DOCSLIB.ORG

NENA Soil Partnership Conference: Towards a Regional Implementation Plan on Sustainable Management of Soil Resources

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
NENA Soil Partnership Conference: Towards a Regional Implementation Plan on Sustainable Management of Soil Resources NENA Soil Partnership Conference: towards a regional implementation plan on sustainable management of soil resources 1-3 June 2015, Amman, Jordan Status of Soil Resources and Priorities towards Sustainable Soil Management Challenges, Opportunities, National Policies and Institutional Mechanisms Country: IRAQ By: Dr.Iman Sahib Salman Ministry of Agriculture Introduction Environmental a living conditions organism Agricultural sector Large Slow capital growth Agricultural sector actively and associated product of most sectors:- • Electricity • Oil • Industry • Trading • Environment • Water resources • High education & scientific research • Interior • Finance • Transport So the agricultural sector is:- - Ring in a series of sectors that make up the national economy. - Considers the most important sector after the oil sector in Iraqi economy of due to the assimilation of more than 30% of the manpower size and at its contribution at the present time in the national production by 7.6% - Responds not less to the part of food consumption needs, providing goods and primary materials for many manufacturing industries. - Means the food security, development the movement of the agricultural sectors means the movement of the entire community. But the agricultural sector suffered from great neglect during the last decades of the twentieth century because of:- what Iraq witness from the war Being far away from the application of modern agricultural methods Soil degradation and increasing salinity fragmentation of holding lack of water income as well as climate changes Lack of human development and the weakness of the requirements of integrated rural development Agricultural Sector Soil resource Water resources Major soil types in Iraq There are four major orders distributed according to physiographical areas and the nature of the parent material and climate factor:- - Aridisols - Entisols - Vertisols - Inceptisols - mollisols 7/17/2015 7 Aridisols it includes the suborders, Gypside, Calcids, Saldis, Argids and Campids Gypsum soil represent about 33-35% of the area of Iraq and spread over the Tigris & Euphrates flats and island areas, along the hamrin mountains series from the north and near the Iranian border in the south. Saline soil Spread in the alluvial plain especially in the central and south of Iraq. Classification of Salt-Affected soil in Iraq • Shura soil NaCl – Shure Na2SO4 - Shure Saline Sodic MgSO4 - Shure Soil • Sabash soil EC > 4 dS/m CaCl2 + MgCl2+MgSO4 pH < 8.5 ESR ≥ 13 7/17/2015 12 Entisols:- • Located in area adjacent to the collapsed, where a high percentage of sand in which more than 85% such as soils affected by sand dunes. Vertisols located in basins and depression containing more than 35% Clay, So there are cracks and slicken sides because of the 2:1 clay minerals which have the ability of swelling and shrinking. Mollisols:- located in the plains adjacent to the mountains with dark color soil, rain precipitation and vegetation Inceptisols:- in the foot hills and soils are at the beginning of evaluation. Land used in Iraq Type of use Percentages % Area (000 Dunom) Total agricultural land 27.5 48.0 Natural pasture 9.2 16.0 Natural forests 4.0 7.0 Barren Mountains 1.0 1.7 Desert 31.0 54.0 Lagoons surface and 27.3 47.7 residential land Total 100.0 174.4 Dunom= 2500m2 Major challenges of soil resources Policy and Institutions • There is two major challenges one of them is linked to the other:- 1-WATER SCARCITY . 2-SALINITY . Water scarcity:- 1st : low income and quality of water :- The main source of water in Iraq is the surface water . Both Tigris & Euphrates rivers originate in the mountains of eastern Turkey. Approximately 98% of the water of the Euphrates are generated with in Turkey. the Tigris receives almost half of its waters initially from Turkey, an eligible amount as it forms borders between both Turkey and Syria and then Syria and Iraq, fed nearly half its remaining water from tributaries in Iraq, many of which originate in the mountains of western Iran. high salinity and lack of nutrients as a result of releasing from dams and reservoirs. 2nd : environment - climate change - Iraq is characterized by an arid to semi-arid climate, being arid in the Eastern part and less so in Mesopotamia. - annual means varying from 150 to 400 mm. Almost all rain falls during winter, December to February. - potential evaporation rates are high at >2000mm in summer because the high net solar radiation. - Ambient temperatures range from 7 to 20 C in winter and 30 to 50 C or more in summer. 7/17/2015 22 Salinity: Salinity problem in Iraq is not a present phenomenon especially in center and south of Iraq. Factors responsible for salinity:- Natural factors:- - Marine sediments. - Weather of minerals. - Ground water. - climate (Arid semi- arid). - Heavy Soil texture Salinity: Salinity problem in Iraq is not a present phenomenon especially in center and south of Iraq. Factors responsible for salinity:- Natural factors:- - Marine sediments - Weather of minerals - Ground water - climate (Arid semi- arid) - Heavy Soil texture - High ground water table - High salinity Human – induced factors:- misuse of land resources Irrigation with Irrigation with Wrong Water Transfer Drainage Water Saline Well Water Closed Drainage Canal Traditional irrigation Ignored maintenance Low Productivity Of Agricultural Land Water scarcity &Salinity Desertification Affect vegetation (Land Cover) Opportunities towards sustainable soil management Expanding the modern agriculture technologies First:- Project of modern irrigation technologies Covering 750ha through 6-8 years Saving 3.6 billion m3 Irrigation new Agriculture Leaching for reclamation of saline soil in central & south lands density Iraq Second:- Expansion of drip irrigation in plastic houses for vegetables • reduce : - quantity of irrigation water use efficiency. - labor & bushes. • Simplifying adding fertilizes fertigation . • maintenance suitable moisture in Rhizospher . 7/17/2015 30 Third:- Project for spreading water uses Associations (WUA) with JICA purpose: Efficient irrigation water management by WUA in the pilot area. Main activities: trainings & extensions Targeted: 15 governorates for 3 phases fourth:- Project of soil salinity management in central and south of Iraq Australian Government Italian Government International center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas 7/17/2015 A B C D E F G 32 Fifth:- Iraqi Agrometrology network A network of automatic weather stations installed and operated in various agricultural area in Iraq for the purpose of measuring the various weather elements. To:- provision of data and information in real-time weather and facilitate access to it constantly by the beneficiaries. Provide near and medium – term weather forecasts according to information system linked to the network. Provide analysis, consulting and recommendations at the appropriate times to the beneficiaries and contribute valuable support decision-making at the appropriate time. sixth:- Cultivation of salt – tolerant varieties Trees:- Fodders Crops Seventh:- - Encourage the granting of loans to farmers for the maintenance of irrigation and drainage channels in accordance with the law of irrigation and drainage 36 Concluding remarks - the priority of challenges in Agricultural sectors is the low productivity lands which caused through many interaction factors and the major ones are SOIL SALINITY and WATER SCARCITY. - The development of the agricultural sector is dependent on the extent of the availability of sufficient quantities of fresh water as well as reclaimed lands. To achieve sustainable soil management:- - Paying attention to land reclamation concept. - The necessity of developing soil and water appropriate management methods, especially modern irrigation methods and techniques. - Conservation of water resources : - water harvesting - other water resources. - drainage water. - use of treated waste water. - Development varieties of a strategic crops tolerant to drought and salinity. - Changing type of agriculture, choosing appropriate crops and suitable fertilization:- conservation agriculture (zero-tillage). crop consuming less quantities of water. adopting intensive agriculture in the soil affected salinity through cultivation crops in the same location to maintain the salt balance in the root zone. Continuing scientific researches and studies for the salinity and the development of adequate scientific management methods such as the effect of salts in soil and the demands of fertilizers and bio-fertilizers. - support and encourage:- the private sector to invest in the agricultural sector especially the promising areas in the desert. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Security in Ninewa: Preventing an ISIS Resurgence in Northern Iraq
    The Politics of Security in Ninewa: Preventing an ISIS Resurgence in Northern Iraq Julie Ahn—Maeve Campbell—Pete Knoetgen Client: Office of Iraq Affairs, U.S. Department of State Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Advisor: Meghan O’Sullivan Policy Analysis Exercise Seminar Leader: Matthew Bunn May 7, 2018 This Policy Analysis Exercise reflects the views of the authors and should not be viewed as representing the views of the US Government, nor those of Harvard University or any of its faculty. Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to the many people who helped us throughout the development, research, and drafting of this report. Our field work in Iraq would not have been possible without the help of Sherzad Khidhir. His willingness to connect us with in-country stakeholders significantly contributed to the breadth of our interviews. Those interviews were made possible by our fantastic translators, Lezan, Ehsan, and Younis, who ensured that we could capture critical information and the nuance of discussions. We also greatly appreciated the willingness of U.S. State Department officials, the soldiers of Operation Inherent Resolve, and our many other interview participants to provide us with their time and insights. Thanks to their assistance, we were able to gain a better grasp of this immensely complex topic. Throughout our research, we benefitted from consultations with numerous Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) faculty, as well as with individuals from the larger Harvard community. We would especially like to thank Harvard Business School Professor Kristin Fabbe and Razzaq al-Saiedi from the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative who both provided critical support to our project.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Ankara and Tehran: How the Scramble for Kurdistan Can Reshape Regional Relations
    Between Ankara and Tehran: How the Scramble for Kurdistan Can Reshape Regional Relations Micha’el Tanchum On June 30, 2014, President Masoud Barzani of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) made the historic announcement that he would seek a formal referendum on Kurdish independence. Barzani’s announcement came after the June 2014 advance into northern Iraq by the jihadist forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) had effectively eliminated Iraqi government control over the provinces bordering the KRG. As Iraq’s army abandoned its positions north of Baghdad, the KRG’s Peshmerga advanced into the “disputed territories” beyond the KRG’s formal boundaries and took control of the oil-rich city of Kirkuk, the jewel in the crown of Iraqi Kurdish territorial ambitions. Thus, the Barzani-led KRG calculated it had attained the necessary political and economic conditions to contemplate outright independence. Asserting Iraq had been effectively “partitioned” and that “conditions are right,” the KRG President declared, “From now on, we will not hide that the goal of Kurdistan is independence.” 1 The viability of an independent Kurdish state will ultimately depend on the Barzani government’s ability to recalibrate its relations with its two powerful neighbors, Turkey and Iran. This, in turn, depends on the ability of Barzani’s Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) to preserve its hegemony over Iraqi Kurdistan in the face of challenges posed by its Iraqi political rival, the PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan), and the Turkish-based PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party). Barzani’s objective to preserve the KDP’s authority from these threats forms one of the main drivers behind his Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Syrian Kurdish Movement's Resilience Strategy
    Surviving the Aftermath of Islamic State: The Syrian Kurdish Movement’s Resilience Strategy Patrick Haenni and Arthur Quesnay Wartime and Post-Conflict in Syria (WPCS) Research Project Report 17 February 2020 2020/03 © European University Institute 2020 Content and individual chapters © Patrick Haenni, Arthur Quesnay, 2020 This work has been published by the European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the authors. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the year and the publisher. Requests should be addressed to [email protected]. Views expressed in this publication reflect the opinion of individual authors and not those of the European University Institute. Middle East Directions Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Project Report RSCAS/Middle East Directions 2020/03 17 February 2020 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ cadmus.eui.eu Surviving the Aftermath of Islamic State: The Syrian Kurdish Movement’s Resilience Strategy Patrick Haenni and Arthur Quesnay* * Patrick Haenni is a Doctor of Political Science and Visiting Fellow at the European University Institute (EUI). He is a senior adviser at the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD). Since 2013, his work has focused on the political dynamics in Syrian rebel-held areas. He is the author of two books: Market Islam (Paris, Seuil, 2005) and The Order of the Caïds (Paris, Karthala, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Iraq Situation Report: January 25 - February 1, 2017
    Iraq Situation Report: January 25 - February 1, 2017 1 Popular Mobilization moving towards Tel Afar. Popular Mobilization media 2 Eastern Mosul IDPs begin returning home. Local humanitarian officials and the UN reported claimed on January 27 that Mosul Operations Commander Lt. Gen. Abdul-Amir Rasheed on January 25 that hundreds of families from eastern Mosul have begun to leave Internally Yarallah announced that the Popular Mobilization was assigned to recapture Tel Afar and Displaced Persons (IDPs) camps near Khazar and Hasansham, east of the city, and are returning nearby areas. Popular Mobilization units announced the start of an offensive on February 1 to home. Local officials reported that the returns are staggered, with return trips from the camps advance from its position on the highway near Sinjar, where they had established a joint occurring only twice a week. checkpoint with the Peshmerga, and move towards Tel Afar and then western Mosul, closing in the western axis. 3 ISIS activity increases east of Tikrit. A security source in Salah al-Din reported on January 25 that ISIS militants on motorcycles with “light and medium weapons” attacked 12 Security forces thwart SVBIED assassination attempt west of members of the Popular Mobilization stationed in Tel Kusaybah, east of Tikrit. A Ramadi. The Ministry of Interior announced on January 27 that security source reported on January 30 that a Suicide Vehicle-Borne IED (SVBIED) Dahuk forces thwarted a SVBIED assassination attempt on Anbar Police attacked a checkpoint in Albu Tarmish, 40 km east of Tikrit, on January 30, Commander Maj. Gen. Hadi Razig between Ramadi and al-Wifa’ killing one tribal fighter, one member of the Iranian proxy militia Saraya sub-district, west of Ramadi.
    [Show full text]
  • Claims in Conflict Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq
    Human Rights Watch August 2004 Vol. 16, No. 4(E) Claims in Conflict Reversing Ethnic Cleansing in Northern Iraq I. Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 1 II. Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 5 III. Background: Forced Displacement and Arabization of Northern Iraq ........................ 7 The Mass Displacement of the mid-1970s ........................................................................... 7 The 1988 Anfal Campaign....................................................................................................... 9 The Repopulation of the North with Arab Tribes .............................................................. 9 The 1991 Gulf War and its Aftermath ................................................................................ 13 The Arabization of the Kirkuk Region................................................................................ 15 The Legal Framework of Arabization ................................................................................. 16 IV. Legal Standards.....................................................................................................................18 Forced Population Transfers as a Crime Against Humanity ........................................... 18 Human Rights Provisions Relevant to Forced Transfer................................................... 21 “Ethnic
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdistan, Kurdish Nationalism and International Society
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by LSE Theses Online The London School of Economics and Political Science Maps into Nations: Kurdistan, Kurdish Nationalism and International Society by Zeynep N. Kaya A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, June 2012. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 77,786 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Matthew Whiting. 2 Anneme, Babama, Kardeşime 3 Abstract This thesis explores how Kurdish nationalists generate sympathy and support for their ethnically-defined claims to territory and self-determination in international society and among would-be nationals. It combines conceptual and theoretical insights from the field of IR and studies on nationalism, and focuses on national identity, sub-state groups and international norms.
    [Show full text]
  • “We Just Want Someone to Protect Us:” Civilian
    “ WE JUST WANT SOMEONE TO PROTECT US” Civilian Protection Challenges in Kirkuk 1 RECOGNIZE. PREVENT. PROTECT. AMEND. PROTECT. PREVENT. RECOGNIZE. Cover Civilians living amidst homes damaged T +1 202 558 6958 during fighting between ISIS and E [email protected] Peshmerga in a village in Kirkuk, 2016. civiliansinconflict.org Sahr Muhammedally/CIVIC December 2019 Report designed by Dena Verdesca. ABOUT CENTER FOR CIVILIANS IN CONFLICT Center for Civilians in Conflict (CIVIC) is an international organization dedicated to promoting the protection of civilians caught in conflict. CIVIC’s mission is to work with armed actors and civilians in conflict to develop and implement solutions to prevent, mitigate, and respond to civilian harm. Our vision is a world where parties to armed conflict recognize the dignity and rights of civilians, prevent civilian harm, protect civilians caught in conflict, and amend harm. CIVIC was established in 2003 by Marla Ruzicka, a young humanitarian who advocated on behalf of civilian war victims and their families in Iraq and Afghanistan. Building on her extraordinary legacy, CIVIC now operates in conflict zones throughout the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and South Asia to advance a higher standard of protection for civilians. At CIVIC, we believe that parties to armed conflict have a responsibility to prevent and address civilian harm. To accomplish this, we assess the causes of civilian harm in particular conflicts, craft practical solutions to address that harm, and advocate the adoption of new policies and practices that lead to the improved wellbeing of civilians caught in conflict. Recognizing the power of collaboration, we engage with civilians, governments, militaries, and international and regional institutions to identify and institutionalize strengthened protections for civilians in conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Iraqi Herpetology: an Introductory Checklist
    Iraqi herpetology: an introductory checklist Herman A.J. in den Bosch Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9516, NL-2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] PROLOGUE If we believe the current president of the United States, George W. Bush, the Second Gulf War is officially ended. Iraq might now become the next once relatively closed country in the Middle East after Afghanistan (IN DEN BOSCH, 2001a) to attract herpetologically interested Western visitors. So the time has arrived to read up on the amphibians and reptiles of this region. What immediately becomes clear is that Iraq has been neglected herpetologically for a long time. Of course The Handbook to Middle East Amphibians and Reptiles (LEVITON et al., 1992) is relevant once again, written as it was for the First Gulf War ten years ago. This work should be consulted for more recent herpetological taxonomy, but in an historical context it will be informative to reproduce here the lists from KHALAF (1959) – with species names in their original spelling – as this work is frequently referenced but can be difficult to locate. This paper is being presented as an overview of what has so far been published on the herps of Iraq and is based primarily on the literature available to me. I have also included some information currently available on the Internet. I am not trying to present an up-to- date annotated checklist but rather to create a steppingstone for people interested in the herpetology of the region. •2003• POD@RCIS 4(2) 53 www.podarcis.nl COUNTRY In contrast to what the warmongers of our present day suggest, Iraq is not just a sandbox where a blind horse couldn't do any damage; implicitly suggesting an all-out technological war will not hurt the environment in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • Immap - IHF Humanitarian Access Response 6 to 12 December 2018 Weekly Explosive Incidents Flash News
    iMMAP - IHF Humanitarian Access Response 6 to 12 December 2018 Weekly Explosive Incidents Flash News Ninewa Governorate 2 47 5 54 Armed Clash Areas Explosive Incidents Security Forces 7 December 2018 Airstrike + Explosive Hazards + = ● Successfully cleared 13 IEDs in Al-Hasudiya. They also captured a person in Al-Faisaliya area of Mosul city. The person was providing weapons to ISIS. 18 7 0 21 People Killed People Injured People Released IEDs Cleared Military Intelligence Forces 7 December 2018 ● Captured an ISIS member in Ninewa governorate. The capturer admitted that he was providing ISIS with information about the contractors and government officials in Mosul city. Total Number of Explosive Incidents per Week 100 89 Military Intelligence Forces 8 December 2018 90 81 80 80 74 68 ● Arrested an ISIS intelligence member in Al-Shora area who was collecting information about the military locations, military movements 70 59 60 60 54 and the civilians who were anti-ISIS ideas. 65 62 52 52 50 50 47 43 53 40 48 48 47 43 30 38 38 40 40 38 Security Forces 9 December 2018 34 38 33 20 ● Arrested 5 ISIS members in a village on the border of Ninewa governorate. 10 0 29 Apr to 5 6 to 12 May 13 to 19 20 to 26 27 May to 3 to 9 Jun 21 to 27 28 Jun to 4 5 to 11 Jul 12 to 18 Jul 19 to 25 Jul 26 Jul to 1 2 to 8 Aug 9 to 15 Aug 23 to 29 30 Aug to 6 to 12 27 Sept to 4 to 10 Oct 11 to 17 18 to 24 25 to 31 1 to 7 Nov 8 to 14 Nov 15 to 21 22 to 28 29 Nov to 5 6 Dec to 12 Security Forces 11 December 2018 May May May Jun 2 Jun Jul Aug Aug Sept 5 Sept 3 Oct Oct Oct Oct Nov Nov Dec Dec ● Clashed an ISIS group in Al-Bwayr village in Badush area, in which 4 ISIS members killed and another one arrested.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies of Conflict Project (ESOC) and the Development Research Group of the World Bank
    WPS8231 Policy Research Working Paper 8231 Public Disclosure Authorized How Much Oil is the Islamic State Group Producing? Public Disclosure Authorized Evidence from Remote Sensing Quy-Toan Do Jacob N. Shapiro Christopher D. Elvidge Mohamed Abdel-Jelil Daniel P. Ahn Kimberly Baugh Public Disclosure Authorized Jamie Hansen-Lewis Mikhail Zhizhin Public Disclosure Authorized Development Research Group Poverty and Inequality Team October 2017 Policy Research Working Paper 8231 Abstract Accurately measuring oil production in low-governance and other regions without reliable administrative data contexts is an important task. Many terrorist organizations can support a broad range of public policy decisions and and insurgencies—including the Islamic State group, also academic research. This paper uses satellite multi-spec- known as ISIL/ISIS or Daesh—tap oil as a revenue source. tral imaging and ground-truth pre-war output data to Understanding spatial and temporal variation in production effectively construct a real-time day-to-day census of oil in their territory can help address such threats by providing production in areas controlled by the terrorist group. The near real-time monitoring of their revenue streams, help- estimates of production levels were approximately 56,000 ing to assess long-term economic potential, and informing barrels per day (bpd) from July–December 2014, drop reconstruction strategies. More broadly, remotely measur- to an average of 35,000 bpd throughout 2015, before ing extractive industry activity in conflict-affected areas dropping further to approximately 16,000 bpd in 2016. This paper is a product of the Poverty and Inequality Team, Development Research Group. It is part of a larger effort by the World Bank to provide open access to its research and make a contribution to development policy discussions around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Iraq's Armed Forces
    Al-Bayan Center for Planning and Studies The Future of Iraq’s Armed Forces Dr. Michael Knights Al-Bayan Center Publications Series 8 Al-Bayan Center for Planning and Studies The Future of Iraq’s Armed Forces Dr. Michael Knights Al-Bayan Center Publications Series 8 About Al-Bayan Center for Planning and Studies is an independent, nonprofit think tank based in Baghdad, Iraq. Its primary mission is to offer an authentic perspective on public policy issues related to Iraq and the neighboring region. Al-Bayan pursues its vision by conducting autonomous analysis, as well as proposing workable solutions for complex issues that concern academia and policymakers. March 2016 The opinions expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent the views of the center Filing number in Iraqi National Library and Archives in Baghdad: 516 / 2016 Copyright © 2016 www.bayancenter.org [email protected] Al-Bayan Center for Planning and Studies Introduction by Al-Bayan Center After 2003, Iraq has aimed to build security forces on the basis of professionalism and patriotism through new military institutions after disbanding the Iraqi army after the war, and it benefited from the support of the coalition forces at the time. Iraq has also worked on introducing some new elements to the security structure, such as the Federal Police, the Counter Terrorism Force, and others. Iraq has also sought to change the perception people had about the security forces after they were one of the tools used by the regime before 2003 to hit the civilians by its hostile policies and authority. The importance of an army to any country is to maintain its presence, ward off external threat, and protect its borders.
    [Show full text]
  • An Example of Historical Evolution of Civilisations
    THE PAX ASSYRIACA: AN EXAMPLE OF HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF CIVILISATIONS by BENJAMIN TORO A Thesis Submitted to the University of Birmingham for the Degree of PhD Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology FT Department of Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham October 2014 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. 1 ABSTRACT This thesis seek to provide a study of the evolutionary process of ancient civilizations stressing the complementarily between theoretical principles with the relevant historical evidence. For this reason, the study will focus on the origin, development and collapse of the first stage of the ‘Central Civilization’, which was the result of the merger of two primeval civilizations, such as Mesopotamia and Egypt, during the ‘Near Eastern phase’ of this Central Civilisation. This merger seems to have been the result of the political expansion of an imperial entity coming from Mesopotamia under the aegis of the so-called Neo-Assyrian Empire from 1000 BC to 600 BC – better known as the Pax Assyriaca – although the process of full integration with Egypt seems to have been concluded by the successor empires of Assyria circa 430 BC.
    [Show full text]