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The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
Economic Structure and Key Partnerships of Vilnius Jews from the Second Half of the 17Th Century to the End of the 18Th1
SCRIPTA JUDAICA CRACOVIENSIA Vol. 17 (2019) pp. 51–68 doi:10.4467/20843925SJ.19.006.12229 www.ejournals.eu/Scripta-Judaica-Cracoviensia Economic Structure and Key Partnerships of Vilnius Jews from the Second Half of the 17th Century to the End of the 18th1 Darius Sakalauskas (Vilnius University, Vilnius) e-mail: [email protected] Keywords: structures, partnerships, patronages, Vilnius, Jewish community, early-modern econ- omy, city, capital, money Abstract: This article analyses the economic structure and partnerships of the Vilnius Jewish community from the second half of the 17th until the end of the 18th centuries. The article focuses on the economic partnerships and patronages formed by Jews in Vilnius. It also highlights the importance of the immediate hinterland for their business opportunities. The Jewish community in Vilnius, the biggest in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) since the 1700s, has not attracted similar historiographical attention2 for its eco- nomic history as some of the smaller communities in GDL.3 Out of the available works about the history of the Vilnius Jewish community, perhaps Israel Cohen4 provid- ed the most comprehensive analyses of its economic situation. He had access to some of the communal documents, which gave interesting insights into daily economic life, communal provisions, and competition with the Christian artisans (although it could be argued this was slightly exaggerated). The competitive nature of the community’s economic life was also the focus of extensive work done by Jurgita Verbickienė.5 How- ever, as she mostly relied on legal documents and litigations, her work emphasized both the normative and competitive side of the Jews’ economic life in Vilnius. -
Some Remarks on Glass Seals from the Territory of Poland from the 17Th-19Th Centuries
FASCICULI ARCHAEOLOGIAE HISTORICAE FASC. XXXIII, PL ISSN 0860-0007 DOI 10.23858/FAH33.2020.009 MAGDALENA BIS* SOME REMARKS ON GLASS SEALS FROM THE TERRITORY OF POLAND FROM THE 17TH-19TH CENTURIES Abstract: This paper presents information about modern glass seals obtained during archaeological excavations carried out on the territory of modern-day Poland after 1987. The author reviews finds and their characteristics and based on such collected data attempts to indicate their quantitative diversity, territorial range, and chronology. The paper also focuses on markings identified on glass seals divided by their types. These are individualised signs, monograms, symbols, descriptive signs, and numerical signs, mostly trademarks. This analysis aims to outline the state of research and indicate various research questions associated with the production and use of stamped glass vessels in Poland, which require further studies. Keywords: glass seals, glass bottles, bottles with seals, glass finds, Poland, 17th-19th century Received: 20.08.2020 Revised: 12.09.2020 Accepted: 08.10.2020 Citation: Bis M. 2020. Some Remarks on Glass Seals from the Territory of Poland from the 17th-19th Centuries. “Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae” 33, 133-157, DOI 10.23858/FAH33.2020.009 Introduction limited territory. Furthermore, inscriptions and picto- Glass bottles with stamps (seals) made of the same grams placed on the seals may have different meanings material1 and glass seals attached to parts of bodies of or are difficult to explain and remain a mystery. -
Is There Urban Landscape in Metropolitan Areas? an Unobvious Answer Based on Corine Land Cover Analyses
land Article Is There Urban Landscape in Metropolitan Areas? An Unobvious Answer Based on Corine Land Cover Analyses Urszula Myga-Pi ˛atek* , Anna Zemła-Siesicka˙ , Katarzyna Pukowiec-Kurda, Michał Sobala and Jerzy Nita Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, 41200 Sosnowiec, Poland; [email protected] (A.Z.-S.);˙ [email protected] (K.P.-K.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (J.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-32-3689-361 Abstract: The recent increase in urban areas has stimulated landscape urbanization. One of the ways to study this process is an analysis based on the structure of land cover. The aim of this paper is to assess the intensity of the urban landscape on the basis of the CORINE in the seven largest metropolitan areas in Poland and in the Ruhr Metropolis in Germany. To this end, an urban landscape intensity indicator (ULII) was used based on Corine Land Cover at three levels of detail: the metropolitan area, municipalities and hexagons. There are similarities in landscape structure in areas with similar origin (industrial function) and spatial organization (mono- and polycentric agglomerations). The landscape of the Upper Silesia-Zagł˛ebieMetropolis differs from the landscape of other metropolitan areas in Poland and simultaneously shows similarities to the landscape of the Ruhr Metropolis. The results of the ULII also revealed a dependency: the dominance of rural and transitional landscapes in a majority of the study areas. Urban landscapes occur only in the central zones of the metropolitan areas. -
Vol-26-2E.Pdf
Table of Contents // June 2012 2-3 | Dr. Leah Teicher / From the Editor’s Desk. 4 | Dr. Leah Haber-Gedalia / Chairperson’s Note. 5-15 | Dr. Leah Haber-Gedalia / Jewish Galicia Geography, Demography, History and Culture. 16-27 | Pamela A.Weisberger / Galician Genealogy: Researching Your Roots with "Gesher Galicia". 28-36 | Dr. Eli Brauner / My Journey in the Footsteps of Anders’ Army. 37-50 | Immanuel (Ami) Elyasaf / Decoding Civil Registry and Mapping the Brody Community Cemetery. 51-57 | Amnon Atzmon / The Town of Yahil'nytsya - Memorial Website. 58 | Some Galician Web Pages. 59-60 | Instructions for writing articles to be published in "Sharsheret Hadorot". The Israel Genealogical Society | "Sharsheret Hadorot" | 1 | From the Editor’s Desk // Dr. Leah Teicher Dear Readers, “Er iz a Galitsianer”, my father used to say about a Galician Jew, and that said everything about a person: he had a sense of humor; he was cunning, a survivor, a reader, a fan of music, musicians and culture; a religious person, and mostly, a Yiddish speaker and a Holocaust survivor. For years, Galicia had been a part of Poland. Its scenery, woods and rivers had been our parents’ memories. A Jewish culture had developed in Galicia, the Yiddish language was created there, customs established, unique Jewish foods cooked, the figure of the “Yiddishe Mame” developed, inspiring a good deal of genealogical research; “Halakhot” and Rabbinic Laws made; an authoritative leadership established in the towns, organizing communities on their social institutions – Galicia gave birth to the “Shttetl” – the Jewish town, on all its social-historical and emotional implications. -
N E W S L E T T E R September 2014 Nr 11
N.E.S.T. New Europe with Stronger Ties N e w s l e t t e r September 2014 nr 11 N.E.S.T. WORKING MEETING Maria Rosaria Grasso for teachers Patrizia Campana POLAND 2014 Natalia Mikheeva Participants: Julija Musakova Doina Druta Maria Amparo Salcedo Andreu Luminita Ciocaru Ana Montiel Muñoz Manuel Gonzalez Garcia Georgia Kourakou Leonidas Leventis Konstantinos Papagiannopoulos Ewelina Ciemięga Paweł Ciemięga Paweł Pruś Kerim Koray Berktaş Ahmet Ertürk Sandomierz Page 8: Kozłówka Contents: (September 30th) (October 2nd) Page 2/3: Krzczonów, Page 6: Lublin Lublin and Pszczela Wola (October 1st) (September 29th) Page 7: Kazimierz Dolny Page 4/5: Baranów (October 2nd) Sandomierski and www.europroject.edu.pl troops took three bells from the local church – among September 29th them there was the royal one. The name Krzczonow- Sołtysy is connected with the reign of Stephen Batory. It was derived from the term “sołtysi łanowi” KRZCZONÓW – peasants who were granted with land and released from the duty of work for the head of the district The history of the settlement of (starosta). Their special rights were confirmed later Krzczonow dates back to ancient times. It is proved by other Polish kings – Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki by archeological finds such as over 2000-year-old and August III. In the 16 th century Krzczonow and flint axes or knives and earthenware. The other neighbouring villages suffered severely from evidence is a “pagan barrow” which is known Swedish, Cossack and Tatar raids. In February 1656 nowadays as “Swedish mounds”. It is believed that Polish royal troops together with peasant’s guerilla they were made in the 10 th defeated a large unit of Swedish troops. -
'Chassidic Route. Chelm' Brochure
Chełm THE CHASSIDIC ROUTE 02 | Chełm | introduction | 03 Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland was established in March ���� by the Dear Sirs, Union of Jewish Communities in Poland and the World Jewish Restitution Organization (WJRO). �is publication is dedicated to the history of the Jewish community of Chełm, and is a part of Our mission is to protect and commemorate the surviving monuments of Jewish cultural a series of pamphlets presenting history of Jews in the localities participating in the Chassidic Route heritage in Poland. �e priority of our Foundation is the protection of the Jewish cemeteries: in project, run by the Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland since ����. cooperation with other organizations and private donors we saved from destruction, fenced and �e Chassidic Route is a tourist route which follows the traces of Jews from southeastern Poland commemorated several of them (e.g. in Zakopane, Kozienice, Mszczonów, Kłodzko, Iwaniska, and, soon, from western Ukraine. �� localities, which have already joined the project and where Strzegowo, Dubienka, Kolno, Iłża, Wysokie Mazowieckie). �e actions of our Foundation cover the priceless traces of the centuries-old Jewish presence have survived, are: Baligród, Biłgoraj, also the revitalization of particularly important and valuable landmarks of Jewish heritage, e.g. the Chełm, Cieszanów, Dębica, Dynów, Jarosław, Kraśnik, Lesko, Leżajsk (Lizhensk), Lublin, Przemyśl, synagogues in Zamość, Rymanów and Kraśnik. Ropczyce, Rymanów, Sanok, Tarnobrzeg, Ustrzyki Dolne, Wielkie Oczy, Włodawa and Zamość. We do not limit our heritage preservation activities only to the protection of objects. It is equally �e Chassidic Route runs through picturesque areas of southeastern Poland, like the Roztocze important for us to broaden the public’s knowledge about the history of Jews who for centuries Hills and the Bieszczady Mountains, and joins localities, where one can find imposing synagogues contributed to cultural heritage of Poland. -
Folder 14 Poland, Vol. 1
--- ,· . ' - ~~ -----1.- Via Diploma.tic Pouch. v' ./ Mr. Van Arsdale Turner, Acting Asst. Director, Civilian Relief, Insular & Foreign Operations, American Red Crose, National Headquarters, Washington, D.c. Dear Van: Reverting to your letter of March 17 and 9J1l' reply of April Y, on the subject of the copy O!/the current report on the work of the Joint Relief Commission in Poland which you desired to receive, the London Committee of the International Red Cross have now been able to furnish us with copies of the following reports, which please find enclosed herewith: Join{ Relief Commission of the International Red Cross, a~~va, Distribution of medical supplies to.Poland, 11 Comporel S JDent", 1942-1943. v v Joint Relief Commission of the International Red Cross, Geneva,. Med~aments Envois en Pologne 1942-1943. "" -~ The I.R.CoC. inform us that a copy of the report of the Joint Relief Commission in Poland was sent direatiy to you from Geneva on March 1.4. ~"fil:rr~ / William L. Gower, Director of Civilian Re.lief. RW. .• . OFTHi;i rn"iEi~ATIQ~AL RIBD CROSS International Heid Gross Committee - 4, Cours des Bastions1 - PHARMACEUTICAL SERVICE ...;. MEDICAL SUPPLIES i. '' ShipmentR into Poland. Typed on slip '~ttached to this page. In order tlnt ,,'co may oc; Hble to fill in the gaps which are apparent, in thi:c tre1o,tl:c<?, >;7 :ih~~ll oe very grC1.teful if you ~till com~nunicate any additional in !'orma ti on, wi;ich you rrmy possess. un following page, SUMMARY \ Pages1 I. Introductory Note 1 & 2 ,\\ \ II. Resume of Shipments: \ ·\ . -
The Jewish World of the Sixteenth Century, Part ב
The Jewish World of the ב Sixteenth Century, Part Michael Leavitt January-February 2011 Review • Purpose of the lectures – Introduce a flavor of the first century of the “early modern” period in Jewish history – Identify several key events that have shaped Jewish history since that time • Approach – Background to the sixteenth century – The Jewish world in four chapters • The expelled Iberian Jews (the Sefardim) • The new Kabbalists • Rabbis and intellectuals • The eastward expansion (Poland) 2/2/2011 2 Review (continued) • Medieval Jewish history – Followed Islamic expansion and often remained after contraction – Invited to participate in Western European economic expansions – Often expelled when economic value (or religious acceptability) declined • Sefardim – Jews and their descendents expelled from Spain and Portugal – Moved throughout Ottoman Empire and Mediterranean Europe – Brought with them a distinct culture that exists to this day – Mixing of Jews and conversos led to weakened Jewish identity • Kabbalists in Safed – Built on esoteric mystical tradition – Innovated thinking about the nature of God – Began the "popularization" of Kabbalah that exists to this day 2/2/2011 3 Rabbis and Intellectuals • Background – Since 500 CE or so, Rabbinical Judaism has been normative – Rabbis as sole authoritative interpreters of Jewish law and Jewish texts – Generally act without formal authority structure – Understanding that rabbis "in the field" will obtain expert judgment for "hard problems" • Rabbis can and do disagree & disagreements become basis for different customs • Jews were (and in Orthodox communities today, are) expected to choose their rabbi and not "go shopping" 2/2/2011 4 Impact of Printing • Mid 15th century, Johannes Gutenberg prints Bible • 1522 Martin Luther's 95 Theses were printed • 1525 R. -
The Role of the Manufacturing Industry in Shaping the Economic Base and Functions of Urban Settlements in Łódzkie Voivodeship (Poland)
Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 34 (4) · 2020 ISSN 2080-1653 DOI 10.24917/20801653.344.4 JacekPedagogical May University in Krakow, Poland KrzysztofPedagogical Wiedermann University in Krakow, Poland PrzemysławPolish Academy Śleszyński of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Warsaw, Poland The role of the manufacturing industry in shaping the economic base and functions of urban settlements in Łódzkie Voivodeship (Poland) Abstract: This research deals with the presence and potential of the manufacturing industry in the urban settlements of Łódzkie Voivodeship. Its cognitive goal is to recognise the present share of industry in the eco- nomic and functional base of those settlements that, as a result of the system transformation, underwent re- structuring and deindustrialisation, and the shrinking of its economic base. The re-development of this base and functions, appropriate to the role of towns and cities in the settlement system, requires new paths and indicating them is the application objective of the research. The work is based on the theory of the economic base of settlements, using statistical and cartographic methods including ‘heat maps’ as well as ‘employment surplus’ and the Amemiya indicator. Studies have shown that both economic and industrial potential are playsconcentrated a in the urban settlements of the Łódź agglomeration but decrease especially towards the south and south-east, and that traditional sectors still dominate. Despite intensive deindustrialisation, industry still significant role in the economic base and functions of most small and medium towns of the voivode- ship, as well as parts of some large urban settlements. -
Studia Ekonomiczne TOM V.Indd
ISSN 2083-3725 Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne www.ser.pswbp.pl Economic and Regional Studies Tom/Volume V, Nr/Issue 2, Rok/Year 2012 CZĘŚĆ I. ARTYKUŁY PART I. ARTICLES TRENDS OF COMPETITIVENESS IN THE AGRO-TRADE OF VISEGRAD COUNTRIES Vásáry Miklós Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary Summary: The accession to European Union (EU) in 2004 has resulted multiple kinds of agro-trade possibilities and dif- iculties for the Vsiegrad countries. The liquidation of customs and other trade barriers led immediately to an increased trade. The gradually growing trade intensity was much stronger in case of the old EU member states than in case of the neighbouring countries and occurred faster. The free low of goods on the common international market was set and enhan- ced, and enabled trade expansions following the integration. The objective of the paper the review of changes of trading processes within the examined country group following the Eastern enlargement. In addition, the key issue is to what products the comparative advantage principle could be applied, what products were able to realize competitive advantage in trade – in relation to Hungary. Key words: agro-trade of Visegrad countries, export structure, competitiveness, agro-trade balance, export-import ratio Introduction – general agro-trade effects The countries which integrated after the enlar- gement in 2004 (EU12) had very different conditions The agro-trade of Visegrad countries1 - in trade po- concerning the role of agriculture in national econo- licy aspect – was basically affected by two main events my: its level, volume of agricultural subsidies, produc- in the early 2000s. On the one hand, the favours im- tion eficiency and competitiveness of the sector. -
Journal of Ukrainian Studies
JOURNAL OF UKRAINIAN STUDIES Summer-Winter 1992 CONTRIBUTORS: GUEST EDITORS: Zenon E. Kohut Dushan Bednarsky laroslav Isaievych Zenon E. Kohut Mikhail Dmitriev Frank E. Sysyn Ihor SevCenko Antoni Mironowicz David A. Frick IpHHa BopoHHyK Shmuel Ettinger Frank E. Sysyn Serhii Plokhy Natalia Pylypiuk Peter Rolland Dushan Bednarsky Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/journalofukraini1712cana JOURNAL OF UKRAINIAN STUDIES Volume 17, Numbers 1-2 Summer-Winter 1992 SPECIAL ISSUE EARLY MODERN UKRAINE GUEST EDITORS: CONTRIBUTORS: Dushan Bednarsky Zenon E. Kohut Zenon E. Kohut laroslav Isaievych Erank E. Sysyn Mikhail Dmitriev Ihor Sevcenko Antoni Mironowicz David A. Frick IpHHa BopoHuyK Shmuel Ettinger Frank E. Sysyn Serhii Plokhy Natalia Pylypiuk Peter Rolland Dushan Bednarsky EDITOR Zenon E. Kohut Editorial Board Marusia K. Petryshyn Danylo Husar Struk Frances A. Swyripa Frank E. Sysyn Maxim Tarnawsky The Journal of Ukrainian Studies is published semiannually in the summer and winter by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, University of Alberta. Annual subscription rates are $16.50 ($1.05 GST inch) for individuals and $21.50 ($1.40 GST incl.) for libraries and institutions in Canada. Outside of Canada annual subscription rates are $15.00 for individuals and $20.00 for libraries and institutions. Subscribers outside of Canada should pay in US funds. Cheques and money orders are payable to the Journal of Ukrainian Studies. Please do not send cash. The Journal publishes articles on Ukrainian and Ukrainian-Canadian studies. It also publishes discussions, book reviews, and journalistic articles of a controversial or problem-oriented nature. Ideally, those wishing to submit articles should first send a letter of inquiry, with a brief abstract of the article to the editor at CIUS, 352 Athabasca Hall, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6K 2E8.