E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points

Approved by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on 06 November 2018

Rig/2015-2034r8

ESTA does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, equipment or materials for compliance with codes, recommended practices or standards. Compliance with an ESTA standard or recommended practice is the sole and exclusive responsibility of the manufacturer or provider and is entirely within their control and discretion. Any markings, identification or other claims of compliance do not constitute certification or approval of any type or nature whatsoever by ESTA.

ESTA neither guaranties nor warrants the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and disclaim liability for any personal injury, property or other damage or injury of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.

In issuing and distributing this document, ESTA does not either (a) undertake to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, or (b) undertake any duty to any person or entity with respect to this document or its contents. Anyone using this document should rely on their own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstance.

Published By: Entertainment Services and Technology Association (ESTA) 630 Ninth Ave., Suite 609 New York, NY 10036 USA Phone: +1-212-244-1505 Fax: +1-212-244-1502 Email: [email protected]

The ESTA Technical Standards Program was created to serve the ESTA membership and the entertainment industry in technical standards related matters. The goal of the program is to take a leading role regarding technology within the entertainment industry by creating recommended practices and standards, monitoring standards issues around the world on benefit of our members, and improving communications and safety within the industry. ESTA works closely with the technical standards efforts of other organizations within our industry including USITT and VPLT as well as representing the interests of ESTA members to ANSI, UL and the NFPA. The Technical Standards Program is accredited by the American National Standards Institute.

The Technical Standards Council (TSC) established by ESTA’s Board of Directors to oversee and coordinate the Technical Standards Program. Made up of individuals experienced in standards making work from throughout our industry, the Committee approves all projects undertaken and assigns them to the appropriate working group. The Technical Standards Council employs a Technical Standards Manager to coordinate the work of the Committee and its working groups as well as maintaining a "Standards Watch" on behalf of members. Working groups include: Control Protocols, Electrical Power, Event Safety, Floors, Fog and Smoke, Photometrics, Rigging, and Stage Machinery.

ESTA encourages active participation in the Technical Standards Program. There are several ways to become involved. If you would like to become a member of an existing working group, as have over two hundred people, you must complete an application which is available from the ESTA website. Your application is subject to approval by the working group and you will be required to actively participate in the work of the group. This includes responding to letter ballots and attending meetings. Membership in ESTA or any other organization is not a requirement for participation in the TSP. You can also become involved by requesting that the TSC develop a standard or a recommended practice in an area of concern to you.

The Rigging Working Group, which authored this standard, consists of a cross section of entertainment industry professionals representing a diversity of interests. ESTA is committed to developing consensus-based standards and recommended practices in an open setting.

© 2018 ESTA iii Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points Investors in Innovation The Technical Standard Program (TSP) is financially supported by ESTA and by companies and individuals who make undirected donations to the TSP. Contributing companies and individuals who have helped fund the TSP are recognized as “Investors in Innovation”. The Investors in Innovation when this standard was approved by ANSI's Board of Standards Review include these companies and individuals: VISIONARY LEADERS ($50,000 & up) ETC ProSight Specialty Insurance VISIONARY ($10,000 & up; >100 employees/members) Chauvet Professional Martin by Harman Cisco Robe Columbus McKinnon Entertainment Technology Walt Disney Parks and Resorts VISIONARY ($5,000 & up; 20–100 employees/members) Altman Lighting, Inc. Rose Brand German Light Products Stage Rigging JR Clancy TMB McLaren Engineering Group Tyler Truss Systems, Inc. VISIONARY ($500 & up; <20 employees/members) About the Stage John T. McGraw B-Hive Industries, Inc. Mike Garl Consulting Scott Blair Mike Wood Consulting Boston Illumination Group Power Gems Louis Bradfield Reed Rigging Candela Controls Inc. Reliable Design Services Clark Reder Engineering Alan Rowe Tracey Cosgrove & Mark McKinney David Saltiel Doug Fleenor Design Sapsis Rigging Inc. EGI Event Production Services Stageworks Entertainment Project Services Dana Taylor Neil Huff Steve Terry Hughston Engineering Inc. Theatre Projects Interactive Technologies Theatre Safety Programs Lankey & Limey Ltd. Vertigo Jules Lauve Steve A. Walker & Associates Brian Lawlor Westview Productions Limelight Productions, Inc. WNP Services INVESTOR ($3,000–$9,999; >100 employees/members) Actors' Equity Association Lex Barbizon Lighting Company NAMM Golden Sea Professional Equipment Limited Rosco Laboratories IATSE Local 728 Texas Scenic Company IATSE Local 891 INVESTOR ($1,500–$4,999; 20–100 employees/members) American Society of Theatre Consultants Morpheus Lights Area Four Industries Niscon Inc. BMI Supply Syracuse Scenery and Stage Lighting City Theatrical Inc. Tomcat InterAmerica Stage, Inc. XSF Xtreme Structures and Fabrication Lycian Stage Lighting

INVESTOR ($200–$499; <20 employees/members) Benjamin Cohen Robert Scales Bright Ideas Custom Electronics Inc. Stephen Vanciel Bruce Darden Suga Koubou Co., Ltd. Guangzhou Ming Jing lighting Equipment Co. VU-Industry Vision Technology K5600, Inc. Xpro Light Indianapolis Stage Sales & Rentals, Inc. SUPPORTER (<$3,000; >100 employees/members) Ian Foulds, IATSE Local 873 Thern Stage Equipment Harlequin Floors USAI Lighting SUPPORTER (<$1,500; 20–100 employees/members) Geiger Engineers Stage Equipment & Lighting H&H Specialties Stagemaker High Output Thermotex Industries, Inc. InCord Vincent Lighting Systems iWeiss Zhuhai Shengchang Electronics Co. Oasis Stage Werks SUPPORTER (<$200; <20 employees/members) Roy Bickel Michael Lay Tony Giovannetti Lizz Pittsley Pat Grenfell Michael Skinner Mitch Hefter Skjonberg Controls Inc. John Huntington Stage Labor of the Ozarks Beverly and Tom Inglesby Tracy Underhill Eddie Kramer Charlie Weiner Jason Kyle

Planned Giving donor: Ken Vannice

All donations to the Technical Standards Program support the TSP in general, and are not directed to, or for, the benefit of any particular technical standard project, or any Working Group working on any particular standard or project. If you would like to help support the Technical Standards Program in its work, please consider becoming an Investor in Innovation by visiting our website at http://tsp.esta.org/invest or by contacting the ESTA office at 1-212-244- 1505 and selecting "TSP" from the menu.

Technical Standards Manager Assistant Technical Standards Manager Karl G. Ruling Richard J. Nix ESTA ESTA 630 Ninth Avenue, Suite 609 630 Ninth Avenue, Suite 609 New York, NY 10036 New York, NY 10036 USA USA +1-212-244-1505 +1-212-244-1505 [email protected] richard.nix @esta.org

Technical Standards Council Chairpersons Mike Garl Mike Wood Mike Garl Consulting LLC Mike Wood Consulting LLC +1-865-389-4371 +1-512-288-4916 [email protected] [email protected]

Rigging Working Group Co-chairpersons Bill Sapsis Christine Kaiser Sapsis Rigging Syracuse Scenery & Stage Lighting Co., Inc +1-215-228-0888 x206 +1-315-453-8096 [email protected] [email protected]

© 2018 ESTA vi Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points Acknowledgments The Rigging Working Group members, when this document was approved by the working group on 18 September 2018, are shown below.

Voting members: Jesse Adams; Rose Brand; DR Tracie Allen; Tyler Truss Systems; CP Dana Bartholomew; Silver State Wire Rope and Rigging; DR William Beautyman; Limelight Productions, Inc.; DR Ian Bevan; Walt Disney Parks & Resorts; U Tyler Bland; Walt Disney Parks & Resorts; U William Bradburn; Aerial Arts, Inc.; U Bennett Brian; Reed Rigging Inc.; DR Joseph Champelli; Entertainment Project Services, LLC; DE Jay Cid; R&M Materials Handling / Stagemaker; MP Dan Culhane; Wenger Corp.; CP Bruce Darden; InterAmerica Stage, Inc.; CP Jonathan Deull; JSD Projects LLC; U Brad Dittmer; Stage Labor of the Ozarks; U Russ Dusek; I Weiss; MP Don Earl; Earl Girls, Inc.; DR Nick Fleming; Columbus McKinnon Corp.; MP Jack Gallagher; R&M Materials Handling / Stagemaker; MP Mike Garl; Mike Garl Consulting LLC; DE Sarah Gascoine; PSAV Presentation Services; U Ethan W Gilson; Entertainment Rigging Services, LLC; U William B. Gorlin; M.G. McLaren, P.C.; G Jerry Gorrell; Theatre Safety Programs; G Pat Grenfell; Hoist Sales & Service; DR Rod Haney; I.A.T.S.E. Local 891; U Tim Hansen; Oasis Stage Werks; DR Robert Haycock; UC Berkeley; U Jeremy Hodgson; Cirque Du Soleil, Inc.; U Donald Hoffend_III; Avista Designs, LLC; G Joseph Jeremy; Show Distribution Group, Inc.; MP Ted Jones; Grand Stage; U Christine L. Kaiser; Syracuse Scenery & Stage Lighting Co., Inc.; DR Theresa Kelley; Xtreme Structures and Fabrication; CP Edwin S. Kramer; I.A.T.S.E. Local 1; U Kyle Kusmer; Steven Schaefer Associates; G Tom Lapp; Cirque Du Soleil, Inc.; U Kalen Larson; ZFX, Inc.; CP Roger Lattin; I.A.T.S.E. Local 728; U Jon Lenard; Applied Electronics; MP Michael Lichter; Electronic Theatre Controls, Inc.; MP Jacob E. Loretto; Musson Theatrical Inc.; DR Daniel H. Louis; Theta Consulting LLC; G Bill McIntyre; Show Distribution Group, Inc.; CP Sam Michael; Thern, Inc.; MP Steven Michelman; Entertainment Project Services, LLC; DE Orestes Mihaly; Production Resource Group; DR Rick Montgomery; Motion Laboratories, Inc.; MP John P. Moore; Vertigo; CP Chris Moulton; Contract Services Administration Trust Fund; U

© 2018 ESTA vii Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points Bartholomew J. Mueller; Recreation Engineering Inc.; DE Reid Neslage; H & H Specialties Inc.; MP Mark Newlin; Xtreme Structures and Fabrication; MP Jim Niesel; Theatre Projects Consultants, Inc.; DE Richard J. Nix; Richard J. Nix; G Shawn Nolan; Production Resource Group; DR Tracy Nunnally; Vertigo; CP Carlos Ortega; PSAV Presentation Services; U Miriam Paschetto; Geiger Engineers; G Rocky Paulson; Freeman Companies; DR Demian Purdy; PSAV Presentation Services; U Steven Ricks; Electronic Theatre Controls, Inc.; MP John Ringelman; Freeman Companies; DR Eric Rouse; Chicago Flyhouse; CP Bill Sapsis; Sapsis Rigging, Inc.; U Chris Schmidt; Freeman Companies; DR Steven Serafin; Chubb Group of Insurance Companies; G Harold Ike Shippers; Syracuse Scenery & Stage Lighting Co., Inc.; DR Dave Sinkhorn; R&M Materials Handling / Stagemaker; MP John C. Snook; Thermotex Industries Inc.; CP Russell Solomon; Texas Scenic Company; DR Peter V. Svitavsky; Wenger Corp.; CP Jason Tello; Tyler Truss Systems; CP Ken Tilson; Columbus McKinnon Corp.; MP Will Todd; Area Four Industries; MP Elmer Veith; Eurotruss; MP Steve Walker; Steve A. Walker & Associates; G Mike Webb; Motion Laboratories, Inc.; MP Charlie Weiner; Eurotruss; CP Michael Wells; Xtreme Structures and Fabrication; MP Marty Wesstrom; Mountain Productions Inc.; DR Jeff Wilkowski; Thern, Inc.; MP R. Duane Wilson; Amer. Society of Theatre Consultants; DE Max A. Wilson; Applied Electronics; MP Stephan Jon Wood; Tait Towers Manufacturing LLC; CP Paul Zagajeski; Wenger Corp.; CP

Observer (non-voting) members: Jacob Abbott; PSAV Presentation Services; U Matthew Antonucci; Contract Services Administration Trust Fund; U Brent Armstrong; Alpine Rigging & Structural Design; CP William Ian Auld; Auld Entertainment; U Robert Barbagallo; Solotech Inc.; DR Roger Barrett; Star Events Group Ltd.; DR Roy Bickel; Roy Bickel; G Keith Bohn; Keith Bohn; G David Bond; Kinesys; MP Louis Bradfield; Louis Bradfield; U David M. Campbell; Geiger Engineers; G Daniel J. Clark; Clark-Reder Engineering, Inc.; G Benjamin Cohen; Chicago Flyhouse Inc.; CP David Collette; PSAV Presentation Services; U David Darland; PSAV Presentation Services; U Robert Dean; ZFX, Inc.; CP

© 2018 ESTA viii Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points Jim Digby; Event Safety Alliance; U Tim Franklin; Theta Consulting LLC; G James M. Garner; Walt Disney Studios; G Sanford P. Gilzow; Shur-Rig LLC; G Michael P. Gosenski; Rigging Systems LLC; U Pete Happe; Pete Happe; G Sean Harding; Port Lighting Systems; G Chris Higgs; Total Solutions Group; G Kent H. Jorgensen; IATSE Local 80; G Gary Justesen; Oasis Stage Werks; DR Jerald Kraft; JTH Lighting Alliance; CP Dan Lisowski; University of Wisconsin - Madison; U Ross Long; I.A.T.S.E. Local 891; G Wendy Manson; Cirque Du Soleil, Inc.; U Joseph McGeough; Foy Inventerprises, Inc.; CP John Neal; John Neal; G Gregory Orth; WNP Services, Inc.; DR Kurt Pragman; Pragman Associates, LLC; G Mark Riddlesperger; LA ProPoint, Inc.; CP Tim Salamon; PSAV Presentation Services; DR Peter A. Scheu; Scheu Consulting Services, Inc.; DE Jason Schumacher; ZFX, Inc.; CP Ford Sellers; Chauvet Lighting; MP Steven C. Shaw; Levitating Productions, Inc.; MP Monica Skjonberg; Skjonberg Controls, Inc.; CP Knut Skjonberg; Skjonberg Controls, Inc.; CP Todd Spencer; PSAV Presentation Services; U Stewart Stephens; JSAV; DR Ross Taylor; Taylor & Taylor Associates; G James Tomlinson; Team Tomlinson; G Stephen Vanciel; IATSE Local 631; U Patrick Wallace; PSAV Presentation Services; U Drew Wending; PSAV Presentation Services; DR Mike Weston; PSAV Presentation Services; DR Greg Williams; PSAV Presentation Services; G Nicholas Gill Wright; I.A.T.S.E. Local 16; G Jeong Sik Yoo; Ghost LX; DE

Interest category codes: CP = custom-market producer DE = designer DR = dealer rental company G = general interest MP = mass-market producer U = user

Notice and Disclaimer...... ii Investors in Innovation...... iv Contact Information...... vi Acknowledgments...... vii 1. GENERAL...... 1 STANDARD REQUIREMENTS...... 1 1.1 Scope...... 1 1.2 Purpose...... 2 1.3 Application...... 2 1.4 References...... 2 2. DEFINITIONS...... 3 3. DESIGN...... 6 3.1 General requirements...... 6 3.2 Design coordination...... 7 3.3 Loads - general...... 7 3.4 Load Combinations...... 9 3.5 Design Criteria...... 9 3.6 Rigging points - types...... 11 3.7 Wear and abrasion...... 12 3.8 Connection design...... 12 3.9 Distortion and displacement...... 13 4. FABRICATED COMPONENTS...... 14 4.1 General...... 14 4.2 Fabrication...... 14 5. DETACHABLE COMPONENTS...... 14 5.1 General...... 14 5.2 Design...... 15 6. INSTALLATION...... 15 6.1 Supervision...... 15 6.2 Welding...... 15 6.3 Friction connections...... 16 6.4 Embedded Hardware...... 16 6.5 Anchors...... 16 6.6 Interference...... 17 6.7 Hardware...... 17 7. TESTING...... 17 7.0 New rigging points...... 17 7.1 General...... 17 7.2 Fabricated assemblies...... 17 7.3 Detachable assemblies...... 18 7.4 Embedded anchor connections...... 18 7.5 Welded and bolted connections...... 19 7.6 Existing rigging point load test requirements -...... 19 7.7 Test standards...... 20 8. INSPECTION, REMOVAL, AND REPAIR...... 21 8.1 General...... 21 8.2 Detachable Assemblies...... 21 8.2.2 Frequency of Inspection...... 22 8.3 Documentation...... 23 8.4 Inspection training...... 23 8.5 Removal from Service Criteria...... 24 9. EXISTING RIGGING POINTS...... 24

© 2018 ESTA x Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points 9.1 Verification by Analysis...... 24 9.2 Verification by testing...... 25 9.3 Loads acting on existing structures...... 25 10. DOCUMENTATION...... 25 10.1 General...... 25 11. LABELING...... 26 11.1 General...... 27 11.2 Rigging point identification...... 27 11.3 Maintenance of identification...... 27 11.4 Replacement of identification...... 27 11.5 Method of labeling...... 27 11.6 Label attachment...... 28 Appendix 1...... 29

Note to the user: Explanatory information (contained in the right-hand column of this document) is intended to provide additional, non-mandatory commentary and information regarding the scope of this standard. This information is intended to provide additional clarification regarding the thoughts of the authors during the writing of this document. In addition, the user may find notes on industry standard practices, references, and resources for additional information regarding each topic at hand. It is the hope of the authors that users of this document will find that the proximity of this commentary particularly useful to their understanding of this document.

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 1.1 Scope. E1.1 This standard applies to stationary rigging points While this standard is intended to cover all structures, it attached to permanent facility structure that are is hoped that non-traditional entertainment structures, intended to be permanent, and provides minimum such as hotel ballrooms, atriums in office buildings, requirements for the design, fabrication, installation, schools, and other structures will particularly benefit inspection and documentation of these rigging points forfrom this standard. their use to support rigging loads. This standard does not apply to engineering analysis of Applicability of this standard is not dependent on structures supporting rigging points. The application of direction of the applied force or duration of the applied new loads to existing structures, and the location of load. those loads, must be considered by the user. Concentrated loads, multiple loads acting in close This standard applies to rigging points that are proximity and other load combinations have the stationary under load. potential to exceed existing building structural capacity. It is strongly recommended that structures supporting new loads be reviewed by a qualified person.

This standard does not apply to  Connection of any loads to the rigging point  Connections to temporary entertainment structures.  Equipment “below the hook”.  Rigging points that are intended to be temporary in nature.

© 2018 ESTA Page 1 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 1.2 Purpose. E1.2 The purpose of this document is to provide standards It is the intent of this document to clearly define the for the design, fabrication, installation, inspection and types of loading acting on rigging points including, but documentation of rigging points. These standards are not limited to: intended for the use of the entertainment rigging  Horizontal community, facility managers and design professionals.  Vertical  Dynamic It is the intent of this document to ensure that design  Cyclical and use criteria as established within this document are This standard will provide guidance on adequate met by those materially affected by the standards capacity to support the intended loads; including criteria contained within this document. for appropriate load factors and load combinations.

The design and installation of rigging points shall occur This standard provides means of validating the according to the generally accepted principles of allowable load capacity of existing rigging points. structural engineering, this document, and applicable codes and standards as referenced herein. This document describes the various types of loading that may be encountered in the use of rigging points and provides design factors for the safe use of the points.

It is the hope of this committee that this standard is useful to the broad engineering and facility management community including professionals not specializing in the entertainment field, as well as code officials and others.

1.3 Application. E1.3 This standard applies to rigging as typically used by the This standard addresses the following issues regarding entertainment industry and allied industries. The criteria the use and application of rigging points: contained in this document are intended to be used by  Structural integrity design professionals for the design of rigging points and  Functionality by workers using rigging points. It provides  Intended use requirements for the design and use of rigging points to  Environmental be used for support of entertainment loads on o Corrosion structures.  Applicable standards

1.4 References. E1.4 The documents listed below are provided for Referenced standards are those documents referenced informational purposes. This standard incorporates by in the 2012 International Building Code. For standards reference only specifically noted sections and not referenced in the 2012 IBC; the standard is the provisions. version that was current at the publication of this document. Where there is a conflict between design criteria provided by this standard and any of the documents incorporated herein by reference, the most stringent standard shall apply.

© 2018 ESTA Page 2 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) American Institute of Steel Construction  ANSI/AISC 360--10, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,  ANSI/AISC 341--10, Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, Aluminum Association  Aluminum Design Manual; ADM – 2015 American Concrete Institute  318--11, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete;  530--11, Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures; American National Standards Institute  E1.6-1-2012, Entertainment Technology – Powered Hoist Systems  ANSI E1.6-3-2012, Selection and Use of Chain Hoists in the Entertainment Industry  ANSI E1.8-2012, Entertainment Technology-- Loudspeaker Enclosures Intended for Overhead Suspension--Classification, Manufacture and Structural Testing

American Society of Mechanical Engineering The suite of ASME B30 Standards for Overhead  Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices--Safety Lifting is a useful guide for many overhead rigging and Standard for Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, lifting operations. Items where these standards may be Hoist, Hooks, Jacks, and Slings; useful include: o ASME B30.9 – Slings o ASME B30.10 – Hooks  Proper use of hardware o ASME B30.20 – Below the Hook Lifting  Use of pre-fabricated hardware that may be Devices used in assembly of permanent rigging points o ASME B30.26 – Rigging Hardware  Standards for the use of equipment and o Design of Below-the-hook Lifting materials that are similar to equipment and Devices; ASME BTH-1 – 2014 materials used in the installation of rigging points American Welding Society  D1.1/D1.1M:2015, Structural Welding Code— Steel;  D1.2/D1.2M:2014, Structural Welding Code— Aluminum;

International Code Council  2012 International Building Code

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD). A structural engineering analysis method in which service load stresses remain below a given stress limit divided by a specified safety factor.

Note: The stress limits and factors vary depending on what failure mode is being examined, such as tensile rupture of flexural yielding.

© 2018 ESTA Page 3 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 2.2 characteristic load. The maximum force applied to a rigging point resulting from normal intended operating conditions whether or not the load acting on the rigging point is at rest or in motion. This includes the Working Load Limit (WLL), equipment self-weight, and dynamic forces in normal use.

2.3 design factor. A ratio of the design load limit to the nominal strength of a material or component.

2.3.1 For ASD, the minimum design factor specified shall replace the appropriate safety factor from the design code being applied.

2.3.2 For LRFD, the LRFD live load factor divided by the minimum design factor specified, shall replace the resistance factor from the design code being applied.

2.4 dead load. The self-weight of the rigging point.

2.5 detachable rigging hardware. Portable, serially E2.5 The use of serially manufactured portable manufactured equipment and hardware, intended for hardware (i.e. slings, beam clamps, etc…) may be general rigging, with a rated Working Load Limit. acceptable for this standard provided that this hardware has a marked WLL and a known breaking strength or Design Factor and is tagged with a unique installation location.

2.6 fabricated component. Unique, site-specific rigging hardware designed and manufactured for rigging use in a single location.

2.7 installer. A person who by demonstration of E2.7 Certification may be required in areas such as training or certification has successfully demonstrated welding and/or installation of certain types of embedded the appropriate knowledge to install rigging points. anchors.

2.8 Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). A structural engineering analysis method in which factored load stresses in a structure remain below a given stress limit.

Note: The load factors and stress limits and factors vary depending on what type of load or combination of loads is being applied and what failure mode is being examined.

2.9 live load. Forces externally applied to the rigging E2.9 Note: See Appendix 1 for a discussion of User point, which occurs during normal use and occupancy defined loading criteria including consideration of of the structure. Characteristic & Peak Loads.

2.10 lug. Alternate name for a rigging point; commonly used in the general structural engineering and rigging communities.

© 2018 ESTA Page 4 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 2.11 mousing. Securing from rotation or loosening of any threaded device.

2.12 nominal strength. Strength of a structure or a E2.12 This definition is used as a replacement for component (without the ASD safety factor or the LRFD ultimate strength. Nominal strength is the maximum resistance factor applied) to resist load effects, as capacity of any structural element based upon the determined in accordance with this specification. appropriate failure mode.

2.13 peak load. The maximum force applied to a E2.13 Examples include the effects of emergency rigging point resulting from abnormal conditions whetherstops, uncontrolled stops, stalling of equipment and or not the load acting on the rigging point is at rest or in extreme environmental conditions. motion.

2.14 person, authorized. A person who is assigned by E2.14 For the purposes of the standard, the term the employer to take particular actions or execute tasks. generally refers to a person authorized to apply loads to a rigging point.

2.15 person, competent. A person who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the workplace, and who is authorized to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

2.16 person, designated. A competent person designated by the employer to perform a task.

2.17 person, qualified. A person who, by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of professional standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work.

2.18 registered design professional. An individual who is registered or licensed to practice their respective design profession as defined by the statutory requirements of the professional registration laws of the state or jurisdiction in which the project is to be constructed.

2.19 rigging point, permanent. A rigging point that is intended to remain in place for the life of the structure. Rigging points that are intended to remain in place for a period greater than 90 days shall be treated as permanent.

2.20 rigging point, temporary. A rigging point that is intended to remain in place for a designated period of less than 90 days.

2.21 static load. A constant force, that may be applied to a rigging point, often measured as weight.

2.22 user. A person who performs activities related to the use of rigging points.

© 2018 ESTA Page 5 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 2.23 working load limit (WLL). The maximum weight E2.23 “Rated Capacity” and “Rated Load” are static load that the user may apply to a rigging point. commonly used to describe Working Load Limit.

3. DESIGN

3.1 General requirements.

3.1.1 The intent of this section is to establish requirements for the design and engineering of rigging points. Variations on the design requirements shall be permitted pursuant to review and approval by a Professional Engineer.

3.1.2 Design shall reference all applicable loads and E3.1.2 The design factors in this document are based load combinations. Load combinations shall be based on ASD (Allowable Strength Design) methods. Load upon the most current International Building Code. Factored Resistance Design (LRFD) may also be used.

3.1.3 Design shall be performed by a registered design professional.

Exception. Rigging points exclusively assembled with detachable rigging hardware and connected to the structure by use of clamps, slings or similar attachments that do not require drilling or welding shall be designed by a qualified person or a registered design professional.

3.1.4 As an alternate to component design, components may be approved by proof testing according to the provisions of Section 7.

© 2018 ESTA Page 6 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 3.2 Design coordination E3.2 Rigging point designers shall coordinate the capacity, Although it is outside of the scope of this standard; prior location and quantity of the rigging points with the to first use of any new rigging points (or use of any facility. This shall include, but not be limited to: existing rigging points that have been reviewed according to this standard), it is strongly recommended 1. Working Load Limit (WLL). that the existing structure’s capacity to support loads 2. Location of rigging points within the existing structure.from rigging points be approved by a qualified person. 3. Line of action of loads and forces (load direction) acting on the rigging point(s). Entertainment industry equipment suppliers and 4. Protection of the rigging points from environmental consultants can provide guidance in the area of rigging deterioration. point layout. 5. Accessibility for inspection and maintenance. Common rigging design loads in the entertainment industry are 1,000 pounds and 2,000 pounds. These design loads are often based on common hoists as used in this industry. ½-ton, 1-ton and 2-ton hoists are very common. It is strongly suggested that rigging points be designed at a minimum to meet these common criteria.

The facility structure should take into account the location and layout of the rigging points. Rigging is typically installed in a grid pattern that aligns with industry standard components such as truss, used in 10’ sections.

Consideration should be given to the layout of the rigging points within the facility.

Ease of access and visibility for future inspections is very important. Designing with inspections in mind by limiting the number of hardware pieces used and marking hardware to be visible from below can help to keep inspectors from working at height, further limiting risk and liability.

3.3 Loads - general

3.3.1 Analysis shall be based on all applicable load combinations. Analytical review shall include the rigging point, rigging point connections and the strength of any connection to the supporting structure.

© 2018 ESTA Page 7 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 3.3.2 E3.3.2 Loads, forces and force effects acting on the rigging Consideration should be given to all loads and forces point shall include (as applicable): including

1. Dead loads Forces 2. Live loads 1. Vertical forces 3. Environmental loads 2. Horizontal forces 3. Lateral forces 4. Rotational forces 5. Seismic forces

Force Effects 1. Forces that cause rotational effects 2. Forces that cause cyclical effects

3.3.2.1 E3.3.2.1 Loads, forces and force effects, including the effects of A dynamic load factor of 1.25 to 1.4 is frequently applied dynamic forces, used for rigging point design shall be to rigging hardware and equipment intended for support considered in the determination of characteristic loads of powered chain hoists, which are typically used to and peak loads. support temporary loads resulting from equipment used in the concert touring industries and, for similar events. Higher dynamic load factors may be appropriate for rigging points that support high-speed lifting and lowering operations.

3.3.3 E3.3.3 Load analysis shall include the effect of stress reversal. Initiation of failure due to fatigue is complex. Failure at This shall include the consideration of fatigue due to stresses below yield can occur when fatigue or brittle multiple stress reversals. fracture conditions govern. These phenomena can occur in areas of high combined stresses; at locations of impact loading; at locations with notches or abnormalities that can lead to stress concentrations and due to other circumstances.

Repetitive loading and unloading, and cyclical application of loads may also be causes of fatigue.

Resources for information regarding fatigue analysis and design include:  The Steel Construction Manual, American Institute of Steel Construction, 14th Edition; Pages 2-40 - Fatigue & Fracture Control,  Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, American Institute of Steel Construction, June 22, 2010; Appendix 3, Design for Fatigue, Pages 16.1-192  The Aluminum Design Manual 2015, The Aluminum Association; Part 1: Specification for Aluminum Structures, Appendix 3, Design for Fatigue 3.3.4 The allowable direction of loads applied to a rigging point shall be defined.

3.3.5.1 E3.3.5.1 All rigging points shall have a WLL. The WLL shall See Appendix 1 for a discussion of user defined loads define the maximum weight or static load that can be that may be applied to rigging points. applied to the rigging point.

Determination of the maximum weight or static load applied shall be the responsibility of the User.

It is the responsibility of the User to ensure that the applied weight or Static Load shall not exceed the WLL.

3.4 Load combinations

3.4.1 Design criteria shall be based on the controlling load combination.

3.4.2 Load combinations shall be based on the International Building Code, current edition.

3.5 Design criteria E3.5 This section is based on ASME “BTH-1—2014; Design of Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices”. BTH-1 provides design criteria for items such as lifting beams & spreader beams. For the most severe category of lifting beams (those with loads that can be unpredictable, variable, or severe), BTH-1 uses a basic design factor of 3.0. Design factors in this standard derive from stress values in BTH-1.

3.5.1 General

3.5.1.1 Design factors (DF) and material specific design criteria are contained in this section.

3.5.1.2 Nominal design factors E3.5.1.2 Nominal design factors shall be used in the absence of The provisions of this section can be applied to unusual material specific design criteria. materials and situations where conventional reference and design criteria are not available. Static load bearing components: Analysis of items subject to stress analysis may be 5.0X the WLL as compared to nominal strength. compared to available nominal stress data.

Testing of items that cannot be analyzed by stress analysis methods is an acceptable means of obtaining nominal strength.

3.5.2 Steel

Design factors for steel shall be 5.0X the WLL, or 3.33X the characteristic load, or 2.0X the peak load, as compared to the nominal strength of the component or connection, based on American Institute of Steel Construction: ANSI/AISC 360 -10, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,

3.5.2.2 E3.5.2.2 Design of steel rigging points shall include considerationSmall steel components subject to highly concentrated of stress concentrations due to stress risers within the stresses may be subject to additional failure modes rigging point and/or stress concentrations due to including local distortion, local tensile failure at holes concentrated bearing loads or forces acting on the adjacent to plate edges and other unusual failure rigging point. modes.

3.5.3 Aluminum

3.5.3.1 Aluminum design criteria

Design factors for aluminum shall be 5.0X the WLL, 3.33X the characteristic load, or 2.0X the peak load, as compared to the nominal strength of the component or connection, based on the Aluminum Association: Aluminum Design Manual; —ADM—2015

3.5.3.2 E3.5.3.2 Design of aluminum rigging points shall include See comment E3.5.2.2 consideration of stress concentrations due to stress risers within the rigging point and/or stress concentrations due to concentrated bearing loads or forces acting on the rigging point.

3.5.3.3 Welded aluminum rigging points shall consider the effects of the heat affected zone.

3.5.4 Concrete

3.5.4.1 Rigging points in concrete E3.5.4.1

Design factors for concrete shall be: Connections to concrete structures are potentially 6.0X the WLL or subject to multiple failure modes. Analysis of these 4.0X the Characteristic Load or connections may be complex and can be affected by a 2.4X the Peak Load wide variety of conditions including material strength, as compared to the nominal strength of the component type and location of reinforcement, edge distance, other or connection, based on the American Concrete stresses acting on the concrete and many other factors. Institute: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete; 318—11 New connections to existing concrete structures may require additional analysis of the existing structure that is beyond the scope of this document.

3.5.5 Masonry

© 2018 ESTA Page 10 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 3.5.5.1 Rigging points in masonry

Design factors for masonry shall be: 6.0X the WLL or 4.0X the Characteristic Load or 2.4X the Peak Load as compared to the nominal strength of the component or connection, based on the American Concrete Institute: Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures; 530—11

3.6 Rigging points - types E3.6 The rigging point must include the “full assembly”. A “full assembly” includes all components that are intended to be permanent in the load path, including connection of the rigging point to the supporting structure.

3.6.1 General use rigging points E3.6.1 General Use rigging points are very common in active environments where rigging is installed and removed frequently. The system designer should consult with the client to be sure that they are using the correct design criteria for each type of rigging point.

3.6.1.1 E3.6.1.1 Loads acting on General Use points may include any It is considered good practice to design General Use combination of forces. Forces may act in any allowable rigging points for a 20-degree off-axis load. direction.

3.6.1.2 Design of General Use points shall consider all applicable load and force combinations.

3.6.1.3 E3.6.1.3 General Use points shall consider all combined Analysis methods for considering combined stresses stresses. may include a principle stress analysis using Mohr’s circle methods, computerized FEA methods or other methods to ensure that all maximum stress combinations are considered during design. Well- designed tests may also be utilized to ensure a safe design.

3.6.2 Single-axis rigging points E3.6.2 Rigging points with loads acting along a single axis are less common in general use. The system designer should carefully coordinate the intended use of the rigging point with the client.

© 2018 ESTA Page 11 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 3.6.2.1 E3.6.2.1 Loads acting on Single Axis rigging points shall act The effect of a 5-degree off axis load is intended to axially in-line with the intended load axis of the rigging ensure a minimum level of robustness in the design of point. The designer shall consider the effect of a 5- Single Axis rigging points. Any deviation of the load degree off-axis load acting on single-axis rigging points. from a true vertical load axis may result in interference with items within the facility.

Physical limitations, such as false ceilings and other obstructions, may require stringent “off axis” load criteria to prevent any such interference. Rigging points that cannot realistically meet the criteria for a Single Axis rigging point must be designed according to the provisions for a General Use rigging point.

3.7 Wear and abrasion

3.7.1 Rigging points subject to allowable wear and abrasion shall be designed to be within accepted tolerances at the end of their anticipated life.

3.7.2 Points subject to expected material loss due to wear and/or abrasion shall be designed to accommodate the expected wear. Allowable wear limits shall be established, wear shall be monitored by a permanent wear mark or by use of a gauge or graphic tag on each rigging point.

3.8 Connection design E3.8 This standard does not address the strength of existing structures to support rigging points. However, the designer should exercise all due diligence to ensure that the owner of the existing structure has taken appropriate action to ensure that the rigging point loads can be safely connected to and supported by the existing structure.

3.8.1 E3.8.1 Rigging point design shall include design of the Connection types can include welded connections, connection of the rigging point to all structures. bolted connections, friction connections or other proprietary connections (i.e.: Connectors as manufactured by Lindapter, LNA, Unistrut, Doughty and others), and methods similar to “temporary” or “rock and roll/arena rigging”, which are intended to be permanently installed.

© 2018 ESTA Page 12 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 3.8.2 E3.8.2 Design of connections shall be based on design criteria Knowledge of the material strength of the existing as set forth in this document, the International Building structure is essential to determining the strength of the Code, current edition and related material standards. rigging point. It is not possible to know the full capacity of a rigging point without also knowing the full strength and capacity of its connection.

Rigging points that will be attached to existing concrete structures may require detailed knowledge of the existing structure and, coordination with the Engineer of Record for that structure. Concentrated loads on concrete structures, for example, may appear to be acceptable when ONLY the strength of a connection anchor is considered. However, the new rigging point load may affect the strength of the existing concrete structure in unanticipated ways.

3.9 Distortion and displacement

3.9.1 E3.9.1 Rigging points shall be designed to prevent distortion, Rigging point components that are subject to elastic displacement or rotation of the rigging point assembly. behavior (such as steel or aluminum plates) when properly designed should not experience significant Note: An exception would be hardware that is designed local distortion under load. to rotate. Rigging point components that are assembled from flexible materials (such as steel wire rope) should be designed and installed in such a way that any displacement under load (whether vertical or horizontal) shall not cause the assembly to interfere with the structure or other rigging points or cause the hung assembly to behave unsuitably

Mounting hardware must be prevented from rotating or loosening by appropriate locking methods.

Swivel rings that allow supported loads to rotate are an example of hardware that is an exception to rotational restrictions. However, care must be taken to ensure that mounting hardware for these types of systems are secured as appropriate.

4. FABRICATED COMPONENTS

4.1 General E4.1 This section shall address rigging points assembled Additional information regarding testing and design from fabricated components or a combination of factors for mass manufactured items may be found in Fabricated Components and detachable rigging ASME B30 documents. components. Additional information regarding testing and design Note: See Section 2.6 for a definition of “Fabricated factors for fabricated items may be found in the 2012 component” as referenced in this document. IBC.

© 2018 ESTA Page 13 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 4.1.1 E4.1.1 Fabricated component rigging points are unique Users and installers should clearly understand that assemblies manufactured from fabricated components fabricated components installed in certain locations may or a combination of fabricated components and locally overstress the material to which the fabricated detachable rigging hardware. component is attached.

These assemblies shall be intended for use in a single location or installation.

4.1.2 The WLL of fabricated component assemblies shall be determined by design or by testing.

Design shall be according to the provisions of Section 3.

Testing shall be according to the provisions of Section 7.

4.2 Fabrication Rigging points shall be fabricated from new materials of verifiable origin.

4.2.1 Where the components are in contact with, or are fastened to dissimilar materials, reactive materials shall be kept from direct contact with other dissimilar materials by painting, powder coating or use of a barrier material.

5. DETACHABLE COMPONENTS

5.1 General E5.1 This section shall address rigging points assembled Users and installers should clearly understand that from serially manufactured components intended for detachable components installed in certain locations overhead rigging. may locally overstress the material to which the detachable component is attached.

5.1.1 E5.1.1 Detachable component rigging points are manufactured OSHA 1926.251 may be referenced for use and design from detachable rigging hardware. Individual or multiplecriteria for fabricated components. detachable components may be used to assemble a rigging point.

5.1.2 E5.1.2 All detachable components used in the assembly of Additional use criteria may include a diagram indicating rigging points shall have use criteria defined by the the allowable direction of applied load or language manufacturer. Use criteria shall include WLL and any indicating that the component may not be subject to side use limitations such as the allowable direction of the loading. applied load or force acting on the component.

© 2018 ESTA Page 14 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 5.1.3 Components that can be installed without the use of tools shall be secured with tamper-evident methods such as mousing, installation of cotter pins, heat- resistant thread lock or, shall be of a type that, once applied, cannot be removed without showing evidence of having been removed.

5.2 Design

5.2.1 Individual components shall meet the provisions of the standards in Section 1.4

5.2.2 Component assemblies shall meet the provisions of this section and the provisions in Section 3.

6. INSTALLATION

6.1 Supervision E6.1 All installation of materials and equipment shall be Installation methods not provided for in the general performed or supervised by a competent person. provisions of the IBC should be approved in accordance with Chapter 17 of the IBC, Special Inspections and Testing. (see also 3.4.1)

6.2 Welding All welding shall be performed according to the appropriate referenced standard. All welding shall be performed by certified welders.

6.2.1 Welding Codes: AWS-D1.1 Structural Welding Code - Steel AWS-D1.2 Structural Welding Code – Aluminum

6.3 Friction connections Friction connections shall be installed according to an approved installation plan as provided by a qualified person. Proprietary friction connectors shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification.

6.4 Embedded Hardware E6.4 Embedded hardware (plates, bolts, channels, etc.) shall Users and installers should clearly understand that be installed according to an approved installation plan Embedded Hardware installed in certain locations may as provided by a qualified person and in accordance locally overstress the material to which the Embedded with the manufacturer’s specification. Hardware is attached.

6.4.1 The location of embedded hardware shall be approved by a qualified person.

© 2018 ESTA Page 15 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 6.5 Anchors E6.5 Users and installers should clearly understand that Note: This section applies to “drill-in” anchors installed anchors installed in certain locations may locally in existing concrete and masonry. overstress the material to which the anchor is attached.

6.5.1 Chemical anchors shall be installed according to an approved installation plan as provided by a qualified person and in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification.

6.5.2 Expansion anchors shall be installed according to an approved installation plan as provided by a qualified person and in accordance with the manufacturer’s specification.

6.5.3 E6.5.3 Location of Anchors Concrete beams typically have an uncracked and a cracked zone. The cracked zone is typically located at The location of anchors shall be approved by a qualified the bottom of the beam, below the “neutral axis”. The person. design of anchors installed in this area of a concrete beam, for example, need to be considered to ensure a safe installation.

The designer should consider the stress state of the concrete into which the anchor is installed.

6.5.4 Interference of anchors with existing E6.5.4 embedded items Under the best circumstances, it can be difficult to ensure that concrete anchors installed into existing Anchors shall not interfere with existing embedded steel structures do not interfere with existing reinforcing. reinforcing bars, steel pre-stress cables, steel post- Caution must be employed when drilling into existing tensioned cables or any other embedded items located structures. Installation should not proceed without plans within existing structure. approved by a qualified person.

6.6 Interference Rigging points shall not interfere with adjacent systems or access requirements.

6.7 Hardware  Hardware shall be of known material and verifiable origin.  Must have a Working Load Limit (WLL) or, rated capacity.  If a rated capacity or WLL is unknown, a written minimum breaking strength must be obtained from the manufacturer or supplier.

Hardware without a rated capacity, WLL or minimum breaking strength shall not be used.

7. TESTING

7.1 General Rigging points shall be proof tested according to the provisions of this section and appropriate standards.

Exceptions: 1. Fabricated-component rigging point assemblies that have been designed by a qualified person are not required to be proof tested.

7.2 Fabricated assemblies

7.2.1 E7.2.1 Prior to installation, all new fabricated component ANSI B.30.26 has provisions for similar proof load rigging point assemblies shall be proof tested. Proof testrequirements for rigging hardware and accessories. criteria shall be developed by the manufacturer or a qualified person.

7.2.1.1 Prior to initial installation, representative samples of identical fabricated component rigging point assemblies may be approved based upon a test procedure incorporating probabilistic methods developed by a qualified person that simulates applicable loading and deformation conditions.

7.2.2 The proof load for assemblies tested prior to installation shall be a minimum of 2X the required WLL. The direction of application of the proof load shall be the same as the intended use.

7.3 Detachable assemblies

7.3.1 E7.3.1 Inspection and/or testing prior to first use shall be Generally, detachable assemblies do not require testing according to recommendations of the manufacturer or a as they are made from engineered serially qualified person. manufactured components. However, under some circumstances, it may be desirable to test these assemblies based on expert guidance.

7.4 Embedded anchor connections

7.4.1 Prior to initial use, all new rigging points incorporating embedded anchors shall be proof tested.

Exception: Probabilistic methods may be used to test a sample of embedded anchors, see 7.4.4.1.

7.4.2 Testing criteria shall be developed by a qualified person.

© 2018 ESTA Page 17 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 7.4.3 Testing shall be performed by the installer or a competent person.

7.4.4 E7.4.4 Proof load requirements for embedded anchors: Higher proof load requirements may be used if they are The proof load shall be a minimum of 1.25X the approved by a qualified person. Care must be taken to required WLL. The direction of application of the proof ensure that existing structural systems are not load shall be the same as the intended use. overloaded during testing.

7.4.4.1 E7.4.4.1 Representative samples of identical embedded anchor Older concrete structures may require testing of all assemblies may be approved based upon a test embedded anchors due to a lack of quality control for procedure incorporating probabilistic methods structures of this nature. This especially applies to developed by a qualified person. structures built prior to 1940.

7.5 Welded and bolted connections

7.5.1 Prior to initial use, a representative sample of new rigging points incorporating welded or bolted connections shall be proof tested.

7.5.2 Testing criteria shall be developed by a qualified person.

7.5.3 Testing shall be performed by the installer or a competent person.

7.5.4 Proof load requirements for welded or bolted connections

The proof load shall be a minimum of 1.25X the required WLL. The direction of application of the proof load shall be the same as the intended use.

7.5.4.1 Probabilistic testing shall be based upon a test procedure incorporating approved methods developed by a qualified person.

7.6 Existing rigging point load test requirements - in-situ load tests

© 2018 ESTA Page 18 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 7.6.1 Whenever there is a reasonable doubt as to the load- bearing capacity of an existing rigging point or portion thereof for the expected loads, an engineering assessment shall be required.

The engineering assessment shall involve either a structural analysis, an in-situ load test, or both as determined by a qualified person. The structural analysis shall be based on actual material properties and other as-built conditions that affect stability or load- bearing capacity, and shall be conducted in accordance with the applicable design standard.

7.6.2 In evaluating the physical properties of materials and methods of construction, if the structural assessment determines that the load-bearing capacity is less than that required by this standard, or if the materials and methods of construction are not capable of being determined by approved engineering analysis, or do not comply with the applicable referenced standards, the structural adequacy shall be predetermined based on the load test criteria established in this section.

7.6.3 If the rigging point or portion thereof is found to have inadequate stability or load-bearing capacity for the expected loads, modifications to ensure structural adequacy or the removal of the inadequate construction shall be required.

7.7 Test standards

7.7.1 Structural components and assemblies shall be tested in accordance with the appropriate referenced standards. In the absence of a standard that contains an applicable load test procedure, the test procedure shall be developed by a qualified person. The test procedure shall simulate loads and conditions of application that the completed structure or portion thereof will be subjected to in normal use.

7.7.2 In-situ load tests shall be conducted in accordance with Section 7.6 and shall be supervised by a qualified person. The test shall simulate the applicable loading conditions based on Section 3 as necessary to address the concerns regarding structural adequacy and stability of the rigging point or portion thereof.

© 2018 ESTA Page 19 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 7.7.3 Where specific load test procedures, load factors and acceptance criteria are included in the applicable referenced standards, such test procedures, load factors and acceptance criteria shall apply. In the absence of specific test procedures, load factors or acceptance criteria, the corresponding provisions in Section 7.7.4 shall apply.

7.7.4 E7.7.4 In the absence of applicable load test procedures WARNING. IT IS BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS contained within a standard referenced by this code or, DOCUMENT TO ANALYZE SUPPORTING acceptance criteria for a specific material or method of STRUCTURES. PRIOR TO THE APPLICATION OF construction, such existing structure shall be subjected TEST LOADS TO EXISTING STRUCTURES, DUE to a test procedure developed by a qualified person that DILIGENCE MUST BE EXERCISED TO ENSURE THE simulates applicable loading and deformation CAPACITY OF THE EXISTING STRUCTURE TO conditions. The test load shall be equal to 2X the WLL. SUPPORT THE TEST LOAD. The test load shall be left in place for a period of 24 hours. The structure shall be considered to have successfully met the test requirements where the criteria of Section 7.7.5 are satisfied.

Rigging point assemblies subject to approval by testing may be approved based upon a test procedure incorporating probabilistic methods developed by a qualified person that simulates applicable loading and deformation conditions.

7.7.5 Acceptance Criteria: 1. Under the design load, the deflection shall not exceed the limitations specified in Section 3.9.

2. Within 24 hours after removal of the test load, the structure shall have recovered not less than 75 percent of the maximum deflection.

3. During and immediately after the test, the structure shall not show evidence of yield or deformation.

8. INSPECTION, REMOVAL, AND REPAIR

8.1 General

8.1.1 Inspection criteria shall be defined by a qualified person.

8.1.2 Inspection procedures shall be determined by a qualified person, and shall be performed by a competent person.

© 2018 ESTA Page 20 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 8.1.3 Inspection shall be performed prior to first use. New, altered, modified or repaired rigging points shall be inspected to verify compliance with this section. A written record of the inspection referencing the individual components of the rigging point, along with the unique identification of the rigging point, is required.

8.2 Detachable assemblies 8.2.1 Detachable assemblies shall be inspected to ensure that specified hardware has been used and, that hardware has been properly installed for the manufacturers intended use.

8.2.2 Frequency of inspection

8.2.2.1 Frequent inspection A visual inspection of the rigging point shall be performed by the user or other designated person each shift before the rigging point is used. The inspection may be performed by the user immediately prior to use of the rigging point.

Written records are not required.

8.2.3 Periodic inspection

8.2.3.1 A complete inspection of the rigging point shall be performed. Each component shall be examined individually, taking care to expose and examine all surfaces including the inner mating surfaces between items such as slings, shackles and swivel eyes.

Wear criteria shall be based upon the reference standards in Section 1.4.

Rigging points found with conditions that exceed the criteria of the appropriate reference standard or, that exceed the criteria of this standard shall be removed from service. Rigging points shall not be returned to service until approved by a qualified person.

© 2018 ESTA Page 21 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 8.2.3.2 Periodic inspection frequency E8.2.3.2 Periodic inspection intervals shall not exceed 1 year. Additional criteria may include inspections after unusual circumstances. The frequency of periodic inspections should be based on:

1. Frequency of use. 2. Severity of service conditions. 3. Nature of lifts being made. 4. Experience gained on the service life of type of material used in similar circumstances.

Guidelines for time intervals are 1. Normal service – yearly. 2. Severe service – monthly to quarterly. 3. Special service – as recommended by a qualified person.

8.2.3.3 Sling inspection Slings shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of ASME B30.9, Slings (latest edition) and the manufacturer’s recommendations.

8.2.3.4 Weld inspection Welds shall be inspected in accordance with IBC (Chapter 17) and AWS D1.1 & D1.4

8.2.3.5 Rigging hardware inspection E8.2.3.5 Rigging hardware shall be inspected in accordance with The use of methods such as marking nuts with a paint the requirements of ASME B30.26, Rigging Hardware pen to verify that the nut has not loosened in service (latest edition) and the manufacturer’s (and other methods visible from a distance) can be recommendations. useful for inspection from a distance.

8.2.3.6 Anchors and embeds in concrete or masonry Anchors installed in concrete and masonry shall be inspected in accordance with the 2012 IBC & ACI (318) and manufacturer’s recommendation.

8.3 Documentation Dated records of periodic inspection shall be kept by the rigging point owner for the duration of the life of the rigging point.

The most recent periodic inspection record shall be kept on-site by the owner and available for review.

Clear and legible copies of inspections shall be transferred in the event of a change of ownership.

See Section 10, Documentation for record keeping requirements.

© 2018 ESTA Page 22 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 8.4 Inspection training The rigging point owner, at their expense, is responsible to ensure proper training and inspection procedures.

8.5 Removal-from-service criteria

A Rigging Point shall be removed from service if any of the following conditions are present:

(a) Missing or illegible identification

(b) Cracks or breaks

(c) Excessive wear, nicks, or gouges in chain, shackles, swivel eyes and any other devices with metal to metal contact areas

(d) Stretched chain links or fittings

(e) Bent, twisted, or deformed chain links or fittings

(f) Evidence of heat damage

(g) Excessive pitting or corrosion

(h) Lack of ability of chain or fittings to hinge (articulate) freely

(i) Weld splatter

(j) For hooks, removal criteria as stated in ASME B30.10

(k) For rigging hardware, removal criteria as stated in ASME B30.26

(l) Other conditions, including visible damage or movement, that cause doubt as to the continued use of the component

9. EXISTING RIGGING POINTS

9.1 Verification by analysis

9.1.2 Approval of existing rigging points according to the provisions of this standard shall be made by a registered design professional.

Exception: Rigging points exclusively assembled with detachable rigging hardware and connected to the structure by use of clamps, slings or similar attachments that do not require drilling or welding shall be approved by a qualified person or a registered design professional.

© 2018 ESTA Page 23 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 9.1.3 Verification of the capacity of existing rigging points shall be according to Section 7.6.

9.1.4 Documentation of analysis shall be provided to the facility owner and shall be maintained according to Section 10.

9.2 Verification by testing

9.2.1 E9.2.1 Testing shall be performed according to a testing plan Qualifications for the development of testing plans differ provided by a qualified person. Qualifications shall from the qualifications required for design or approval of include a demonstrated knowledge of the development rigging points. Development of testing plans requires of testing plans. knowledge of test methods, probability analysis and code compliance.

9.2.2 Verification of the capacity of existing rigging points shall be according to Sections 7.2 and/or 7.3

9.2.3 Documentation of the testing shall be provided to the facility owner and shall be maintained according to Section 10.

9.3 Loads acting on existing structures

9.3.1 A review of the capacity of existing structures to support loads as imposed by rigging points is beyond the scope of this standard. Users are referred to the International Building Code, latest edition for guidance regarding the evaluation of the structural capacity of existing structures.

10. DOCUMENTATION

10.1 General

10.1.1 All documentation shall be provided by the installer in English and shall be available at the work site. Documentation shall be provided prior to first use.

10.1.2 Design documents Design documents shall provide the following information:

1. WLL and allowable direction of loading 2. Construction 3. Installation location

© 2018 ESTA Page 24 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 10.1.3 Ownership of documents The facility or building owner is responsible for maintaining documentation regarding the capacity of rigging points.

10.2 Documentation for manufactured items shall be provided to the facility by the installer and maintained on site with the system design documents.

10.3 E10.3 An identifying mark or code shall be affixed to the This applies to serially manufactured and custom items. rigging point (with the date of the last periodic inspection) in accordance with Section 11, Labeling.

Exception. Rigging points that are identified according to the exception noted in 11.1 shall have a permanent record identifying each rigging point. This record shall be maintained by the owner and kept with the design documents. This permanent record shall also include the date of the last periodic inspection.

11. LABELING

11.1 General. Each rigging point shall have a permanent label with the following information:

1. Name or trademark of manufacturer or, if repaired, the entity performing repairs.

2. WLL for all allowable load configurations.

3. Allowable direction of applied load.

4. Individual rigging point identification (e.g., location identification; serial number)

5. When the rigging point is an assembly of more than one component; a diagram or description of the assembly.

6. Indication of compliance with this standard.

Exception. Where it is undesirable to attach a visible label to a rigging point, each rigging point may be identified by coordination with the design documents. The design documents shall indicate a unique location and a unique designation for each rigging point.

11.2 Rigging point identification Rigging point identification shall be done by a competent person and coordinated with the design documents

© 2018 ESTA Page 25 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points STANDARD REQUIREMENTS EXPLANATORY INFORMATION (Not requirements of E1.56) 11.3 Maintenance of identification Rigging point identification should be maintained by the user so as to be legible during the life of the rigging point.

11.4 Replacement of identification Replacement of the rigging point identification shall be considered a repair as specified in Section 8. Additional proof testing is not required.

11.5 Method of labeling Information required to be permanently identified on the product shall be acid etched, sand blasted, ceramic fired, laser etched, embossed or of a type that, once applied, cannot be removed without being destroyed or shown to be void.

11.6 Label attachment Labels shall be attached with tamper-proof rivets, permanent adhesive, permanent metal lanyard or of a type that, once attached, cannot be removed without being destroyed or shown to be void.

© 2018 ESTA Page 26 Rig/2015-2034r8 E1.56-2018 Entertainment Technology – Rigging Support Points Note: This appendix is not part of this standard. The information and discussion that follows is provided to encourage understanding of common loading and design questions affecting rigging points, primarily from the viewpoint of the user.

Appendix 1

A1.1 User design loads The determination of loading criteria for rigging points in day to day use is primarily the responsibility of the end user. It has become accepted practice to qualify some types of loads according to the terms characteristic load and peak load. Typical definitions for these terms are:

Characteristic load: The maximum force applied to a rigging point resulting from normal intended operating conditions whether or not the load acting on the rigging point is at rest or in motion. This includes the working load limit (WLL), self-weight including that due to load carrying devices and lifting medium, and forces due to inertia and dynamics in normal use.

Peak poad: The maximum force applied to a rigging point, resulting from abnormal conditions or irregular operation whether or not the load acting on the rigging point is at rest or in motion (e.g., effects of emergency stops, uncontrolled stops, drive electronics or power failure, stalling of the actuation equipment, extreme environmental conditions).

Especially in the case of overhead lifting and “flying” effects, it has become accepted practice to use relatively high design factors for characteristic loads and, relatively lower design factors for peak loads.

For example, Characteristic loads acting on elements used in overhead lifting of flying systems may have design factors that range from 4:1 to 8:1 vs. component or element failure. Peak loads may have design factors on the same component or element that range from 1.5:1 to 3:1. This design theory is an attempt to balance the need to keep component size as small as practical (for both aesthetic and monetary reasons) while still providing adequate protection against failure in the event of a peak load condition. The use of peak or characteristic loads is frequently also tied to the use of a formal risk assessment/risk reduction process. The ultimate goal being to balance the competing elements of risk with system performance criteria and, to always ensure a rationally safe system. If done with care, a well-designed, rationally safe and balanced design is the end result.

It is essential to note that either characteristic loads or peak loads shall not, under any circumstances, exceed the code-defined minimum strength of a rigging point. Allowable strength cannot be exceeded, no matter the logic applied to the determination of load criteria.