Introduction

Notes

Introduction 1 I use the term ‘scientist’ anachronistically throughout the book as it was not a term that would have been used during the Romantic period, when ‘natural philosopher’ or ‘man of science’ would have been preferred. The label ‘scientist’ was proposed during a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at which it seems S.T. Coleridge intervened, vetoing the use of the word ‘philosopher’. The Quarterly Review reported that ‘some ingenious gentleman proposed that, by analogy with artist, they might form scientist’, Anon., ‘On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences. By Mrs. Somerville’, Quarterly Review, 51 (1834), 54–68 (p. 59). 2 Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principles of Population, ed. Anthony Flew (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970), p. 67. 3 William Wordsworth, ‘French Revolution, as it appeared to enthusiasts at its commencement’, 17–20, Wordsworth: Poetical Works, ed. Thomas Hutchinson, rev. Ernest de Selincourt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 166. 4 Wordsworth, ‘London, 1802’, 2–3, William Wordsworth: A Critical Edition of the Major Works, ed. Stephen Gill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 286. 5 Nicholas Roe, ed., Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Sciences of Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 2. 6 See H.W. Piper, The Active Universe: Pantheism and the Concept of Imagination in the English Romantic Poets (London: Athlone Press, 1962). 7 ‘An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump’, Joseph Wright of Derby, 1768 (National Gallery, London). 8 C.P. Snow, The Two Cultures and the Scientiﬁc Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959). 9 Ian Wylie, Young Coleridge and the Philosophers of Nature (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 9, 10. 10 Patricia Fara, Sympathetic Attractions: Magnetic Practices, Beliefs, and Symbolism in Eighteenth-Century England (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996). 11 Jan Golinski, Science as Public Culture: Chemistry and Enlightenment in Britain, 1760–1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 6. 12 Alan Bewell, Romanticism and Colonial Disease (Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999); Marilyn Gaull, English Romanticism: The Human Context (New York and London: W.W. Norton, 1988); Noah Heringman, ed., Romantic Science: The Literary Forms of Natural History, Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century (New York: State University of New York Press, 2003); David Philip Miller and Peter Hanns Reill, eds, Visions of Empire: Voyages, Botany, and Representations of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Jenny Uglow, The Lunar Men: The Friends Who Made The Future (London: Faber, 2002).

186 Notes 187

13 John L. Thornton, John Abernethy: A Biography (London: Printed by the Author, 1953), pp. 20, 23. 14 Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus: The 1818 Text, ed. Marilyn Butler (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 228. Other recipients of the Quarterly’s attack that Butler singles out are William Cobbett, William Hone, John Bellamy and Richard Carlile, p. 228. 15 Trevor H. Levere, Poetry Realized in Nature: Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Early Eighteenth-Century Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); Nicholas Roe, ‘“Atmospheric Air Itself”: Medical Science, Politics and Poetry in Thelwall, Coleridge and Wordsworth’, in 1798: The Year of the Lyrical Ballads, ed. Richard Cronin (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), pp. 185–202; and ‘Coleridge and John Thelwall; Medical Science, Politics, and Poetry’, Coleridge Bulletin, 3 (1994), pages unnumbered; Hermione de Almeida, Romantic Medicine and John Keats (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1991); Denise Gigante, ‘The Monster in the Rainbow: Keats and the Science of Life’, Proceedings of the Modern Language Association, 117 (2002), 433–8. 16 ‘Ode to the West Wind’ is quoted from P&P. Line numbers are given after quotes. 17 William Smellie, The Philosophy of Natural History, 2 vols (Dublin: William Porter, 1790), I, 13. 18 Andrew Bennett, Romantic Poets and the Culture of Posterity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 19 Anon., ‘An Inquiry into the Probability and Rationality of Mr. Hunter’s Theory of Life; being the subject of the ﬁrst Two Anatomical Lectures delivered before the Royal College of Surgeons, of London. By John Abernethy’, Edinburgh Review, 23 (1814), 384–98 (p. 386). 20 Paul Hamilton, Percy Bysshe Shelley (London: Northcote House, 2000), p. 3. 21 Anon., ‘Cases of Wolcot v. Walker; Southey v. Sherwood; Murray v. Benbow, and Lawrence v. Smith’, Quarterly Review, 53 (1822a), 125–34 (p. 130). 22 Cp. ‘The principal object, then, proposed in these Poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as was possible in a selection of language really used by men, and, at the same time, to throw over them a certain colouring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect’, quoted from the 1850 Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, The Prose Works of William Wordsworth, ed. W.J.B. Owen and J.W. Smyser, 3 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), I, 123. In the Defence of Poetry, Shelley claims that poetry ‘strips the veil of familiarity from the world, and lays bare the naked and sleeping beauty which is the spirit of its forms’, P&P, p. 533. 23 John Hunter, A Treatise on the Blood, Inﬂammation, and Gun-shot Wounds (London: George Nicol, 1794), p. 78. 24 ‘Both positions, it is true, were “vitalistic”: they rejected the iatromechanical systems of the mid-eighteenth century, insisting instead upon the unique properties of living beings’, L.S. Jacyna, ‘Immanence or Transcendence: Theories of Life and Organization in Britain, 1790–1835’, Isis, 74 (1983), 311–29 (p. 312). 25 Xavier Bichat, Physiological Researches on Life and Death, trans. F. Gold (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1816), p. 21. 188 Notes

26 Davy’s First Bakerian Lecture (1806), quoted in Harold Hartley, Humphry Davy (London: Nelson, 1966), p. 52. 27 Lawrence, Introduction, p. 177; Essay on Man, ll. 99–100. 28 Peter G. Mudford, ‘William Lawrence and the Natural History of Man’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 29 (1968), 430–6 (p. 435). 29 See Alfred White Franklin, ‘Abernethy’s Letters to George Kerr, 1814–22’, St Bartholomew’s Hospital Journal, 38 (1930–31), 237–41 (p. 240). 30 Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London Relative to that Event (London: J. Dodsley, 1790), p. 89; this passage is quoted by Jacyna, p. 323. 31 William Lawrence, ‘Life’, in Abraham Rees, The Cyclopædia: or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature, with the assistance of eminent professional gentlemen, 39 vols (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1819), XX. 32 Charles Bell, An Essay on the Forces Which Circulate the Blood; Being an Examination of the Difference of the Motions of Fluids in Living and Dead Vessels (London: Longman, 1819); John Barclay, An Inquiry into the Opinions, Ancient and Modern, Concerning Life and Organization (Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute, 1822); [Mary Shepherd], An Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect controverting the Doctrine of Mr. Hume, concerning the nature of that relation; with Observations upon the Opinions of Dr. Brown and Mr. Lawrence, connected with the same subject (London: T. Hookham, 1824); Thomas Rennell, Remarks on Scepticism, especially as it is connected with the subjects of organization and life. Being an answer to the views of M. Bichat, Sir T.C. Morgan and Mr. Lawrence upon these points (London: F.C. & J. Rivington, 1819); Edward Grinfield, Cursory Observations on the ‘Lectures on Physiology, Zoology, and the Natural History of Man, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons by William Lawrence F.R.S. Professor of Anatomy and Surgery to that College, &c. &c. &c.’ In a series of letters addressed to that Gentleman; with a concluding letter to his pupils, 2nd edn (London: T. Cadell & W. Davies, 1819). 33 [George D’Oyly], ‘An Enquiry into the Probability of Mr. Hunter’s Theory of Life …’, Quarterly Review, 43 (1819), 1–34 (p. 6). 34 Lawrence, Lectures, p. 14n; Lawrence is quoting Abernethy’s Physiological Lectures, p. 203. 35 Anon., Monthly Magazine, 53 (1822b), 524–44 (p. 544). 36 Anon., The Radical Triumvirate, or Infidel Paine, Lord Byron, and Surgeon Lawrence, Colleaguing with the Patriotic Radicals to Emancipate Mankind from All Laws Human and Divine. A Letter to John Bull, from an Oxonian Resident in London (London: Francis Wesley, 1820). 37 Lawrence may have been involved with this publication, or at least not frowned upon it since Carlile may have been a friend; see Owsei Temkin, The Double Face of Janus (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), pp. 355–6. Lawrence visited Carlile in his last illness, Temkin, 1977, p. 357. 38 This letter is held in the British Library, Add. 40120 f. 171, and had accom- panied a copy of his Lectures. Hugh J. Luke discovered that both Shelley and Lawrence subscribed to the public fund set up for Hone after he was tried on three occasions in 1817 for blasphemous libel, Hugh J. Luke Jnr, ‘Sir William Lawrence: Physician to Shelley and Mary’, Papers on English Language and Literature, 1 (1965), 141–52 (p. 150). Notes 189

39 The Letters of Thomas Love Peacock, ed. Nicholas A. Joukovsky, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001). 40 William Drummond, Academical Questions (London: T. Cadell & W. Davies, 1805).

1 The Vitality Debate 1 W.R. Albury, ‘Ideas of Life and Death’, in Companion Encyclopaedia of the History of Medicine, ed. Roy Porter and W.F. Bynum, 2 vols (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), I, 249–80 (p. 249). 2 Lawrence was translating a word used by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, Lectures, p. 60. 3 William Coleman, Biology in the Nineteenth Century: Problems of Form, Function, and Transformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 2, 1. 4 June Goodfield-Toulmin, ‘Some Aspects of English Physiology: 1780–1840’, Journal of the History of Biology, 2 (1969), 283–320 (p. 290). 5 M.H. Abrams, The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 1953). 6 See Alan Richardson, British Romanticism and the Science of the Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 10–12. 7 See Maurice Crosland, ‘Chemistry and the Chemical Revolution’, in The Ferment of Knowledge, ed. G.S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 398–416. 8 A.D. Orange, ‘Oxygen and One God: Joseph Priestley in 1774’, History Today, 24 (1974), 773–81 (p. 775). 9 The term ‘air’ was used during this period to mean any kind of gas. 10 Joseph Priestley, ‘An Account of further discoveries in Air’, Philosophical Transactions, 65 (1775), 384–94 (pp. 388–9). 11 F.W. Gibbs, Joseph Priestley: Adventurer in Science and Champion of Truth (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1965), p. 82. 12 John Thelwall, An Essay towards a Definition of Animal Vitality; read at the Theatre, Guy’s Hospital, January 26, 1793; in which several of the Opinions of The Celebrated John Hunter are Examined and Controverted (London: T. Rickaby, 1793), pp. 39–40. For a discussion of this passage, see Roe, 1998, p. 187. 13 Joseph Priestley, Disquisitions Relating to Matter and Spirit. To which is added, The History of the Philosophical Doctrine concerning the Origin of the Soul, and the Nature of Matter; with its Influence on Christianity, especially with Respect to the Doctrine of the Pre-existence of Christ (London: J. Johnson, 1777), p. xxxvii. 14 Priestley quoted in Simon Shaffer, ‘Priestley and the Politics of Spirit’, in Science, Medicine and Dissent: Joseph Priestley (1773–1804), eds. R.G.W. Anderson and Christopher Lawrence (London: Wellcome Trust/ Science Museum, 1987), pp. 39–53 (p. 46). 15 Joseph Priestley, Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1774), quoted in Golinski, 1992, p. 81. 16 Letters, I, 129 (28 July 1811), 342 (17 December 1812), 345 (24 December 1812). 17 See, for example, Desmond King-Hele, ‘Shelley and Erasmus Darwin’, in Shelley Revalued: Essays from the Gregynog Conference, ed. Kelvin Everest (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983), pp. 129–45. 190 Notes

18 Erasmus Darwin, Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life, 2 vols (Boston: Thomas & Andrews, 1803), I,5. 19 Martin Priestman, Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, 1730–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 20 Erasmus Darwin, The Temple of Nature; or the Origin of Society, 1803 (London: Scholar Press, 1973), Additional Note, VII, ‘Old Age and Death’. 21 Erasmus Darwin, The Botanic Garden; A Poem in Two Parts (London: J. Johnson, 1791), I, 401n. 22 ‘With finer links the vital chain extends, / And the long line of Being never ends’ (Darwin, 1973, II, 19–20). 23 Review of Walker’s lectures, York Chronical, 19 February 1773, quoted in F.W. Gibbs, ‘Itinerant Lecturers in Natural Philosophy’, AmbiX, 8 (1960), 111–17 (p. 111). 24 See, for example, A.M.D. Hughes, The Nascent Mind of Shelley (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1947), pp. 9–10. In contrast, see the obituary of Walker in The European Magazine and London Review, 21 (1792), 411–13. 25 Walker published some of his lectures as Analysis of a Course of Lectures on Natural and Experimental Philosophy (Kendal: Printed and sold by the Author, 1766). This book went into 14 editions, being last published in London by J. Barfield in 1807. Critics generally use Walker’s A System of Familiar Philosophy: In Twelve Lectures; Being the Course of Lectures Usually Read by Mr. A. Walker, 2nd edn, 2 vols (London: G. Kearsley, 1802) in their discussions of his influence on Shelley although it is quite possible that Shelley read a late edition of Analysis. When quoting from Analysis I identify which edition I am using by giving the year of publication. 26 Quoted in Robert E. Schofield, The Lunar Society of Birmingham: A Social History of Provincial Science and Industry in Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963), p. 248 (28 July 1781). 27 Tweedy believes that Walker influenced Shelley’s belief that such societies were important and necessary despite the political climate suppressing them. Roderick Sebastian Tweedy, ‘The Visionary Mechanic: Shelley’s early philosophy of nature’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Oxford, 1996). 28 Bryant Lillywhite, London Coffee Houses (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1963), p. 153. 29 Shelley ordered Davy’s Elements of Chemistry before it had even been published in 1812, Letters, I, 319 (29 July 1812). Laura E. Crouch has persuasively argued that Mary Shelley used Davy’s A Discourse, Introductory to A Course of Lectures in Chemistry (1802) in Frankenstein, Laura E. Crouch, ‘Davy’s A Discourse Introductory to a Course of Lectures on Chemistry: A Possible Scientific Source of Frankenstein’, Keats–Shelley Journal, 27 (1978), 35–44. In her journal for late October to early November 1816 Mary records that she is reading ‘the Introduction to Sir H. Davy’s Chemistry’, MS Journals, pp. 142–4. 30 On Thomas Beddoes see Trevor H. Levere, ‘Dr Thomas Beddoes (1750–1808): Science and medicine in politics and society’, British Journal for the History of Science, 17 (1984), 187–204 and ‘Dr Thomas Beddoes and the establishment of his Pneumatic Institution: A tale of three presidents’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 32 (1977), 41–9; Dorothy Stansfield, Thomas Beddoes, MD, 1760–1808: Chemist, Physician, Democrat (Holland: D. Reidel, 1984). Notes 191

31 Anon., ‘Letter from “Amicus” to Mr Urban on Thomas Beddoes’s death’, The Gentleman’s Magazine, 79 (1809), 120. 32 Beddoes can be linked to Shelley through his correspondence with James Lind, Shelley’s tutor at Eton, or James Keir, Lind’s cousin, who was also one of the Lunar Society and a friend of the Beddoes family. Nora Crook and Derek Guiton discuss the connections between these figures in Shelley’s Venomed Melody (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 24. Tiberius Cavallo, another scientific correspondent of Lind, quotes Beddoes in An Essay on the Medicinal Properties of Factitious Airs, with an Appendix on the Nature of Blood (London: C. Dilly, 1798), p. 34. See Crook and Guiton, 1986, p. 21, for Cavallo and Lind, their experiments, and their correspondence (BL MSS. Adds. 22897–98). 33 See W.F. Bynum, ‘Health, Disease and Medical Care’, in The Ferment of Knowledge, ed. G.S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), pp. 211–53 (pp. 221–2). For Coleridge’s preference of Schelling’s modification of Brown’s theory over the original, see Levere, 1981, pp. 202–3. 34 John Brown, Elements of Medicine: A New Edition, rev. and corr. Thomas Beddoes, 2 vols (London: J. Johnson, 1795). 35 Davy’s Personal Notebook, RI MS HD 13f, p. 12. 36 La Mettrie was a French philosopher and physician who incorporated his medical knowledge into a materialist doctrine, published as L’Homme Machine (1747). 37 Davy’s Personal Notebook, RI MS HD 13h, p. 17. 38 Humphry Davy, ‘Experimental essays on heat, light, and on the combina- tions of light, with a new theory of respiration, and observations on the chemistry of life’, in Thomas Beddoes and James Watt, eds, Contributions to Physical and Medical Knowledge, Principally from the West of England (London: Longman & Rees, 1799), 5–147. 39 Anon., The British Critic, 14 (1799), 623–7 (p. 627). 40 Robert Southey, New Letters of Robert Southey, ed. Kenneth Curry, 2 vols (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1965), I, 206n. 41 Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Earl Leslie Griggs, 6 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), I, 559 (2 January 1800). Only a few years later the mere mention of Godwin’s name was enough to alarm Davy; Southey wrote: ‘I have terrified Davy with the news of his coming. He actu- ally perspires at the thought.’ Southey, 1965, I, 277 (10 May 1802). 42 Southey uses the word ‘seditionized’ in relation to a friend of Davy’s: ‘I have at last seen and seditionized with Davys [sic] friend’, Southey, 1965, I, 231 (18 Dec 1800). 43 David Knight, Humphry Davy: Science and Power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), pp. 37–8. Roger Sharrock traces a dialogue between Davy’s Discourse to the Royal Society, and Wordsworth’s Preface to Lyrical Ballads, ‘The Chemist and the Poet: Sir Humphry Davy and the Preface to Lyrical Ballads’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 17 (1962), 56–76. For evidence of professional rivalry between Davy and Wordsworth, see Catherine E. Ross, ‘“Twin Labourers and Heirs of the Same Hopes”: The Professional Rivalry of Humphry Davy and William Wordsworth’, in Heringman, 2003, pp. 23–52. 44 Unpublished letter, quoted in Levere, 1981, p. 32. 192 Notes

45 Both Southey and Coleridge complain independently of how Davy changed after his move to London; for example, Southey writes to John Rickman: ‘You never mention Davy, alias the Galvanic Spark, and I never think of the baneful effects of prosperity without remembering him’, Southey, 1965, I, 358 (9 March 1804). 46 See N.G. Coley, ‘The Animal Chemistry Club: Assistant Society to the Royal Society’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 22 (1967), 73–85. 47 Humphry Davy, Elements of Chemical Philosophy, in The Collected Works of Humphry Davy, ed. John Davy, 9 vols (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1839), IV, 127. 48 Consolations in Travel, quoted in Knight, 1992, p. 179. Critics have argued that the concerns of his early life came back to occupy Davy in his last years. See Michael Neve, ‘The Young Humphry Davy: or John Tonkin’s Lament’, in Science and the Sons of Genius: Studies on Humphry Davy, ed. Sophie Forgan (London: Science Reviews, 1980), pp. 1–32 (p. 5), and Christopher Lawrence, ‘The Power and the Glory: Humphry Davy and Romanticism’, in Romanticism and the Sciences, ed. Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 213–28. 49 Byron, Letters and Journals, ed. Leslie A. Marchand, 12 vols (London: John Murray, 1973–82), vII, 78. 50 He wrote to his wife after Byron’s death: ‘I often read Lord Byron’s Euthanasia; it is the only case, probably, where my feelings perfectly coincide with what his were’, Knight, 1992, p. 153. 51 The successful operation was performed early in Abernethy’s career, in 1779, and gained him the FRS, David Innes Williams, ‘Portraits of a Confrontation: Abernethy and Lawrence’, Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England (Supplement), 76 (1994), 14–17 (p. 15). Abernethy ‘was opposed to vivisection, and was sometimes seen in tears after carrying out a major operation’, John L. Thornton, ‘John Abernethy 1764–1831’, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Journal, 72 (1964), 287–93 (p. 289). 52 In 1816 Abernethy refused a baronetcy, Thornton, 1953, p. 59. 53 George Macilwain, Memoirs of John Abernethy, 3rd edn (London: Hatchard, 1856), p. 190. 54 Anon., ‘Sir William Lawrence, Bart’, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Reports, 4 (1868), 1–18 (p. 2). 55 William Lawrence, A Short System of Comparative Anatomy, translated from the German of J.F. Blumenbach; with numerous additional notes, and an introductory view of the classiﬁcation of animals by the translator (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees & Orme, 1807). 56 It was widely remarked that Hunter seemed to have proved the truth of Leviticus, ‘the life of the ﬂesh is in the blood’, 17: 2. 57 See Franklin, 1930–31. For Lawrence’s later reappraisal of their debate, see Thornton, 1953, p. 136. 58 Lawrence was repeatedly accused of quoting Bichat without acknowledge- ment; see Rennell, p. 64. D’Oyly claimed that Lawrence had copied ‘even the terms in which he has expressed’ ideas from French physiologists, 1819, p. 4. 59 Martin Priestman writes that Lucretius provides the antiquated atheism on which most Romantic atheism is based; see Priestman, 1999, p. 187. Notes 193

60 See Richardson, 2001. 61 Adrian Desmond, The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). 62 It should be pointed out, though, that Coleridge and Green were attempting a new synthesis, ‘restoring the neo-Platonic hypostases, but discovering them from a post-Kantian psychology and physiology. [Green was] attempting to base a theory of mental relations upon his professional skill in physical anatomy, an attempt which offered a new way of reconciling body and soul, object and subject’, Tim Fulford, ‘Coleridge and J.H. Green: The Anatomy of Beauty’, in The Coleridge Connection: Essays for Thomas McFarland, eds Richard Gravil and Molly Lefebure (Hampshire and London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1990), pp. 133–50 (p. 138). 63 See Abernethy’s references to Coleridge and Maria Edgeworth in his Hunterian Oration, pp. 61n, 66. 64 In private, Coleridge wrote disparagingly of Abernethy’s superadded vital principle: ‘(like Abernethie’s Magnetic Fluid which the Conjurer sent into the spring of his Watch)’, Coleridge, 1956, IV, 689 (Letter to James Gillman, 10 Nov 1816). See also Coleridge’s letter to C.A. Talk (12 January 1818), 1956, IV, 809. 65 Shelley wrote an animated defence of Carlile and the unjust nature of such trials and sent it to Leigh Hunt to be published in the Examiner. Hunt did not publish it. Letters, II, 136–48 (3 November 1819). 66 See Priestman, 1999, p. 8. 67 Desmond draws a ﬁnal comparison between Lawrence and Darwin in his afterword: ‘Like Lawrence’s crime in 1819, Darwin’s in 1842 would have been treated as a betrayal of the clerisy’, 1989, p. 413. 68 The invocation of the closet as the appropriate space to read certain subject matter was commonly used in this period when censorship was rife. Shakespeare’s works were considered to be particularly dangerous to women and were consigned to the closet, unless there were suitably expurgated texts available for family consumption. See, for example, Thomas Bowdler in Family Shakespeare (1818), who prefaced Othello with: ‘THIS tragedy is justly considered as one of the noblest efforts of dramatic genius that has appeared in any age or in any language; but the subject is unfortunately little suited to family reading … I would advise the transferring it from the parlour to the cabinet’, quoted in Donald Thomas, A Long time Burning: A History of Censorship in England (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), p. 187. 69 La Mettrie believed that the question of whether there was a soul was not for theologians to answer; their ‘obscure studies’ could not help. Instead it was the physicians who would be able to prove the existence of the soul: ‘They alone, calmly contemplating our soul, have caught it a thousand times unawares, in its misery and its grandeur, without either despising it in one state or admiring it in the other’, Machine Man and Other Writings, trans. and ed. Ann Thompson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 4–5. 70 Peter Kitson, ed., ‘Theories of Race’, in Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation, ed. Peter Kitson and Debbie Lee, 8 vols (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1999), vIII, xix. 194 Notes

71 See, for example, Richard Holmes who identifies Lawrence as ‘the eminent London consultant surgeon and medical author who wrote one of the early essays on modern evolutionary theory’, Shelley: The Pursuit (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), p. 286. 72 See Mudford, 1968, p. 40, and Lectures, p. 123. 73 Abernethy’s Hunterian Oration was instrumental in procuring the 1832 Anatomy Act; see Tim Marshall, Murdering to Dissect: Grave Robbing, Frankenstein and the Anatomy Literature (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), p. 161. 74 Lawrence apparently presented his Lectures to Abernethy: a copy, owned by Abernethy, exists in St Bartholomew’s Hospital Library, inscribed ‘with the Author’s Compliments’, Thornton, 1953, p. 133. 75 See Marilyn Butler on entries written by Lawrence, in M. Shelley, 1993, p. xlii and n.; on Abernethy’s contributions see Thornton, 1953, p. 168, and the bibliography in Arthur Keith, ‘Fresh Light on John Abernethy’, St Bartholomew’s Hospital Journal, 38 (1930–31), 151–63 (p. 162). Shelley referred to Lawrence’s article on ‘Man’ in his notes to Queen Mab, Poems, I, 412. 76 Thomas Charles Morgan, Sketches of the Philosophy of Life (London: Henry Colburn, 1818). 77 Charles Bell dedicated his Essay on the Forces Which Circulate the Blood (1819) to Abernethy. 78 Grinfield’s book was first published anonymously in 1819, ‘by one of those People called Christians’. 79 Abernethy wrote to George Kerr on 22 January 1822 that he liked his ‘Codicil’ to the Hunterian Oration ‘better’ since he had read Dr Barclay’s book (Franklin, 1930–31, 241). 80 Philostratus [Thomas Foster], Somatopsychonoologia: Showing that the Proofs of Body, Life and Mind, Considered as Distinct Essences, Cannot be Deduced from Physiology, but Depend upon a Distinct Sort of Evidence; Being an Examination of the Controversy Concerning Life carried on by MM Laurence [sic], Abernethy, Rennell, and others (London: R. Hunter, 1823). 81 Daniel T. Stinson, The Role of Sir William Lawrence in Nineteenth-Century English Surgery (Zurich: Juris Druck & Verlag, 1969), p. 18. 82 Mary Shepherd wrote a number of philosophical treatises, and she became a good friend of Thomas Forster later in life. 83 See Peregrine Simon, ‘Lord Eldon and the Poets’, Keats–Shelley Review, 10 (1996), 243–67. Shelley knew of ‘the precedent of Southey’, Letters, II, 298 (11 June 1821); see also Letters, II, 302, 305. 84 Smith is simply described as ‘a respectable bookseller on the Strand’ in the report of the chancery court case, Lawrence v. Smith, The Times, 25 March 1822, 3c. Lawrence clearly knew William Cobbett personally, since in 1823 Cobbett and Wakley asked Lawrence to write radical political leaders for the Lancet, Desmond, 1989, p. 121. 85 See Carlile on the different editions, The Republican, 26 April 1822. 86 Thomas, 1969, p. 207. They succeeded in prosecuting William Clarke for his pirated version of Queen Mab, a text already declared blasphemous by Eldon during Shelley’s appeal for custody of Harriet’s children. Clarke was sent to prison for four months (Thomas, 1969, pp. 207–9). Notes 195

87 See Iain McCalman, Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries and Porno- graphers in London, 1795–1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). 88 Byron felt apprehensive of this trial after having witnessed Shelley’s treatment by Eldon, Byron, 1973–82, VI, 252. 89 See, for example, Anon., 1822a. 90 The Times, ‘Law Report’, Lawrence v. Smith, 25 March 1822, 3c. 91 Priestley’s case, overseen by the Lord Chief Justice Eyre, was the precedent that Eldon used to withhold the first such injunction applied for by Wolcot, Paul M. Zall, ‘Lord Eldon’s Censorship’, PMLA, 68 (1953), 436–43 (p. 437). 92 The Times, ‘Court of Chancery, Lincoln’s Inn, 26 March. Lawrence’s Physiological and Zoological lectures. Lawrence v. Smith’, 27 March 1822, 4a. 93 The article continues with, ‘A number of the Lectures may be bought for threepence: Mr. Rennell’s answer, and our own critique, remain at their old monopoly price’, Anon., 1822a, p. 134. 94 See The Republican, 14 January 1820, 11–15, 26 April 1822, 538, 19 July 1822, 256, 2 August 1822, 317–19. Carlile advertised his edition of Lawrence’s Lectures in The Republican, 20 December 1822, 959 and asked for further documents on the Chancery Court case in The Republican, 21 Feb 1823, 250. 95 George Jacob Holyoake, The Life and Character of Richard Carlile (London: J. Watson, 1849), p. 27. The dissection of Carlile’s body was reported in the Lancet; Lawrence did not in the event perform the dissection himself. See ‘Examination of the body of Mr Richard Carlile’, Lancet, 1016 (18 February 1843), 774. 96 In Lawrence’s obituary in The Times, this was again confirmed: ‘[Lawrence] kept his word, so far as withdrawing the obnoxious works from circulation in this country, but sold the entire edition to the notorious Carlisle [sic], of Fleet-street, a publisher of seditious and blasphemous works, by whom the books were sent to America’, 10 July 1867, 10f. Lawrence’s son, Trevor Lawrence, defended his father’s innocence in a response to this notice, The Times, 15 July 1867, 10b. The obituary writer then argued that he made the statement ‘on the authority’ of Carlile, who communicated this to him ‘shortly before his death’, The Times, 16 July 1867, 21e. 97 Carlile regarded Lawrence’s letter as a sop to his superiors in the profession: ‘The cowardice of the body of Surgeons in the Metropolis has suffered the spirit of bigotry and idolatrous ignorance to pervade their profession, and to dictate where they shall cease to improve it; they have, with the excep- tion of Mr. Lawrence, basely succumbed to the priestly juggle imposed upon them. And he finds it impossible to pursue the profession, on which he depends, without throwing a tub to and deceiving this Leviathan of Idolatry that menaces him’, The Republican, 19 July 1822, 256. Lawrence’s original letter is held in the RCS, Lawrence to R.G. Glynn Bart. President of Bridewell and Bethlem, MS Add. 194. Desmond identified this letter and that it had been dated incorrectly, 1989, p. 121. Years later, Robert Dale Owen republished the Monthly Magazine article, speaking of Lawrence’s being suspended ‘for the heresy of his opinions’, and ‘induced, like the persecuted Galileo, to sign a recantation of the truths he had once so ably propounded’, Galileo and the Inquisition (London: J. Watson, 1841), p. 6. 196 Notes

98 For a history of Lawrence’s life beyond this debate, see Desmond (1989). 99 Lancet 1835, 626 (29 August 1835), 704.

2 Shelley’s Knowledge of the ‘Science of Life’ 1 Peter Butter led the movement away from what he regarded as Carl Grabo’s and A.N. Whitehead’s excessive praise of Shelley’s scientific knowledge, with the expressed aim of ‘readjusting the balance’, Shelley’s Idols of the Cave (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1954), p. 136. Desmond King-Hele, while privileging scientific influence, followed Butter’s lead, emphasizing the amateurish nature of Shelley’s practice of chemistry, Shelley: His Thought and His Work, 2nd edn (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1971). King-Hele refers to Shelley’s ‘limited and unsystematic’ training and the ‘slapdash’ nature of his experiments, 1971, pp. 158, 162. 2 See Shelley’s Letters, II, appendix 8, for a list of Shelley’s reading. 3 Medwin repeats verbatim Thomas Jefferson Hogg’s assessment of Shelley as a chemist, providing subsequent critics with a portrait of Shelley as inept: ‘it is highly improbable that Shelley was qualified to succeed in that science, where scrupulous minuteness and a mechanical accuracy are indispensable’, Medwin’s Revised Life of Shelley, ed. H. Buxton Forman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1913), p. 69. 4 Thomas Jefferson Hogg, The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley, 2 vols (London: Edward Moxon, 1858), I, 70. See Crook’s and Guiton’s discussion of the instruments in Shelley’s Oxford rooms, pp. 48–50, and Nora Crook’s account of Hogg’s ‘microscope story’, in ‘Shelley and the Solar Microscope’, Keats–Shelley Review, 1 (1986), 49–59. The apparatus Shelley had may have been bought from Walker; various instruments, amusement chests and portable laboratories were sold to accompany his chemistry books and lectures. 5 Contemporary scientists shared Shelley’s belief that the bigger the electrical machine the more it could achieve, Golinski, 1992, 215–16. 6 See Plate 8 in Gibbs, 1965. Crook and Guiton also note that Shelley’s use of a teacup in experiments, which Hogg sees as testament to Shelley’s amateurism, was common medical practice (1986, p. 49). 7 Geoffrey Matthews, ‘A Volcano’s Voice in Shelley’, English Literary History, 24 (1957), 191–228 (p. 200). 8 Kenneth Neill Cameron, The Young Shelley: Genesis of a Radical (London: Victor Gollancz, 1951), p. 121. 9 Timothy Morton, Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). 10 Hogg only stayed for three weeks in the house they shared at 15 Poland Street; he left on 16 April 1811, Letters, I, 64. 11 Desmond Hawkins has written extensively on the Grove family and Shelley; see, in particular, Shelley’s First Love: The Love Story of Percy Bysshe Shelley (London: Archon Books, 1992). 12 On 28 April Shelley wrote to Hogg and addressed the letter from John’s house, informing him ‘I am now at Grove’s’ (Letters, I, 71). 13 During Shelley’s stay in London, John proposed unsuccessfully to Shelley’s sister, Elizabeth. Shelley was against the match, writing to Hogg: ‘his attachment is that of a cool, unimpassioned selector of a Notes 197

companion for life’ (Letters, I, 134, 15 August 1811). Hogg records John and Shelley ridiculing Tom Grove’s adulation of the aristocracy: ‘“how many dukes shall we have to-day, Bysshe?” John G – asked’ (Hogg, 1858, I, 302). In these anecdotes they seem to share the same opinions and to enjoy each other’s company. Hogg, on the other hand, seems to have felt left out in their society. Unsurprisingly, considering Hogg’s personal infatuation with Elizabeth, Hogg was not enamoured of John, preferring the younger, more talkative brother Charles (Hogg, 1858, I, 296). Charles became very close to Shelley during this spring and summer; Shelley revealed his plans to elope with Harriet Westbrook to Charles (Hogg, 1858, II, 554). 14 Timothy Shelley had asked John Grove to intercede, Roger Ingpen, Shelley in England (London: Kegan, Paul, Trench and Trubner, 1917), pp. 230–1. Shelley wrote to Hogg ‘Nemus [Latin for Grove] is ﬂattering like a courtier, & will I conjecture bring him about again’, Letters, I, 74, 29 April 1811. Harriet Shelley’s letter to Catherine Nugent on 21 May 1813 reveals that John continued his attempts to reconcile Shelley with his father: Shelley wrote to Timothy on 18 May 1813 ‘at the earnest solicitation of his cousin’, Letters, I, 367 n. 3. 15 Keats’s apprenticeship to Lucas and the terrible incompetence he witnessed at this surgeon’s hand on the wards of Guy’s Hospital contributed to his decision to give up the idea of surgery. See Nicholas Roe, John Keats and the Culture of Dissent (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), pp. 165–6. 16 ‘Surgeon’s ward-walking pupils, in the hospitals for a year or less, had a little opportunity to do much more than observe the practice there’, Susan C. Lawrence, ‘Science and Medicine at the London Hospitals: The Development of Teaching and Research, 1750–1815’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, 1985), p. 162. 17 At St Bartholomew’s in 1820 there were only three medical students compared to several hundred surgical students. Charles Newman, ‘The Hospital as a Teaching Centre’, in The Evolution of Hospitals in Britain, ed. F.N.L. Poynter (London: Pitman Medical, 1964), pp. 187–205 (p. 198). 18 Thornton Hunt, ‘Shelley. By One Who Knew Him’, The Atlantic Monthly, 11 (1863), 184–204 (p. 187). My thanks to Nicholas Roe for bringing this quote to my attention. 19 St Bartholomew’s Hospital Archives MS BHA X 54/1 Journal of Ludford Harvey. 20 Elsewhere in Harvey’s journal he records the monthly surgeons’ accounts; in the accounts for March 1811 he enters ‘had for the Box carriers Mr Patchell, Mr Grove & Peacock 11 1/2 guineas’ BHA X 54/1, p. 243. 21 Records of the House Committee of the Hospital, quoted in Thornton, 1953, p. 67. 22 Alfred Willett, ‘The Surgical Side of the Hospital Fifty Years Ago’, St Bartholomew’s Journal, 18 (1910), p. 3. 23 Medwin is here quoting Shelley’s note to Queen Mab, in which Shelley quotes Milton, Poems, I, 408. 24 I am indebted to Tina Craig, Archivist for the Royal College of Surgeons, for this information, which she obtained from the Royal College of Surgeons’ Apprentices Book. 198 Notes

25 Desmond Hawkins, The Grove Diaries: The Rise and Fall of an English Family, 1809–1925 (Dorset: The Dovecote Press, 1995), p. 121. 26 St Bartholomew’s Hospital Archives MS, BHA HA 1/16, Governors’ Minutes, p. 236. 27 John returned with his furniture to the Grove family home on 14 September 1814 (Hawkins, 1992, p. 10). 28 The election John won at Salisbury Hospital is recorded in Charlotte’s diary for 30 August 1817, Hawkins, 1992, p. 13; see also Hawkins, 1986, p. 79. 29 St Bartholomew’s Hospital Archives MSS BHA SA 1/1 and BHA SA 1/2 Medical and Physical Society Minute Book. 30 Grove was President of the meeting held on 20 November 1804 and on 5 February 1805, BHA SA 1/1. 31 The book referred to is Tiberius Cavallo, The Elements of Natural or Experimental Philosophy, 4 vols (London: T. Cadell & W. Davies, 1803). 32 See, for example, Tiberius Cavallo, A Complete Treatise on Electricity, in Theory and Practice, 3rd edn, 3 vols (London: C. Dilly, 1786). 33 Morton noticed this, 1994, p. 68. See P.B. Shelley, The Complete Works, ed. R Ingpen and W.E. Peck, 10 vols (London and New York: Ernest Benn, 1926–30), VI, 347. 34 BSM, xIII, adds. e. 19, p. 76. The list reads vertically ‘Baxter | Godwin | Hunt | Lackington | Groves’. An entry in Charlotte Grove’s diary for 1817 records the arrival on 4 May of ‘Bysshe’s novel of Prometheus’; probably Shelley sent them Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Hawkins, 1995, p. 137. 35 John Abernethy, Surgical Observation on the Constitutional Origin and Treatment of Local Diseases; and on Aneurisms, 5th edn (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1820). 36 D’Arcy Power, ‘Epoch-Making Books in British Surgery’, British Journal of Surgery, 17 (1929–30), 369–72 (p. 369). 37 See Morton, 1994, p. 144. 38 BSM, xxI, adds. c.4, folio 272r. The essay is dated 1814–15 by Murray in Prose Works, p. 151. J. Callow, the medical publisher who published Shelley’s 1813 A Vindication of Natural Diet, also published Lawrence’s Introduction and Lectures. 39 Crook and Guiton discuss Abernethy’s inﬂuence on Shelley’s notion of sympathy, 1986, p. 28. 40 David Knight, ‘Romanticism and the Sciences’, in Romanticism and the Sciences, ed. Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 13–24 (p. 19). 41 Norman Moore, The History of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, 2 vols (London: C. Arthur Pearson, 1918), II, 656. 42 Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, MSS. 815–16 Lectures on Anatomy. Though the dates of Grainger’s notes refer to the second winter session of lectures Abernethy gave, it is unlikely that they were very different to the earlier session Shelley attended. The manuscript is in two volumes, dated 22 October 1811 and 23 December 1811. 43 See Morton, 1994, on this circle. 44 Newton dedicated his Return to Nature to Lambe and declared his conviction that Lambe’s regimen had cured him of his asthma; John Frank Newton, The Return to Nature, or, A Defence of the Vegetable Regimen; with some account Notes 199

of an experiment made during the last three of four years in the author’s family (London: T. Cadell & W. Davies, 1811). 45 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Bod. Dep. e. 212 William Godwin Diary. 46 There are references to ‘Ch. Lawrence’ on 25 November 1811 (Bod. Dep. e. 211), to ‘Lawrence, ch’ on 22 June 1813 (Bod. Dep. e. 212), and to ‘Cheo [?] Lawrence’ 28 Mar 1815 (Bod. Dep. e. 214). I am indebted to Bruce Barker- Benfield for suggesting that these references may be to a friend of the de Boinvilles, James Lawrence, also known as the Chevalier Lawrence. See William St Clair, The Godwins and the Shelleys (London: Faber & Faber, 1989), p. 263–4. It is possible that a reference, to ‘W & C Lawrence’ at the Newtons on 5 March 1813 (Bod. Dep. e. 212), is to William Lawrence and his brother Charles, who may well have been in London during this time (see DNB). Mark Philp has helpfully noted that Godwin also knew the painter Thomas Lawrence. There is also an extant letter from a different Lawrence, perhaps a bookseller, to Godwin (Bod. Dep. b. 214/3). As Godwin saw William Lawrence more often, it is possible that he stopped putting ‘surgeon’ after Lawrence’s name. For the purposes of this book, though, I shall use only those references that specify that the William Lawrence referred to is a surgeon. 47 There are extant letters from Carlisle to Godwin, which make it clear that Carlisle was called out to see children of the Godwin household in 1804. See, for example, Bod. Dep. e. 214/3. 48 See Desmond, 1989, pp. 111–12. 49 Anthony Carlisle, An Essay in the Disorders of Old Age, and on the Means of Prolonging Human Life, 2nd edn (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown, 1818); see pp. 5, 31, 39 in particular. 50 Thomas Trotter, An Essay, Medical, Philosophical, and Chemical on Drunkenness, and its Effects on the Human Body (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees & Orme, 1804) and A View of the Nervous Temperament; being a practical enquiry into the increasing prevalence, prevention, and treatment of those diseases commonly called nervous, billious, stomach and liver complaints; indigestion; low spirits; gout &c. (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees & Orme, 1807). 51 See Vivien Jones, ‘The Death of Mary Wollstonecraft’, British Journal of Eighteenth-Century Studies, 20: 2 (1997), 187–205. 52 Bruce Barker-Benfield alerted me to St Clair’s interpretation of ‘adv.’ as an abbreviation of the Latin ‘advenae’, referring to those guests who had ‘arrived unexpectedly’, St Clair, 1989, p. 56. Mark Philp, however, interprets the abbreviation as from the Latin term for ‘see’, pointing out that not all of the occasions on which it is used refer to visits. 53 Lawrence voices a very different opinion of vegetarianism in his later Lectures, pp. 211–22. His rejection of vegetarianism perhaps foreshadows his move away from radicalism in the 1820s. 54 Philozia: or, moral reflections on the actual condition of the animal kingdom, and on the means of improving the same … addressed to Lewis [sic] Gompertz (Brussels: W, Todd, 1839), pp. 42–3. 55 Bod. MS Eng lett c200, MSS and Family Papers of Thomas Forster, pp. 179–80. 200 Notes

56 My thanks to Nicholas A. Joukovsky for informing me that the revised second edition of Forster’s Researches about Atmospheric Phenomena con- tained aquatint plates illustrating cloud types and cloud formations. 57 A letter from Harriet Shelley also reveals that ‘Mr. Lawrence’ was treating Cornelia Newton (Letters, I, 476n., 5 June 1816). 58 Dr Polidori describes Shelley, on their ﬁrst meeting, as ‘bashful, shy, con- sumptive’; J.W. Polidori, The Diary of John William Polidori, 1816, ed. W.M. Rossetti (London: Elkin Mathews, 1911), p. 101. 59 Nora Crook and Derek Guiton state that the doctor could not have been Lawrence because he was delivering a paper to the Medico-Chirurgical Society on that day, 1986, p. 103. Cp. Matthews and Everest, Poems, I, 461. 60 The Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, ed. Betty T. Bennett, 3 vols (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980–88), I, 41, 24 September 1817. 61 See especially the chapter ‘Pale pain, my shadow 1814–22’, Crook and Guiton, 1986, 102–18. 62 See Nicholas A. Joukovsky, ‘Peacock before Headlong Hall: A New Look at his Early Years’, Keats-Shelley Memorial Bulletin, 36 (1985) 1–40 (p. 21). 63 Peacock, 2001, II, 475, 14 March 1859, translation by Joukovsky. 64 Forster writes that he was ‘entered as physician’s pupil at St Bartholomew’s hospital’, Illustrations of the Atmospherical Origin of Epidemic Disorders of Health … With popular rules for observing fasting and abstinence (London: T. & G. Underwood, 1829), p. v. There is a ‘Mr Forster’ enrolled as a student of Abernethy in a register of students at Bart’s, for the 1817–18 session (com- mencing 1 October 1817). I am very grateful to Samantha Searle (Archivist for St Bartholomew’s Hospital library) for this information, which was obtained from BHA X 54/1, Ludford Harvey’s Journal. 65 Recueil des Ouvrages et des Pensées d’un Physicien et Metaphysicien (Francfort sur le Mein, 1835), p. 11. 66 Despite this, in a fascinating series of letters from Spurzheim to Forster, which cover the period 1815 to 1817 and which discuss the Abernethy and Lawrence debate, there is some animosity towards Lawrence. Spurzheim, responding to criticism Forster passes on from an unnamed source, believes the criticism to originate with Lawrence: ‘I think of L., Warwick Lane’ (Lawrence lived in Warwick Lane), Bod. MS. Eng lett c200, p. 17 (32 Feb 1815). 67 Physiological Reﬂections on the Destructive Operation of Spiritous and Fermented Liquors on the Animal System (London: Thomas Underwood, 1812). 68 William Lambe, A Medical and Experimental Enquiry into the Origin, Symptoms, and Cure of Constitutional Diseases (London: J. Mawman, 1805). 69 H. Saxe Wyndham, William Lambe, M.D.: A Memoir (London: London Vegetarian Society, 1940), p. 18. 70 Although Shelley fought against William Lambe being appointed guardian of his son, Mary’s journal records Lambe’s daughter Mary visiting them the day before they left England and in a letter of 30 April 1818, to Hogg, Shelley asks ‘Remember me also to the Dr.’ (SC, IV, 618; MS Journal, p. 197; Letters, II, 15). Hogg remained friends with Lambe, despite his ridicule of him in his Life of Shelley. 71 Lambe treated Cornelia Newton until she died in September 1816. Mary Shelley’s Journal entry for 20 November 1814 records: ‘Hogg comes in the Notes 201

evening – gives us a laughable account of … Dr Lambe & Mrs Newton’ (MS Journals, p. 46). 72 Thomas Forster, Epistolarium, or fasciculi of curious letters, together with a few … poems, and some account of the writers as preserved among the MSS. of the Forster family, 2 vols (Brussels: Printed for private circulation, 1845–50), I, 13. 73 Joseph Ritson, An Essay on Abstinence from Animal food, as a Moral Duty (London: Richard Phillips, 1802), p. 171. 74 BSM, V, 155 rev–171 rev. It is clear that Shelley took notes from the second edition of Agricultural Chemistry because the page numbers are substantially different between these two editions and Shelley’s practice of noting the page number corresponds with those of the expanded 1814 edition. All quotes from Davy’s text are therefore from Humphry Davy, Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, 2nd edn (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Browne; Edinburgh: A. Constable, 1814). 75 Shelley wrote to the Gisbournes, ‘I have been thinking & talking & reading Agriculture this last week’, Letters, II, 182, 13 April 1820. 76 Wyndham D. Miles, ‘“Sir Humphrey Davie, The Prince of Agricultural Chemists”’, Chymia, 7 (1961) 126–34. 77 Some of Shelley’s notes are speciﬁcally concerned with the practice of agriculture; for example, he notes ‘Fallowing – a bad practise’ (BSM, V, 168 rev). 78 See BSM, V, for the facsimile of Shelley’s MS. I have not shown crossed out words. I have followed Adamson’s transcript, including her inserts in square brackets, but diamond brackets show letters or punctuation I have inserted into the text. 79 In this instance, Shelley copies Davy’s text but a later section reveals Shelley’s anatomical knowledge. Shelley interprets Davy’s account of the lower surface of leaves: ‘On the lower surface the epidermis is a thin trans- parent membrane full of cavities, and it is probably altogether by this surface that moisture and the principles or the atmosphere necessary to vegetation are absorbed’ (Davy, 1814, pp. 64–5). Shelley’s corresponding note reads: ‘The upper surface of leaves is resinous siliceous or waxy. The lower vascular’ (BSM, V, 162 rev). 80 The Works of Thomas Love Peacock, ed. H.B.F. Brett-Smith and C.E. Jones, 10 vols (London: Constable, 1924), II, 41–52. The chapter is entitled ‘Sugar’.

3 The Political Body 1 For detailed discussion of the poem’s composition see Poems, II and BSM, IX. 2 All quotations from Prometheus Unbound are from the second volume of Poems. Act, scene and line numbers are given in the text. 3 [J.T. Coleridge], ‘Laon and Cythna, or the Revolution of the Golden City. A Vision of the Nineteenth Century, in the Stanza of Spencer. By Percy B. Shelley’, Quarterly Review, 42 (1819), 460–70. 4 Shelley himself seems to draw a distinction between this ‘reasoned theory of human life’ and the ‘systematical history of what appear to me to be the genuine elements of human society’. Matthews and Everest think that by the latter he is probably referring to A Philosophical View of Reform, written at about this time, Poems, II, 475n. 202 Notes

5 Kelvin Everest, ‘“Mechanism of a kind yet Unattempted”: The Dramatic Action of Prometheus Unbound’, Durham University Journal, 85 (1993), 237–45 (p. 239). 6 It seems likely that Shelley meant to refer the reader to Drummond’s discussion of ‘power’ on page 5: ‘Power cannot be at once the principle and the attribute of being’ (Drummond, 1805, p. 5). 7 Angela Leighton believes that Prometheus creates the furies himself: ‘The Furies are only helpless externalisations of what Prometheus can “know” (I. 459) and “think” (I. 475) and “imagine” (I. 478)’, Shelley and the Sublime: An Interpretation of the Major Poems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 86. 8 Cp. Another frenzy came – there seemed a being Within me – a strange load my heart did bear, As if some living thing had made its lair Even in the fountains of my life. (Laon and Cythna, vII, 16, Poems, II, 186) 9 Isabel Armstrong notes the ambiguity of Shelley’s word ‘through’ elsewhere in the poem; the fury’s use of the word in line 483 also permits this variety of interpretations: ‘burning behind and shining through, burning by means of, burning up, penetrating through’, Language as a Living Form in Nineteenth-Century Poetry (Sussex: Harvester Press, 1982), p. 137. 10 Judith Chernaik writes of ‘the invisible principle of life within the visible flesh’, The Lyrics of Shelley (Cleveland and London: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1972), p. 56. 11 Chernaik comments on the links between ‘To Constantia’ and this scene in Prometheus, 1972, pp. 55–7. 12 Nigel Leask, ‘Shelley’s “Magnetic Ladies”: Romantic Mesmerism and the Politics of the Body’, in Beyond Romanticism, ed. Stephen Copley and John Whale (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 53–78 (p. 68). 13 In her 1831 Preface to Frankenstein, Mary Shelley wrote that ‘galvanism had given token of such things: perhaps the component parts of a creature might be manufactured, brought together, and endued with vital warmth’ (M. Shelley, 1993, pp. 195–6). 14 For a comprehensive survey of mesmerism and its critics during this period, see Roy Porter, Health for Sale: Quackery in England (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989). 15 P.M.S. Dawson, ‘“A sort of natural magic”: Shelley and Animal Magnetism’, KSR, 1 (1986), 15–22 (p. 16). 16 Asia reads Panthea’s dream by similarly commanding her to ‘Lift up thine eyes / And let me read thy dream’, and again, ‘lift / Thine eyes that I may read his written soul!’ (II. 1. 55–6; II. 1. 110–11). 17 Andrew Bennett discusses this dissolving of the self in Shelley’s poetry: ‘It is, however, the condition of aesthetic and erotic experience for Shelley, that this burr of the self can be discarded or dissolved’ (1999, p. 176). 18 Chernaik argues, however, that they both are absorbed by some other power, the ‘it’ of the line ‘until it passed’: ‘Both Prometheus and Panthea are subject to the power which infuses and unites them, and bears them on its surge, and which can be known or identified only through analogy with natural powers – sun, fire, wind’ (1972, p. 56). Notes 203

19 See Matthews, 1957, on the connection between Asia and the fertility caused by volcanic activity. 20 Earl Wasserman writes ‘Shelley is everywhere inclined to conceive of life (in this ideal sense) and love – and light – as intimately related and nearly syn- onymous, animation being the luminous energy and joy of love’. He ﬁnds evidence for this connection in a line from The Cenci: ‘light, and life, and love’ (V. 4. 86), Shelley: A Critical Reading (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971), p. 276. Matthews and Everest note that Shelley ‘assumes an identity of love with electricity’ (note to I. 122–3). 21 Grabo also recognized this, 1930, pp. 117–19. 22 It could be argued that Prometheus needs Asia just as she needs him: he is described by her as ‘the soul by which I live’ (II. 1. 31). 23 Timothy Webb, ‘The Unascended Heaven: Negatives in Prometheus Unbound’, in Shelley Revalued: Essays from the Gregynog Conference, ed. Kelvin Everest (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1983), pp. 37–62 (p. 41). Paradise Lost, II, 624. 24 Matthews and Everest note that ‘Asia’s eyes are a source of energy’ (note to I. 122–3). The spirit of the earth ‘before Jove reigned’ used ‘to drink the liquid light / Out of her eyes’ (III. 4. 17–18). Lawrence refers to the eyes as a sign of life, in death: ‘the eyes become dim, the lips and cheeks livid’ (Introduction, p. 128). 25 Elsewhere ‘wine’ refers to blood; see, for example, II. 4. 65. 26 Cp. Shelley’s Defence of Poetry: ‘Poetry ever communicates all the pleasure which men are capable of receiving: it is ever still the light of life; the source of whatever of beautiful, or generous, or true can have place in an evil time’, P&P, p. 522. Asia is also called the ‘light of life’ by Prometheus when they are reunited, III. 3. 6. 27 Cp. Shelley’s essay ‘On Love’: ‘lips of motionless ice should not reply to lips quivering and burning with the heart’s best blood’, P&P, p. 504. 28 Cp. ‘The sun’s kind light feeds every living thing / That spreads its blossoms to the breath of spring’, ‘A Tale of Society as it is: From facts, 1811’, 89–90, Poems, I, 197. 29 Angela Leighton writes: ‘Shelley’s reminder here that the voice is “inorganic” raises the old problem of whether the natural landscape can have any voice which is communicable to man’, 1984, p. 80. 30 Cf. ‘One would think that Mont Blanc was a living being & that the frozen blood forever circulated slowly thro’ his stony veins’, Letters, I, 500, 25 July 1816. 31 Cp. The blood in his translucent veins Beat, not like animal life, but love Seemed now its sullen springs to move, When life had failed, and all its pains. (Rosalind and Helen, 824–7, Poems, II, 292) 32 Thomas Forster, Researches About Atmospheric Phænomena (London: Thomas Underwood, 1813). 33 For a discussion of the spread of contagion through atmospheric condi- tions, see Kim Wheatley, Shelley and His Readers: Beyond Paranoid Politics (Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 1999), especially chapter 2. 204 Notes

34 Israel James Kapstein, ‘Shelley and Cabanis, PMLA, 52 (1937), 238–43 (p. 238). Shelley ordered ‘Ouvres de Cabanis, medicin’ from Thomas Hookham on 17 December 1812, Letters, I, 342. See also Letters, I, 348, n.3. 35 Asia inhales nitrous oxide at the cave of Demogorgon. It is linked in Prometheus Unbound with prophecy; see II. 3. 18, 49–50. Davy represented nitrous oxide as a truth-seeing drug. 36 Grabo also discusses this, 1930, pp. 187–9. 37 Walter D. Wetzels, ‘Aspects of Natural Science in German Romanticism’, Studies in Romanticism, 10 (1971), 44–59 (p. 47). 38 Likewise the mind of man is described in these terms as having once been ‘dusk, and obscene and blind’; it is now like ‘an ocean / Of clear emotion’ (IV. 95–7). The metaphor is of a puriﬁed and cleansed environment, which in turn effects a purer existence. Compare the later description of the new, ‘free’ heaven that now ‘rains fresh light and dew / On the wide earth’, III. 4. 154–5. 39 Walker draws a similar conclusion from his exposition: ‘Hence we see the necessity of breathing this parabulum as pure and open as possible’, 1807, p. 32. 40 Grabo, 1930, pp. 172–4; P.B. Shelley, Shelley: Alastor, Prometheus Unbound, Adonais and Other Poems, ed. Peter Butter (London and Glasgow: Collins, 1970), pp. 284–5. 41 Shelley performed a similar experiment himself, see Letters, I, 193–4, 24 November 1811. 42 Matthews and Everest note that Shelley’s precise phrase ‘clear lakes and pools’ is odd since both Darwin and Priestley stipulate that the gas found in such waters is oxygen and not hydrogen. The extract from Walker’s System describes how hydrogen is to be found in ‘muddy ponds’ 1802, I, 260. 43 ‘HYDROGEN gas is abundantly produced during the dissolution of animal and vegetable bodies; hence it is often found to come out of ponds, burying grounds, and other places that contain animal and vegetable matter in a state of decay’, An Essay on the Medicinal Properties of Factitious Airs, with an Appendix on the Nature of Blood (London: C. Dilly, 1798), p. 13. 44 Matthews and Everest also call attention to this letter in their gloss on Prometheus Unbound, II. 2. 71–82, Poems, II, 545–6.

4 The Painted Veil 1 See his discussions of, for example, Rousseau, Dante, Ariosto and Tasso (Letters, I, 485, II, 112, II, 20). This section is indebted to Timothy Clark, Embodying Revolution: The Figure of the Poet in Shelley (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989). 2 Karl M. Figlio, ‘The Metaphor of Organization: A historiographical per- spective on the bio-medical sciences of the early nineteenth century’, History of Science, 14 (1976), 17–53 (p. 31). For the political overtones of sensibility in 1790s literature, see Christopher B. Jones, Radical Sensibility: Literature and Ideas in the 1790s (London and New York: Routledge, 1993). 3 Claire Clairmont read ‘Smellie’s Philosophy [o]f Natural History’ every day from 24–29 September 1814 while she was living with Shelley and Mary, Journals of Claire Clairmont, ed. Marian Kingston Stocking (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 46. Notes 205

4 Kelvin Everest regards this story of Hogg’s as ‘obviously apocryphal’, since Shelley would have ‘known perfectly well what to expect’ from a lecture on mineralogy, ‘Shelley and Science’, Ideas and Productions, 7 (1987), 52–9 (p. 53). 5 James Edward Smith, ‘On the Irritability of Vegetables’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 78 (1788), 158–65. 6 W.D. Rolfe, ‘William and John Hunter: breaking the Great Chain of Being’, in William Hunter and the Eighteenth-Century Medical World, ed. W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 297–322 (p. 301). For a discussion of the mimosa in Romantic poetry, see Robert M. Maniquis, ‘The Puzzling Mimosa: Sensitivity and Plant Symbols in Romanticism’, Studies in Romanticism, 8 (1969), 129–55. 7 Thomas Forster, Pan, A Pastoral of the First Age, Together With Some Other Poems (Brussels: Belgian Printing and Publishing Society, 1840), p. 22. 8 Peter Melville Logan, Nerves and Narratives: A Cultural History of Hysteria in Nineteenth-Century Prose (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1997), p. 2. 9 John Mullan, Sentiment and Sociability: The Language of Feeling in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), p. 16. 10 The Complete Works of William Hazlitt, ed. P.P. Howe, 21 vols (London and Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1930–34), vIII, 149. 11 ‘The Sensitive Plant’ is quoted from P&P. Line numbers are given in brackets after quotes. 12 Geoffrey Matthews, ‘Shelley’s Grasp on the Actual’, Essays in Criticism, 45 (1954), 328–31. Matthews was here countering F.R. Leavis’s claim that Shelley had a ‘weak grasp upon the actual’; F.R. Leavis, Revaluation: Tradition and Development in English Poetry (London: Chatto & Windus, 1936), p. 206. 13 P.M.S. Dawson, The Unacknowledged Legislator: Shelley and Politics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), p. 120. 14 William Godwin, An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, ed. Mark Philp, Political and Philosophical Writings of William Godwin, 7 vols (London: William Pickering, 1993), III, 21. 15 A Refutation of Deism was published in 1814. 16 ‘Mutability’ is quoted from Poems, I, 457. Line numbers are given in brackets after quotes. 17 ‘The Cloud’ is quoted from P&P. Line numbers are given. 18 Richard Carlile, Address to the Men of Science … (London: R. Carlile, 1821), p. 6. 19 Biographia Literaria; or Biographical Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions, 2 vols (London: Rest Fenner, 1817), I, 296. 20 Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989), p. 90. 21 Marquis de Laplace, The System of the World, trans. Rev. Henry H. Harte, 2 vols (Dublin: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green, 1830), II, 342. See Letters, I, 380; II, 458–9. 22 [Baron D’Holbach], The System of Nature; or, the Laws of the Moral and Physical World, trans. William Hodgson, 4 vols (London: Printed for the translator, 1795), pp. 18–19. 206 Notes

23 Jerome J. McGann, ‘Shelley’s Veils: A Thousand Images of Loveliness’, in Romantic and Victorian: Studies in Memory of William H. Marshall, ed. W. Paul Elledge and Richard L. Hoffman (New Jersey: Associated University Presses, 1971), pp. 198–218 (pp. 200–1). 24 Daniel Arasse, The Guillotine and the Terror, trans. Christopher Miller (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1989), p. 37. 25 Thomas Charles Morgan, Sketches of the Philosophy of Morals (London: Henry Colburn, 1822), p. x. 26 Paul Hamilton, ‘A French Connection: From Empiricism to Materialism in Writings by the Shelleys’, Colloquium Helveticum, 25 (1997), 171–93. See Edward Reed, From Soul to Mind: The Emergence of Psychology from Erasmus Darwin to William James (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997), pp. 49–59, for a discussion of the inﬂuence of Darwin’s ‘ﬂuid materialism’ on the Shelleys. 27 See Richardson, 2001. 28 Anon., Thought Not a Function of the Brain: A Reply to the Arguments for Materialism advanced by Mr. W. Lawrence, in his Lectures on Physiology (London: C. & J. Rivington, 1827). 29 Michael Scrivener, Radical Shelley: The Philosophical Anarchism and Utopian Thought of Percy Bysshe Shelley (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1982), p. 272. 30 Thomas Brown’s problem with materialism was that it held the ‘groundless belief, that we are acquainted with the nature of causation’, quoted in Reed, 1997, p. 40.

5 ‘The Poetry of Life’ 1 See Goodfield-Toulmin, 1969, p. 289. 2 Adonais is quoted from P&P. Line numbers are given in brackets after quotes. 3 William Godwin, Caleb Williams, ed. Pamela Clemit, Collected Novels and Memoirs, ed. Mark Philp, 8 vols (London: William Pickering, 1992), III, 31. 4 In Adonais, ‘unrest’ is miscalled ‘delight’ (354). 5 See Webb, 1983, p. 41: ‘Where all life dies, death lives’, Paradise Lost, II, 624. 6 See Jerrold E. Hogle, Shelley’s Process: Radical Transference and the Development of His Major Works (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988) on Shelley’s use of metaphor as radical transference. 7 This trope is used differently to that noted by Roy Porter: ‘Favoured ways of imagining [the self’s] realization include the metaphor of a seed maturing into a flower, or the growth-process from birth to adulthood, from dependency to self-sufficiency’, Flesh in the Age of Reason (London: Allen Lane, 2003). 8 Quoted in Alice Jenkins, ‘Humphry Davy: Poetry, Science and the Love of Light’, in 1798: The Year of the Lyrical Ballads, ed. Richard Cronin (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), pp. 133–50 (p. 139). 9 Quoted in Neve, 1980, p. 5. 10 See John Aldini, An Account of the Late Improvements in Galvanism, with a series of curious and interesting experiments performed before the commissioners of the French National Institute, and repeated lately in London (London: Cuthall & Martin, & J. Murray, 1803). Notes 207

11 Mickey S. Eisenberg, Life in the Balance: Emergency Medicine and the Quest to Reverse Sudden Death (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 16. 12 Ludmilla Jordanova, ‘Melancholy Reﬂection: Constructing an Identity for Unveilers of Nature’, in Frankenstein, Creation and Monstrosity, ed. Stephen Bann (London: Reaktion Books, 1994), pp. 60–77 (p. 66). 13 John Bell was the brother of Charles Bell, the vitalist on the side of Abernethy; see Bell, 1819, i–viii. I am very grateful to Ben Colbert for information on John Bell. See E.W. Walls, ‘John Bell, 1763–1820’, Medical History, 8 (1964), 63–9, for an account of Bell’s controversial career in Edinburgh. 14 Andrew Bennett, ‘Shelley in Posterity’, in Shelley: Poet and Legislator of the World, ed. Betty T. Bennett and Stuart Curran (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins Press, 1996), pp. 215–31 (pp. 223, 222). 15 Kelvin Everest, ‘Literature and Feeling: New Directions in the Theory of Romanticism’, in Reviewing Romanticism, ed. Philip W. Martin and Robin Jarvis (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992b), pp. 99–115 (p. 114). 16 Quoted by Susan Woolfson, ‘Keats Enters History: Autopsy, Adonais, and the fame of Keats’, in Keats and History, ed. Nicholas Roe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 17–45 (p. 19). 17 Jerome McGann, quoted in Woolfson, 1995, p. 17. 18 ‘The Intentional Fallacy’ by W.K. Wimsatt and Monroe C. Beardsley, in W.K. Wimsatt, The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry (Kentucky: University of Kentucky Press, 1954), p. 5. 19 Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Aurora Leigh, with other Poems, ed. Cora Kaplan (London: The Women’s Press, 1978), p. 122. 20 Kelvin Everest, ‘Ozymandias: The Text in Time’, in Essays and Studies: Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Kelvin Everest (Cambridge: Brewer, 1992a), pp. 24–42. 21 ‘Ozymandias’ is quoted from Poems, I, 310–11. Line numbers are given. 22 James Hutton, Theory of the Earth with Proofs and Illustrations, 2 vols (Edinburgh: William Creech, 1795), I, 200. 23 Shelley wrote that: ‘The late invention & improvement in Telescopes has considerably enlarged the notions of men respecting the limits of the Universe’, ‘On the Devil and Devils’, BSM, xIV, 68. 24 See Christine Kenyon-Jones, ‘“When This World Shall be Former”: Catastrophism as Imaginative Theory for the Younger Romantics’, Romanticism on the Net, 24 (November 2001b). 25 Charles Coulston Gillespie, Genesis and Geology: A Study in the Relations of Scientiﬁc Thought, Natural Theology, and Social Opinion in Great Britain, 1790–1850 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951), p. 46. 26 Shelley read Cuvier’s Researches sur les Ossemens (1812); see Letters, I, 458–9, 25 April 1822. 27 John Playfair, Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth (Edinburgh: Cadell & Davis, 1802), p. 119. 28 Shelley showed a personal interest in fossils: ‘We have bought some speci- mens of minerals & plants & two or three crystal seals at Mont Blanc, to preserve the remembrance of having approached it. – There is a Cabinet d’Histoire Naturelle at Chamouni, just as at Matlock & Keswick & Clifton’, Letters, I, 501, 25 July 1816. 208 Notes

29 Endymion, III. 119–36 and Richard III, I. 4. 21–33. Shelley writes to Peacock, ‘I will not pursue Buffons sublime but gloomy theory’, Letters, I, 499, 24 July 1816. 30 James Parkinson, Organic Remains of a Former World: An Examination of the Mineralized Remains of the Vegetables and Animals of the Antediluvian World; Generally termed Fossils, 3 vols (London: J. Robson et al, 1804). See Letters, I, 214, 255. 31 As Kenyon-Jones has written: ‘Catastrophic destruction and recreation of the whole earth, as envisaged in the geological theories of Baron Cuvier and James Parkinson and invoked in Act IV (296–318) of Prometheus Unbound, may even be required to bring about real change in humanity’s condition’, Kindred Brutes: Animals in Romantic-Period Writing (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001a), p. 120. 32 Shelley read Laplace’s System of the World and Essai Philosophique sur les Probabilitiés, Letters, I, 380; II, 458. 33 Anon., ‘Memoir sur les Eléphans Vivans et Fossiles. – sur le Grand Mastodonte, dont on trouve les Os en divers Endroits des Deux Continens, & surtout sur les Bords de l’Ohio dans l’Amerique Septentrionale. Resumé general de l’Histoire des Ossemens Fossiles des Pachydermes, &c. Par C. Cuvier’, Edinburgh Review, 18 (1811), 214–30 (p. 222). 34 Shelley believed that Herschel had proved that the sun had sufﬁcient condi- tions to support life. He thought the sun’s ‘internal surface’ was capable of performing ‘the same ofﬁce to the processes of vital & material action on the strike through of the sun [as its external one] does on those of the planets’, ‘On the Devil and Devils’, BSM, xIV, 86–7. 35 ‘The Triumph of Life’ is quoted from P&P. Line numbers are given. 36 John Freccero, Dante: The Poetics of Conversion, ed. Rachel Jacoff (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 261. 37 Everest also makes this point: ‘Like all Shelley’s poems in strict terza rima, Athanase was never completed’, Kelvin Everest, ‘Athanase’, Keats–Shelley Review, 7 (1992c), 62–85 (p. 63). 38 Ralph Pite, ‘Shelley, Dante and the Triumph of Life’, in Evaluating Shelley, ed. Timothy Clark and Jerrold E. Hogle (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), pp. 197–211 (p. 203).

Conclusion 1 Edward Profﬁtt, ‘Science and Romanticism’, The Georgia Review, 34 (1980), 55–80 (p. 56). 2 Shelley does not translate this quote from Tasso: ‘[n]on merita nome di creatore, se non Iddio ed il Poeta’, A Defence of Poetry (Poetry and Prose, p. 506). 3 S.T. Coleridge, The Friend, ed. Barbara E. Rooke, in The Collected Work of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Kathleen Coburn, 16 vols (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969–), IV, 1, 471 (1818). Bibliography

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Abernethy, John: idea of sympathy, Bennett, Andrew, 8, 157, 160, 171, 43, 48, 84, 90, 123, 168; Enquiry, 202n. 41–5, 62, 159; Hunterian Oration, Bewell, Alan, 5, 138, 140 64, 193n., 194n.; Physiological Bichat, Xavier, 13, 49, 64, 66, 121–2, Lectures, 51–6, 58, 62, 149, 188n.; 146, 151, 159, 192n. Surgical Observation on the Biology (deﬁnition of), 24 Constitutional Origin and Blasphemous and Seditious Libels Act Treatment of Local Diseases, 83–5, (1819), 57 93, 165 Blasphemy, 6, 20, 46, 49, 55, 57, 58, Abrams, M.H., 25, 144 59, 69–70 Adamson, Carlene, 95, 201n. Blicke, Charles, 6, 38 Addison, Joseph, 135 Blizzard, William, 6 Agriculture, 95–101 Blood, 4, 16, 31, 32, 37, 40, 63, 80, Albert, Queen’s consort, 73 107, 111–30 passim, 159, 171, Alcohol, 21, 93, 101 173, 203n.; circulation of, 9, 121, Aldini, Giovanni, 4, 169–70, 206n. 126, 155 America, 61, 71, 195n. Blumenbach, J.F., 39, 63 Anatomy Act (1832), 194n. Botany, 26 Animal Chemistry Society, 38 Boulton, Matthew, 31–2 Animal cruelty (also animal rights), 4, Bowdler, Thomas, 193n. 94–5, 182; vivisection, 192n. Brain, 4, 28, 30, 36, 37, 41, 49, 63, 84, Animal life, see Life 100, 111, 142, 152–3 Annual Register, The, 75 Brande, William Thomas, 38 Apothecaries Act (1815), 78 Breath; breathing, see Respiration and Arasse, Daniel, 169 Lungs Aristotle, 67 Bridewell and Bethlem Hospitals, 19, Armstrong, Isabel, 202n. 39, 65, 71–2 Assimilation, 143–4, 163–5, 181 Bristol, 34–7 Astronomy, 101, 102, 175 British Association for the Atheism, 3, 15–23, 25, 29, 31, 35, 36, Advancement of Science, 186n. 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 66, 68, 84, 87, British constitution, 52–5 176, 182 British Critic, The, 37 British government (see also Babington, William, 38 Liverpool’s and Pitt–Grenville’s Barbauld, Anna, 4 governments), 19, 35, 52, 55, 57, Barclay, John, 18, 67–8, 194n. 60, 67, 144, 183 Barker-Benﬁeld, Bruce, 199n. Brodie, Benjamin, 38 Barrett-Browning, Elizabeth, 173 Brown, John, 35, 159, 191n. Barthes, Roland, 170 Brown, Thomas, 68, 106, 206n. Beddoes, Thomas, 5, 10, 22, 25, 34–7, Burke, Edmund, 17, 29, 53, 109 118, 124, 128, 183, 190n., 191n. Butler, Marilyn, 6, 12, 21, 52, 75–6, Bell, Charles, 18, 51, 56, 66, 194n., 104, 187n., 194n. 207n. Butter, Peter, 102, 130, 181, 196n. Bell, Dr John, 170, 207n. Bynum, W.F., 191n. Bellamy, John, 187n. Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 6, 20, Benbow, William, 69, 104; Rambler’s 21, 25, 38, 52, 69–70, 90–2 Magazine, 69 passim, 104, 168, 192n., 195n.

222 Index 223

Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges, 125, Crosland, Maurice, 189n. 204n. Crouch, Laura E., 190n. Callow, J. (publisher), 104, 198n. Cuvier, Georges, 13, 49, 64, 149, Carbon (ﬁxed air), 26, 29, 97–100, 176–8, 207n., 208n. 127–8, 130 Caloric, 36 Dante, 166, 179, 204n. Cameron, Kenneth Neill, 76 Darwin, Charles, 59, 64; Origin of Carlile, Richard, 20, 21, 51, 58, 69, Species, 16 71, 104, 143, 168–9, 187n., Darwin, Erasmus, 5, 10, 16, 22, 24, 188n., 193n.; The Republican, 71, 29–31, 34, 35, 75, 102, 105, 130, 194n., 195n.; Address to the Men 134, 136, 150, 157, 175, 181, 183, of Science, 71, 143, 169 193n., 204n., 206n.; Botanic Carlisle, Anthony, 51, 56, 88, 199n. Garden, 29; Temple of Nature, 29, Cavallo, Tiberius, 82, 118, 124, 130, 30, 31, 35, 150, 157, 190n.; 191n., 198n. Zoonomia, 29, 30, 31 Cavendish, Henry, 38 Davy, Humphry, 5, 10, 12, 14, 34–8, Chain of being, 41, 47, 48, 79, 118, 134 43, 52, 75, 88, 95–101, 114, 118, Chancery Court, 69, 79, 195n. 124, 127–8, 168–70, 183–4, Chapter Coffee House, 32 191n., 192n., 204n.; Elements of Chelsea Hospital, 40 Agricultural Chemistry, 34, 95–101, Chemistry (see also Life), 14, 25, 26, 127–8, 181, 190n., 201n.; 29, 30, 37, 49; organic chemistry, Elements of Chemistry, 12, 23, 34; 95–101; chemical apparatus (see ‘Experimental essays’, 36–7 also Shelley’s chemical Davy, Jane, Lady, 38, 168, 192n. apparatus), 4, 29, 139 Dawson, Paul, 112, 140, 153, 182 Chernaik, Judith, 143, 202n. de Almeida, Hermione, 6, 111 Christianity, 36, 66–7, 70–2, 176 de Boinville, Alfred, 87 Christ’s Hospital, 39 de Boinville, Harriet, 87–95 passim, 141 Clairmont, Claire, 2, 87, 95, 133, de Buffon, George Louis Leclerc, 204n. Compte, 177, 208n. Clark, Timothy, 132, 141, 182, 204n. de Fontenelle, Bernard, 135 Clarke, William, 194n. de Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis, Cline, Henry, 77, 88 145, 178, 208n. Cobbett, William, 51, 57, 58, 69, Desmond, Adrian, 51, 56, 193n., 187n. 194n.; Political Register, 69 195n., 196n. Coleman, William, 25 D’Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron, Colbert, Ben, 207n. 146 Coleridge, J.T., 104 Diet (see also Stomach and Digestion), Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 3, 5, 6, 25, 39, 83–4, 93–4, 165 27, 28, 34, 35, 37, 51, 52, 88, 144, Digestion (see also Stomach and Diet), 164, 183–4, 186n., 191n., 192n., 47, 84, 106, 134, 155, 158, 164 193n. Disease, 22, 35, 48, 80, 84, 104, 111, Comparative anatomy, 40, 46, 56, 60, 123–4, 126, 154, 157, 160 64, 95, 153 Dissection, 5, 16, 63, 64, 71, 195n. Conspiracy, charges of, 57, 58 D’Oyly, George (see also Quarterly Consumption, 34, 91–2 Review), 46, 66–7, 107, 192n. Cooper, Astley, 51, 56, 72, 73 Drummond, Sir William, 21, 66, Copernicus, 176 106–7, 151, 155, 202n. Copyright, 69–71 Dugdale, William (publisher), 70 Craig, Tina, 197n. Crauford, Mr (?Adair Crawford), 32 Edgeworth, Maria, 193n. Criminal Court (Old Bailey), 17, 53, 62 Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, 35 Crook, Nora, 76, 91, 92, 135, 191n., Edinburgh Medical Review, 70 196n., 198n., 200n. Edinburgh Review, 8, 11, 44, 45, 76 224 Index

Eldon, Chancellor, 6, 18, 20, 58, Gagging Acts, 19, 37, 57 69–72, 151, 194n., 195n. Galen, 56 Electrical instruments (also Voltaic Galileo, 20, 71, 195n. pile, Leyden phial, Leyden jar), Gall, F.J., 53 29, 37, 44, 74–5, 116, 196n. Galvani, Luigi,12, 111, 170 Electricity (see also Galvanism, Galvanism, 14, 36, 50; galvanic Magnetism and Mesmerism), 4, instruments (also trough; 12, 13–15, 23, 32, 43–4, 50, 103, machine; galvanic battery; 110–17, 126, 128, 130, 137, 155, galvanic pile) (see also 166–70 passim, 179 Chemistry), 37, 74–5, 88, 192n., Empiricism, 9, 19, 22, 23, 43, 49, 56, 202n. 185; as opposed to analogy, 9, 19, Gaull, Marilyn, 3, 5 49, 153 Generation, see Reproduction Encyclopédie, 149 Genius, ideas of, 23, 168–9 Eton (see also Shelley at), 31 Gentleman’s Magazine, 35, 75 Everest, Kelvin, 91, 102–5 passim, Geology, 101, 102, 174–8 113, 114, 122, 129, 135, 172–4, George III, King of England, 49, 144 177, 181, 201n., 203n., 204n., George, Prince Regent, 88 205n., 208n. Germany, 35, 60 Examiner, The, 193n. Gigante, Denise, 6 Excitability, 35 God (also Design), 4, 16, 17, 25, 27, Eygpt, 36 28, 29, 41, 55, 56, 66, 84, 136, Eyre, Lord Chief Justice, 195n. 153, 170, 171, 184 Godwin, Mary-Jane, 87 Fara, Patricia, 5 Godwin, William, 22, 37, 86–92, 95, Figlio, Karl M., 132 123, 132, 135, 140, 154, 191n.; Forster, Thomas, 20–1, 22, 68, 90–5, Caleb Williams, 159, 199n. 135, 141–2, 194n.; Illustrations of Golinski, Jan, 5 the Atmospherical Origin of Epidemic Goodfield-Toulmin, June, 182 Disorders of Health, 92–3, 200n.; Grabo, Carl, 95, 102, 125–6, 130, 181, Philozia, 90; Philostratus 185, 196n., 203n., 204n. (pseudonym), 94; Physiological Grainger, Frederick, 85, 198n. Reflections on the Destructive Grave robbing, 5 Operation of Spiritous and Fermented Greece, 60 Liquors on the Animal System, 93, Green, Joseph Henry, 51, 193n. 200n.; Recueil des Ouvrages et des Griffin, J. (publisher), 69 Pensées d’un Physicien et Grinfield, Edward William, 18, 67–8, Metaphysicien, 200n.; Researches 70, 194n. About Atmospheric Phænomena, 91, Grove, Charles, 76–83, 92, 196n., 124, 200n.; Somatopsychonoologia, 197n. 68, 91, 94, 141–2 Grove, Charlotte, 80, 198n. Fossils, 176–8, 207n. Grove, Harriet, 77 France (see also Encyclopédie), 34; Grove, John, 22, 77–83, 92, 196n., materialism, 11, 13, 49, 51, 54, 197n., 198n. 62, 89, 152, 191n.; physiology, Grove, Tom, 197n. 13, 17–19, 66, 191n., 192n.; Guiccioli, Teresa, 38 revolution, 2, 4, 16, 19, 29, 35, Guiton, Derek, 76, 91, 92, 135, 191n., 38, 169; government, 49; people, 196n., 198n., 200n. 18, 54–5 Guy’s Hospital , 27, 197n. Franklin, Benjamin, 123, 183 Freccero, John, 179 Habeas Corpus, suspension of, 57 Future state (also immortality), 17, Hales, Stephen, 26, 100 55–6, 68, 70, 153–6, 161, 165, Hamilton, Paul, 10, 22, 142, 148, 151, 185; ‘posthumous life’, 168–74 152 Index 225

Hartley, David, 25, 184 Keir, James, 191n. Harvey, Ludford, 80–1, 197n., 200n. Kenyon-Jones, Christine, 207n., Harvey, William, 67 208n. Hatchett, Charles, 38 Kerr, George, 65, 194n. Hawkins, Desmond, 196n., 199n. King-Hele, Desmond, 29, 102–3, 113, Hazlitt, William, 135–6 181, 189n., 196n. Heart, 121, 123, 127, 129, 159, 173 Kitson, Peter, 63 Heringman, Noah, 5, 183 Herschel, William, 208n. La Mettrie, Julien Offray de, 36, 152, Hitchener, Elizabeth, 77, 131 191n., 193n. Hogg, Thomas Jefferson, 74, 77, 79, Lamb, Charles, 51, 88 83, 89–91 passim, 94, 133, 170, Lambe, Dr William, 21, 76, 87–95, 196n., 197n., 200n., 205n. 165, 198n., 200n. Hogle, Jerrold, 174, 206n. Lancet, 51, 73, 194n., 195n., 196n. Holmes, Richard, 135, 194n. Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 26, 27, 36 Home, Everard, 38 Lawrence, James, Chevalier, 199n. Hone, William, 20, 21, 51, 58, 65, Lawrence, Thomas, 199n. 187n., 188n. Lawrence, Sir William, translation of Hookham (?Thomas), 90 A Short System of Comparative Hookham, Thomas, 88, 204n. Anatomy, 39; A Treatise on Humane Society, 149, 169–70 Ruptures, 39; translation of Hume, David, 63, 68, 135, 149 Description of the Arteries of the Hunt, Henry, 57, 58 Human Body, 39; Introduction, 13, Hunt, Leigh, 193n., 198n. 20, 45–50, 51, 65, 71, 138–9, Hunt, Thornton, 76, 79 149–50, 156, 198n.; Lectures, 20, Hunter, John, 6, 10, 12, 13, 18, 39, 49, 53, 56–72, 82, 104–7, 143, 40–5, 50, 52, 64, 67, 107, 114, 152–3, 155, 188n., 189n., 194n., 118, 123, 158–9, 192n. 195n., 198n., 199n., 203n., Hunter, William, 40 pirated editions of, 69–71, 104–5; Hutton, James, 16, 174–7 article ‘Life’, in Abraham Rees, Hydrogen (inflammable air), 27, 75, Cyclopædia, 64–65, 109, 121, 146; 130–1, 204n. article ‘Man’, in Abraham Rees, Cyclopædia, 194n. Illness (see also disease; and Shelley’s Leask, Nigel, 112 illnesses), 39, 88, 123, 152 Leavis, F.R., 163–4, 205n. Inflammation, 47 Leighton, Angela, 202n., 203n. Insects, 70, 80, 122, 126–7, 134 Levere, Trevor, 6, 190n., 191n. Intelligence, see Mind Leviticus, 192n. Irritability, 23, 33, 47, 56, 100, 122, Libel Act (1819), 57 132–4, 156, 169–70 Life (or vitality), ability to resist Italy (see also Shelley in), 35; Rome, chemical decomposition or 60 chemical affinity and comparison with vegetables and plants in this Jacyna, L.S., 182 respect, 30, 33–4, 41, 46, 47, 61, Jones, Christopher B., 204n. 84, 101, 107, 158–9; compared Jones, Vivien, 199n. with death, 4, 7, 8–9, 11, 13, 41–2, Jordanova, Ludmilla, 145, 170 46, 47, 97, 120; compared with the Joukovsky, Nicholas A., 200n. inorganic, 13, 46, 48, 49, 99; comparisons made between Kant, Immanuel, 63 humans, animals, vegetables and Kapstein, Israel James, 125 plants, 3, 4, 96–7, 100, 103, 107–8, Keats, John, 6, 78, 157, 170–2, 177, 121–2, 129, 133–4, 136, 137, 159; 197n. the animate compared with the Keir, Dr (?James), 32 inanimate, 25, 33, 101, 136 226 Index

Lightning, 33, 166–7, 184 Mineral, 25, 30, 86 Lind, Dr James (1736–1812), 82, Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord, 64, 191n. 122 Lind, James (1716–94), 82 Monthly Magazine, 20, 65, 71, 195n. Linnaeus, Carolus, 100 Morgan, Lady (Sydney Owenson), 20, Liverpool’s government, 52, 57 65 Logan, Peter Melville, 135 Morgan, Sir Thomas Charles, 20, 65, London Inﬁrmary for Diseases of the 140, 150–1, 155 Eye (Moorﬁeld’s Hospital), 39 Morton, Timothy, 76, 182, 198n. Long, William, 77, 80, 81 Mudford, Peter G., 16, 63, 194n. Longevity, 36, 48, 88 Mullen, John, 135 Lucretius, 7, 29, 31, 35, 49, 113, 140, Murray, Adolphus, 39 143, 157, 172, 192n. Murray, John, 69 Luke Jnr, Hugh J., 80, 188n. Muscles, 9, 31, 37, 41, 42, 43, 55, 85, Lunar Society, 24, 29, 31–2, 35, 191n. 169 Lungs (see also Respiration), 26, 27, 32, 37, 92, 113, 129 Nationalism, 17–18, 54–5, 57, 60, 66, 132, 182 Magistrate Court (Bow Street), 17, 53, Nerves, 4, 9, 30, 36, 37, 41, 43, 55, 62 100, 107, 126, 135, 159 Magnetism (see also Electricity and Neve, Michael, 192n. Galvanism), 5, 14, 43, 50, 166, New Criticism, 172–3 168, 193n. Newton, Cornelia (née Collins), 87–95 Malthus, Thomas, 2, 95, 184 passim, 200n. Maniquis, Robert M., 205n. Newton, John Frank, 21, 76, 83, Manure, 96–8 87–95 passim, 198n. Marshall, Tim, 194n. Nitrous oxide, 36–7, 126–8, 204n. Matthews, Geoffrey, 75, 91, 102–5 Nugent, Catherine, 197n. passim, 113, 114, 122, 129, 135, 138, 147, 176, 177, 181–2, 185, Organization, as a theory of life, 10, 201n., 203n., 204n., 205n. 11, 12, 13, 35, 40–63, 66, 72, 97, Mayow, John, 34 132, 141, 154 McCalman, Iain, 194n. Ovid, 93, 94 McGann, Jerome, 147, 172 Owen, Robert Dale, 195n. Medical and Philosophical Society, see Owenson, Sydney, see Morgan, Lady St Bartholomew’s Hospital Oxygen (vital or pure air), 4, 26, 27, Medico-Chirurgical Society, 200n. 32, 36–7, 50, 98–100, 107, 118, Medwin, Thomas, 74, 77–8, 80, 111, 127, 129, 158, 204n. 196n., 197n. Oyster, 4, 70, 80 Mental illness (also injuries or diseases of the mind or brain), 28, Paine, Thomas, 21, 58, 135 36, 154 Paley, William, 67 Mesmer, Anton, 111 Palmer, Elihu, 58 Mesmerism, 23, 103, 111–14, 137, Pantheism, 3 202n. Parkinson, James, 177–8, 208n. Metropolitan Magazine, 172 Peacock, Thomas Love, 20, 22, 89, 90, Miller, David Philip, 5 92, 101, 167, 208n. Milton, John, 2; Paradise Lost, 64, Pemberton, Dr Christopher, 91 115, 206n. Perception, 37, 42, 43, 56, 97, 133, Mimosa (also sensitive plant; see also 154 Shelley’s poem ‘The Sensitive Peterloo, 19, 57 Plant’), 134, 136, 205n. Petrarch, 179 Mind (also intelligence), 6, 15–17, 22, Philosophical Transactions, 26, 158 25, 28, 42, 43, 45, 53, 60–1, 94, Philostratus, see Forster, Thomas 137 Philp, Mark, 199n. Index 227

Phrenology, 53, 91 Royal College of Surgeons, 10, 11, 16, Pite, Ralph, 180 21, 38–63 passim, 66, 72, 73, 77, Pitt–Grenville government, 37 78, 91, 182, 195n. Place, Francis, 90 Royal Institution, 5, 14, 37–8, 95 Plant life, see Life Royal Society, 26, 38, 39, 191n. Plato, 21, 146 Playfair, John , 32, 176 St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 6, 10, 22, Pneumatic Institute (at Clifton, 38–63 passim, 73, 74–86 passim, Bristol), 5, 34–7 197n., 200n.; Medical and Polidori, Dr John William, 200n. Philosophical Society at, 82 Polyp, 8, 133 St Clair, William, 199n. Pope, Alexander, 15 St George’s Hospital, 40 Porter, Roy, 202n., 206n. Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Von, Potatoes, 95–6, 101 191n. Pott, Percival, 6, 39 Scrivener, Michael, 153 Premature burial, fears of, 5, 169 Searle, Samantha, 200n. Priestley, Joseph, 4, 5, 10, 12, 21, 22, Secretion, 47 24, 25, 26–9, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, Sedition, 6, 20, 37, 46, 55, 57, 58, 69, 70, 75, 118, 182–3, 195n., 204n. 191n. Priestman, Martin, 29, 192n. Seditious Meetings Act (1817), 57 Pringle, Sir John, 26–7 Sensibility, 23, 47, 48, 122, 132–8, Profﬁtt, Edward, 184 154, 156, 169 Pythagoras, 93 Severn, Joseph, 171 Shakespeare, William, 184, 193n.; Quarterly Review (see also D’Oyly; Hamlet, 14, 49, 50, 55; Othello, George), 6, 11, 18, 23, 63, 66–7, 193n.; Richard III, 177 70, 76, 104, 186n., 187n., 195n. Sharrock, Roger, 191n. Shelley, Elizabeth (Shelley’s sister), Radical Triumvirate, The, 20 196n., 197n. Reed, Edward, 206n. Shelley, Harriet (née Westbrook), 74–7 Reill, Peter Hans, 5 passim, 82–3, 197n., 200n. Reiman, Donald, 136, 138 Shelley, Mary, (née Wollstonecraft Rennell, Thomas, 18, 66, 68, 70, Godwin), 6, 25, 76, 87–8, 91, 102, 150–1, 192n., 195n. 112, 124, 190n., 200n., 204n.; Reproduction (generation), 47, 97, Frankenstein, 6, 8, 12, 21, 75–6, 117, 134, 179 79, 190n., 198n., 202n. Republicanism, 36, 52, 53, 60, 68, 110 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, scientiﬁc Respiration (also breathing and apparatus, 6, 74, 88, 196n; breath; see also Lungs), 26, 30, 36, interest in chemistry, 23, 74–6, 47, 98–100, 104, 106, 110, 118, 96, 102, 196n.; interest in organic 123–7 passim, 134, 136, 155, 159, chemistry, 95–101; interest in 160, 204n. agriculture, 95–101, 201n.; at Resurrection (also resuscitation), 5, Eton, 31, 82; at Syon House, 13; 160, 169–70 at Oxford, 74, 76–7, 196n.; in Richardson, Alan, 29, 189n., 192n., London, 8, 21, 22, 74–95 passim; 206n. Bracknell, 21, 74–96 passim; the Richardson, Samuel, 135 ‘Bracknell circle’, 7, 86–95; York, Rickman, John, 192n. 83; Marlow, 79, 91; Italy, 7, 92, Ritson, Joseph, 94 96, 134; illnesses, 2, 76, 92, Roe, Nicholas, 2, 6, 27, 189n., 197n. 135–6, 152, 200n.; vegetarianism, Roget, P.M., 34 76, 86–95, 199n. Ross, Catherine E., 191n. Shelley, Percy Bysshe, works: A Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (also Defence of Poetry, 12, 23, 136, 147, Rousseaean), 53, 64, 95, 179–80, 163–8, 174–5, 181, 187n., 203n., 204n. 208n.; A Philosophical View of 228 Index

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, works continued: Smith, Thomas Southwood, 51 Reform, 201n.; A Refutation of Snow, C.P., 5 Deism, 9, 105, 141, 153, 205n.; Society for the Suppression of Vice, ‘A Tale of Society as it is, From 69 facts, 1811’, 203n.; A Vindication Solar microscope (also microscope), of a Natural Diet, 83, 104, 198n.; 74, 88, 196n Adonais, 21, 23, 138, 142, 157–74 Soul (also spirit), 4, 6, 8, 15, 28, 36, passim, 206n.; Alastor, 21; The 43, 49, 51, 53, 55, 56, 62–3, 68, Cenci, 203n.; ‘The Cloud’, 23, 143; 70–71, 84–5, 87, 106, 153, 193n. ‘England in 1819’, 152; ‘Essay on a Southey, Robert, 20, 34, 35, 37, 51, Future State’ (see also Future state), 69–70, 88, 191n., 192n., 194n. 22, 153–6; ‘Essay on the Vegetable Spurzheim, J.G., 53, 91, 200n. System of Diet’, 80, 84, 93; Genevra, Sterne, Lawrence, 135 147; ‘Hymn to Intellectual Beauty’, Stomach (see also Diet and Digestion), 148; Laon and Cythna, 91, 104, 147; 21, 43, 84–5, 92, 158 ‘Lift not the Painted Veil’, 3, 21, 23, Sugar, 101, 201n. 147, 151, 160; ‘The Magnetic Syon House (see also Shelley at), 31 Lady to her Patient’, 111, 137; ‘Merenghi’, 180; ‘Mont Blanc’, 147, Tasso, 171, 204n., 208n. 148, 151; ‘Mutability’, 23, 142–3; Temkin, Owsei, 182, 188n. ‘Ode to the West Wind’, 7, 8, 10, Thelwall, John, 4, 6, 27 101, 143, 166, 171, 183; ‘On Life’, Thornton, John L., 194n. 1, 12, 21, 141–2, 144, 147, 148–9, Tighe, George William, 95 151, 152, 155, 156, 165–7, 175; ‘On Times, The, 70, 195n. Love’, 148, 203n.; ‘On the Devil Treason, 55, 57 and Devils’, 108, 207n., 208n.; ‘On Treasonable and Seditious Practices the Punishment of Death’, 21, 22; Act (1795), 57 ‘Ozymandias’, 144, 152, 173–4; Treviranus, Gottfried Reinhold, 189n. Peter Bell the Third, 146; ‘Prince Trotter, Thomas, 88, 135 Athanase’, 180, 208n.; Prometheus Turner, Cornelia (née de Boinville), Unbound, 10, 17, 21, 23, 97, 99, 87–95 passim 102–31, 138, 139–40, 143–4, 145, Turner, Thomas, 87 147–8, 166–7, 172, 174–9, 181, Tweedy, Roderick, 32, 190n. 183–5, 201n., 204n., 208n.; Queen Mab, 95, 102, 105, 122, 134–5, 141, Uglow, Jenny, 5 170, 194n., 197n.; Rosalind and Helen; 203n.; ‘The Sensitive Plant’, Vegetable life, see Life 21, 23, 134–8, 140, 152; ‘Sonnet, to Vegetarianism (see also Shelley’s the Republic of Benevento’, vegetarianism), 21, 76, 86–95, 109–10; ‘To Constantia’, 110–11, 128, 182 117, 137; ‘The Triumph of Life’, 2, Veins (also vascular system), 100, 121, 3, 21, 179–80; Una Favola, 3, 146–7; 128, 201n. ‘The Witch of Atlas’, 139; ‘The Victoria, Queen of England, 73 Woodman and the Nightingale’, Volcanoes, 44, 102, 123, 175–6, 184, 180; 203n. Shelley, Timothy (Shelley’s father), 77, 197n. Wakley, Thomas, 51, 56, 73, 194n. Shepherd, Mary, Lady, 18, 68, 194n. Walker, Adam, 12, 24, 31–4, 74, 107, Simon, Peregrine, 194n. 110, 117, 118, 124, 125, 128–30, Slavery, 63, 95, 101 134, 136, 166–7, 196n, 204n.; Smellie, William, 7, 10, 133–4, 136, Analysis of a Course of Lectures, 204n. 32–3, 129, 190n.; A System of Smith, James (publisher), 69–70, Familiar Philosophy, 32–4, 110, 79–80, 194n. 117, 130, 134, 190n. Smith, James Edward (naturalist), 134 Walls, E.W., 207n. Index 229

Wasserman, Earl, 136, 203n. Williams, Jane, 112 Watt, James, 31, 35 Withering, William, 32, 35 Webb, Timothy, 114, 206n. Wolcot, John (Peter Pindar), 70, Wedgwood, Josiah, 32 195n. Wedgwood, Mr (?Thomas), 32 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 88 Wedgwood, Thomas, 35 Wordsworth, William, 2, 3, 28, 37, Wernerian Society (Edinburgh), 91 146, 184; Lyrical Ballads, 37; West Indies, 63 Preface to Lyrical Ballads, 12, Westbrook, Eliza, 75, 88 187n., 191n Wheatley, Kim, 203n. Wright, Joseph (of Derby), 4 Whitehead, A.N., 196n. Wylie, Ian, 5, 6, 27, 158, 183 Whitehurst, Mr (?John), 32 Wyndham, H. Saxe, 94