum, 2 vols (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), I, 249–80 (p. 249). 2 Lawrence was translating a word used by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, Lectures, p. 60. 3 William Coleman, Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function, and Transformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp.
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