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A Moral and Theological Examination of Corruption in Current Portuguese Culture Thesis

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A Moral and Theological Examination of Corruption in Current Portuguese Culture Thesis Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Turning a blind eye?: a moral and theological examination of corruption in current Portuguese culture Thesis How to cite: Fernandes, Fabiano Lourenco Aleluia (2007). Turning a blind eye?: a moral and theological examination of corruption in current Portuguese culture. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2007 Fabiano Lourenco Aleluia Fernandes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000fa34 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Turning a Blind Eye? A Moral and Theological Examination o f Corruption in Current Portuguese Culture Fabiano Lourenfo Aleluia Fernandes, BA A thesis pertaining to social ethics and submitted to The Open University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2006 The Kirby Laing Institute for Christian Ethics Tyndale House, Cambridge - UK D P fT 'C o f r'i - -2- r ,r ^ r - A . ,a /iD: ProQuest Number: 13917235 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13917235 Published by ProQuest LLC(2019). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract The subject of this thesis is contemporary Portugal from 1974 onwards. The object is corruption. The purpose is to examine the dynamics of both the occurrence of, and impunity to, corruption, as a means of evaluating the quality of democracy and improve it. Part One (Problem and Awareness Pattern) focusing primarily on the Emaudio case study, the thesis establishes within politics and economics a summative evaluation of the most critical issues heeding to be addressed when dealing with alleged cases of corruption. Part Two (Cause and Response Pattern) moves beyond a single case study to include both historical and current socio-religious, political and economic contexts of corruption, by exploring critically certain patterns of practice, structures of incentives and opportunities, and perceived cultural assumptions most likely to either nurture or ignore corruption. Three clusters of responses are advanced. They illustrate the inadequate administrative and judiciary responses of the anti­ corruption agencies, which include a detailed analysis of the Parliament’s Inquiry Commission regarding the dismissal of two deputy directors of the Judicial Police. Part Three (Tentative Solution Pattern) seeks to develop morally and theologically a means of minimising such corruption and the tendency to ignore it, by formulating an alternative framework which could be used both as a foundation and a starting point (first phase only) for a nationwide, comprehensive, and a multidisciplinary anti-corruption scheme. A classic (10 Great Words) and contemporary (Singapore experience) case study are provided prior to proposing eight principles upon which to base the new anti-corruption alternative response. This follows a tripartite jointly approach of top-down (political will), bottom-up (civil society) and middle-ground (administrative and judiciary) structures. Dedication In memory of Jose Antonio da Rosa Dias Bravo, late Vice-Attorney General and Juiz Conselheiro of the Supreme Court of Justice, an adviser, friend and brother in Christ, whose life, example, dedication and service remains an inspiration for improving democracy. Acknowledgements This thesis arose from the notion, after reflecting on a number of alleged cases of corruption, that it is a significant social issue. The picture was a patchwork: half-stories, cases, complaints, echoes of revolt, mixed memories shared by individuals. As the initial inquiry proceeded, I learned a great deal, and am still learning with appreciation. I say this not so much as an excuse for errors and omissions for which I am solely responsible, but rather to point out some avenues for action. Although the pathway behind, in many ways proved lonely and extended in time, I owe an enormous debt to individuals and institutions. Dr E.D. Cook for invaluable advice that will remain for the years ahead. This thesis would not have reached its final stages if it were not for an unexpected phone call, from Dr Bruce Winter, after a pause. Within a year of transfering to UK, including 13 short trips to Portugal in between, this thesis reaches its conclusion. I benefited from Dr Winter’s main supervision, feedback, analysis and support for which I am grateful. Dr Paul Freston, my second supervisor, also provided helpful critical comments firstly in Oxford, then Brazil and Portugal. Dr David Smith has encouraged me immensely with his expertise and vision. Dr Denis Osborne for passing his own notes and seminars’ material. The Mustard Seed Foundation in USA, and Langham Partnership UK & Ireland for their scholarship awards. Dr John Stott, uncle and servant theologian, and his team who inspired so many through Langham Fellowship. The Board of AEE for ongoing support and encouragement. The following are friends to whom I am grateful: Weena and Graham, Lisa, Stephen and Margaret, Robert and Joy, Eunice and John, David, Ron, and Richard (ECM), Jerry, Theron, Nuno, Vitor, Gary and Terri (IBP), Victor and Bia, Alan and Celeste, Alex, Amigo Cliff and Sheila, Luciana, Madalena and Tome & families for never ending support. Last but not least, Danny who reminded me to keep studying! and Tita for coping with toto’s many demands with continuous joy and Suzana. Together we may proceed. Abbreviations AACC former High Authority Against Corruption BE Left Block Party CDCOC Central Directorate for Combating Organised Crime CDS-PP Centre Social Democrats - Popular Party CG Constitutional Government COA Court of Auditors - European Union COE Council of Europe CPI Parliamentary Inquiry Commission DCIAP Central Criminal Investigation and Prosecution Department DCICCEF: Central Directorate for Combating Corruption, Fraud, and Economic and Financial Crime EU European Union FSE European Social Fund GNR Republican National Guard Greco Group of States against Corruption IACC International Anti-Corruption Conference IMF International Monetary Fund MP Member of Parliament(s) (MPs) OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OV Green Party PCP Portuguese Communist Party PJ Judicial Police (Policia Judiciaria) PM Prime Minister PPI Public Prosecutor Inquiry (Emaudio Case Study) PPS Public Prosecutor Service (Ministerio Publico) PR President PS Socialist Party PSD Social Democratic Party PSP Public Security Police TC Constitutional Court TI Transparency International TI-CPI Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index UGT General Workers Union UN United Nations WB World Bank NEWS PAPERS & MAGAZINES In an effort to reduce the length of the footnotes, references to newspapers and websites are abbreviated, followed by date, page number and title- the absence of page number means the Internet was used. The author translated some titles and quotes. 24H 24 Horas CAP A Capital CM Correio da Manha CN Canal de Negocios DD Diario Digital DE Diario Economico DN Diario de Noticias EXP Expresso GR Grande Reportagem IND Independente JL Jomal de Letras JN Jomal de Noticias PD Portugal Diario PUB Publico SEM Semanario TSF Radio TSF website VIS Visao Short Table of Contents PART One PROBLEM & AWARENESS PATTERN ...................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................2 Chapter 2 The problem of corruption ...........................................................................................36 Chapter 3 The problem of ignoring corruption ............................................................................53 Chapter 4 Emaudio case study .....................................................................................................74 PART Two CAUSE & RESPONSE PATTERN ........................................................................... 104 Chapter 5 Historical determinants of corruption ........................................................................ 105 Chapter 6 Contemporary Factors of Corruption ......................................................................... 122 Chapter 7 Types of existing responses to corruption ................................................................. 158 PART Three TENTATIVE SOLUTION PATTERN ....................................................................203 Chapter 8 Formulating an alternative framework of response ................................................... 204 Chapter 9 Conclusion .................................................................................................................244 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................
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