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Plant Root Systems and Natural Vegetation

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Plant Root Systems and Natural Vegetation ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA 81 EDIDIT SVENSKA V AXTGEOGRAFISKA SALLSKAPET Persson & 1.0. Baitulin (eds.) H. Plant root systems and natural vegetation UPPSALA 1996 ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA 81 EDIDIT SVENSKA V AxTGEOGRAFISKA SALLSKAPET H. Persson & 1.0. Baitulin (eds.) Plant root systems and natural vegetation OPULUS PRESS AB UPPSALA 1996 ISBN 91-7210-081-8 (paperback) ISBN 91-7210-481-3 (cloth) ISSN 0084-5914 Editor: Erik Sjogren Guest Editors: H. Persson Baitulin & 1.0. Editorial Board: A.W.H. Damman, Storrs, CT F.J.A. Daniels, MUnster L. Ericson, Umea D. Glenn-Lewin, Ames, lA Hamann, Copenhagen 0. H. Sjors, Uppsala H. Trass, Tartu Technical Editor: Marijke van der Maarel-Versluys Respective author 1996 © Cover illustration: Halaxylon ammodendron, after Baitulin 1.0. Edidit: Svenska Vaxtgeografiska Sallskapet Villavagen 14, S-752 36 Uppsala DTP: Opulus Press AB Printed in Sweden, 1996 by Eklundshof Grafiska AB, Uppsala Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 81 Contents Introduction 5 I Introductory papers Root research in natural plant communities of Kazakhstan. By !sa 0. Baitulin. 7 Growth strategies of plant roots in different climatic regions. By LoreKuts chera-Mitter. 11 Fine-root dynamics in forest trees. By Hans Persson. 17 11 Plant root systems in forests The ecological importance of root systems in the woodlands of Central Africa and in the desert plants of Oman. By Raymond M. Lawton. 24 Fine-root development of Que reus robur L. in the Voronezh region of Russia. By Vladimir 29 V. Mamaev. The root system of Juniperus communis L. in a sandy soil in Central Hungary. By Imre Kdrdsz. 32 35 Root systems of Crataegus L. in the Trans-Ili Alatau, Kazakhstan. By Irina I. Kokoreva. 39 Growth of tree roots under heavy metal (Pb-) stress. By Siegmar- W. Breckle. Ill Plant root sytems in deserts and semi-deserts Root growth and root architecture of non-halophytes under saline soil conditions. By Siegmar- W. Breckle. 44 The anatomical root structure of Kochia prostrata (L.) Scrad. By Monika Sobotik. 48 Root systems of Eremurus (Liliaceae) in culture. By Madina A. Akhmetova. 53 Root system formation of Hippophae rhamnoides L. (seabuckthorn).By Raisa Tu rekhanova. 57 Root growth and water uptake in a desert sand dune ecosystem. By Maik Ve ste & Siegmar­ 59 W. Breckle. Root morphology and ontogenesis of some common plant species in Trans-Ili Alatau, Kazakhstan. By Naschtay M. Mukhitdinov & Saule T. Aitakova. 65 Root respiration of Pancratium sickenbergeri - a desert geophyte of the Negev. By Maik Ve ste & Siegmar-W. Breckle. 68 Early stages of lateral root development in Tr iticum aestivum L. By Kirill N. Demchenko 71 & Nikolai P. Demchenko. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 81 IV Plant root systems in mountainous areas Root distribution in some alpine plants. By Erwin Lichtenegger. 76 Root distribution of natural vegetation at high altitudes in Pamiro-Alai in Tajikistan. By Khurshed K. Karimov & Yu ri I. Molotkovski. 83 Root structure of plants in the Zailiisky Alatau Range, Kazakhstan. By Svetlana G. Nesterova. 86 Root development of Ostrowskia magnifica Re gel, a rare species in Kazakhstan. By Nazira K. Zhaparova. 88 Root development of Fritillaria sewerzowii Regel (Liliaceae) in Tien Shan, Kazakhstan. By Anna A. lvaschenko. 92 V Physiological and ecophysiological processes in root sytems Growth of seedling roots under hydration - dehydration regimes. By Natalie V. Obroucheva & Olga V. Antipova. 95 Root development in maize exposed to an excess of water. By Galina M. Grinieva & Ta tiana V. Bragina. 98 Effects of water stress on the roots of Pisum sativum L. (pea) seedlings and tolerance of meristematic tissues to dehydration. By Donato Chiatante, Lucia Maiuro & Gabriella Stefania Scippa. 101 Uptake and mobility of lead in Urtica dioica. By Ferenc Fodor, Edit Cseh, Diep Dao Thi Phuong & Gy Zdray. 106 Use of minirhizotrons to study wheat rooting. By lames E. Box, Jr. 109 Release of cation binding compounds from maize roots under osmotic shock. By Nelly A. Kuzembaeva & Batyrbek A. Sarsenbaev. 113 Morphological investigations of maize (Zea mays L.) root systems. By Elena M. Shubenko. 116 VI Mycorrhiza Pathways, mechanisms and efficiency of phosphate transfer in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal roots. By F. Andrew Smith & Sally E. Smith. 119 Subject Index 126 Introduction Plant roots serve a multitude of important functions in workers from many disciplines to discuss research done ecosystems. They are structurally complex organs, inti­ on roots under both laboratory (artificial systems) and mately associated with a range of micro-organisms, some field conditions (natural vegetation). The object of this of which are harmfulto, while others are beneficial for the symposium was, furthermore, to outline the present state plant. The rhizosphere, the root-soil interface, is the site of root research, in particular in the countries of the where the interactions between the plant root system and former USSR, and to point out directions for future re­ the soil occur. Roots are responsible for a major source of search. Traditionally, root research has been developed carbon and mineral nutrient flow to the soil and are of extensively in many of these countries and, for western considerable importance at the single plant level, as well root scientists, it was important to get information about as at the ecosystem level. Root development is influenced the present state of art of the research. by various climatic factors and often modified or strength­ ened by human activities. The reason for the diversity in The organizers were very pleased with the response to plant root systems may be a result of an adaption to the the announcement of this symposium, in spite of the fact most effective performance (i.e. in the acquisition of that several interested scientists could, unfortunately, not water and dissolved ions, anchorage, storage, propagation attend the symposium because of economical difficulties. or disposal) required under different environmental con­ The symposium programme was based on a number of ditions. It is important to distinguish between roots (indi­ important themes, viz.: vidual root members) and their integration in different root systems. - Root anatomy and morphology; - Root systems of desert and mountain plants; A series of international root symposia have been - Root physiology; organized by ISRR (the International Society of Root - Root systems of forest plants; Research) focusing on plant root research. The fourth - Mycorrhizal research. symposium, which was held at Almaty, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 5-1 1 September 1994, dealt with "Root sys­ The symposium benefited greatly from the presence tems and natural vegetation". The present proceedings are of many leading root scientists, both at the symposium the result of this symposium. They are based on a number and on excursions within Kazakhstan. We hope that the of oral and poster presentations, which address recent result of this symposium will lead to a better understand­ developments in basic and applied root research. The ing of plant root systems and stimulate co-operation and symposium succeeded in bringing together root research further research on roots, rhizosphere and related topics. Hans Persson and Isa 0. Baitulin Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 81 6 Bse�eHm:e Kopn11: pacTeHJIIft, cKphiThie OT B3opa B rroqse, rrorreBhiX ycrros1I.Hx. 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