DOCSLIB.ORG

Non-Camellia Tea in China: Traditional Usage, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Non-Camellia Tea in China: Traditional Usage, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology Chinese Herbal Medicines 11 (2019) 119–131 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chinese Herbal Medicines journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chmed Review Non- Camellia Tea in China: Traditional usage, phytochemistry, and pharmacology Kai Ren a, Bi-qun Han c, Li-juan Lv d, Guo-jun Zhang a, Lu-jing Lei e, Xiao-rong Bai a, ∗ ∗ Pei-gen Xiao c, , Min-hui Li a,b,e, a Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, China b Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China c Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China d Department of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China e Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, China a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Non -Camellia Tea, as an integral part of Chinese tea culture for several centuries, is important to prevent Received 2 January 2018 chronic metabolic diseases. However, it was not systematically studied until academician Pei-gen Xiao Revised 5 June 2018 defined it. Hereby, Non- Camellia Tea was reviewed systematically in definition, classification, traditional Accepted 19 December 2018 functions, chemical compositions, and pharmacology. Available online 5 April 2019 ©2019 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Non- Camellia Tea chemical compositions pharmacology traditional function Contents 1. Introduction . 120 2. Traditional usage . 120 3. Chemical compositions . 120 3.1. Flavonoids . 120 3.2. Polyphenols . 120 3.3. Terpenoids . 120 3.4. Volatile oils . 120 3.5. Alkaloids . 120 3.6. Organic acids . 120 3.7. Other compounds. 123 4. Pharmacological activities . 123 4.1. Anti-oxidant effect . 123 4.2. Antibacterial effect. 124 4.3. Regulation of hypotention, hypolipidemia, and hypoglycemia . 126 4.3.1. Hypolipidemic effect . 126 4.3.2. Reduction of blood glucose . 127 4.4. Immunological enhancement and antitumor effect . 127 4.5. Liver protection . 127 4.6. Anti-inflammatory . 128 4.7. Other effects . 128 ∗ Corresponding authors. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (P.-g. Xiao), [email protected] (M.-h. Li). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2019.04.001 1674-6384/© 2019 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 120 K. Ren, B.-q. Han and L.-j. Lv et al. / Chinese Herbal Medicines 11 (2019) 119–131 5. Discussion . 128 6. Conclusion. 128 Conflict of interest . 128 Acknowledgments . 128 References . 128 1. Introduction 3. Chemical compositions Non- Camellia Tea ( Fig. 1 ), proposed by Pei-gen Xiao in 2011, is Non- Camellia Tea contains flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, such Non- Camellia species as that have long been drunk to prevent volatile oils, phenylpropanoids, polysaccharides, etc., in which diseases especially chronic metabolic diseases in the folk world- flavonoids and polyphenols are dominant compounds. wide. Traditionally, there are three oral medications that people rely 3.1. Flavonoids on for survival and health care: food for taking daily energy, drugs for curing diseases, and masticators and drinks for pre- Flavonoids are dominant compounds in most kinds of Non- venting diseases. Among them, masticators and drinks started at Camellia Tea. For example, flavonoids are more than 10% in alcohol least 90 0 0 years ago, for example, the ancients chewed the poplar extract from Vine tea, Shiya tea, Duosuike tea, Shanlv tea, Laoying barks to prevent diseases in Scandinavia and Germany ( Aveling & tea and Big leaf kuding tea, while less than 3% in alcohol extract Heron, 1999 ), and the Chinese ancients chew or drink wild plant of Jinyinhua tea, Gouqiye tea, Sanyehaitang tea, Luobuma tea and leaves to prevent diseases ( Xiao et al., 2011 ). It is well known that Lianqiaoye tea. Luteolin, rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, and apigenin tea is one of the examples in masticators and drinks medication are the bioactive compounds in Kuding tea, Vine tea, and Laoying with botanical sources from Camellia species, while Non- Camellia tea ( Chen & Ou, 2005; Li, Xu, Pen, Shi, & Xiao, 2011 ). Baicalein is Tea is its counterpart. a responsible compound in Huangqin tea, so dose hyperoside in In recent years, with the increasing demand of herbal medicines Jinyinghua tea and Shanlv tea ( Wang, 2010 ) ( Fig. 2 ). in global market, Non- Camellia Tea has attracted increasing atten- tion. For example, Paraguay tea, the leaves of Ilex paraguariensis A. 3.2. Polyphenols St.-Hil. (Aquifoliaceae) that grows in South American, is popular in the world ( Hao et al., 2013 ); It has more than 400 years of drinking Polyphenols are accounting for 25% of dry weight of tea, in- history in Argentina and South American, being extensively inter- cluding catechin, L -epicatechin, gallocatechin, anthocyans, gallic ested in Europe and America recently, and has significant health acid, caffeic acid, and chlorogenic acid, responsible for anti-oxidant implications for human life in modern time. Juhua tea, the flow- bioactivities ( Fig. 3 ). ers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. (Compositae), growing in South China, has been used since the Ming Dynasty (1368 −1644 3.3. Terpenoids A.D.). With the improvement of people’s living standards, more functions have been found in Juhua tea ( Zhang, 2007 ). Terpenoids are the major components in Non- Camellia Tea in- cluding Qingqianliu tea, Guangxi sweet tea, Shiya tea, Duosuike tea 2. Traditional usage and Vine tea, e.g. triterpenoid saponins in Qingqianliu tea, rubuso- side in Guangxi sweet tea ( Kinghom, 1990 ). Typical terpenoid com- There are 23 important kinds of Non- Camellia Tea in China, pounds are rubusoside, Ilexgenin B, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and nine of which have over millennium history, including Big leaf friedelin (Fig. 4). kuding tea ( Ilex latifolia Thunb.), Lianqiaoye tea ( Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl), Duosuike tea ( Lithocarpus litseifolius (Hance) Chun), 3.4. Volatile oils Gouqiye tea ( Lycium barbarum L.), Zisu tea ( Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton), Damai tea ( Hordeum vulgare L.), Huangqin tea ( Scutellaria Volatile oils are oily liquid with fragrance. β-elemene is the baicalensis Georgi), Qingqianliu tea ( Cyclocarya paliurus (Batalin) main component in Jiegu tea, accounting for 10% of dry tea Iljinsk.) and Vine tea ( Ampelopsis grossedentata ), four with 500– ( Wu, Zhang, Chen, Lou, & Lv, 2011 ). The content of perilla alde- 10 0 0 years history including Shiliang tea ( Chimonanthus salicifolius hyde in Zisu tea was 40–55% of dry tea ( Wang, Deng, & Peng, S. Y. Hu), Luobuma tea ( Apocynum venetum L.), Huanglianmu tea 20 0 0 ). Xuedi tea, Vine tea, Shanlv tea, Luobuma tea, and Huangqin ( Pistacia chinensis Bunge), and Jinyinhua tea ( Lonicera japonica ), tea also contain volatile ingredients. Volatile oils mainly contain and five less than 500 years, including Hubeihaitang tea ( Malus linalool, dibutyl phthalate, and 2-octadecyloxy-ethanol ( Fig. 5 ). hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehder), Juhua tea ( Dendranthema morifolium ), Laoying tea ( Litsea coreana Lévl.), Xuedi tea ( Thamnolia subuli- 3.5. Alkaloids formis (Ehrh.) W. Culb) and Jiegu tea ( Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai). Many types of Non- Camellia Tea contain caffeine such as Shiya Non- Camellia Tea has five following therapeutic effects. The first tea, Duosuike tea, Qingqianliu tea and big leaf kuding tea. Calycan- is of clearing away evil heat, for example, Vine tea, Juhua tea, Kud- thine and berberine were isolated from Shiliang tea, and hordenine ing tea and Jinyinhua tea are mainly used for clearing away heat from Damai tea ( Yang et al., 2007 ). Gouqiye tea contains glycine and removing toxic material. The second is of digestant, for ex- betaine, choline, atropine, and scopolamine, in which glycine ample, Laoying tea and Damai tea can invigorate the stomach and betaine is about 5.1% of water extract ( Dang et al., 2011 ) ( Fig. 6 ). promote digestion. The third is of diaphoretics, such as Shiliang tea and Zisu tea. The record of Zisu tea has been used for relieving ex- 3.6. Organic acids terior syndrome by dispersion. The fourth is of antirheumatics, for example, Jiegu tea that can dispel evil wind and activate collater- Organic acids in Non- Camellia Tea are mainly composed of als. The fifth is of calming liver wind, such as Luobuma tea. Here chlorogenic acid and gallic acid. Chlorogenic acid is rich in Jiny- attached is for the traditional uses of Non- Camellia Tea ( Table 1 ). inhua tea and Lianqiaoye tea. It was also isolated from Luobuma K. Ren, B.-q. Han and L.-j. Lv et al. / Chinese Herbal Medicines 11 (2019) 119–131 121 Fig. 1. Four kinds of Non- Camellia tea in China. A: Jinyinhua tea (flowers of Lonicera japonica Thunb.) B: Juhua tea (flowers of Dendranthema morifolium (Ramat.) Tzvelev) C: Small leaf kuding tea (leaves of Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume) D: Vine tea (stems and leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) W. T. Wang). Table 1 Traditional uses of Non- Camellia tea. Classifications Names Botanical sources Popular areas in China Traditional functions References Clearing away Guangxi sweet tea.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907)
    Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907) BuYun Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 BuYun Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Dressing for the Times: Fashion in Tang Dynasty China (618-907) BuYun Chen During the Tang dynasty, an increased capacity for change created a new value system predicated on the accumulation of wealth and the obsolescence of things that is best understood as fashion. Increased wealth among Tang elites was paralleled by a greater investment in clothes, which imbued clothes with new meaning. Intellectuals, who viewed heightened commercial activity and social mobility as symptomatic of an unstable society, found such profound changes in the vestimentary landscape unsettling. For them, a range of troubling developments, including crisis in the central government, deep suspicion of the newly empowered military and professional class, and anxiety about waste and obsolescence were all subsumed under the trope of fashionable dressing. The clamor of these intellectuals about the widespread desire to be “current” reveals the significant space fashion inhabited in the empire – a space that was repeatedly gendered female. This dissertation considers fashion as a system of social practices that is governed by material relations – a system that is also embroiled in the politics of the gendered self and the body. I demonstrate that this notion of fashion is the best way to understand the process through which competition for status and self-identification among elites gradually broke away from the imperial court and its system of official ranks.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Chimonanthus Nitens Var. Salicifolius Aqueous Extract Protects Against 5-Fluorouracil Induced Gastrointestinal Mucositis in a Mouse Model
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2013, Article ID 789263, 12 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/789263 Research Article Chimonanthus nitens var. salicifolius Aqueous Extract Protects against 5-Fluorouracil Induced Gastrointestinal Mucositis in a Mouse Model Zhenze Liu,1,2 Jun Xi,3 Sven Schröder,4 Weigang Wang,3 Tianpei Xie,5 Zhugang Wang,3 Shisan Bao,2,6 and Jian Fei1,2,3 1 School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China 2 The Sino-Australia Joint Laboratory, Lishui Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongji University, Lishui 323000, China 3 Shanghai Research Centre for Model Organisms, Shanghai 201203, China 4 HanseMerkur Centre for Traditional Chinese Medicine at the University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Haus Ost 55, UKE Campus, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany 5 Shanghai Standard Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China 6 Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Correspondence should be addressed to Shisan Bao; [email protected] and Jian Fei; [email protected] Received 19 June 2013; Revised 8 September 2013; Accepted 16 September 2013 Academic Editor: Lorenzo Cohen Copyright © 2013 Zhenze Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Gastrointestinal mucositis is a major side effect of chemotherapy, leading to life quality reduction in patients and interrupting the therapy of cancer. Chimonanthus nitens var. salicifolius (CS) is a traditional Chinese herb for enteral disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Supplements Supplemented? Evaluating the Composition of Complementary and Alternative Medicines Using Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics
    Are supplements supplemented? Evaluating the composition of complementary and alternative medicines using mass spectrometry and metabolomics By Elly Gwyn Crighton BForensics in Forensic Biology & Toxicology (First Class Honours) BSc in Molecular Biology & Biomedical Science This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Perth, Western Australia at Murdoch University 2020 Declaration I declare that: i. The thesis is my own account of my research, except where other sources are acknowledged. ii. The extent to which the work of others has been used is clearly stated in each chapter and certified by my supervisors. iii. The thesis contains as its main content, work that has not been previously submitted for a degree at any other university. i Abstract The complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) industry is worth over US$110 billion globally. Products are available to consumers with little medical advice; with many assuming that such products are ‘natural’ and therefore safe. However, with adulterated, contaminated and fraudulent products reported on overseas markets, consumers may be placing their health at risk. Previous studies into product content have reported undeclared plant materials, ingredient substitution, adulteration and contamination. However, no large-scale, independent audit of CAM has been undertaken to demonstrate these problems in Australia. This study aimed to investigate the content and quality of CAM products on the Australian market. 135 products were analysed using a combination of next-generation DNA sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nearly 50% of products tested had contamination issues, in terms of DNA, chemical composition or both. 5% of the samples contained undeclared pharmaceuticals.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 AIM Program
    A Message from ASABE President Maury Salz Welcome to the 2019 Annual International Meeting (AIM) of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers in Boston, Massachusetts. I extend a special welcome to first time participants, international attendees and pre-professionals. I am confident you will find the meeting a welcoming and stimulating investment of your time. AIM offers a wide array of opportunities for you to gain knowledge in technical sessions, make new or catch-up with old friends at social events, contribute to the ongoing growth efforts in technical communities, and to celebrate the accomplishments of peers in the awards ceremonies. I highly encourage you to engage in the opening keynote session by GreenBiz’s Joel Makower and the following panel discussion on sustainability and the need for a national strategy, which could alter how we live. We as individuals, and collectively as ASABE, will be challenged to think about how this broader vision of sustainability could fundamentally change our lives and the profession. I want to thank our friends at Cornell University for serving as local hosts and the volunteer coordinators. Students work as volunteers to enhance the experience for all meeting participants and you can locate them by their blue shirts. Please thank them when you have the chance. Boston is rich in history and be sure to take some time to experience what this unique area has to offer. I also encourage you to participate actively in AIM and reflect on how you can advance the Society goals to benefit yourself personally and the people of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’S Letter
    Planning and planting for a better world Friends of the JC Raulston Arboretum Newsletter Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’s Letter Spring greetings from the JC Raulston Arboretum! This garden- ing season is in full swing, and the Arboretum is the place to be. Emergence is the word! Flowers and foliage are emerging every- where. We had a magnificent late winter and early spring. The Cornus mas ‘Spring Glow’ located in the paradise garden was exquisite this year. The bright yellow flowers are bright and persistent, and the Students from a Wake Tech Community College Photography Class find exfoliating bark and attractive habit plenty to photograph on a February day in the Arboretum. make it a winner. It’s no wonder that JC was so excited about this done soon. Make sure you check of themselves than is expected to seedling selection from the field out many of the special gardens in keep things moving forward. I, for nursery. We are looking to propa- the Arboretum. Our volunteer one, am thankful for each and every gate numerous plants this spring in curators are busy planting and one of them. hopes of getting it into the trade. preparing those gardens for The magnolias were looking another season. Many thanks to all Lastly, when you visit the garden I fantastic until we had three days in our volunteers who work so very would challenge you to find the a row of temperatures in the low hard in the garden. It shows! Euscaphis japonicus. We had a twenties. There was plenty of Another reminder — from April to beautiful seven-foot specimen tree damage to open flowers, but the October, on Sunday’s at 2:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Published the Papers of GC-MS Analysis
    J Pharm Anal Voll, No 1, 60 -78 (2011) INFORMATION Published the papers of GC-MS Feng Lei, Ji Haiwei, Wang Decai, Wang Jianmei: liu Renmin. Analysis of volatile constituents from different parts of analysis Salvia miltiorrhiza by GC- MS China Pharmacy, 2010, 21(39) :3706-3709. -'fraditional Chinese medicine * Correspondence to: Wang Jianmei. Ermail: [email protected] Medicinal materials Wu Naizhu, Wu Juan, Yan Renlong, A Ping, Zhou XianJi: GeMS analysis of volatile oils of Tibetan medicine Rhododendron primu!aeflorum Bur. et Franch Chinese Journal ofPharmaceutical Analysis, 2010, 30(10): 1909-1912. * Correspondence to: Zhau Xianli. Ermai!: [email protected] Wu Huaien: Liang ehenyan, Li Yaohua, Huang Xiaoqiu, Zhu Xiaoyong. GC- MS analysis of chemical constituents of the essential oil from Adenosma indianum (Lour.) Merr. by different extraction methods Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. ChinRse Journal of PhamUlceutical Analysis, 2010, 30(10): Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. (Lamiaceae) is mainly distributed in Sbanxi, 1941-1946. Saanxi. Gansu. Guangxi. Liaoning. Hebei, Henan. Shandong, , Correspondence to: Wu Huaien. Anhui. Jiangsu, Zhejiang. Jiangxi and Hubei provinces, China. The Er mail: [email protected] roots are used medicinaUy. (Photography by Ren Vi; Text by Wang Xumei; Provided by Ren Vi and Wang Xumei, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China) She Jimning, Kuai Bihua, Xiong Jun, liang Yizeng: lang Xu. Analysis of essential oil in Rhizoma Atractylodes Zhang Suying: Zhang Renbo. Macrocephala by GC- MS and chemometric resolution Analysis of chemical constituents of the volatile oil from method Boenninghausenia albiflora in Kuankuoshui Nationa! Nature ChinRse Journal of Modern Applied Pharmacy, 2010, 27 Reserve (10) :928-931. China Pharmacy, 2010, 21(39) :3719-3721.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercialized Non-Camellia Tea Traditional Function And
    Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2014;4(3):227–237 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B www.elsevier.com/locate/apsb www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Commercialized non-Camellia tea: traditional function and molecular identification Ping Longa,b, Zhanhu Cuia,b, Yingli Wanga,b, Chunhong Zhangb, Na Zhangb, Minhui Lia,b,n, Peigen Xiaoc,d,nn aNational Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China bBaotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, China cSchool of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China dInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China Received 10 November 2013; revised 16 December 2013; accepted 10 February 2014 KEY WORDS Abstract Non-Camellia tea is a part of the colorful Chinese tea culture, and is also widely used as beverage and medicine in folk for disease prevention and treatment. In this study, 37 samples were Non-Camellia tea; Traditional function; collected, including 33 kinds of non-Camellia teas and 4 kinds of teas (Camellia). Traditional functions of Molecular identification; non-Camellia teas were investigated. Furthermore, non-Camellia teas of original plants were characterized BLASTN; and identified by molecular methods. Four candidate regions (rbcL, matK, ITS2, psbA-trnH) were Phylogenetic tree amplified by polymerase chain reaction. In addition, DNA barcodes were used for the first time to discriminate the commercial non-Camellia tea and their adulterants, and to evaluate their safety. This study showed that BLASTN and the relevant phylogenetic tree are efficient tools for identification of the commercial non-Camellia tea and their adulterants.
    [Show full text]
  • Types of Tea and Their Health Benefits Ebook Free
    TYPES OF TEA AND THEIR HEALTH BENEFITS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Angela Jewitt | 134 pages | 31 May 2015 | Whytbank Publishing | 9780993027826 | English | United Kingdom Types of Tea and Their Health Benefits PDF Book It is known to improve respiratory infections because it stimulates the immune system and improves respiratory circulation. Despite these differences, the nutritional profile and polyphenolic content of both green and white tea are similar It may be better to avoid this tea. While most people are of the opinion that coffee can take on tea when it comes to popularity, well, the fact of the matter is that its coffee cannot even hold a candle to the processed form of the Camellia sinesis leaves. For more ways to get healthy in , check out our list of favorite healthy cookbooks , our go-to veggie spiralizer that has over 4, positive reviews, or our list of the 17 best keto snacks. It can give you more health benefits than a vitamin pill and is also often used as a flavoring for food. Chamomile tea Chamomile is an all-time favorite herbal remedy all around the world. Uva ursi is mildly sweet. The green teas are the least processed and tend to have the highest amounts of polyphenols , and the only type that contain the polyphenol, catechin , which is why many studies have been done using only green teas. During the early s, a man named Soen Nagatani developed a new process of steam drying tea leaves in Japan. Technically green tea is not an herbal tea since it is made with tea leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercialized Non-Camellia Tea Traditional Function
    Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B ]]]];](]):]]]–]]] Chinese Pharmaceutical Association Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B www.elsevier.com/locate/apsb www.sciencedirect.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE Commercialized non-Camellia tea: traditional function and molecular identification Ping Longa,b, Zhanhu Cuia,b, Yingli Wanga,b, Chunhong Zhangb, Na Zhangb, Minhui Lia,b,n, Peigen Xiaoc,d,nn aNational Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China bBaotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, China cSchool of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China dInstitute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China Received 10 November 2013; revised 16 December 2013; accepted 10 February 2014 KEY WORDS Abstract Non-Camellia tea is a part of the colorful Chinese tea culture, and is also widely used as beverage and medicine in folk for disease prevention and treatment. In this study, 37 samples were Non-Camellia tea; Traditional function; collected, including 33 kinds of non-Camellia teas and 4 kinds of teas (Camellia). Traditional functions of Molecular identification; non-Camellia teas were investigated. Furthermore, non-Camellia teas of original plants were characterized BLASTN; and identified by molecular methods. Four candidate regions (rbcL, matK, ITS2, psbA-trnH) were Phylogenetic tree amplified by polymerase chain reaction. In addition, DNA barcodes were used for the first time to discriminate the commercial non-Camellia tea and their adulterants, and to evaluate their safety. This study showed that BLASTN and the relevant phylogenetic tree are efficient tools for identification of the commercial non-Camellia tea and their adulterants.
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Tea Attenuates Hydrochloric Acid and Ethanol‑Induced Mice Acute Gastric Injury
    EXPERIMENTAL AND THERAPEUTIC MEDICINE 14: 5135-5142, 2017 Insect tea attenuates hydrochloric acid and ethanol‑induced mice acute gastric injury XIN ZHAO1-4*, QIANG CHENG5,6*, YU QIAN3-6, RUOKUN YI3-6, LIANJIE GU1, SHANSHAN WANG1 and JIA-LE SONG1,5,6 1Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food; 2Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food; 3Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food; 4Department of Food Quality and Safety, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067; 5Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health; 6Institute of Preventive Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, P.R. China Received October 10, 2016; Accepted June 22, 2017 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5181 Abstract. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in ICR mice. This effect may be achieved via modulating protective effect of insect tea on HCl/ethanol-induced gastric serum neuropeptide levels, reducing gastric juice secretion, ulcers in ICR mice. The serum levels of vasoactive intestinal and modulating the inflammation‑ and antioxidant‑associated peptide, substance P, somatostatin, motilin and endothelin-1 protein expressions in gastric tissue. in mice were assessed using commercial kits and gastric tissues of superoxide dismutase (SOD, nitric oxide (NO) and Introduction malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using western blot analysis Insect tea significantly reduced HCl/ethanol-induced Imbalances in offensive factors (including acid, pepsin, and gastric juice secretion and increased the pH of gastric juice Helicobacter pylori infection) and defensive factors (including (P<0.05). Insect tea treatment signfiicantly increased vasoac- mucin, prostaglandin, bicarbonate, nitric oxide, and growth tive intestinal peptide and somatostatin, and significantly factors) serve an important role in the pathology of chronic decreased motilin, substance P and endothelin levels in the gastric ulcers, which are associated with the development of serum (P<0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Hebei Women's Normal Education Pioneers
    Hebei Women’s Normal Education Pioneers Hebei Women’s Normal Education Pioneers: One Century’s Fragrant Trace of Wisdom By Jianbing Dai and Yongyan Wang Translated by Sumin Zhang Hebei Women’s Normal Education Pioneers: One Century’s Fragrant Trace of Wisdom By Jianbing Dai and Yongyan Wang Translated by Sumin Zhang This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Jianbing Dai and Yongyan Wang All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-2209-1 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-2209-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ....................................................................................................... vii Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Chinese Traditional Women 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Assisting One’s Husband 1.3 Educating One’s Children 1.4 Bearing Filial Piety to One’s Parents-in-Law Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 31 Modern Chinese Women’s Education 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Development of Modern Women’s Education 2.3 Hebei Women’s Normal Education
    [Show full text]
  • Li Shangyin: the Poetry of Allusion
    LI SHANGYIN: THE POETRY OF ALLUSION By TERESA YEE-WAH YU B.A., The University of Hong Kong, 1973 M.A., The University of British Columbia, 1977 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Asicin Studies) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1990 (o) Teresa Yee-wah Yu, 1990 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. 1 further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT A major poet of the Tang period, Li Shangyin is highly regarded yet criticized because his work is densely allusive. Dazzling and rich in meaning, it is also difficult and obscure because of its pervasive allusiveness. Chapter I reviews critical opinion of Li's use of allusion. Many traditional critics see allusion as an ornamental rhetorical device and consider Li's profuse allusiveness an idiosyncrasy to be tolerated in an esteemed poet. Chapter II studies allusion broadly and precisely as a literary concept: generally, allusion is a "connector" of texts, a link between a poet's work and his literary heritage; specifi• cally, it is a linguistic device serving metaphorical functions.
    [Show full text]