S.N . CONTENTS P
1. T 1
2. H T 10
3. K M 14
4. K P 32
5. K F 37
6. P K 53
A. A 53
B. B 62
C. P 66
D. G 71
7. E -I (C Q ) 83
8. E -II (P Y Q )2019-20100 9. E -III (A Q ) 118
10. E -IV (A & R ) 128
11. V 132
12. L 135 13. M Session 137 14. T W 138 ALLEN NEET SYLLABUS DIVERSITY IN LIVING WORLD : What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domains of life; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature; Tools for study of Taxonomy – Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens. Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids. Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms- classification up to class, characteristic features and examples). Aristotle (384-322 BC) He was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidice of classical Greece. His father died when Aristotle was a child. At eighteen, he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there until the age of thirty seven (c.347 BC). His writings cover many subjects including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, poetry, politics and government. Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip of Macedon, tutored Alexander the Great. Aristotle was the first genuine scientist in history and every scientist is in his debt.He is regarded as father of biology and zoology. He first classified plants into three groups (i) Herbs (ii) Shrubs (iii) Trees
Theophrastus (371-287 BC) He was a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor to Aristotle. He came to Athens at a young age and initially studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death, he attached himself to Aristotle. He is often considered the "Father of botany" for his works on plants. The interests of Theophrastus were wide ranging, extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics. His two surviving botanical works, Enquiry into plants, (Historia Plantarum) and On the causes of Plants, were an important influence on Renaissance science. He classified plants into herbs, undershrubs, shrubs and trees. He also gave the names annual, biennials and perennails to plants. Theophrastus is also known as "Father of ancient plant taxonomy"
Carolus Linnaeus (23 May 1707 - 10 January 1778) He was also known as Carl Von Linne he was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist, who formalised the modern system of naming organisms called binomial nomenclature. He is known by the epithet "Father of modern taxonomy". Many 2019-20 his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnaeus (abbreviation - "Linn"). Linnaeus received most of his higher education at Uppsala University, and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala university.
Ernst Mayr (1904-2004) Born on 5 July 1904, in Kempten, Germany, ERNSTSession MAYR, the Harvard University evolutionary biologist who has been called ‘The Darwin of the 20th century’, was one of the 100 greatest scientists of all time. Mayr joined Harvard’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences in 1953 and retired in 1975, assuming the title Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology Emeritus. Throughout his nearly 80-year career, his researchALLEN spanned ornithology, taxonomy, zoogeography, evolution, systematics, and the history and philosophy of biology. He almost single-handedly made the origin of species diversity the central question of evolutionary biology that it is today. He also pioneered the currently accepted definition of a biological species. Mayr was awarded the three prizes widely regarded as the triple crown of biology: the Balzan Prize in 1983, the International Prize for Biology in 1994, and the Crafoord Prize in 1999. Mayr died at the age of 100 in the year 2004. ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g
Taxonomy : Taxis = arrangement, nomos = law This word was proposed by A.P. de. Candolle in his book "Theories elementaire de la botanique" (Theory of elementary botany)
Taxonomy includes study of following points
(1) Identification : A process by which an organism is recognised from the other already known organisms and is assigned to a particular taxonomic group is called identification.
(2) Nomenclature : Naming of organisms according to international scientific rules is called nomenclature.
(3) Classification : A process by which any organism is grouped into convenient categories on the basis of some easily observable characters.
Systematics :-
The term systematics was given by Linnaeus. The word systematics derived from Latin word "Systema" which means "systematic arrangment of organisms". Linnaeus used "Systema Naturae" as a title of his publication.
Systematics includes identification, nomenclature, classification and evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Note :- In modern taxonomical studies, taxonomists use external and internal structure, along with the structure of cell, development process and ecological information of organisms.
TYPES OF TAXONOMY 2019-20
1. Cytotaxonomy : The use of cytological characters of plants in classification or in solving taxonomic problems is called cytotaxonomy. Cytotaxonomy is based on cytological information like chromosome number, structure and behaviour etc.
2. Chemotaxonomy : It is based on the chemical constituents of plants.
The basic chemical compounds used in chemotaxonomy are alkaloids, carotenoids, tannins, polysaccharide, nucleic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, aromatic compoundsSession etc. Some Informations :
l Practical significance of taxonomy is ® Identification of unknown organism. l Maximum diversityALLEN is found in tropical rain forests. l Second maximum diversity is found in coral reefs
l The number of species that are known and described range betwen 1.7 – 1.8 million. This refers to biodiversity or the number and types of organism present on earth. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 1 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN NOMENCLATURE
Binomial system : Given by Carolus Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus :- Linnaeus used this nomenclature system for the first time on large scale and proposed scientific name of many plants and animals.
l Linnaeus is the founder of binomial system.
l Linnaeus proposed scientific name of plants in his book "Species plantarum". It was published on 1 May 1753. So this was the initiation of binomial system for plants.So any name proposed (for plants) before this date is not accepted today.
l Linnaeus proposed scientific name of animals in his book "Systema naturae" (10th edition).
l This 10th edition of Systema naturae was published on 1 August 1758. So initiation of binomial system for animals is believed to be started on 1 Aug, 1758.
ICBN
"International Code of Botanical Nomenclature"
l Collection of rules regarding scientific nomenclature of plants is known as ICBN.
l ICBN was first accepted in 1961.
Main rules of ICBN :- (1) According to binomial system name of any species consists of two components or words - (i) Generic name - Name of genus (ii) Specific epithet 2019-20 e.g. Solanum tuberosum (Potato) Mangifera indica (Mango) ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ Generic name Specific epithet Generic name Specific epithet (2) In plant nomenclature (ICBN) tautonyms are not valid i.e. generic name and specific epithet should not be same in plants. eg. Mangifera mangifera But tautonyms are valid in animal nomenclature (ICZN-International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) eg. Naja naja (Indian cobra) , RattusSession rattus (Rat) (3) First letter of generic name should be in capital letter and first letter of specific epithet should be in small letter. eg. Mangifera indica (4) When written with free hand or typed, then generic name and specific epithet should be separately underlined. But during printing nameALLEN should be in italics to indicate their Latin origin. (5) Name of scientist (who proposed nomenclature) should be written in short after the specific epithet eg. Mangifera indica Linn. (6) Name of scientist should be neither underlined nor in italics, but written in Roman letters (simple alphabets) (7) Scientific names should be derived from Latin (usually) or Greek languages because they are dead languages. (8) Type specimen (Herbarium Sheet) of newly discovered plant should be placed in herbarium. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 2 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g Trinomial system :- • According to this system name of any organism is composed of three words - (i) Generic name (ii) Specific epithet (iii) Subspecific epithet (Name of variety) eg. Brassica oleracea botrytis (Cauliflower) Brassica oleracea capitata (Cabbage) Brassica oleracea caulorapa (Knol-Khol) ¯ ¯ ¯ Generic Specific Variety name epithet
CLASSIFICATION
Biological classification :–
The art of identifying distinctions among organisms and placing them into groups that reflect their most significant features and relationship is called biological classification.
The purpose of biological classification is to organise the vast number of known organisms into categories that could be named, remembered and studied.
Type of Biological classification
(i) Practical classification :- In this type of classification, plants are classified on the basis of their economic importance or human use. This classification system is the earliest system.
e.g. Oil yielding plants ® Coconut, Walnut, Soyabean 2019-20
Fibre yielding plants ® Jute, Cotton
Medicinal plants ® Rauwolfia, Cinchona, Eucalyptus
Note : In this classification, any one plant can be a member of more than one group.
eg. Turmeric : Multi uses plant, it gives both medicines and spices.
(ii) Artificial classification :- In this type of classification plants are classified on the basis of one or two morphological characters. i.e. over all morphology Sessionis not considered.
for e.g. - Classification proposed by Linnaeus is Artificial
Linnaeus classified plant kingdom on the basis stamen (mainly) into 24 classes. Note : ALLEN (1) In the book "Genera Plantarum" Linnaeus classified the plant kingdom into 24 classes on the basis of stamen so, classification of Linnaeus is also called sexual classification. (2) Linnaeus divided phanerogams (gymnosperm and angiosperms) into 23 classes and he included other plants such as algae, fungi, mosses (bryophytes) and ferns (pteridophytes) in a separate class called cryptogamia. (3) In this system equal weightage is given to both vegetative and reproductive characters. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 3 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (iii) Natural classification :- In this type, plants are classified on the basis of their complete (gross) morphological characters of (stem, root, leaves, flowers etc.)
Importance –
Natural classification is believed to be the best classification, because it represents the natural similarities and dissimilarities of plants i.e. it represents the inter relationship among plants.
In this classification, the plants belonging to the same group show many similarities, while in artificial classification, the plants belonging to the same group shows only, 1 or 2 similar characters. They have many dissimilarities also.
Natural classification is of two types
(a) Natural non phylogenetic (b) Natural phylogenetic
(a) Natural non phylogenetic ® In this classification, the phylogeny of the plant is not considered i.e. only the grass morphology of the plant is considered.
(b) Natural phylogenetic ® In this classification, both grass morphology and phylogeny are considered. In phylogenetic classification, the plants are arranged on the basis of their evolution.
Lamarck — Proposed the term phylogeny.
Charles Darwin — Gave detailed explanation of phylogeny in his book "Origin of species" (1859). It was most popular book of it's time.
Thallophyta ® Bryophyta ® Pteridophyta ® Gymnospermm ® Angiosperm2019-20 (most advanced plants)
Note : Phylogenetic classification is also known as cladistic classification
(iv) Phenetic classification or Numerical classification :-
In it plants are classified on the basis of numbers of similarities and dissimilarities. This classification is easily carried out by using computers and itSession is based on all observable characteristics. In this classficiation number and codes are assigned to all the characters and the data are prepared and then processed. Those organism which have maximum similarities are placed in same group. In this way each character is givenALLEN equal importance and at the same time hundreds of characters can be considered. Note :
In this classification importance to any one character is not given , all characters have same importance. While in natural classification floral (reproductive) characters have more importance than vegetative (root, stem and leaves) characters. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 4 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
There are 7 main taxonomic categories.They are obligate or Biggest category ® Kingdom Division /Phylum essential or broad categories i.e. they are strictly used at the Class time of any plant classification. Order Family There are some extra or sub categories, like sub division, sub Genus order, sub family, etc. They are used only when they are needed. Smallest category ® Species (Basic unit)
Classification of Mango :- Classification of Wheat :-
Taxa (Sing. Taxon) é Kingdom — Plantae ù é Kingdom — Plantae ù Taxa (Sing. Taxon) ú ê Division — Angiospermae ê Division — Angiospermae ú ê ú ê ú ê Class — Dicotyledonae ú ê Class — Monocotyledonae ú ê Order — Sapindales ú ê Order — Poales ú ú ê ú ê Family — Anacardiaceae Family — Poaceae ê ú ê ú ê Genus—Mangifera ú ê Genus—Triticum ú
ûú Categories Taxonomic ê ú Taxonomic Categories Taxonomic ëê Species — Mangifera indica ë Species — Triticum aestivum û
l The classification of any plant or animal is written in descending or ascending order.
l Hierarchy - Descending or ascending arrangement of taxonomic categories is known as hierarchy. l Species - Smallest taxonomic category and basic unit of classification. 2019-20
Note :As we go higher from species to kingdom, number of common characters decreases. Lower the taxa more are the characterstics that the members with in the taxon share. Higher the category, greater is the difficulty of determining the relationship to other taxa at the same level.
Suffix for taxa (Taxon)
Division — phyta Class —Session opsida, phyceae,ae Order — ales Family — aceae
Note : There is no suffixALLEN for Genus, Species and Kingdom
Classification is not a single step process but involves heirarchy of steps in which each step represents a rank
or category since the category is a part of overall taxonomic arrangement, it is called the taxonomic category and all categories together constitute the taxonomic hierarchy. Each category referred to as a unit of classification, infact, represents a rank and is commonly termed as taxon (Pl....taxa) : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 5 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN Species : Taxonomic studies consider a group of individual organism with fundamental similarities as a species.
One should be able to distinguish one species from the other closely related species based on the distinct morphological differences.
Genus : Genus comperises a group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison
to species of other genera. Each genus may have one or more than one specific epithet representing different organisms, but having morphological similarities.
For example : Solanum tuberosum (potato), Solanum melongena (brinjal) and Solanum nigrum
(Makoi) are three different but related species. Hence they all belong to the same genus Solanum.
Family : Family has a group of related genera with still less number of similarities as compared to genus and species. Families are characterised on the basis of both vegetative and reproductive features of plant species but reproductive or sexual or floral characters are used mainly.
For example : Three different genera Solanum, Petunia and Datura are included in family Solanaceae. 2019-20 Order : Order has a group of related families with still less number of similarities as compare to family,
genus and species. Order being a higher category is the assemblage of families which exhibit a few similar characters only.
For example : Plant families like Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae are included in the order Polymoniales mainly based on the floral or reproductiveSession or sexual characters. Class : Class includesALLEN organisms of related orders having less similarities than orders. Division : Division includes all organisms belonging to different classes having a few common characters.
Note : Order and other higher taxonomic categories are identified on the basis of aggregates of characters. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 6 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g
TAXONOMICAL AIDS
Biologists have established certain procedures and techniques to store and preserve the information as well as the specimens. some of these are explained to help you understand the usage of these aids.
(1) Herbarium/Dry garden :- Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheet. Standard size of herbarium sheet is 11.5 ×16.5 inches. Further, these sheets are arranged according to a universally accepted system of classification. These specimens, along with their descriptions on herbarium sheets, become a store house or repository for future use. The herbarium sheets also carry a label providing information about date and place of collection, English, local and botanical names, family, collector’s name, etc. Herbaria also serve as quick referral systems in taxonomical studies.
(2) Botanical Gardens :- These specialised gardens have collections of living plants for reference. Plant species in these gardens are grown for identification purposes and each plant is labelled indicating its botanical/scientific name and its family. The famous botanical gardens are at Kew (England), Indian Botanical Garden, Howrah (India) and at National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (India).
(3) Museum :- Biological museums are generally set up in educational institutes such as schools and colleges. Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference. Specimens are preserved in the containers or jars in preservative solutions. Plant and animal specimens may also be preserved as dry specimens. Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting, killing and pinning. Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved. Museums often have collections of skeletons of animals too.
(4) Zoological Parks :- These are the places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care and which enable us to learn about their food habits and behaviour. All animals in a zoo are provided, as far as possible, the conditions similar to their natural habitats. Children2019-20 love visiting these parks, commonly called Zoos.
(5) Key :- Key is used for identification of plants and animals based on the similarities and dissimilarities. (A booklet containing a list of characters and their alternates which are helpful in identification of varous taxa.)
l The keys are based on the contrasting characters generally in a pair called couplet. It represents the choice made between the two opposite options. This results in acceptance of only one and rejection of the other.
l Separate taxonomic keys are required for each taxonomic category such as family, genus and species for identification purpose. Session l Each statement of couplet in the key is called a lead.
l Keys are generally analytical in nature. Catalogue - It is a smALLENall booklet which gives account for books related to botanical titles, full name of authors and their publication. (A list that enumerates methodically all the species found in an area with brief description aiding identification.)
Flora - It contains the index, name and actual account of habitat and distribution of plants of a particular area.
Manuals - They are useful in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area.
Monographs - They contain information on any one taxon. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 7 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN SPECIES CONCEPT
John Ray :- Proposed the term and concept of species. He described more than 18 thousands plants and animals in his book Historia generalis plantarum.
Biological concept of species :-
(1) Ernst Mayr (Darwin of 20th century) proposed the biological concept of species. (2) Mayr defined the "species" in the form of biological concept. (3) According to Mayr "All the members that can interbreed among themself and can produce fertile offsprings are the members of same species" But this definition of Mayr was incomplete because this definition is applicable to sexually reproducing living beings because there are many organisms that have only asexual mode of reproduction. eg. Bacteria, Mycoplasma, BGA (4) The main character in determination of any species is interbreeding. But this character is not used in taxonomy. In taxonomy, the determination of species is mainly based on morphological characters.
Taxonomic concept of species :-
When the species is determined on the basis of morphological characters then it is called as taxonomic species.
eg. If two plants have almost same fundamental morphological characters, then they belong to same species.
Brassica oleracea
Cauliflower Cabbage Knol - Khol 2019-20
These 3 have same morphological characters. Therefore they belong to same taxonomic species i.e. one taxonomic species.
• In higher plants, the determination of species is mainly based on the morphology of flower (floral
morphology). Because floral (reproductive) characters are more conservative as compared to vegetative (Root, Stem, Leaf) characters i.e. they do not Sessionshow major changes.
1. Word taxonomy was proposed by A.P. De. Candolle.
2. Practical significanceALLEN of taxonomy is identification of unknown organisms.
3. It was Linnaeus who for the first time used 'BINOMIAL SYSTEM' at large scale.
4. ICBN was accepted in 1961.
5. In practical classification plants are classified on the basis of their economic importance.
6. In artificial classification plants are classified on the basis of one or two morphological characters. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 8 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 7. In natural classification plants are classified on the basis of their gross morphology.
8. In phenetic classification plants are classified on the basis of numbers of similarities and dissimilarities.
9. Species is smallest taxonomic category and basic unit of classification.
10. Each rank or taxon in fact represents a unit of classification. These taxonomic groups/categories are distinct biological entities and are not merely morphological aggregates.
11. Herbarium sheets are arranged in a universally accepted system of classification.
12. In museum insects are preserved in insect box after collecting, killing and pinning.
13. Biological concept of species is based on reproductive isolation.
' -1
1. Term systematics was derived from _____ word "Systema" which means _____ :- (1) Greek, evolutionary relationship (2) Latin, systematic arrangment of organism (3) English, taxonomy of organisms (4) Both 2 & 3 2. Taxonomically known number of species is :- (1) 1.7 billion (2) 1.7 lakh (3) 5-30 milliion (4) 1.7 million 3. Family is placed between :- (1) Genus and species (2) Order and class (3) Class and genus (4) Order and genus 2019-20 4. Which of the following system of classification is based on gross morphology of plants ? (1) Natural system (2) Artificial system (3) Practical system (4) All system 5. Which is first step in Taxonomy :- (1) Phylogeny of the organism (2) Identification of the organism (3) Nomenclature of the organism (4) Classification of the organism 6. Manuals are useful in providing information for :- Session (1) Identification of name of plant species (2) Any one taxon (3) Economic importanceALLEN of plant species in a particuler areas (4) Books related to botanical titles 7. Smallest unit of classification is :- (1) Genus (2) Species (3) Order (4) Kingdom 8. Plant classification based on their economic importance is called :- (1) Artificial classification (2) Practical classification
: N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 (3) Natural classification (4) Adansonian classification 9 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN HISTORY OF TAXONOMY
(1) Aristotle :- Father of biology & father of zoology
• He classified plants on the basis of morphological character (Growth habit) in three groups
(i) Trees (ii) Shrubs (iii) Herbs
(2) Theophrastus :-
(A) He is known as father of ancient plant taxonomy and father of botany.
(B) Theophrastus wrote book on plants Þ Historia plantarum
(C) He classified plant kingdom in to four groups on the basis of growth habit -
(a) Trees (b) Shrubs (c) Under shrubs (d) Herbs
(D) It is artificial classification.
(E) He proposed the term Annual, Biennial and Perennial.
(3) Carolus Linnaeus :- [1707 - 1778]
(A) His real name was -Carl Von Linne
(B) On the basis of work in Latin language, he changed his name to Carolus Linnaeus. He was the Swedish scientist
(C) He is known as father of taxonomy, father of plant taxonomy and father of animal taxonomy. (D) Linnaeus gave the two kingdom system classification. He grouped plants and2019-20 animals into kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia respectively.
Demerits of two kingdom classification :-
(1) In two kingdom classification (bacteria, blue green alage) and eukaryotes (fungi, mosses/bryophytes, fern/ pteridophytes, gymnospem and angiosperm) placed in the same group plants/plantae.
The character that unified this whole kingdom was the all the organism included had a cell wall in their cells.
(2) In two kingdom system unicellular organism (ChlymydomonasSession and Chlorella) and multicellular organism (Spirogyra) are placed together under algae/plantae.
(3) This classification did not differentiate between the heterotrophic fungi and autotrophic green plants, though they also showed a characteristicALLEN difference in their cell wall composition - the fungi had chitin in their walls while the green plants had a cellulosic cell wall.
(4) Position of Euglena is not fixed.
(4) George Bentham (1800 - 1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817 - 1911) :-
(A) Both Bentham and Hooker were related to Royal botanical garden.
(B) Scientists working in botanical garden are known as curator. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 10 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g (C) They wrote the book "Genera plantarum" (1862 - 1883).
In this book, Bentham and Hooker gave the biggest and natural classification of spermatophyta i.e. plants with seeds.
Division & Spermatophyta = 202 families
(3 classes)
Dicotyledonae Gymnospermae Monocotyledonae (165 families) (3 families) (34 families)
Merits of Bentham and Hooker classification :-
l The classification of Bentham and Hooker was natural.
l The classification of Behtham and Hooker was mainly based on the floral characters. This was very appreciable because floral characters are more stable than vegetative (root, stem, leaves) characters.
l It is the simplest classification. Although it is not the best classification but yet the arrangement of herbarium sheets in herbarium is based on it, because it is the simpler one. The main reason for its simplicity is that this classification is based on actual observations.
Demerits of Bentham and Hooker :-
l In this classification the phylogeny of plants is not considered, because in it, gymnosperms are placed in between dicots and monocots. The sequence of evolution is as follows :- 2019-20 Phylogeny = Gymnosperm ® Dicots ® Monocots
(5) R. H. Whittaker (1969) :-
R.H. whittaker (1969) proposed a five kingdom classification. The kingdoms defined by him were named as Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria used by him for making classification are :- (i) Cell structure (Complexity of cell) Session (ii) Thallus organisation (complexity of organism)/Body organization (iii) Mode of nutritionALLEN (iv) Reproduction/Life style
(v) Phylogenetic relationship : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 11 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN
MAJOR ECOLOGICAL PRODUCER DECOMPOSER CONSUMER ROLE
MODE OF NUTRITION AUTOTROPHY HETEROTROPHY HETEROTROPHY Photosyntheis Absorption Ingestion (Holophytic) (Osmotrophic) (Holozoic) N O I T
U K Kingdom L in P g ia O d Fungi la o V n t m Kingdom E a nimal e A F
O MULTICELLULAR
COMPLEXITY OF N ORGANISM UNICELLULAR O I T
C Kingdom E
R Protista I D COMPLEXITY EUKARYOTES OF CELL PROKARYOTES Chemosynthesis Kingdom Monera
Five Kingdoms showing increasing complexity during evolution
FIVE KINGDOM 2019-20 1. Monera :- All the prokaryotes ® (Eubacteria, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Actinomycetes, BGA, Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma)
2. Protista :- All the Unicellular eukaryotes ® [Dinoflagellates (Fire algae), Diatoms/Desmids (Golden algae), Euglenoids, Slime moulds (false fungi) and Protozoans]
3. Fungi :- All the True fungi ® (Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes)
4. Plantae :- All the multicellular eukaryotic plants ®Session Algae [Green algae eg. Spirogyra, Brown algae, Red algae], Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperm,Angiosperm 5. Animalia :- All the multicellularALLEN eukaryotic animals Note : (i) In five kingdom classification Virus, Viroid, Prions and Lichens are not mentioned.
(ii) According to five kingdom classification. Chlamydomonas and Chlorella are placed in kingdom protista. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 12 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIVE KINGDOMS
Five Kingdoms
Characters Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Cell wall Noncellulosic Present in Present Present Absent (Polysaccharide some (without cellulose) (cellulose) + amino acid (with chitin) Nuclear Absent Present Present Present Present membrane Body Cellular Cellular Multiceullar/ Tissue / Tissue / organ / organisation loose tissue organ organ system Mode of Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic nutrition (chemosynthetic (Photosynthe- (Saprophytic/ (Photosynthet- (Holozoic / and photosynth- tic) and Hetero- Parasitic) tic) Saprophytic etc.) etic) and Hetero- trophic trophic (sapro- phytic / para- sitic) Mode of Conjugation Syngamy Fertilization Fertilization Fertilization reproduction (Sort of sexual and reproductions) conjugation
(6) Carl Woese :- He gave three domain theory. In these three domain 6 kingdoms are included. He suggested separate kingdom for Archaebacteria. Organisms 2019-20
3 Domains On the basis of sequence of r-RNA
Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom Archaebacteria Monera SessionProtista Fungi Plantae Animalia Note : Domain is a super kingdom category and extra taxonomic category
ALLEN 1. Theophrastus classified plant kingdom in to four groups on the basis of growth habit. 2. Theophrastus proposed the term annual, biennial and perennial. 3. Linnaeus proposed two kingdom classification. 4. Classification given by Linnaeus is artificial. 5. Classification proposed by Bentham and Hooker is natural. 6. Whittaker gave the five kingdom (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia) Classification. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 13 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN - (PROKARYOTES) Bacteria are the sole members of Monera Kingdom.
Main characteristic of prokaryotes :- (1) Cell wall :- Cell wall of prokaryotes is made up of peptidoglycan (murein) which is a type of mucopeptide.
(2) Cell membrane :- (A) Like eukaryotes the cell membrane of prokaryotes is made up of lipoprotein [lipid + protein] (B) The space between cell wall and cell membrane is known as periplasmic space. This space, is analogous to lysosome because in this space the digestion of complex substance is done.
(3) Cytoplasm :- (A) The cytoplasm of prokaryotes lacks membrane bound cell organelles. (B) In Prokaryotic cell, the nucleus is indistinct. The nucleus of prokaryotes is also known as incipient nucleus, genophore, nucleoid or fibrillar nucleus. Nuclear membrane is absent around nucleus. It also lacks nucleolus. Prokaryotes also lack the true chromosome. Instead of it, a false chromosome is present, which is made up of ds circular naked DNA + Non histone protein like polyamines. This false chromosome coils and forms the chromosomal region, which is known as nucleoid. (C) In prokaryotes ribosomes are of 70s type. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
Examples of Prokaryotes (1) Eubacteria (True bacteria) 2019-20 (2) Actinomycetes
(3) Blue Green Algae
(4) Mycoplasma
(5) Archaebacteria
(6) Rickettsia (7) Chlamydia Session
EUBACTERIA ALLENHISTORY 1. They were first observed in rainy water and later in teeth scum by Leeuwenhoek (1675) and called them "Animalcule".
2. F.J. Cohn and Ehrenberg first of all coined the name "Bacteria".
3. Bergey placed bacteria in "Prosophyta group" and wrote a book "Manual of Determinative Bacteriology/ Microbiology". This book is known as "Bible of bacterial classification". : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 14 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g SHAPE Bacteria have variations in their shape. On the basis of their shape bacteria are of different types. 1. Coccus/Cocci – * These Bacteria are spherical * These are smallest bacteria * Maximum resistant bacteria eg. Diplococcus pneumoniae Cocci 2. Bacillus/Bacilli – Spore * This group includes most of the bacteria * These are rod shaped eg. E.coli, Bacillus anthracis Bacilli
3. Spirillum/Spirilla – * These are spiral shaped bacteria Flagellum e.g. Spirillum volutans, Treponema
Spirilla
4. Comma/Vibrio – * These are comma shaped bacteria e.g. Vibrio cholerae 2019-20
Vibrio
MOTILITY IN BACTERIA
Bacteria are motile as well as non motile. Movement in bacteria takes place by means of flagella. On the basis of number and arrangement of flagella (flagellation) bacteria are of following types 1. Atrichous – When flagella are absent, it is called atrichous form e.g. Micrococcus Session 2. Monotrichous – When only one flagellum on one end of the bacterium e.g. Vibrio 3. Amphitrichous – When single flagellum is present on both the ends of bacterium. e.g. NitrosomonasALLEN 4. Lophotrichous – When a bunch of flagellum is present on both end of bacterium. e.g. Salmonella 5. Cephalotrichous – When a bunch of flagella is present on one end of bacteria. e.g. Corynebacterium 6. Peritrichous – When flagella are found on the whole body of bacterium e.g. E.coli., Salmonella typhi : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 15 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN STRUCTURE OF FLAGELLA
A flagellum of bacteria is made up of three parts (1) Basal body (2) Hook (3) Filament 1. Basal body – A. It is the basal part of flagellum and rod shaped in structure. B. It lies with in the cell wall and cell membrane C. This proteinaceous rod shaped structure is surrounded by two pairs of rings (i) Outer pair (ii) Inner pair D. Outer pair of ring lies with in the cell wall. One ring of this pair is called L and the another called P. E. Inner ring of inner pair lies with in the cell membrane. One ring of this pair is called S and the another is M. F. In Gram (+) bacteria only one pair of rings (inner pair) is found. 2. Hook – A. It connects the basal body to filament B. It is the middle part of flagellum C. It's some part lies with in the cell wall. 3. Filament – A. It is cylindrical hollow structure made up of protein monomers. B. Each monomer is made up of flagellin protein. Flagellin is a contractile protein. C. These monomers are arranged spirally in 4 + 4 manner.
Bacterial flagellum
2019-20Filament Hook
Hook Filament L-ring Cell wall Cell Wall Basal body P-ring M-ring S-ring Basal Body Cell membrane
Session Cell membrane
ALLENPILI 1. Bacterial cell wall is covered by numerous hair like structures called pili. Pili are smaller than the flagella. (Pl. - Pili ® Sing. – Pilus) 2. They are of two types – (A) Longer pili, (B) Shorter pili 3. Longer pili is also known as 'F' pili or 'sex' pili. Longer pili occurs in only donor (F+ or male) bacteria and help in conjugation. These are absent in recipient bacteria or female.
4. The shorter pili take part in attachment (to rocks in streams and to the host tissue). These are also known as 'infective' pili or fimbriae. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 16 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g Structure –
1. Every pilus is cylindrical hollow structure and composed of protein monomers.
2. Each monomer is made up of 'pilin' protein. Pilin is non-contractile protein.
3. Pili do not play role in motility
STRUCTURE OF EUBACTERIA
Though the bacterial structure is very simple, they are very complex in behaviour Bacterial cell has a chemically complex cell envelope. The cell envelope consists of a tightly bound three layered structure. (1) Outermost glycocalyx (may be capsule or slime layer) (2) Cell wall (3) Cell membrane Although each layer of the envelope performs distinct function they act together as a single protective unit.
Capsule
Cell wall
Incipient nucleus
Cytoplasmic membrane Mesosome
Cytoplasm Pili 2019-20 Flagellum
1. Glycocalyx (Capsule or Slime layer) – A. Loose and thin layer is called slime layer and thick and tough layer is called capsule. Formation of Glycocalyx is done by cell membrane. B. Capsule is made up of polysaccharides and polypeptides while slime layer is made up of mainly polysaccharides. Session C. Glycocalyx protects the bacteria from W.B.C. and also helps in colony formation.
2. Cell Wall – Bacterial cell wall is rigidALLEN and made up of mainly peptidoglycan. In Gram(+) bacteria cell wall is single layered and thick. It is made up of peptidoglycan. Lipids are also present but in less quantity. While in Gram(-) bacteria cell wall is double layered. Inner layer is thin and composed of peptidoglycan while outer layer is thick and made up of lipopolysaccharide.
L – form – Bacterial cell wall can be dissolved by lysozyme enzyme. When bacterial cell wall is removed artificially by Lysozyme then, bacteria are called L - form (Lister form). : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 17 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 3. Cell membrane – Bacterial cell membrane is made up of lipoprotein like the eukaryotic membrane. 4. Cytoplasm – A. In bacterial cytoplasm membrane bound cell organelles viz. Mitochondria, Chloroplast, E.R., Lysosome, Golgibody, Microbodies etc. are absent. B. Bacterial cytoplasm shows no streaming or cyclosis. Cytoplasmic organelles – 1. Mesosomes – A. The cell membrane of bacteria invaginates (extensions) in cytoplasm at different places and form mesosomes or chondrioid. These extensions are in the form of vesicles, tubules and lamellae. Functions of Mesosomes : (i) Cell respiration (increases the surface area of the plasma membranes and enzyme content) (ii) Cell wall secretion. (iii) DNA replication (iv) Cell division (distribution of daughter cells). B. Mesosomes functionally mitochondria like structures because respiratory (Oxidative) enzymes are found in mesosome. 2. Storage granules/Inclusion bodies –
Reserve material in prokaryotic cells are stored in the cytoplasm in the form of inclusion bodies. These are not bounded by any membrane system and lie free in the cytoplasm. A. Glycogen granules – They store carbohydrate
B. Volutin granules – These are also known as metachromatic granules. The volutin granules are phosphate polymers and function as storage reservoir for phosphate. 2019-20
3. Chromatin material (Nucleoid ) –
A. Nucleus of bacterial cell is called nucleoid or genophore or incipient nucleus or fibrillar nucleus. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are absent and DNA is ds circular naked.
B. Beside the main DNA another small and ds-circular DNA is also present in bacterial cell, which is called Plasmid. It is also known as extra chromosomal or extranuclear genetic material. (The term 'plasmid' was given by Lederberg). C. Plasmids have the ability to replicate independently.Session
Plasmid are of many types on the basis of their functions and phenotypic charcters.
(1) F or fertility factor (F-plasmid) :- On the basis of presence or absence of 'F' factor, there are two mating types ofALLEN bacteria. (a)F+ – Cells, carrying 'F' factor acts as donor and are called F+ or male.
(b)F– – Cells, lacking 'F' factor acts as recipient and are called F– or female.
When 'F" plasmid is attached with main DNA, it is designated as episome and this type of cell is known as Hfr (High frequency recombination) cell.
(2) R-Factor - Resistance to antibiotics. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 18 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g
STAINING OF BACTERIA
Gram Staining technique :
1. First of all H.C. Gram differentiated bacteria on the basis of staining.
2. In the first step of this method bacteria are stained with Crystal Violet or gentian violet and then KI solution.
3. After staining, bacteria are washed with Acetone or Ethyl alcohol. After washing some bacteria retain the stain and some bacteria are decolourised.
4. Bacteria which retain stain (violet or purple) are called Gram(+) and bacteria which decolourise are known as Gram(–). Gram(-) bacteria are counter stained by saffranine.
NUTRITION IN BACTERIA
Compared to many other organisms, bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic diversity. Most of the bacteria are heterotrophic but some are autotrophic. On the basis of nutrition bacteria are classified into following three categories.
Autotrophs
These bacteria use light or chemical energy for their own food synthesis.
On the basis of source of energy autotrophs are of following two types
(i) Photosynthetic autotrophs – l These bacteria use light energy for food synthesis. 2019-20 l Photosynthetic pigments are present in cytoplasm for photosynthesis.
l In these bacteria photosynthesis is non oxygenic.
Some photosynthetic bacteria are :-
– Purple sulphur bacteria – e.g. Chromatium
– Green sulphur bacteria – e.g. Chlorobium, Thiothrix – Purple non sulphur bacteria – e.g. Rhodospirillum,Session Rhodopseudomonas (ii) Chemosynthetic autotrophs –
l They use chemical energy instead of light energy for food synthesis. l Chemical energyALLEN is obtained from oxidation of chemical compounds (inorganic or organic). e.g. Nitrifying bacteria – They oxidise nitrogenous compounds and obtain energy.
Nitrosomonas or Nitrococcus Nitrobacter NH3¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾®NO23 ¾¾¾¾¾¾®NO
Note :- Chemosynthetic bacteria play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 19 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN Heterotrophs
l Most of the bacteria are heterotrophic i.e., they can not manufacture their own food. The majority of heterotophic bacteria are important decomposers. They are useful in making curd from milk, production of antibiotic, fixing nitrogen in legumes. Some are pathogens to human being, animals and plants. l They receive their own food from dead organic matter or living organism. These are of following types (i) Saprotrophic bacteria – These bacteria obtain food from dead and decaying organic matter. These are of two types (a) Obligate saprotrophic – These bacteria obtain food only from dead organic matter. These are completely saprotrophs e.g. Bacillus vulgaris, Clostridium botulinum (b) Facultative parasite – These are normally saprophytic in nature, but in the absence of dead organic matter they can become parasitic. e.g. Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus (ii) Parasitic bacteria – They obtain their food from living organism These are of two types (a) Obligate parasite – They always remain parasitic. e.g. Mycobacterium leprae (b) Facultative Saprotrophic – They are normally parasitic in nature but in the absence of living host, they may become saprotrophs e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Symbiotic bacteria These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds like Amino2019-20 acid, NO or Salts of 3 ammonia. e.g. Rhizobium
RESPIRATION On the basis of respiration bacteria are of two types
Aerobic bacteria These are of two types (A) Obligate aerobic - These are completely aerobicSession and die in the absence of O 2 eg. Azotobacter (B) Facultative anaerobic - These are normally aerobic bacteria but can survive in the absence of O 2 eg. Acetobacter aceti (it causes souring of wine), Clostridium tetani
Anaerobic bacteria ALLEN These are of two types. (A) Obligate anaerobic - These are completely anaerobic bacteria and do not have capacity of aerobic respiration. eg. Clostridium botulinum (B) Facultative aerobic - These are normally anaerobic but also have capacity of aerobic respiration. eg. Fermentation bacteria (Lactobacillus) except Acetobacter aceti Lactobacillus causes souring of milk. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 20 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g
REPRODUCTION
Bacteria reproduce by two methods (1) Asexual reproduction (2) Genetic recombination
(1) Asexual reproduction
(i) Binary fission –
(a) This is the most common method of bacterial reproduction.
(b) Under favourable conditions first of all DNA replication takes place in bacterial cell then bacterial cell divides into two daughter cells due to formation of transverse septum in the centre of the cell. Each daughter cell grows into a new bacterium.
(c) Under favourable conditions, the cells of bacteria divides by amitosis which is faster than mitosis and meiosis. (ii) By Endospore – Endospore formation occurs under unfavourable conditions.
(a) It is a highly resistant structure. It is resistant to temperature, radiations, antibiotics and chemicals.
(b) Endospore is highly resistant structure due to presence of Ca-dipicolinate in cortex.
(c) Endopspore formation is seen in mostly bacillus type bacteria.
exosporium basal layer
outer coat layer inner coat layer
cortex core wall 2019-20 core mem. /cell membrane
core/cytoplasm
(2) Genetic Recombination – Session Genetic Recombination includes three methods :
(I) Transformation (II) Transduction (III) Conjugation
+ – l Conjugation (betweenALLEN F and F Þ (Sort of sexual reproduction) Conjugation was first discovered in 1946 by Lederberg and Tatum in E.coli.
(a) First of all donor cell (F+) is attached to recipient cell (F–) with the help of sex pili. Sex pili functions as conjugation tube.
(b) The 'F' factor (F plasmid) now replicates and the replica moves to F– through conjugation tube.
(c) Both the cells are then separated. Due to transfer of 'F' factor F– bacteria now becomes F+ bacteria. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 21 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN
F factor Bacterial chromosome F+ (Male)
Replication F+ cell of F-factor
Now both F+ males Copy of F factor Conjugation separate apart trasferred to F– tube
Conjugating cells F– cells becomes F+ as it obtains copy of F factor F– (Female)
F+ cell
Differences between Gram positive and Gram negative Bacteria
Gram positive Gram negative
(1) The bacteria remain purple coloured The bacteria do not retain the stain when with Gram staining even after washing washed with alcohol. with alcohol.
(2) Cell wall is single layered. Cell wall is bilayered.
(3) Cell wall of peptidoglycan Cell wall of peptidoglycan is is 20–80 nm. thick. 8–12 nm. thick. (4) Murein (Peptidoglycan) content is Murein (Peptidoglycan) content2019-20 is 10–20%. 70–80%.
(5) The wall is smooth. Wall is wavy and comes in contact with cell membrane only at a few loci.
(6) Basal body of the flagellum contains Basal body of the flagellum has 4 rings 2 rings (S & M). (L, P, S & M).
(7) Mesosomes are quite prominent. Mesosomes are less prominent.
(8) A few pathogenic bacteria belong to SessionMost of the pathogenic bacteria belong to Gram–positive group. Gram–negative group. (9) Teichoic acidALLEN present in cell wall Teichoic acid absent : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 22 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA HARMFUL ACTIVITIES
1. Disease in Human beings :
Disease Bacterium
Tuberculosis (T.B.) – Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Leprosy – Mycobacterium leprae
Tetanus – Clostridium tetani
Typhoid – Salmonella typhi
Cholera – Vibrio cholerae
2. Disease in Animals –
Anthrax – Bacillus anthracis
Black leg – Clostridium chauvoei
3. Disease in plants –
Citrus canker – Xanthomonas citri
Crown gall in many plants – Agrobacterium tumefaciens Black leg and soft rot of potato – Erwinia caratovora atroseptica 2019-20 Bacterial leaf blight of rice – Xanthomonas oryzae
4. Denitrification – Denitrifying bacteria –
Some bacteria convert soil nitrates into nitrites and then nitrogen. These bacteria reduce the fertility of soil.
e.g. Thiobacillus denitrificans, Pseudomonas denitrificans 5. Food poisoning – Session · Botulism – Clostridium botulinum – It is most lethal type of food poisoing. These bacteria survive in absence of O .These bacteria multiply in canned food.Their toxins damage the parasympathetic nervous 2 system. It leads to paralysis of both smooth and striped muscles, resulting in immediate death.
6. Water pollution – ALLEN
Several bacterial forms cause water pollution. These bacteria spoil the water.
e.g. Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi.
7. Biological Weapons – Some bacteria are used as bio weapons such as Anthrax causing, Botulism , Cholera causing bacteria. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 23 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN USEFUL ACTIVITIES
1. Ammonification - Ammonifying bacteria – Some bacteria convert Protein (present in decaying plants & animals) into Ammonia. e.g., Bacillus vulgaris 2. Nitrification - Nitrifying bacteria – These bacteria convert Ammonia in to Nitrite and later into Nitrate.
Nitrosomonas NH NO (Nitrite) Nitrobacter NO (Nitrate) 3 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® 2 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® 3 3. Nitrogen fixation - Nitrogen fixing bacteria –
These bacteria convert the atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenous compounds like amino acids, nitrate or ammonium salts.
Nitrogen fixation is done by two methods –
(A) Symbiotically – Some bacteria live symbiotically and do nitrogen fixation.
e.g. · Rhizobium – found in the root nodules of legumes · Azorhizobium – found in the stem nodules of Sesbania plant · Azospirillum – Found on root surface of cereals i.e., superficial symbiosis (eg. Wheat, Rice, Maize). · Frankia (Filamentous bacteria or actinomycetes) - It is found In root nodules of non leguminous plant Casuarina and Alnus plants. (B) Asymbiotically – Some bacteria are found freely in soil and do nitrogen fixation. e.g. Clostridium, Chromatium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Beijernickia Rhodomicrobium, Rhodospirillum, Rhodopseudomonas 2019-20 Note : Azotobacter and Beijernickia are aerobic Rhodospirillum is anaerobic bacteria. Both Rhizobium and Frankia are free living in soil, but as symbionts, can fix atmospheric nitrogen.
4. Dairy products – Dairy products are formed with the help of bacterial fermentation.
Streptococcus lactis or Milk ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® Curd Lactobacillus lactis Note : Lactobacillus lactis (LAB/Lactic acid bacteria) increase vitamin B in curd LAB also help in checking 12 the disease causing microbes in stomach. Session 5. Antibiotics – l For example streptomycin is obtained from Streptomyces griseus (It is an actinomycetes) l Term antibiotic was givenALLEN by S.A. Waksman l First discovered antibiotic was Penicillin it was obtained from fungi Penicillium. l First discovered antibiotic from bacteria was streptomycin. l Many antibiotic medicines are obtained from the bacteria. l Some substances produced by microorganism which inhibit the growth of other micro-organism are called antibiotic substances. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 24 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 6. Industries –
Many bacteria are used in industries
(A) Vinegar formation (Acetic acid ) –
Acetobacter aceti Ethanol ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾¾® Acetic acid
(B) Retting of fibres – Separation of fibres from plants by the help of bacteria
e.g. Clostridium, Butyric acid bacteria
(C) Flavouring /curing of tea leaves and processing of tobacco leaves –
e.g. Bacillus megatherium, Micrococcus condiscence
(D) Production of Vitamins –
Clostridium butylicum produces Riboflavin (Vit. B ) and Butyric acid l ¾® 2 Propionibacterium and Bacillus megatherium produce – Vit. B l 12
l E.coli (coliform bacteria) produces ® Vit. E., Vit. K.
l E. coli bacteria found in alimentary canal of human beings. 7. Purity of Ganga water – In Gangatic water a bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is found, they kill the other water polluting bacteria.
8. Pollution indicating bacteria :-
Water in which E. coli bacteria are present known as polluted water. Quality of water depends on number of E. coli. If E. coli are very much in no. the water will be highly polluted. So the E. coli is known as pollution indicating bacteria. 9. Bacteria for genetic engineering - 2019-20
eg. E. coli and Agrobacterium ¾® These are Gram(–) bacteria
BLUE GREEN ALGAE (B.G.A)
(A) According to Two kingdom system B.G.A. were included in class Cyanophyceae or Myxophyceae of Algae. But now they are included in Kingdom Monera, because of their prokaryotic nature.
(B) B.G.A. is now known as cyanobacteria. The name cyanobacteria was suggested by ICNB [ International Code of Nomenclature for Bacteria]. Session
(C) BGA are found in fresh water (mostly), marine water and terrestrial habitat. (D) Cyanobacteria areALLEN photosynthetic oxygenic prokaryotes. Cyanobacteria were the first organisms that produced O on our earth. 2 They have following pigments.
l Chlrophyll 'a' - green l Carotenoids - yellow
l C - Phycocyanin - blue l C - Phycoerythrin - red Note : Cyanobacteria are not always of blue-green colour. eg. Trichodesmium is a red coloured.
The red colour of water of red sea is due to this alga. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 25 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN Different forms of BGA or Cyanobacteria : (A) Unicellular :- Some B.G.A. are found only in unicellular forms.
eg. Spirulina
Note : Spirulina is an edible B.G.A. because it has very large amount of proteins. It can be grown artificially in water tanks. It is used as a fodder for cattle
(B) Colonial :- Some B.G.A. are found in colony. i.e. cell colonies. eg. Anabaena, Microcystis
Gelatinous medium
A M
(C) Filamentous :- Some B.G.A. are filamentous. There are many cells arranged in a row in their body. The filament of B.G.A. is known as trichome.
eg. Oscillatoria 2019-20
Structure of B.G.A. :-
(A) The structure of B.G.A. is similar to Gram (-ve) eubacteria.
(B) B.G.A. are surrounded by a mucilagenous sheath. This sheath is made up of mucopolysaccharides [Pectic acid]. The cell wall of B.G.A. is also bilayered. Outer wall is made up of lipopolysaccharides and the inner wall is made up of peptidoglycan. (C) The cell membrane of B.G.A. is also made up of lipoproteins.Session Cytoplasm of BGA contains following structures :-
(a) Thylakoid or chromatophore – These are membrane bound structure which contains photo synthetic pigments. ALLEN (b) Inclusion bodies –
(1) B.G.A. store its food in the form of a-granules.
l a- granules - They are made up of cyanophycean starch. It is structurally similar to glycogen.
(2) Gas vacuole – it is membrane bound structure and found in blue green algae, purple and green photosynthetic eubacteria. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 26 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g (c) Nucleoid/DNA – ds circular naked
(d) Ribosomes – 70s type
Gas vacuole Ribosomes Nucleoid
Mucilagenous sheath Outer cell wall layer Inner cell wall layer Photosynthetic Cell membrane pigments Thylakoids
a-Granules
Nitrogen fixation :-
(A) Some of the B.G.A., can perform Nitrogen fixation. They converts atmospheric nitrogen in to nitrogenous compounds like amino acids, nitrates. These nitrates increases the fertility of soil. Hence B.G.A. improves the fertility of soil by nitrogen fixation.
(B) B.G.A. fix nitrogen in two forms :-
Symbiotic form and Asymbiotic or free living form 2019-20
Symbiotic form Free living form
eg. Anabaena & Nostoc eg. Anabaena, Nostoc These B.G.A. form symbiotic association with Some B.G.A. are found free living in water many plants and performs nitrogen fixation. and soil and perform nitrogen fixation. for eg :- Aulosira This.B.G.A. is found in plenty * In the leaves of Azolla ® Sessionin paddy fields. It germinates in water. This * In the coralloid roots of Cycas B.G.A. performs nitrogen fixation due to which the production of rice is increased. Azolla ® If Azolla is grown with rice, than Oscillatoria = also fix N in paddy fields. the production increases up to 50% [because 2 Anabaena are foundALLEN in the leaves of Azolla] : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 27 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN IMPORTANT POINT A special type of cell is found for nitrogen fixation in BGA which is known as heterocyst. Heterocyst is thick walled, non green cell.
Heterocyst
Mucilagenous sheath
Nostoc
REPRODUCTION
In BGA reproduction is done by two main processes (1) Vegetative (2) Asexual
(1) Vegetative Reproduction :- (i) Binary fission :- This is the most common method of reproduction in prokaryotes. eg. Spirulina (ii) Fragmentation :- By Hormogonia (Hormocyst) formation. Filamentous prokaryotes, reproduce by this process. eg. Oscillatoria
Apical cell
Separation 2019-20 disc Hormogonium
Oscillatoria (2) Asexual Reproduction :- It is method of protection to overcome unfavourable conditions eg. - Akinete formationSession in Nostoc ALLENAkinetes
Nostoc
WATER BLOOM :- "Excessive growth of blue green algae in polluted water bodies is called bloom" : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 28 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF BGA Useful activities :- (1) It gives fertility to sterile alkaline soil and usar soil. B.G.A. secrete acidic chemical which decrease the alkalinity of soil (2) Some B.G.A. are used as green manure (3) Some B.G.A. secrete toxin, which inhibits the growth of mosquito larva in water
Harmful activities :-
(1) Water bloom (2) B.G.A. that grow in water tanks, pollute the water eg. Oscillatoria
l In 1898, two French scientists E. Nocard and R. Roux while studying pleural fluids of cattle suffering from pleuropneumonia disease, discovered the organisms which are known as mycoplasma and were designated as PPLO (i.e. Pleuropneumonia like organism).
l Nowak (1929) put these organisms under the genus Mycoplasma.
l The Japaneese Doi et.al. (1967) first discovered that the "Aster yellow" diseases of plants are caused by Mycoplasma. Doi et.al. named these pleomorphic organisms as mycoplasma like organisms (MLO). According to Doi, phloem cells (Sieve tube & phloem parenchyma) of plants are much affected by this disease.
MAINS POINTS :-
1. Mycoplasmas are unicellular, smallest prokaryotic organisms. 2. Cell membrane is tri-layered and made up of lipoprotein. Both DNA (ds DNA ciruclar2019-20 mainly) and RNA (ssRNA) are present.
4. They are cell wall less hence, they exhibit pleomorphism and thus called as Joker of microbiology or plant kingdom.
5. Osmotrophic mode of nutrition (absorption of nutrients by osmosis) is found in Mycoplasma.
6. They are resistant to antibiotics like penicillin which act on cell wall.
7. They are sensitive to tetracycline & chloramphenicol that act on metabolic activities. 8. Most of the species of Mycoplasma are facultative anaerobs.Session (Mycoplasma can survive without oxygen) 9. Species of Mycoplasma are saprophyte or facultative parasite.
Reproduction 1. Binary fissionALLEN : Most common method of reproduction in Mycoplasma. . 2. By primary structures or "Elementary bodies"
Plant disease
(i) Little leaf disease of Brinjal. (ii) Bunchy top of papaya. (iii) Witches broom of Ground nut (Legume) / Potato. (iv) Aster yellow disease of sunflower.
: N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 Note : In plants, mycoplasmal diseases are usually transmitted by leaf hopper. 29 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN ARCHAEBACTERIA "Group of ancient bacteria" l Evolutionary they are primitive. They were the first to be born on our planet and they are present nowdays with their primitive characters. They are the "Oldest living fossils". l Mostly archaebacteria are obligate anaerobes. l Thermococcus, Methanococcus and Methanobacterium exemplify archaebacteria that contain proteins homologous to eukaryotic core histones. l Their cell wall is not made up of peptidoglycan like that of eubacteria. Their cell wall is made up of complex polysaccharides and complex polypeptide. l Their cell membrane is not a unit membrane, while in eubacteria the cell membrane is unit membrane . Cell membrane of archaebacteria is highly complex because of branched lipid chain. l Due to complex cell wall and cell membrane archaebacteria can survive in harsh habitat. Archaebacteria includes following bacteria
1. Methanogens :-
"Methane producing bacteria"
(a) Methanogens are found in manshy area and gobar gas fermenter and produce methane.
eg. Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanomicrobium
(b) An archaebacterium (Rumenococcus) is found in the rumen of cattle and responsible for the production of methane (biogas) 2. Halophiles :- 2019-20 These archaebacteria are found in extreme salty areas.
3. Thermoacidophiles :-
(A) These archaebacteria are found at those places where temperature is approx 80°C to 100°C and medium is acidic. [pH = 2]
(B) They are found in hot sulphur springs. Hot water sulphur springs are found in the Himalyan region.
Note : Barophilic prokaryotes – Prokaryotes whichSession grow and multiply in very deep marine sediments.
1. The cytoplasm of prokaryotesALLEN lack membrane bounded cell organelles. 2. Cyanobacteria are Gram(–), photosynthetic and oxygenic prokaryotes.
3. Though the bacterial structure is very simple, they are very complex in behaviour, because they are both autotroph (Phototrophs and Chemotrophs) and heterotrophs (Parasites, Saprophytes and Symbionts).
4. As a group bacteria show most extensive metabolic diversity.
5. Cell membrane of archaebacteria is not unit membrane. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 30 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 6. In some bacteria their body is filament or fungi like (mycelium), so they are also called filamentous bacteria or actinomycetes or mycobacteria. These bacteria are very important for us, as they are used in making antibiotics. There cell wall contain mycolic acid. Filamentous bacteria are heterotrophus.
e.g Streptomycetes (Source of antibiotics), Mycobacterium, Beggiattoa, Noccardia, Frankia
7. Rickettisia are also small and parasitic bacteria.
' -2 1. The bacteria which are associated with some plant roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen are :- (1) Azotobacter (2) E.coli (3) Rhizobium (4) Pseudomonos
2. In paddy field blue green algae are grown :- (1) For medicinal use (2) To increase fertility of soil (3) To serve as food for fishes (4) To conserve water
3. The digestive tracts of ruminants contain :- (1) Halophilic bacteria (2) Methanogens (3) Thermoacidophile bacteria (4) Mycoplasma
4. Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in one of the following respect :- (1) Their cell wall lack peptidoglycan (2) They tolerate extreme environment (3) They have uniquecell membrane with branched lipid chain (4) All of these 2019-20
5. Crown galls in plants is caused by a bacterium which is most widely used in genetic engineering is :- (1) E.coli (2) Agrobacterium (3) Pseudomonas (4) Nitrosomonas
6. Which of the following may be used in the reclamation of soil ? (1) Mycoplasma (2) Methanogen (3) Nostoc (4) E.coli
7. Murein is found in the cell wall of :- Session (1) Diatoms (2) Cyanobacteria (3) Archaea (4) Mycoplasma
8. Which of the following is first oxygenic photosynthetic organism ? (1) Green algae ALLEN(2) Red algae (3) Blue-green algae (4) Golden algae
9. Teichoic acid is present in :- (1) Gram + ve bacteria (2) Gram - ve bacteria (3) Mycoplasma (4) Blue green algae
10. Blue green algae can photosynthesize due to presence of :- (1) Heterocyst (2) Akinetes (3) Chromatophore (4) Leghaemoglobin : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 01- LAN . 65 31 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN KINGDOM – PROTISTA
All the organism included in Protista are unicellular (acellular) eukaryotes. Members of protista are primarly aquatic. This kingdom forms a link with the others dealing with plants, animals and fungi. Boundaries of this kingdom are not well defined.
Living organisms included in Protista are as follow
Dinoflagellates, Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Slime molds, Protozoans
Reproduction :– Protists reproduce Asexually and Sexually 1. Asexual Reproduction :– This is the most common method of reproduction in protists. It is of following types (a) Binary fission :- Two daughter cells are formed by the division of one mother cell. After this each daughter cell grows to form a normal organism. eg. Dinoflagellates, Chrysophytes, Euglenoids (b) Spore formation :- Some protists have special structure known as sporangia. Spores are formed in sporangia. The sporangium bursts after sometime and all the spores become free. Every spore forms a new member.
eg. Slime moulds
2. Sexual Reproduction :– 2019-20 Sexual reproduction was first of all seen in protists. In sexual reproduction two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. This process is known as syngamy.
Syngamy is of three types
(a) Isogamy :-
It is the simplest way of sexual reproduction. In isogamy the fusing gametes are morphologically (i.e. shape, size, structure) similar but physiologicallySession (i.e. functionally or genetically) they may be similar or dissimilar. when fusing gametes are physiologically dissimilar, process is called physiological anisogamy.
(b) Anisogamy :- The fusing gametesALLEN are morphologically dissimilar (smaller - larger) but physiologically they may be similar or dissimilar (usually).
(c) Oogamy :-
It is the developed form of anisogamy. Male gamete is small and motile while female gamete is large and non motile. This female gamete is known as egg. In it the formation of male & female gametes take place in sex organs. In this process the female gamete remains within the female reproductive structure, it does not come outside. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 32 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g Patterns of Life Cycle
(1) Life cycle showing zygotic meiosis :–
When Protist is haploid and meiosis occurs in zygote then it is known as zygotic meiosis. A M In this type of life cycle during sexual reproduction gametes are formed by mitosis. These gametes are haploid. These gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
After that meiosis takes place in zygote, as a result Z haploid cells are formed again. H F
Z Note : In this type of life cycle the zygotic phase is only 2 diploid and remaining all the phases are haploid so this type of life cycle is known as haplontic life cycle. M
eg. Dinoflagellates
(2) Life cycle showing gametic meiosis :–
When Protist is diploid and meiosis takes place during A gamete formation, then it is called gametic meiosis. M 2 In this type of life cycle during sexual reproduction, meiosis takes place in diploid cell , due to which haploid gametes are formed. Now haploid gametes fuse to 2019-20 form diploid zygote. And after that mitosis takes place G D F in zygote , due to which diploid cells are formed again. 2 Z Note : In this type of life cycle only gametic phase is haploid and remaining all phases are diploid so this type of life cycle is known as diplontic life cycle. G /M eg. Diatoms Session
Division - Pyrrophyta - Class Dinophyceae -DINOFLAGELLATES ALLEN"Protists with two flagella" l Dinoflagellates are mainly marine. They are found on the surface of water. They appear yellow, green, brown blue or red depanding on the main pigments present in their cells..
l In Dinoflagellates, the nutrition is mainly holophytic (Plant like nutrition / Photosynthesis).
eg. of dinoflagellates -
Ceratium, Gonyaulax, Gymnodinium, Pyrocystis : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 33 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN Structure :–
(A) Their cell wall is divided in to plates, which is made up of cellulose. Therefore the covering of Dinoflagellates is seen as armoured so they are called armoured algae.
(B) Dinoflagellates have two flagella - one lies logitudinaly and the other transversely in a furrow between the wall plates. Dinoflagellates show a special type of movement which is like whirling whips, therefore they are called as "whirling whips".
(C) Cell is eukaryotic but histone protein is absent in its chromosome. Due to this reason Dinoflagellates are called mesokaryote.
(D) Dinoflagellates are yellow-brown or golden brown in colour. These colour of Dinoflagellates are due to the pigments present in them - Chlorophyll 'a', Chl. 'c' and Xanthophylls (Dinoxanthin & Didinoxanthin).
Stored food – Starch
Some informations of Dinoflagellates -
1. Dinoflagellates show 'bioluminescence' due to presence of photogenic granules in cytoplasm, so these dinoflagellates are also known as 'night light'. Dinoflagellates are also called "fire algae", because they appear as glowing light due to bioluminescence.
2. Gonyaulax spreads on the surface of sea water, through rapid multiplication due to which the sea water appears red. It is called red tide.
3. Both Gymnodinium & Gonyaulax are toxic. They secrete toxins. These toxins cause paralysis in human beings. Humans acquire these toxins through food chain. These algae also affect the marine2019-20 animals (water bloom).
Session
ALLENDinoflagellates : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 34 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g
Division - Chrysophyta
This group includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids). They are found in fresh water (mainly desmids) as well as in marine (mainly diatoms) environment.
Structure of diatom :–
1. They are found in different shapes such as circular , rectangular , triangular , elongated and boat shaped.
2. The cell wall of diatoms is made up of cellulose in which silica particles are embedded in at many places. Due to which the cell wall appears to be made up of silica. This silicated cell wall is called "shell" or "frustule".
Note : Their cell wall is made up of two halves, which are arranged like the lids of soap box.Their cell wall have silica in very large quantity. Due to this reason their cell wall is hard. The cell wall does not get descomposed after their death so at the bottom of sea, very huge rocks of dead diatoms are formed which is known as "diatomite" or "diatomaceous earth" or "keiselgurh".
3. Diatoms have pigments Chlorophyll 'a', Chl 'c', and xanthophyll (fucoxanthin).
4. They are chief producers in the ocean.
5. Stored food – Leucosin (Chrysolaminarin) & fats (Oil).
6. Movement – They are immotile, because flagella are absent in them. They float passively on the surface of water.
Note : In diatoms, during reproduction special type of spores are formed which are known as "Auxospore".
Use of Diatoms :– (A) Sound proofing (B) Filteration of oils and syrups (C) Stone polishing2019-20 (D) As "Heat insulator" in steam boilers because the keiselgurh is bad conductor of heat.
Division - Euglenophyta - EUGLENOIDS
l Previously euglenoids were placed in plant kingdom due to their photosynthetic ability. But due to the absence of cell wall and animals like nutrition some scientists placed them in animal kingdom. But now according to five kingdom classification they are included in Protista. l They are found as free living organisms in fresh waterSession lakes, ponds (stagnant water) etc. But some times they are also found in damp soil and brackish water.
l Though they are photosynthetic in presence of sun light, when deprived of sunlight they behave like hetertrophs by predating on other smaller organisms. eg. of Euglenoids - Euglena Structure :- ALLEN (A) They are unicellular , cell wall is absent around them. They are surrounded by a cell membrane which is made up of lipoprotein and this cell membrane is covered with pellicle. Pellicle is mainly made up of protein and it is elastic in nature. (B) At the anterior end of Euglenoids, a cavity is present, which is known as reservoir. Flagellum is orginated from the base of reservoir. Euglenoids have only one functional flagellum and one non functional flagellum. One eye spot is present at anterior position. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 35 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (C) They have a contractile vacuole. The contractile vacuole helps in osmoregulation.
(D) Eulgenoids have chloroplasts.
Chloroplast has following pigments -
Chl. 'a' , Chl. 'b' and Xanthophyll (Zeaxanthin) - These pigments are identical to higher plants
(E) Stored food - Paramylum and fat
Nucleus
Eye spot Pellicle
Contractile vacuole Euglena
SLIME MOULDS/MYXOMYCETES [Consumer – decomposer]
(1) These organisms develop a slimy mass at the time of their vegetative phase , therefore they are called
slime moulds. They are also called as false fungi.
(2) Slime moulds are saprophytic found on decaying twigs and the leaves, body moves along decaying twig engulfing organic material. 2019-20
(3) Under suitable conditions they form an aggregation which may grow and spread over several feet called
plasmodium. During unfavourable conditions plasmodium forms fruiting bodies, which bear spores at their tip. The spores possess true walls. They are extremely resistant and survive for many years, even under adverse conditions. The spores are dispersed by air current. eg.ALLENPhysarum Session
Slime mould : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 36 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g KINGDOM – FUNGI
Mycology – Study of fungi
Father of Mycology – P.A. Micheli ® book : Nova Plantarum Genera
CHARACTERS
(1) Fungi show a great diversity in morphology and habitat. Fungi are cosmopolitan. They prefer to grow in warm and humid places. Fungi are found mostly in humus rich soil. But in the presence of moisture, these can grow on leather, wood, pickle, bread and rotten fruits. Some fungi live parasitically in plants, animals and human body.
(2) Chloroplast is absent in fungi, so fungi are heterotrophs. The fungi constitute the unique kingdom of heterotrophic organism. Fungi obtain their own food from dead organic matter or living organisms.
On the basis of source of food fungi are of two types
(a) Saprophytic :– These fungi obtain their own food from dead organic matter such as bread, rottening fruit, vegetable and dung.
l Nutrition is of absorptive type in saprophytic fungi
(b) Parasitic :– These obtain their own food from living organism such as plants, animals and human beings.
l They obtain nutrition with the help of haustoria. (3) Some fungi are found symbiotically associated with algae and H form lichens. Some fungi are found symbiotically in the roots of higher plants and form mycorrhiza. 2019-20 (4) The body of fungi is called mycelium. Mycelium is composed of filaments called hypha.
(Hypha – plural ® Hyphae) (5) Cell wall is made up of chitin (fungal cellulose) and polysaccharides but Cell wall of the members of class-
oomycetes is mainly made up of cellulose. M (6) In fungi the stored food remains in the form of glycogenSession and oil.
Heterothallism and Homothallism :– Homothallic fungi :– Those in which everyALLEN thallus is sexually self fertile and can, therefore, reproduce sexually by itself without the aid of another thallus. e.g. Chaetomium, Albugo candida Heterothallic fungi :– Those in which every thallus is sexually self-sterile and requires the aid of another compatible thallus of a different mating type for sexual reproduction. e.g. Species of Mucor, Rhizopus, Puccinia & Maximum fungi : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 37 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN
REPRODUCTION (1) Vegetative reproduction :– (A) Fragmentation :– Some times the fungal filament (mycelium) breaks into small pieces due to any reason. Now these pieces form a new fungal filament and starts working like normal filament.
(B) Budding :– eg. : Saccharomyces (Yeast) F
Bud
Parent cell Budding in yeast
(C) Fission :– eg. : Schizosaccharomyces (Yeast) 2019-20 Note : Reproduction through bud formation and fission takes place only in nonmycelial form.
(2) Asexual reproduction - Asexual reproduction takes place by the formation of different types of spores. These spores are formed by mitotic division.
Spores are the following types (A) Sporangiospores - They are formed in sporangium.Session Sporangium is formed at the tip of fungal filament. Those fungal filaments on which sporangia are formed is called as ALLEN sporangiophore. Numerous spores (sporangiospores) are present in the sporangium, that comes out by rupturing of sporangium and germinate to form fungal filaments. The formation of sporangiospores takes place endogenously. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 38 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g Sporangiospores are of Two types l Zoospore :– When the sporangiospores formed in sporangium are flagellated and motile, then they are called as zoospores. In this condition the sporangium is called as zoosporangium. l Aplanospore :– When sporangiospores are non flagellated and non motile then they are called aplanospores.
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(B) Conidia :– The formation of conidia takes place exogenously. These conidia are formed at the tip of conidiophores
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(3) Sexual Reproduction :–
The structure in which gametes are formed are called gametangia.
Sexual reproduction in fungi completes in three steps
(A) Plasmogamy :– This is the first stage of sexualSession n n reproduction. In this stage two motile or non-motile sex cells fuse with each other but their nuclei do not fuse, due to which a single cell has two nuclei. This binucleate or dikaryotic stage is called n dikaryon. In ALLENphycomycetes the fusion of two nn n n n haploid cells immediately result in diploid cell (2n). However in other fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening (prolonged gap) dikaryotic stage (n+n, i.e. to nuclei per cell) occurs (long gap between plasmogamy and karyogamy) 2n such a condition is called a dikaryon and the phase
: N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 is dikaryophase. 39 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (B) Karyogamy :– In this stage the nuclei present in the cell fuse with each other, to form a diploid nucleus which is known as synkaryon. (C) Meiosis :– In this stage, meiosis takes place in the diploid nucleus due to which again haploid nuclei or haploid cells are formed. Note : Sexual reproduction is by the formation of zygospore /oospore, ascospores and basidiospores.
METHODS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION (1) Gametangial Contact :– (a) In this process, first of all male and female sex organs are formed on two different hypha of same mycelium. Male sex organ is called antheridium and female sex organ is called oogonium. (b) In mature antheridium & oogonium one – one nucleus behave like a male and female gamete. Now antheridium and oogonium come close to each other. After that a fertilizing tube comes out from antheridium and enters the oogonium. After that, the nucleus of antheridium goes to the oogonium through this tube and fuse with its nucleus. As a result of which a diploid zygote is formed, which is called oospore. (c) Now meiotic division takes place in the nucleus of oospore, as a result of which haploid spores are formed. Now each spore germinates and gives rise to a new mycelium.
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Plasmogamy and Karyogamy 2019-20 Z (O ) (2 ) M S G M ALLENSession
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H : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 40 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g (2) Gametangial copulation :-
(a) In this process, gametangia are formed on two different mycelium.
First of all the a part of hypha become swollen and form progametangia. Both the gametangia have many nuclei. Now these gametangia fuses with each other. Due to which a zygote is formed which is known as zygospore.
(b) Now meiotic division takes place in zygospore, as a result of which haploid spores are formed. Now each spore germinates and gives rise to a mycelium.
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Zygospore/Zygote ALLENM H : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 41 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (3) Somatogamy :– In it, no sex organs are formed. In this process two mycelium comes close to each other and their cells get fused.
True fungi are divided into following classes on the basis of structure of mycelium & sexual reproduction –
(A) PHYCOMYCETES (B) ASCOMYCETES
(C) BASIDIOMYCETES (D) DEUTEROMYCETES
PHYCOMYCETES Habitat :-
All the fungi included in this class are called as lower fungi. Members of phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitat (members of this class known as algal fungi) and on decaying wood in moist and damp place or as obligate parasites on plants.
Mycelium :–
The fungal filament (mycelium) of the fungi included in this class are coenocytic, aseptate and branched.
Asexual reproduction = by zoospores, aplanospores and conidia.
Sexual reproduction = may be isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous.
Phycomycetes includes further groups like oomycetes, zygomycetes
Note : The mycelium of both oomycetes and zygomycetes is same in structure i.e. coenocytic & aseptate. But they are dissimilar in their of sexual reproduction. 2019-20 (a) Oomycetes :–
Asexual reproduction – By the formation of sporangiospores (zoospores) & conidia.
Sexual reproduction – By Gametangial contact
Type of sexual reproduction
l Oogamous – All the members eg. Session (1) Phytophthora infestans – Causes ‘‘late blight of potato’’. This disease is known as " Famine of Ireland" – 1845 (2) Pythium speciesALLEN - Causes ‘‘Damping off’’ disease in tobacco & ‘‘vegetable crops’’ (3) Sclerospora graminicola – Causes "Green ear disease" of Bajra. The main characteristics of this disease is Phylloidy (Phylloidy – i.e. all the parts of flower are modified into green leaves).
(4) Albugo candida or Cystopus candidus – It causes "White rust or white spots disease" in the members of cruciferae family. (5) Saprolegnia parasitica – It causes disease in Salmon fish. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 42 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g (b) Zygomycetes :– Asexual reproduction – By the formation of sporangiospores (aplanospores). Sexual reproduction – By Gametangial copulation.
Types of sexual reproduction
l Isogamous – All the members
eg. (1) Pilobolus :– (2) Rhizopus & Mucor :– These are known as bread mold – They prefer to grow on bread. Note : Rhizopus is common bread mold. The tip of mycelium of Rhizopus is black coloured. Therefore this fungus looks black coloured.
S (B ) S
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Rhizopus Mucor 2019-20 ASCOMYCETES
"The sac fungi"
Members of this class are mostly multicellular rarely unicellular (eg. yeast).
Habitat :-
Members of Ascomycetes are saprophytic decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on dung)
Mycelium :–
Septate and branched. Septa are found in mycelium Sessionof ascomycetes. Pores are present in septa. These pores allow cytoplasm to pass from one cell to other cell. Pores do not allow passing of nucleus.
Asexual reproduction :– By Conidia Sexual reproduction :– ByALLEN somatogamy and gametangial contact Somatogamy
Ascospores are formed during sexual reproduction. On this basis they are named as Ascomycetes.
(a) There are three stages in sexual reproduction of Ascomycetes
w Plasmogamy w Karyogamy w Meiosis. (b) In it two fungal hypha of mycelium come close to each other and their cells fuse to form dikaryon. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 43 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (c) After this an outgrowth originates from dikaryon which is called ascogenous hypha. Ascogenous hypha develops and form a sac like structure which is called ascus (Plural - Asci). Due to this sac like ascus, ascomycetes are called as sac fungi. (d) Now both the nuclei reach in ascus and fuse to form diploid nucleus. Now ascus is protected by some fungal filaments to form a fruiting body, called as ascocarp in which reductional division occurs leading to formation of haploid ascospores. Note : Minimum four ascospores are formed in one ascus but generally '8' ascospores are formed in one Ascus. (e) By the rupturing of ascocarp & ascus, ascospores become free and each ascospore forms a new mycelium.
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Three Types of Ascocarp
Cleistothecium Perithecium Apothecium Closed, ball shaped flask shaped Open, disc shaped
eg. of Ascomycetes (1) Penicillium :– Blue or Green mold. P. notatum – A. Flemming obtained the antibiotic penicillin from it. Penicillin is the first discovered antibiotic. A Flemming was awarded Nobel Prize for it. But now a dyas more quantity of Penicillin is obtained from P. chrysogenum. A. flemming was doctor in British army and while working on bacterium Staphylococcus, he by chance discovered the penicillin. Discovery of Penecillin was a serendipity i.e. by chance discovery.
Conidia
Branched Conidiophore
Penicillum
(2) Aspergillus :– Black or Brown mold or Blacky - smoky mold l A. proliferans – An antibiotic 'Proliferin' is obtained from it. 2019-20 l A. fumigatus – It causes many diseases in humans & cattles. These disease are known as "aspergillosis"
l A. flavus – It prefers to grow on stored food (groundnut, cashewnuts etc.) and fodder. It secrets toxic substances. These toxic substances are known as aflatoxins.
Aflatoxins – They are carcinogenic i.e. they develop cancer. Aflatoxin causes liver cancer.
l A. niger – Known as weed of laboratory and produce citric acid.
Conidia Session
UnbranchedALLEN Conidiophore
Aspergillus : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 45 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (3) Claviceps :–
l Claviceps purpurea – It causes "Ergot disease" of Bajra and Rye.
l "Ergotin" (drug) is obtained from it.
l A narcotic drug (LSD) is also obtained from it.LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) is a hallucinogenic drug.
(4) Morchella :– The species of Morchella are commonly called as morels. It is an edible fungus.
(5) Neurospora :– Red or Pink mold ® "Drosophila of plant Kingdom". It is used for the study of genetics and biochemical studies in Plant kingdom.
Beadle and Tatum proposed "One gene - one enzyme theory" in Genetics by experimenting on Neurospora. They were awarded Nobel prize for it.
(6) Erysiphe :– Different species of Erysiphe causes "powdery mildew" disease on plants.
(7) Truffles :– Some members of Ascomycetes are known as Truffles. It is an edible fungus.
YEAST
Yeasts are unicellular fungi.
Yeast grows on ripened fruits like grapes, sugarcane, date palm and flowers. Mycelium is absent in yeast. If yeasts are grown in sugar solution then pseudomycelium is formed. Because in sugar solution, they grow very fast i.e. it reproduces fast and exhibit excessive budding.
Economic Importance :– 2019-20
Yeasts are also called as fermentation fungi, because different types of products are formed by fermentation with the help of yeast.
l It is used as fermentation agent in bakery (bread industry) and brewery (wine industry). So Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also called ‘‘Baker's yeast’’.
Riboflavin (vitamin B ) is obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. l 2 Session
BASIDIOMYCETES
‘‘Club fungi’’ Habitat :- Grow in soil, on ALLENlogs, on tree stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites.
Mycelium :–
Branched, septate. In basidiomycetes, septa are of special type and they are called dolipore septa. One big pore is present between every septum. The boundary of pore is spread on both sides, this boundary is called as parenthesome. Due to the spreading of the boundary on both sides, the shape of septum becomes dome shaped due to which it is called as dolipore septum. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 46 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g Clamp connection :– It is a tubular relationship between two neighbouring cells. With the help of this connection the nucleus of one cell can migrate to the neighbouring C cell, due to which the other cell becomes dikaryotic (binucleate). Clamp connection is used to change monokaryotic mycelium to dikaryotic mycelium in basidiomycetes.
Asexual reproduction - the asexual spores are generally not found, but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation A M is common.
Sexual reproduction :–
Sexual reproduction is performed by two methods
(1) Somatogamy (2) Spermatization (1) Somatogamy :– This is the most common method of reproduction among the members of Basidiomycetes. e.g. Ustilago, Agaricus (a) First of all, the two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes come close to each other. (b) Now their apical ends fuse with each other (Plasmogamy), as a result of which dikaryon is formed. (c) Now, with the help of clamp connection all the cells of mycelium becomes binucleate or dikaryotic. (d) Now a club shaped structure is formed on every cell, which is known as basidium.
+ – 2019-20 ALLENSession : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 47 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (e) After that both nuclei come in to this basidium and fuse with each other (Karyogamy) and further meiosis takes place as a result of which four haploid spores are formed on every basidium, which are known as basidiospores. The surrounding fungal hyphae grows to form a fruiting body, which is known as basidiocarp.
(f) Now the basidiospores become free from basidiocarp and produce a new mycelium by germination.
Note :
l It is belived that basidium is similar to ascus, because both of them produces spores.
l But basidiospore is different from ascospores because the origin of ascospores is endogenous and that of basidiospores is exogenous.
(2) Spermatization :–
This type of reproduction is more commonly seen in those fungi which cause rust disease
e.g. – Rust fungi – Puccinia
Three different species of Puccinia develop rust in wheat
l Puccinia graminis – Black rust or stem rust
l Puccinia recondita – Brown rust or leaf rust
l Puccinia striiformis – Yellow rust or stripe rust
Puccinia is a heteroecious fungi i.e. the fungus that needs two types of host to complete its life cycle.
(1) Wheat (Primary host) (2) Barberry (Lateral or alternate or secondary2019-20 host)
l Life cycle of Puccinia - called rust cycle
l Rust cycle was discovered by Prof. K.C. Mehta. He did a lot of hard work on rust.
l Starting of rust disease on wheat plants through aeciospores. i.e. Primary infection takes place through aeciospores and secondary infectionSession takes place through uredospores. eg. of Basidiomycetes
(1) Bracket or Shelf fungi :–
These are epixylic fungiALLEN i.e. these like to grow on wood. Their fruiting body is similar to bracket therefore they are called as bracket fungi.
(2) Puff balls – These are saprophytic fungi. Fruiting body of puff ball fungi is large and beautiful. If touched, fruiting body bursts violently to release a black powder (basidiospores) out side.
Note : Clavatia – A drug 'clavatin' is obtained from it. It is an anticancer medicine. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 48 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g (3) Mushrooms (Basidiocarp) – These are umbrella like fungi often seen growing in grounds during rainy season. Some mushroom are edible.
l Most delicious mushroom - Agaricus bisporus
l World's most poisonous mushroom - Amanita muscaria – [It is Hallucinogenic] (Poisonous mushrooms are known as Toad - stool)
l Inky cap mushroom – Coprinus muscatus
Gills
Agaric us (basidiocarp)
(4) Smut fungi :– It causes smut disease on plant. Smut diseases mainly affect the seeds of crop plants. Smut fungi infect seed and form black sooty spores inside the seed.
eg. Ustilago nuda tritici – It causes “loose smut of wheat.” This disease spreads by infected flowers and seeds. (5) Agaricus :– It is called as "gill fungi" because gills like pores are present in its fruiting2019-20 body. It is also called fairy rings because its fruiting body looks like rings.
(6) Birds nest fungi :- Cyathus and Nidularia etc. are commonly known as birds nest fungi, their fruiting bodies resemble with birds nest.
DEUTEROMYCETES It is also called "fungi Imperfecti", because perfect stage orSession sexual reproduction is absent in this class of fungi. Those fungi are included in this class in which sexual reproduction is absent or is not discovered at yet. When the sexual forms of this class of fungi were discovered they were moved into right class ascomycetes or basidiomycetes from deuteromycetes. ALLEN Mycelium :– Septate and branched
Asexual reproduction :– Takes place with the help of conidia.
l Some members are saprophytic or parasitic.
l A large number of members of this class are decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling. e.g. Trichoderma : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 49 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN The fungi included in this class cause many disease.
Fungi Disease
Alternaria solani Early blight of Potato
Cercospora personata Tikka disease of groundnut
Colletotrichum falcatum Red rot of sugarcane
Helminthosporium oryzae Leaf spot of Rice [Famine of Bengal (1945)]
l Trichophyton & Microsporum :– It produces "Ringworm" in humans. e.g. - eczema, itching.
l Trichophyton interdigitale and Tinea pedis – It causes "Athelete foot disease" in humans.
It is also called "Ring worm of foot".
· All the unicellular eukaryotes are placed in Kingdom Protista.
· Histone protein is absent in chromosome of dinoflagellates, due to this reason dinoflagellates are called mesokaryote.
· Pigments present in dinoflagellates are Chl 'a' and Chl 'c'. · Stored food of dinoflagellates is starch. 2019-20 · Cell wall of diatoms is made up of cellulose + silica.
· Pigments present in diatoms are Chl 'a' and Chl 'c'.
· Stored food of diatom is leucosin and fats.
· Mixotrophic nutrition is present in Euglenoids.
· Stored food of Euglenoids is paramylum and fat. · Slime moulds are also called fungus animal. Session · At the time of reproduction slime moulds have cell wall.
· Mode of nutrition is absorptive in fungi · Cell wall of fungi is madeALLEN up of chitin. · In fungi the stored food remains in the form of glycogen and oil.
· Mycelium of class phycomycetes is coenocytic aseptate.
· Phytophthora infestans causes late blight disease in potato. This disease is known as "Famine of Ireland". : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 50 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g · Mycelium of class - ascomycetes is uninucleate septate.
· Class ascomycetes is known as "Sac fungi".
· A. Flemming obtained the antibiotic penicillin from Penicillium notatum.
· Fungus Neurospora is known as "Drosophila of Plant Kingdom".
· Yeast is unicellular or non mycelial fungi.
· Mycelium of class - basidiomycetes is septate and uni or binucleate.
· Basidiomycetes is known as club fungi.
· Special type of septa are found in mycelium of class basidiomycetes which are known as dolipore septum.
· Clamp connection are formed during reproduction in basidiomycetes.
· Puccinia is rust fungus, it causes rust disease in wheat.
· Starting of rust disease (Primary infection) on wheat plants takes place through aeciospores.
· Deuteromycetes is known as Fungi Imperfecti.
' -3 1. Dinoflagellates are considered as connecting link between monera and protista because :- (1) They spin while they move (2) They have flagella in grooves 2019-20 (3) They show bioluminescence (4) They have condensed chromosome lacking histone protein
2. Kingdom protista includes organisms like :- (1) Amoeba, Euglena and Diatoms (2) Amoeba, Euglena and Penicillium (3) Amoeba, Spirogyra and Penicillium (4) Euglena, Spirogyra and Albugo Session
3. In Dinoflagellates meiosis occurs in :- (1) Gamete ALLEN(2) Zygote (3) Sporangium (4) Zoospores
4. The famous Irish famine is related to a disease of potato known as :- (1) Late blight (2) Early blight (3) Dry rot of potato (4) Red rot : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 51 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 5. Cellulose is the major component of cell wall of :- (1) Pythium (2) Puccinia (3) Morchella (4) Saccharomyces
6. Among rust, smut and mushroom all the three :- (1) are pathogen (2) are saprobes (3) bear ascocarp (4) are basidiomycetes
7. Ethanol is commercially produced through a particular species of :- (1) Aspergillus (2) Saccharomyces (3) Clostridium (4) Trichoderma
8. The dominant part in the life cycle of protista and fungi is mostly :- (1) Haplontic (2) Diplontic (3) Haplodiplontic (4) Diplohaplontic
9. Taxonomy of fungi is based on :- (1) Sexual reproduction (2) Nutrition (3) Shape of fruiting body (4) Cell wall
10. Which of the following fungus can cause disease in human ? (1) Aspergillus (2) Ustilago 2019-20 (3) Mushroom (4) Puccinia
11. Which of the following pair belongs to basidiomycetes ? (1) Puff ball and Claviceps (2) Morchella and mushroom (3) Peziza and Aspergillus (4) Bird's nest fungi and puffball
12. Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs by :- Session (1) Aeciospores (2) Basidiospores (3) Conidia (4) Oospores
13. Clamp connection areALLEN abserved in :- (1) Basidiomycetes (2) Zygomycetes (3) Ascomycetes (4) Oomycetes : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 02- LAN . 65 52 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g KINGDOM - PLANTAE All the multicellular eukaryotic plants are placed in Kingdom-Plantae.They are autotrophic i.e. they manufacture their food by photosynthesis.
Following plant groups are included in Kingdom-Plantae
(1) ALGAE (2) BRYOPHYTA (3) PTERIDOPHYTA
(4) GYMNOSPERM (5) ANGIOSPERM
ALGAE
l Phycology - Study of algae. l Father of Phycology - Fristch and Father of Indian phycology - M.O.P. Iyengar
NATURE - (1) Algae are found in both fresh and marine water. Algae are found in many forms like filamentous, colonial. (2) Algae are surrounded by mucilagenous sheath and below the sheath cell wall is present which is made up of cellulose and pectin but mainly made up of cellulose, galactans, mannans and mineral like calcium carbonate. (3) On the basis of structure, algae are thalloid i.e. plant body is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Tissue system is also absent in algae. (4) On the basis of nutrition, algae are photoautotrophic. They have plastid in which photosynthetic pigments are present. Classification of algae is mainly based on pigments. Chl-a and b carotene are universal pigment of algae. 2019-20 REPRODUCTION
(1) Vegetative (2) Asexual (3) Sexual Vegetative reproduction :- By Fragmentation - Filaments break down into small pieces & form new filaments.
Asexual reproduction :- Zoospores are formed in favourable conditions and Aplanospores, hypnospore and akinete etc. are formed in unfavourable condition.ALLENSession
Z C : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 53 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN Sexual reproduction :-
(i) Male sex organ is called antheridium and female is called oogonium. The sex organs of algae are unicellular & jacketless. But exceptionally sex organs of green algae Chara (Chara - green algae - known as stone wort) are multicellular and Jacketed.
The male sex organ of Chara is known as globule and female is known as nucule.
Branches
Axis Nucule (Oogonium)
Globule (Antheridium)
Chara
C
(ii) Plant body of algae is haploid so sexual reproduction take place through zygotic meiosis. So their life cycle is haplontic.But exceptionally brown algae are diploid. [Ex. In Fucus life cycle in diplontic] (iii) Algae reproduce by zygotic meiosis i.e. first division in zygote is meiosis so embryo2019-20 is not formed. Sexual repro. is of three types
(a) Isogamous – Chlamydomonas debaryanum, Ulothrix,
Ectocarpus, Spirogyra, Cladophora
(b) Anisogamous – Chlamydomonas braunii
(c) Oogamous – Chlamydomonas coccifera, Sargassum, Volvox, Fucus and Chara Note : (1) Chlamydomanas exhibits completeSession evolution of sexual reproduction. (2) In Chlamydomonas debaryanum gametes are flagellated and similar in size. (Isogamy)
(3) In Chlamydomonas braunii gametes are motile and dissimilar in size. (Anisogamy)
(4) MostALLEN of the species of Chlamydomonas show isogamy.
(5) In Spirogyra gametes are non flagellated (non motile) and similar in size (isogamy)
(6) In Cladophora, green algae isogametes are biflagellated. (Isogamy)
(7) In Eudorina (Green algae) fusion between two gametes disimilar in size (Anisogamy) : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 54 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g The classification of algae is mainly based on the photosynthetic pigments. In addition to this, cell wall composition and stored food are also the base of classification.
Algae is divided into following classes (1) CHLOROPHYCEAE - GREEN ALGAE (2) PHAEOPHYCEAE - BROWN ALGAE (3) RHODOPHYCEAE - RED ALGAE
CHLOROPHYCEAE G A
l Green algae are the most advanced algae. It is believed that green algae are the ancestors of the higher plants.
Habitat : Green algae are cosmopolitan in nature.
Structure : Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made up of an inner layer of cellulose an outer layer of pectose.
Green algae are found in many forms
(1) Unicellular :-
(i) Chlamydomonas - Motile unicellular algae. This algae moves with the help of flagella.
flagellum
eye spot 2019-20
chloroplast pyrenoid Chlamydomonas
(ii) Chlorella - Non motile unicellular alga.
(iii) Acetabularia - It is the largest unicellular plant.
Note : According to five kingdom system the algae described above should be placed in Protista but because their life cycle is similar to green algae, they are studiedSession in Plantae.
(2) Colonial - Some green algae are found in colonies. They form colony of cells. The number of cells in a colony is fixed. Colony with fixed number of cells called coenobium. eg. Volvox ALLEN- Motile colony
Daughter colony
Parent colony
Volvox : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 55 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (3) Multicellular filamentous - Mostly the green algae are multicellular and filamentous. eg. Ulothrix, Spirogyra
Holdfast
Ulothrix
(4) Multicellular thalloid or Parenchymatous - Some algae are multicellular in length & width. eg. Ulva
Photosynthetic pigments :
Chlorophyll - Chl 'a' and Chl 'b'
Carotene - b carotene Xanthophyll - Luteaxanthin and Violoxanthin - Yellow coloured
Stored food – Most of the members of green algae have starch as stored food and some have oil droplets also.
Asexual reproduction – Zoospores are formed in favourable condition and aplanospores,2019-20 hypnospores and akinetes are formed in unfavourable condition.
Sexual reproduction – Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous.
Notes : 1. On the basis of pigments (Chl 'a', Chl 'b', Carotenoids), stored food (starch) & cell wall (made up of cellulose and pectose), green algae are considered similar to higher plants.
2. One or more pyrenoids are also present in chloroplast as storage bodies. Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. Session
Economic Importance :
(1) Food - Chlorella is usedALLEN as food, Chlorella has large amount of protein.
(2) Antibiotics - Chlorellin antibiotic is obtained from Chlorella.
(3) Space research - In space, Chlorella is used as a source of food and O by space travellers 2
(4) Parasitic algae - Cephaleuros is present parasitically in the leaves of tea plant and causes 'red rust' disease. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 56 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g PHAEOPHYCEAE B S K H Þ Brown algae are found in marine water. S l Brown algae are multicellular filamentous. l Brown algae are the largest in size (upto 100 meter in length). l Largest brown algae - Macrocystis l The plant body is usually attached to substratum by a holdfast and has a stalk (stipe) and leaf like photosynthetic part, frond or lamina, so brown algae are known as leafy algae. (eg. Laminaria)
Frond
Stipe Holdfast
Laminaria
l The vegetative cells have a cellulosic wall usually covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of algin. In brown algae protoplast contains plastid, centrally located vacuole and nucleus. e.g. Fucus, Dictyota, Ectocarpus 2019-20
Air bladder
Frond Frond Midrib Session
Stipe Holdfast ALLENDictyota Fucus
Gelatinous coating/Phycocolloids/Hydrocolloids :Gelatinous coating made up of algin has very high water holding capacity.
l Phycocolloids (Algin) protects brown-algae against dessication and shocks. Phycocolloids are used in ice-cream as thickening agent. Algin used for dentury measurement.
l Algin used in the manufacturing of soap, ice-cream, polish, cream and plastic. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 57 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN Pigments :
Chlorophyll - Chl 'a' , Chl 'c'
Carotene - Only b carotene
Xanthophylls - Mainly Fucoxanthin
Note : The amount of Fucoxanthin is more in brown algae due to which these algae are brown in colour. (Xanthophylls are mostly yellow but fucoxanthin is brown)
Stored food :
Laminarin and mannitol - both are derivatives of carbohydrates.
Asexual reproduction :
By Zoospores
Sexual reproduction :
Sex repro. in brown algae may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamons.
Note :
(1) Zoospores and gametes are pear shaped and have two unequal laterally attahced flagella.
(2) Life cycle of Ectocarpus and kelps are diplohaplontic, life cycle of Fucus is diplontic.
Examples : Sargassum - used as a food 2019-20
Laminaria -
(1) used as a food
(2) Iodine and Bromine - Obtained from this algae. ALLENSession : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 58 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g RHODOPHYCEAE R A (1) Red algae are ancient (Primitive) algae eg. Polysiphonia
Main axis
Branches
P
(2) There is no motile stage found in life cycle of red algae and BGA i.e. cilia & flagella are absent. Habitat :
Red algae mainly found in marine water with greater concentration found in the warmer areas. But exceptionally Batrachospermum is found in fresh water (river).
Structure : (1) Red algae are multicellular 2019-20 (2) Cell wall of red algae is complex because made up of cellulose & pectin with polysulphate esters. (3) Some red algae may secrete and deposite calcium carbonate and appear like corals.
Pigments :
Chlorophyll - Chl 'a' and Chl 'd'
Carotenes - b carotene Phycobilins - R - phycoerythrin (red coloured)Session and R - phycocyanin (blue coloured) (1) On the basis of pigments red algae are similar to blue green algae.
(2) Red algae is deepest algae, found in depth. Stored Food : ALLEN Floridean starch - floridean starch is structurally similar to glycogen and amylopectin
Asexual - Non motile spores
Sexual reproduction -
(I) Sexual reproduction is oogamous and accompanied by complex post fertilization developments.
(II) Life cycle of Polysiphonia is diplobiontic and Batrachospermum is haplobiontic : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 59 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN Economic importance :-
(1) Harveyella - It is a colourless parasitic alga. It remains as parasite on other alga.
(2) Porphyra - It is an edible algae and used as a food.
Frond
P
(3) Gelidium and Gracilaria - Agar - Agar is a hydrocolloid (Phycocolloid) is obtained from these red algae. It is used to prepare culture medium to grow microbes and in prepartion of ice creams and Jellies.
(4) Chondrus crispus - Carrageenin colloid is obtained from this alga. It is used as gelating agent in food industries (i.e. to make the food item viscous)
l Capsule of medicines is also prepared from carrageenin. 2019-20
CLASSES OF ALGAE AND THEIR MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
Classes Common Major Stored Cell Wall Flagellar Habitat Name Pigments Food Number and Position of Insertions
Chlorophyceae Green Chlorophyll Starch Cellulose and 2-8, equal, Fresh water algae a, b SessionPectose apical brackish water, salt water
Phaeophyceae Brown Chlorophyll Mannitol, Cellulose and 2,unequal Fresh water (rare) algae a, c laminarin algin lateral, brackish water, ALLENfucoxanthin salt water Rhodophyceae Red algae Chlorophyll Floridean Cellulose and Absent Fresh water a, d, starch Pectin with (some), brackish phycoerythrin Polysulphate water, salt water ester (most)
Note - Porphyra, Laminaria and Sargassum algae are used as a food. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 60 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g
HABITAT OF SOME IMPORTANT ALGAE
(1) Epizoic - Algae which are present on animals
eg. Cladophora (present on Mollusca shell)
Cyanoderma and Trichophilus (Blue green algae) (Present on sloth bear)
(2) Endozoic - Algae which are present inside the body of animals
eg. Zoochlorella and Zooxenthellae (inside the Hydra)
(3) Parasites - Algae that live as parasite and causes diseases
eg. Cephaleuros (algae remain in the leaves of tea plant)
Cephaleuros causes red rust disease of tea
Name of Algal cell Shape of Chloroplast
l Chara Discoid
l Fritschiella Plate like
l Chalamydomonas Cup-shaped
l Ulothrix Girdle shaped
l Spirogyra Ribbon / Spiral shaped l Zygnema Stellate (Star shaped) 2019-20 l Oedogonium Reticulate
THALLOPHYTA
(1) The term "Thallophyta" was given by "Endlicher". According to two kingdom classification, all the algae, fungi and prokaryotes were placed in thallophyta, Sessionbecause their plant body is thallus.
(2) In thallophyta the male sex organs are called as Antheridia and female sex organs are called as Oogonia. Sex organs are unicellularALLEN & Jacket less [Jacket - layer of sterile cells] (3) The sexual reproduction in thallophyta is isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous.
(4) In thallophyta, sexual reproduction takes place through zygotic meiosis, therefore embryo is not formed. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 61 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN BRYOPHYTA l The term "Bryophyta" was proposed by "Robert Braun". l The study of Bryophytes is known as Bryology. l Hedwig is considered to be the father of Bryology. But according to some scientist it is believed that Cavers is the father of Bryology. l Father of Indian Bryology is Prof. Shiv Ram Kashyap.
General characteristics : 1. Bryophytes are the first land plant. It is believed that, they originated from aquatic plant and they come on land through water. Because some bryophytes have characters similar to aquatic plants (eg. presence of air canal) 2. Bryophytes are known as amphibians of the plant kingdom, because these plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for fertilization. 3. Bryophytes are not considered as the successful land plants because vascular tissue is absent and they need water for fertilization. Due to the absence of vascular tissue bryophytes can not grow very tall. The process of water conduction in bryophytes takes place with the help of parenchyma. Parenchyma is a living tissue. 4. Roots are absent in bryophytes. Stem like and leaf like structure of bryophytes are functionally similar to the stem and leaves of higher plants. 5. Bryophytes are sciophytes, i.e. bryophytes prefer to grow in moist (wet) and shady places.
Life cycle of Bryophytes : 1. The main plant body of bryophyte is haploid. It produces gametes, hence is called a gametophyte. 2. Sex organs are formed on gametophyte. Sex organs are multicellular and jacketed in bryophytes. Male sex organs are called antheridium and female sex organs are called archegonium. Archegonium2019-20 is flask shaped. 3. The male gametes of bryophytes are motile. These motile male gametes are called as antherozoids. Antherozoids are usually comma shaped and biflagellate. Female gamete is called egg.
B ( ) GAMETOPHYTE ( ) P ( ) L & H A A Session( ) ( ) G
M G A E ( ) ( ) S ( ) ALLEN Z S M S (2 ) M S S E (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 62 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 4. In Bryophyta, fertilization is performed by zoidogamy i.e. male gamete swims into water to reache the female gametes and fertilizes it.
5. As a result of the fertilization, a diploid zygote is formed. Zygote does not undergo reduction division (meiosis) immediately. This zygote initiates the sporophytic generation. Sporophytic generation is a diploid stage.
6. Zygote forms embryo and then sporophyte by mitosis. The sporophyte of bryophyta is not made of root, stem and leaves, but it is made of foot, seta and capsule, so it is known as sporogonium.
Some of cells present in capsule of sporophyte function as spore mother cells. Now meiosis takes place in spore mother cells, result of it haploid spores are formed.
7. The germination of spores is direct or indirect. In Liverworts & Hornworts the germination of spore is direct i.e. each spore forms a gametophyte after germination i.e. each spore forms one thallus.
But the germination of spores in Mosses is indirect. In mosses a multicellular filament is formed after the germination of spore. This filament is known as protonema. Now buds are formed on protonema. Each bud develops and forms a gametophyte plant. Indirect germination is best for survival. Mosses are gregarious in nature because they appear in group.
Note : Protonema developed from spores is called primary protonema and the protonema developed from parts other than spores are known as secondary protonema.
l Sexual reproduction in bryophytes is oogamous type and life cycle is halplodiplontic type.
l In Bryophyta the sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte. This is a unique character of bryophyta. Bryophyta is divided in to three classes 1. Hepaticopsida 2. Anthocerotopsida 3. Bryopsida2019-20 or Musci
HEPATICOPSIDA – LIVER WORTS
(i) Bryophytes included in this class have shape like liver (eg. Marchantia) or flat (eg. Riccia) so they are known as liverworts.
(ii) Plant body of this group is thallus like and dorsiventral. Rhizoids and scales are present on thallus.. Rhizoids are unicellular and unbranched. Scales are multicellular. (iii) The leafy members (eg Porella) have tiny leaf like appendagesSession in two rows on the stem like structures. (iv) The sporophyte of Liverworts is completely dependend on gametophyte i.e. it is dependent on gametophyte for food, water and habitat. (v) The sporophyte of LiverwortsALLEN is made up of foot, seta and capsule. (Exception - In Riccia sporophyte is made up of only capsule).
(vi) True Elaters are present in sporophyte of some members of liverworts. (eg. Marchantia). Elaters are hygroscopic and they help in dispersal of spores.
Eg. of Liverworts -
Riccia, Marchantia , Cryptothallus, Porella
Note : (1) In Bryophytes, sporophyte of Riccia is the simplest. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 63 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (2) Asexual (vegetative) reproduction in Liverworts takes place by fragmentation of thalli, or by the formation of specialised structures called gemmae (sing. gemma). Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which develop in small receptacles called gemma cups located on the thalli. The gemmae become detached from the parental body and germinate to form new individuals. Eg. Marchantia
(3) During sexual reproduction male and female sex organs are produced either on same (eg. Riccia) or on different thallus (Eg. Marchantia)
Antheridiophore
Gemma Cup
Rhizoids (A) (B) Marchantia – (A) Male thallus (B)
ANTHOCEROTOPSIDA – HORNWORTS
(i) The plant body of this group is also thallus like. Scales are absent but rhizoids are present on thallus. Rhizoids are unicellular and unbranched.
(ii) The sporophyte of Hornworts is divided into foot and capsule.
(iii) The sporophyte of Hornworts is not completely dependent on its gametophyte i.e. it is partially depend because its sporophyte is photosynthetic therefore it can manufacture its own food. So it does not depend on gametophyte for food, it depends only for water and habitat. 2019-20 (iv) In hornworts at the basal part of capsule, a special, type of meristem is present. Due to the activeness of this meristem, the capsule grows rapidly. It grows like the horn of animals.
eg. Notothylus, Anthoceros
Note : Pseudoelaters are present in hornworts, which help in spores dispersal.
BRYOPSIDA OR MUSCI – MOSSES
(i) All the Mosses are included in this class. The plant body of mosses is made up of stem like, leaf like and rhizoids (roots like). The Rhizoids present in the plantsSession of this class are multicellular, branched and obliquely septate.
Note – The presence of leaf like structure in gametophyte is the unique character of Moss because in plant kingdom any gametophyte do not have leaf like structure. They consist of upright slender axis bearing spirally arranged leaves. ALLEN
(ii) Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by fragmentation and budding in the secondary protonema.
(iii) During sexual reproduction, sex organs are produced at the apex of the leafy shoots.
(iv) The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborated (developed) than that in liverworts. The sporophyte of moss is divided into foot, seta, capsule. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 64 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g (v) The sporophyte of mosses is also partially depend like, that of Hornworts. i.e. it is photosynthetic. The moses have an elaborate mechanism of spore disperal.
Note : Peristomial teeth are present in moss sporophyte which help in spores dispersal.
Antheridial Capsule branch Branches
Seta
Sporophyte Leaves Archegonial branch
Main axis Rhizoids Gametophyte
F , S
Eg. of Mosses :
l Funaria - Rope moss
l Polytrichum - Hair cap moss l Buxbaumia - Saprophytic moss 2019-20 l Sphagnum -
- Peat moss & It is a fossil fuel that obtained from bog. The formation of peat takes place by the
fossilization of Sphagnum. Sphagnum grows in acidic bog. The number of bacteria are less in bog due to which the degradation of dead cell could not takes place. Hence it is present in the
form of fossil.
- Absorbent cotton & Sphagnum canSession absorb water in very high amount, therefore it is used in the form of absorbent cotton in Europe.
– Bryophytes in general are of little economic importance but some mosses provide food for herbaceousALLEN mammals, birds and other animals. Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide peat that have long been used as fuel, and because of their capacity to hold water as packing material for trans-shipment of living material. Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks and hence, are of great ecological importance. They decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants. Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil erosion. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 65 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN PTERIDOPHYTA
Term pteridophyta was proposed by Haeckel The study of pteridophytes is known as pteridology. Pteridophytes are known as reptiles of plant kingdom.
1. Pteridophytes are also called as vascular cryptogames. Pteridophytes are vascular plants i.e. xylem and phloem are present in it. In pteridophytes, vessels in xylem and companion cells in phloem are absent.
2. Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purpose and as soil binders. They are also frequently grown as ornamentals.
3. Pteridophytes are more adapted terrestrial plants as compared to bryophytes. Because -
(i) Vascular tissue is present in pteridophytes.
(ii) They have roots.
4. Pteridophytes are not completely successful terrestrial plants because they need water for fertilization, so pteridophytes grow in cool, shady and moist places.
5. In pteridophyta, the plant body is completely differentiated in to root, stem and leaves.
l The primary root remains alive for short period. After some time it is replaced by adventitious roots.
l Stem is erect or prostrate. When in pteridophytes stem is underground, which is known as rhizome.
l On the basis of leaves, pteridophytes are of two types -
First in which stem is smaller while leaves are larger. They are known as megaphyllous Pteridophytes.
eg. Ferns
Second, in which stem is larger and leaves are smaller. They are called as microphyllous2019-20 Pteridophytes.
eg. Selaginella
LIFE CYCLE OF PTERIDOPHYTES
1. Plant is sporophyte. i.e. diploid and they reproduce by spore formation.
2. Most of the pteriophytes are homosporus i.e. only one type of spores are formed during reproduction. Exception - Some pteridophytes are heterosporus Sessioni.e. two types of spores microspores and megaspores. 3. Formation of spores takes place in sporangia. Sporangia are formed at the abaxial surface of leaves.
4. The leaves on which sporangia are formed are called sporophylls (reproductive leaves) and normal photosynthetic leaves are called trophophylls (vegetative leaves). Sporangia are present in groups, these groups are called sorusALLEN (Plural-sori). Sori are found on sporophylls. Note : In pteridophyta, sporophylls are also photosynthetic. This is a unique character of pteridophyta. 5. Spore mother cells are present in sporangia. Spores are formed with in sporangium by meiosis in spore mother cells and these spores start the gametophytic generation. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 66 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 6. In pteridophyta, the germination of spores is exosporic.
7. In soil, a inconspicuous, small and multicellular gametophyte is formed by the germination of each spore, which is known as prothallus. The formation of gametophyte takes place in the soil therefore it is free (independent) and mostly photosynthetic. These gametophyte require cool, damp, shady places to grow. Because of this specific restricted requirement and the need for water for fertilisation, the spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions.
Note : In some pteriophytes prothallus is saprophytic.
8. There is no relation between the main sporophytic plant and prothallus. Prothallus (gametophyte) is made up of thallus and rhizoids. It is non vascular.
Note : In plant kingdom, gametophyte is always non vascular
9. In homosporus pteridophytes, gametophyte is monoecious.
10. The formation of sex organs takes place on this gametophyte. Male sex organ is called antheridium and female sex organ is called as archegonium. The formation of male gametes takes place in Antheridia which are called as antherozoids.
Antherozoids are spiral and multiflagellate but exceptionaly antherozoid of Selaginella are spindle shaped and biflagellate. Egg is formed in archegonium.
11. Fertilization takes place by zoidogamy and zygote is formed as a result of fertilization. Zygote develops and forms an embryo. Now this embryo develops and forms a sporophytic plant with root, stem, leaf.
l Type of sexual reproduction in pteridophyta is oogamous.
l Their life cycle is diplo-haplontic type. l The unique character of life cycle of Petridophyte is - Independent alternation2019-20 of generation i.e. sporophyte and gametophyte are independent of each other.
S (2 ) S E S (2 ) (2 ) S (2 ) Z Session (2 ) S (2 ) F (Z ) G ALLEN M E A ( ) ( ) S ( ) A ( ) G A P ( ) ( ) : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 67 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN
A
A
R
Ventral surface of fern prothallus
Heterospory :- • In few pteridophytes two types of spores are formed i.e. microspore and megaspores in microsporangium and megasporangium respectively this phenomenon is known as heterospory or heterosporous condition.
• Some heterosporous pteridophytes are :-
• Selaginella, Azolla, Salvinia, Marsilea.
• In heterosporous pteridophytes, microspore produces male gametophyte and megaspore produces female gametophyte hence the gametophytes in these plants are dioecious.
• The development of zygote into young embryo takes place within the female gametophyte and the female gametophyte is retained on the parent sporophyte for variable periods. 2019-20
• This event is precursor of seed habit considered an important step in evolution.
• The developement of male and female gametophytes in these plants takes place inside the microsporangium and megasporangium respectively hence the gametophytes are not completely independent and are not very much developed so they are generally not completely regarded as prothallus.
Pteridophyta is divided in to 4 classes
1. Psilopsida 2. Lycopsida Session3. Sphenopsida 4. Pteropsida 1. Psilopsida :
The most ancient vascular plants are placed in this class. The plants in this class have many primitive characters - ALLEN (i) Their plant body is differentiated in to stem (rhizome), scaly leaves and rhizoids.
living genus in this class - Psilotum ® A living fossil Rhynia and Horneophyton – Fossil plants
2. Lycopsida :
(i) Club mosses are placed in this class. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 68 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g (ii) The plant body of club mosses is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. Leaves are green and photosynthetic and known as trophophylls.
(iii) Sporophylls are present in group at the tip of plant. This groups is called as strobilus or cone.
Lycopodium - Common club moss
It is a medicinal plant. It is used as tonic in Homeopathic medicines.
Selaginella - Spike moss or Resurrection plant. It is known as "Sanjeevani"
Leaves
Stem Roots
S
3. Sphenopsida
(i) In this class Horse tails are included.
(ii) The plant body of horse tails is differentiated into root, stem or rhizome & scaly leaves. (iii) Silica is present in the epidermis of these plants. Due to this, surface of plant2019-20 become rough. If two horse tail plants collide, then there is a dangerous chance of fire in the forest.
(iv) Cone (strobilus) is formed at the apical part of aerial stem.
e.g. Equisetum (Pipe)
SessionStrobilus Node ALLENInternode Branch
Rhizome
Equisetum : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 69 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 4. Pteropsida :
(i) This is the largest group of pteridophytes.
(ii) They are commonly called as ferns. Most of the pteridophytes are ferns.
(iii) Ferns are megaphyllous (macrophyllous) i.e. rhizome is small and leaves are comparatively larger and these leaves are known as 'Fronds'.
(iv) Multicellular hair are present on the young leaf and young rhizome of ferns which are called as ramenta. They are for protection.
(v) Cones are not produced in ferns.
Floating leaves
Sub merged leaves Ramenta Circinate vernation
Rhizome S Adventitious Root F 2019-20 Examples of Ferns :
Azolla - Aquatic fern (Smallest pteridophyte and biofertilizer)
Adiantum - Walking fern : This name is given to them due to rapid vegetative reproduction. Vegetative reproduction in Adiantum takes place by means of leaf tip. It spreads very fast. Alsophila - Tree fern (Largest pteridophyte)Session Pteridium
Dryopteris
Marsilea Pteris ALLEN Salvinia
(1) Some example of Aquatic fern – In aquatic fern sporangia are found in specialised structure called sporocarp.
eg. Marsilea, Azolla, Salvinia
(2) Most of fossil fuels (coal) we obtained presently is the result of fossilization of giants ferns (Pteridophytes). : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 70 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g GYMNOSPERM 1. The gymnosperms (gymnos = naked, sperma = seed) and plants in which the ovule are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilization.
2. Study of Gymnosperm known as Gymnospermology.
l Main plant body of Gymnosperm is divided in to Root, Stem and leaves.
l The roots are generally tap roots.
Note : - Roots in some genera have fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza (Pinus), while in some others (Cycas) small speciallised roots called coralloid roots are associated with N -fixing cyanobacteria. 2
l In Cycas roots are of two types i.e. tap root and coralloid roots.
l The stems are unbranched (Cycas) or branched (Pinus, Cedrus).
l The leaves may be simple or compound.
l In Cycas the pinnate leaves persist for a few years.
l The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to extreme conditions like temperature, humidity and wind.
l In conifers the needle like leaves reduce the surface area, their thick cuticle and sunken stomata also help to reduce water loss. 3. Gymnosperm & Angiosperm are collectively included under spermatophyta i.e. seed2019-20 bearing plants. 4. Gymnosperms are naked seeded plant i.e. no fruit formation takes place in these plant.
In gymnosperm embryo & seed formation takes place but no fruit formation occur.
5. Gymnosperms are very limited in distribution. They are mainly found in cold regions.In India Gymnosperms are found on Himaliayan mountains. They usually occur on slopes of mountain in cold region therefore gymnosperms are xerophyte.
6. All gymnosperms are vascular plants. Therefore vascular tissue present i.e. xylem & phloem. Xylem lacks vessels & phloem lacks companion cells. Session
Note :- l Exceptionally ALLENin xylem of Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia true vessels are present. l Secondary growth takes place in gymnosperms stem, so Gymnosperms stem is woody.
7. Most of the gymnosperms are arborescent (woody) and tree habit - but some are present as shrub.
eg. Ephedra
Some Gymnosperm are liana or woody climbers. eg. Gnetum ula : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 71 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN LIFE CYCLE OF GYMNOSPERM -
1. All gymnosperms are heterosporeus plants. They produce two kinds of haploid spores; microspores and megaspores within microsporangium and megasporangium respectively.
2. Sporangia are borne on sporophylls which are arranged spirally along an axis to born lax (loose) or compact strobilli or cones.
3. The strobilli (sing strobilus) bearing microsporophylls and microsporangia are called microsporangiate cones or male strobilli or male cone.
4. Within microsporangium many microspore mother cells are present which undergo meiosis and produce many haploid microspores. Germination of microspore takes place with in microsporangium hence it is called endosporic germination.
5. The microspore develop into pollen grain and then male gametophyte which is highly reduced and is confined to made of only a limited number of cells (e.g. In Cycas-5 cells and Pinus-6 cells are present in mature male gametophyte).
6. The development of pollen grains take place within the microsporangium.
7. The cones/strobilli bearing cluster group of megasporophylls with megasporangia are called megasporangiate cones or female cones.
8. When the male and female cones are produced on the same tree, the member is known as monoecious eg. Pinus and when male and female cones or megasporophylls are borne on different trees, the member is called dioecious. In Cycas male cones and megasporophylls are borne on different2019-20 tree, so it is dioecious. 9. In gymnospersm the megasporangium is made of a diploid tissue also called nucellus. It is covered with integument (envelope) also hence this composite structure is called integumented megasporangium or ovule.
10. One cell of nucellus (2n) is differentiated into megaspore mother cell and undergoes meiosis to form four haploid megaspores. Three of them degenerate and only one megaspore remains functional.
11. The functional megaspore germinate inside the megasporangium (endosporic germination) and developes into a multicellular female gametophyte also called endosperm(n).
12. The female gametophyte (endosperm) produces twoSession or more archegonia or female sex organs in one ovule.
13. This multicellular but less developed female gametophyte is retained within megasporangium (ovule).
l In bryophytes and pteridophytes,ALLEN the male and female gametophytes have an independent free living existence. l In gymnosperm and angiosperm male and female gametophyte do not have free living existence. They remain within the sporangia retained on the sporophyte.
14. The pollen grain are released from the microsporangium and are carried in air currents (wind pollination = Anemophily) and come in contact with the opening (micropyle) of ovules on megasporophylls. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 72 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 15. Each plllen grain produces pollen tube carrying two male gametes which grows towards archegonia in the ovule and release (discharge) its content (two male gametes) near the mouth of archegonia.
16. One male gamete fuses with female gamete and another male gamete degenerates. The fertilisation is performed which results in zygote and then embryo formation within the ovule.
17. Now fertilized ovule having embryo is called seed.
18. These seed are not covered with ovary wall or fruit wall so they are called naked seeds.
19. Means in gymnosperm seeds are formed but ovary or fruits are not formed, so they are called as naked seeded plants.
20. Seeds containing embryo (2n) form new diploid sporophytic plants on germination.
l Pollinated pollens are strored in pollen chamber of ovule.
FERTILIZATION &
Two types of fertilization take place in gymnosperms
(1) Zoido-siphonogamy & This type of fertilization occurs in lower gymnosperms. Male gametes are motile and
transfered to female gamate by pollen tube.
(2) Siphonogamy & This type of fertilization occur in higher gymnosperms. Male gametes are non motile transferred to female gamete (egg) by pollen tube. After Pollination male & female gametes are fused & form2019-20 a diploid zygote.
l In gymnosperm single fertilization takes place so only zygote is formed through fertilization. In Angiosperm
double fertilization takes places so two product are formed after it (i) Zygote (ii) Endosperm.
l In gymnosperm, endosperm is formed before fertilization by megaspore so it is haploid but in angiosperm endosperm is formed after fertilization by triple fusion (sec. nucleus (2n) + male gamete (n). So, endosperm of angiosperm is triploid. Session
l In angiosperm, fertilization take place by siphonogamy. GymnospermALLEN + Angiosperm = Siphonogama Note :- Different types of polyembryony are found in gymnosperm i.e. occurence of more than one embryos with in seed.
LIFE CYCLE :
Life cycle of Gymnosperm & angiosperm is diplontic because gametophytic generation is short lived. Gametophyte is very reduced & depends on its sporophyte. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 73 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN
Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n)
Male cone (2n) Female cone (2n)
Diploid Microsporophylls (2n) Megasporophylls (2n)
Microsporangium (2n) Megasporangium (Ovule) (2n) Meiosis in microspore mother cells Meiosis in megaspore mother cell Microspores (n) Megaspores (n) Germination Germination Reduced Male gametophyte (Pollen grain) (n) Female gametophyte (n) (Endosperm)
Haploid Male gametes (n) Archegonia (n)
Female gamete (egg) (n)
Fertilization By Zoido–siphonogamy OR 2019-20 Siphonogamy
Zygote (2n) MitosisSession Diploid Embryo (2n) ALLENSeed Sporophyte (2n)
LIFE CYCLE OF GYMNOSPERM : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 74 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g
(Ovule) Integument (Ovule)
Nucellus
(Endosperm)
( )
Micropyle
Endosperm (Female Gametophyte)
( ) ( ) 2019-20
Gymnosperms are divided into two groups
(1) Cycadophyta (Lower Gymnosperm) (2) Coniferophyta (Higher Gymnosperm)
CYCADOPHYTA (A) The plants of this group are megaphyllous or Sessionmacrophyllous with circinate vernation. (B) Presence of Ramenta. (C) Male gamete is motile.
ALLENCycadophyta is divided into three orders (i) Cycadofillicales or Pteridospermae :- This order is completely extinct. Plant of this order known as seed fern. (ii) Benettitales :- (a) It is also a completely extinct group.
eg. Williamsonia - fossil plant Note : Its fossils were discovered by Prof. Birbal Sahani : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 75 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (iii) Cycadales - (a) Presently living cycadophytes are included in this order. (b) All the plants of this group are living fossils.
l Zamia pygmea - Smallest Gymnosperm
l Cycas - Fern palm or Sago palm Sago is obtained from its stem. The diameter of its ovules is 7 cm. Its ovule, male gametes, egg and male cone are largest in plant kingdom. In embryo of Cycas two cotyledons are present. In Cycas male gamates are top shaped. In Cycas female cone is absent.
Leaves Male cone
Megasporophylls
Stem Stem
Cycas Cycas :- (A) Female Plant, 2019-20 (B) Male plant
CONIFEROPHYTA Four orders are included in this group (i) Ginkgoales :-
(a) It is the oldest order of coniferophyta. Maximum plants of this group are extinct. Ginkgo biloba - living fossil - It is also known as "Maiden hair tree". Note : Exceptionally Ginkgo biloba belongs toSession higher gymnosperm but its male gametes are motile.
Dwarf Shoot
ALLENLong Shoot
Seeds
Ginkgo (ii) Cordaitales :- (a) It is completely extinct group : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 76 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g (iii) Coniferales :-
(a) Conifers are included in this group. (b) It is the largest group of gymnosperm
Examples of Coniferales - (a) Pinus (Pines) – A resin "turpentine" is obtained from it.
– It is known as "chilgoza pine" or "chirpine".
(b) Cedrus – It is known as deodar.
(c) Taxus – It is known as Yew tree. An anticancer medicine "Taxol" is obtained
from its bark.
(f) Araucaria – It is known as Christmas tree. (g) Sequoia – The plants in this genus are heavy. It is the largest or tallest tree so that it is called as father of forest. It is called Red wood tree or Sherman tree.
(h) Metasequoia – It is a living fossil.
Male cones
2019-20
Wing Female Microspore (Pollen grain) of Pinus cones (Winged Pollen grain)
Pinus Pinus [Monoecious plant] (iv) Gnetales - Session (a) They are the most advanced gymnosperms.
(b) Exceptionally members of this group have vessels in xylem. (c) ArchegoniaALLEN is absent in the members of this group. eg. (1) Gnetum
(2) Welwitschia (3) Ephedra – Exceptionally archegonia are present in Ephedra.
Ephedra - This gymnosperm is commonly found in Rajasthan. Ephedra is a medicinal plant. Ephedrine (Medicine) is obtained from it. It is an effective medicine in asthma. Athletes misuse it, so ephedrine is restricted for them. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 77 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN There is mainly two requirements for seed formation
(1) Plant should be heterosporus (2) Germination of megaspore should be endosporic
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS :
1. Antheridia is absent in gymnosperm & angiosperm i.e. pteridophyte is last group having antheridia. But archegonia is also absent in angiosperm. So gymnosperm is last group having archegonia.
2. During evolution Gametophyte becomes reduced & sporophyte becomes well-developed.
Very reduced – In Angiosperm ì Gametophyte í î Well developed – In Moss
Very reduced – In Thallophyta (Only zygote) ì Sporophyte í î Well developed – In Angiosperm
GOLDEN KEY POINTS
1. Plant body of algae is not differentiated into root, stem and leaves, such plant body is called thallus/thalloid. 2. Algal sex organs are unicellular and jacketless but exceptionally sex organ of Chara are multicellular and jacketed. 3. Spirullina-BGA and Chlorella is used as a source of food and O by space travellers. 2 4. Algin protects seaweeds against dessication and shocks. 5. Major pigments of Rhodophyceae are chlorophyll–a, d and phycoerythrin. 2019-20 6. Gaudikov's effect is found in both red algae and blue green algae. 7. Bryophytes are amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are dependent on water for fertilization. 8. In bryophyta the sporophyte is depend on gametophyte. 9. Most developed gametophyte in kingdom plantae is found in mosses. 10. Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks hence are of great ecological importance. 11. Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams and first successfulSession terrestrial plants. 12. Prothallus is independent and mostly photosynthetic gametophyte. 13. Selaginella, Salvinia, Marsilea and Azolla are heterosporous pteridophytes, which show precursor of seed habit. 14. Gametophyte is monoecious in homosporous pteridophytes. 15. The ovules are not ALLENenclosed by ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilization in gymnosperms. 16. Integumented megasporangium is called ovule. 17. In gymnosperm single fertilization takes place so only zygote is formed through fertilization. 18. Pollen grains and seeds are winged in Pinus. 19. Ephedra and Taxus are medicinal gymnosperms. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 78 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g BEGINNER'S BOX-4 1. According to Whittaker, kingdom plantae includes all (1) Unicellular, eukaryotic autotrophic plants (2) Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic plants (3) Multicelluler, eukaryotic organisms (4) Unicellular/multicellular eukaryotic autotrophic plants 2. Which of the following thick walled spores protect the algae from unfavourable condition ? (1) Akinetes (2) Aplanospores (3) Hypnospores and Akinetes (4) Zoospores and Aplanospores 3. Which of the following is not found in algae ? (1) Meiosis (2) Embryo (3) Zygote (4) Fertilization 4. In Chladophora isogametes are :- (1) Non flagillated (2) Single flagellated (3) Biflagellated (4) Multiflagellated 5. Coenobium is the colony of :- (1) Volvox (2) Spirogyra (3) Ulothrix (4) Acetabularia 6. Which one is unicellular algae :- (1) Ulothrix (2) Acetabularia (3) Chara (4) Ulva 7. Chondrus algae is used to obtained :- (1) Agar agar (2) Carrageenin (3) Citric acid (4) Aflatoxin 8. True elaters and gemmae are concerned with :- (1) Riccia (2) Marchantia (3) Anthoceros (4) Notothylus 9. The sporophyte of mosses is :- (1) Parasite (2) Semiparasite 2019-20 (3) Free living (4) Differentiated in root, stem and leaves 10. Independent alternation of generation is the unique character of the life cycle of :- (1) Bryophyte (2) Pteridophyte (3) Gymnosperm (4) Spermatophyte 11. Which of the following fern spreads very fast by means of leaf tip ? (1) Pteridium (2) Azolla (3) Adiantum (4) Alsophila 12. The functional megaspore of gymnosperm germinate :- (1) Inside the megaspore mother cell (2) Inside the megasporangium (3) Inside the soil (4)Session Into endosperm after fertilization 13. Which of the following group of members have vessels in xylem exceptionally ? (1) Ginkgoales (2) Coniferales (3) Gnetales (4) Cycadales 14. A plant shows thallus level of organisation. It shows rhizoids and is haploid. It needs water to complete its life cycle because the maleALLEN gametes are motile. Identify the group to which it belongs to :- (1) Bryophytes (2) Pteridophytes (3) Gymnosperms (4) Angiosperms 15. Holdfast, stipe and frond, constitutes the plant body of :- (1) Chlorophyceae (2) Phaeophyceae (3) Bryophyta (4) Cyanophyceae 16. Protonema and prothallus are respectively :- (1) Diploid and Haploid (2) Diploid and Diploid (3) Haploid and Diploid (4) Haploid and Haploid : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 79 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN SOME SPECIAL POINTS
SOME INFORMATIONS RELATED TO BIOTECHNOLOGY WITH RESPECT TO BACTERIA AND FUNGI–
1. Different varieties of cheese are known by their characteristic texture, flavour and taste, the specificity coming from the microbes used. For example, the large holes in swiss cheese are due to production of a large amount of CO by a bacterium named Propionibacterium sharmanii. 2 2. "Toddy" a traditional drink of some parts of southern India is made by fermenting sap from palms with the help of microbes.
3. Streptokinase produced by the bacterium Sterptococcus and modified by genetic engineering is used as a clot buster for removing clots from the blood vessels of patients.
4. Cyclosprin A, that is used as an immunosuppressive agent in organ-transplant patients is produced by the fungus Trichoderma polysporum. Statins produced by the yeast Monascus purpureus have been commercialised as blood-cholestrol lowering agent. BOTANICAL GARDENS, HERBARIA AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(1) Oldest botanical garden is "Padua Botanical Garden" Italy (Established -1545).
(2) Largest Botanical garden in the world is Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, Surrey, England, established by William Aiton, 1759.
(3) Largest herbarium of the world is ‘‘Museum of Natural History’’ – Paris – with a collection of 8880000 specimens.
(4) Largest Botanical Garden of Asia is Indian Botanical Garden, Sibpur, Kolkota. Established by Robert Kyd, 1786. * Largest herbarium of Asia is Central National Herbarium located in Indian2019-20 Botanical Ga rde n, with a collection of 25 lakh specimens.
* Indian Botanical Garden is famous due to the presence of "Great Banyan Tree" in its campus.
* In campus of Indian Botanical Garden Botanical Survey of India (BSI) is present which is established by William Rouxburgh 1890.
* BSI ® Botanical Survey in India is done by BSI (5) National Botanical Garden, Lucknow. NationalSession Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) is located in National Botanical Garden.
(6) Forest Botanical Garden, Dehradun - Forest Research Institute (FRI)is located in Forest Botanical Garden. (7) Lloyd Botanical GardenALLEN – Darjeeling. (8) CDRI - Central Drug Research Institute - Lucknow
(9) CAZRI - Central Arid Zone Reserch Institute - Jodhpur
(10) CIMAP - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Lucknow
(11) IARI - Indian Agriculture Research Inst. (Pusa Inst.) - New Delhi
(12) Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany (National inst. of paleobotany) - Lucknow : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 80 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g
1. The protist in which cell size decreases with each 4. In Bentham and Hooker’s classification position division are :– of some families like Ceratophyllaceae, Salicaceae (1) Diatom (2) Dinoflagellates and Empetraceae not fixed and these families unrelated to each other were placed in a group (3) Euglenoids (4) Slime molds ‘‘Ordines anomali’’. This group belongs to:– 2. ‘‘Systematics, is the study of diversity of organisms (1) Polypetalae and all their comparative and evolution (2) Gamopetalae relationship’’. Above statement is related to :– (3) Monochlamydeae (1) Mendal (2) Mayer (4) Gymnospermae (3) G.Simpson (4) Haeckel 5...... is known as incomplete because 3. Which of the following statement is correct:– in this sub class sepals and petals are not distinct. (1) When volution granules stained by basic Flowers usually posses only one whorl of perianth dyes, these granules show different colours. which is sepaloid :– Therefore they are also termed as (1) Polypetalae (2) Gamopetalae metachromatic granules. (3) Monochlamydae (4) Both (1) & (2) (2) The volution granules are phosphate 6. According to Bentham and Hooker’s classification polymers and function as a storage reservoir which family/order was considered most primitive for phosphate. (1) Ranunculaceae/Ranales (3) Bacterial DNA is attached to cell membrane (2) Orchidaceae/Orchidales and the membrane may be involved in separation of duplicated DNA into daughter (3) Malvaceae/Malvales cells during division. (4) Brassicaceae/Parietales (4) All of the above 2019-20 ALLENSession
ANSWER KEY Que. 123456 Ans.134331 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 E 81 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN ANSWER KEY
Que. 12345678 BEGINNER'S BOX-1 Ans.24412122
Que. 12345678910 BEGINNER'S BOX-2 Ans.3224232313
Que. 12345678910 BEGINNER'S BOX-3 Ans.4121142111 Que. 11 12 13 Ans.431
Que. 12345678910 BEGINNER'S BOX-4 Ans.2323122222 Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ans.323124
2019-20 ALLENSession : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 03- LAN . 65 82 E P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN HISTORY l Virus : Latin word, which means "poisonous fluid" or "venom" or "secretion" (According to Pasture). l Ivanowsky separated a micro organism from the sap of infected plant and named "TMV". He reported that viruses are smaller than bacteria and they can pass through the bacterial proof filters. l Beijerinck demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid as "Contagium vivum fluidum" (Infectious living fluid) l Stanley crystallized TMV first time and Nobel prize was awarded to him.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF VIRUSES
1. These are submicroscopic & non-cellular organisms generally smaller than 200 mµ/200nm.
2. They are obligate intracellular parasites.
3. They have either RNA or DNA. No virus contains both DNA and RNA.
4. They are inert out side their specific host cell in crystalline form.
5. They contain nucleic acid so they are capable of protein synthesis by the help of ribosomes of host cell.
MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES
Size of Viruses : 2019-20 l TMV - 300 mm × 20 mm or 300 nm × 20 nm
SHAPE
l Spherical - Influenza virus, HIV
l Rod shaped – TMV l Tadpole like – Bacteriophage
Chemical composition : 1. Nucleic acid : Either RNA or DNA Session l Generally in plant viruses, ssRNA is present but in Cauliflower mosaic virus dsDNA is present but Gemini viruses (curly top virus) have ssDNA. l Generally in animal viruses,ALLEN double stranded DNA is present but in some animal viruses, RNA is present. Which is single or double stranded.
2. Protein coat : l It is known as capsid and made up of small sub unit called capsomeres. l Central core & Capsid are collectively known as nucleocapsid. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 132 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g Symmetry of viruses :
1. Helical symmetry: Capsomeres are arranged in helical manner in the capsid, e.g.. TMV and Mumps virus etc.
2. Icosahedral : It is a type of polyhedral e.g., Herpes virus, Adeno virus, f × 174 bacteriophage SOME IMPORTANT VIRUSES
1. TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)
C It is the most thoroughly studied virus and was discovered C l RNA by the Russian worker D. Ivanowsky (1892). ( )
l It has helical symmetry.
l Having single stranded RNA
l In its capsid number of capsomeres are 2130.
l 5% RNA and 95% protein are present in TMV.
2. Bacteriophage Virus STRUCTURE OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
The Virus which infect the bacteria are called bacteriphage.
l Bacteriophage was discovered by F.W. Twort and Named by Felix d' Herelle
l Bacteriophages are generally double stranded DNA virus. H In QB - bacteriophage - ss RNA is present.
In × 174 – bacteriophage - ss DNA is present. C l f S 2019-20 T Types of bacteriophages :
Broadly of 2 types - Depending on the interaction of T phages with bacterial cell.
1. Non-virulent phages or Temperate phage or Lysogenic B phage.
2. Virulent phages or Lytic phage. Transduction : Session When a bacteriophage transfers of genetic material from one bacterium (Donor cell) to another bacterium (receptor cell) it is called transduction. Discovered by - ZinderALLEN & Lederberg (1952) in Salmonella typhimurium. Plant Diseases coused by viruses :- 1. Tobacco mosaic disease. 2. Leaf curl of papaya. 3. Yellow vein mosaic of lady finger. 4. Potato leaf roll 5. Bunchy top of banana. 6. Tungro disease of rice. 7. Tomato leaf curl. 8. Chlorosis, necrosis, dwarfing and stunted growth are also caused by virus. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 133 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 3. Cyanophage
The virus which infect blue green algae are known as cyanophage. Double stranded DNA. e.g. LPP-1
4. Mycophages
Viruses, infecting fungi are called Mycophages. ds RNA present.
Viroids (Free infectious RNA) l T.O. Diener (1971) discovered some new infectious agents, which are smaller than viruses, called viroids. l Viroids contain only very low molecular weight RNA (ss RNA) and not the protein coat. l Viroids cause Potato spindle tuber disease,
Prions or Slow viruses Smallest Proteinaceous infectious agent. Prions : In modern medicine certain infections neurological diseases were found to be transmitted by an agent consisted of abnormally folded protein. The agent was similar in size to viruses. These agents were called prions. The most notable diseases caused by prions are bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) commonly called mad cow disease in cattle and its analogous variant Cr–Jacob disease (CJD-Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease) in humans. Prions also causes Kuru (laughing death) disease in human and scrapie disease in sheep. Note :- In general, virus that infect plants have ssRNA and viruses that infect animals have either ss or dsRNA or dsDNA.
Plant Viruses Virus Genetic material (1) TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) ss RNA (2) AMV (Alfalfa moasic virus) ss RNA (3) Tobacco necrosis setellite virus ss RNA2019-20 (4) Gemini virus (eg. curly top virus) ss DNA (5) Cauliflower mosaic virus ds DNA (6) Rice dwarf virus ds RNA
Animal Viruses Virus Genetic material (1) Adeno virus ds DNA (non circular) (2) Herpes virus ds DNA (3) Reo virus Sessionds RNA (4) Mumps virus ss RNA (5) Retro virus ss RNA
ALLENBacteriophage Viruses Virus Genetic material (1) QB bacteriophage ds DNA (2) f × 174 bacteriophage ss DNA (3) Temperate phage or l-phase (Lambda phase) ds Linear DNA (4)T & T bacteriophage ds DNA 2 4
Note – Wound tumor virus (ds RNA) – It is an invertibrate and plant virus found in the united state of America. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 134 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g LICHEN
l The term "Lichen" was first given by Theophrastus
l Study of lichen called as Lichenology. l Erik Acharius - father of Lichenology. l Algal component of lichen synthesize carbohydrates by photosynthesis and provides nutrition to fungal component and fungal component provides shelter and absorbs mineral nutrients and water for its partner. Hence lichen is an example of symbiosis.
l Lichens are distinct group of organism having two components i.e. algal component called Phycobiont/ Photobiont and fungal component called Mycobiont.
l Crombie - gave the master-slave hypothesis for this association. It is also called helotism (Most accepted association now a days).
l Major part of lichen's thallus is composed of fungal component.
ON THE BASIS OF THEIR FUNGAL COMPONENT - A. Ascolichen :-
l In Ascolichen fungal partner is the member of ascomycetes l Most of the lichens are Ascolichen
l In Ascolichens, algal partner is mostly member of green algae and rarely of blue green algae. B. Basidiolichen :- 2019-20 l In basidiolichen, fungal partner belongs to basidiomycetes.
l In basidiolichen, algal partner is always a member of Myxophyceae (B.G.A.). Note : 1. In 80% cases of lichen algal partner is member of green algae or chlorophyceae and in 20% cases
blue green algae. 2. Trebouxia [most common unicellular green alga in lichen] 3. Blue green algae found in lichen are :- Nostoc, Scytonema,Session Anabaena, Rivularia etc . 4. No phycolichen is discovered so far.
CLASSIFICATION ON THEALLEN BASIS OF TYPES OF THALLUS - Lichens are of three types -
1. Crustose lichen - These lichen thalli are flat. The thallus is closely adhered to the substratum (rocky substratum) and provides a crust like appearance.
e.g - Graphis : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 135 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 2. Foliose lichen-These lichens are flat,leaf-like and lobed. They are attached to the substratum with the help of rhizoid like rhizines. These hairy structures are developed from lower (ventral) side of thallus by the fugal hyphae. A
eg. Parmelia
3. Fruticose lichen - These lichens are well developed, shrub like, cylindrical and branched. They grow erect (Ex. Cladonia) or hang from
substratum (Ex. Usnea). They are attached to the substratum by their basal mucilagenous disc. DIFFERENT FORMS OF LICHENS Note : Lichen reproduce usually by Soredium A = C B = A C = F D = F formation.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF LICHEN As Food & Fooder :-
l Cladonia rangiferina (reindeer moss) in tundra region.
l Species of Parmelia are called "rock flower" and used as food in South India. Its species are used as curry powder in India. 2019-20 Lichen as a source of dye :
l Litmus (acid-base indicator) is obtained from Roccella tinctoria Lichen as source of medicine :
l Usnic acid is important broad spectrum antibiotic and it is obtained from Usnea and Cladonia.
l Peltigera canina is used against hydrophobia. l Cetraria islandica is used as Laxative Session Indicator of air pollution :
Lichens are very sensitive to SO and die at higher level of SO . l 2 2 l So lichens are not found in industrial areas where atmosphere is polluted by smoke (specially SO ), So ALLEN2 lichens are biological indicator of air pollution.
Forest fire :
l Usnea, popularly known as "old man's beard", is of inflammable nature.It is responsible for forest fire during summer season. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 136 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g MYCORRHIZA
l Mycorrhiza is the symbiotic association between roots of higher plants and fungus. Mycorrhiza is an example of symbiosis. Fungus obtain food and shelter from root and it helps to root in absorption of water & minerals. Mycorrhiza name was given by "Frank" (1885).
l Mycorrhiza are of two types
(a) Ectomycorrhiza/Ectotrophic mycorrhiza : (occur only in about 3% of plant species)
l In this type of mycorrhiza, surface of root is completely covered by pseudo parenchymatous sheath, formed by fungal hyphae.
l Fungal hyphae enter intercellularly between cortical cells of root and form a net called "Hartig net".
l Ectomycorrhizal fungi occurs in the roots of Pinus, Fagus, Abies, Oak, Eucalyptus etc.
l Ectomycorrhizal fungi are mainly members of class basidiomycetes. e.g. Clavatia, Amanita, Hebeloma, Laccaria, Pisolithus etc.
Note : Amanita is found in Pinus roots where as Russula is found in Fagus roots.
(b) Endomycorrhiza/Endotrophic mycorrhiza :
l In this type of mycorrhiza fungus does not form pseudo parenchymatous sheath.
l Some fungal hyphae enter intracellularly in cortical cells of root. Intracellular2019-20 fungal hyphae form unbranched knob like structures called as vesicle, and form branched tree like structures in cortical cells, called "arbuscule". So, endomycorrhiza is called Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM). Arbuscule acts as haustorium.
l VAM is useful for phosphate absorption.
l Endomycorrhizal fungi are mainly member of class zygomycetes (Ex. Glomus) but some members of Endomycorrhizal fungi belongs to BasidiomycetesSession (Ex. Corticium, Rhizoctonia ) Note :
l Endomycorrhizae fungi occur in the roots of orchids. Armillaria (class basidiomycetes) fungus is found in orchidALLEN roots.
l Orchids are obligately dependent on mycorrhizal association for seed germination & further development. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 137 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN
Biology ; Bios = Life, Logos = Study/discourse; means study of life is biology. l ‘‘Biology is the science of life forms and living processes’’. l ‘‘Biology is the story of life on earth’’ l ‘‘Biology is the story of evolution of living organisms on earth’’ (A) Early man could easily differentiate between living (animate) beings and non living (inanimate) matters on the basis of his little knowledge about nature. (B) Societies which were indulged in anthropocentric (human science) view of biology could not make good progress in the field of biology because their main aim was to know about human. (C) Systematic and monumental description of life forms made human to make a detailed system of identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms i.e. Taxonomy (D) All the organisms have been evolved by a very long and complex process of evolution, so they all are related to each other by sharing of some common genetic material but upto varying degrees. This sharing may be less or more among different cases.
FUTURE c i t e n l e a g i
r f
Organisms of e
PRESENT o t
a r e m f
s n a r 2019-20 PAST T
(E) When human came to know this fact then he humbled and led to cultural movements for conservation of biodiversity. (F) Sharing of common characters was also proved when human studied the similarities among living organisms both horizontally and vertically.
THE LIVING WORLD : Session (i) The living world is full of amazing diversity of living organisms.
(ii) The diversity of habitats of organisms is also very vast and amazing. (iii) This diversity makesALLEN us deeply reflect on ‘‘What indeed is life’’ ? This question actually asks to solve two problems. (a) First is a technical ® What living is as opposed to the non living means Living v/s Non living (b) Second is a philosophical one ® what the purpose of life is ? As scientists we will try to solve the first question, because the second question is more related to philosophy rather science. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 138 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g What is Living : Following are the main characters of ‘‘living’’ – I. GROWTH Not the defining properties/characteres/features II. REPRODUCTION
III. METABOLISM IV. CELLULAR ORGANISATION Defining properties/characters/features V. CONSCIOUSNESS
The character which has no exception is called as defining property of life. I. Growth
1. Increase in masss or overall size of a tissue or organism or its parts is called growth. 2. Increase in mass and increase in number of individuals are twin characters of growth.
3. Growth is an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts or even of an individual cell. 4. Growth is the result of metabolism, when the synthetic reactions or anabolism is more than that of the
destructive processes or catabolism, growth occurs.
5. In the reverse situation (Less Anabolism, More catabolism) there will be ‘Degrowth’ or negative growth. 6. Growth is of two types :- (a) Intrinsic growth :- This growth is from inside of the body of living organisms. (b) Extrinsic growth :- This growth is from outside i.e. accumulation of material on any body surface Non
living exhibts this type of growth. 7. Growth is of two types — (a) Indeterminate growth = Unlimited growth. Growth which occurs continuously throughout their life span is indeterminate growth or unlimited growth. It occurs in plants and not in animals. (b) Determinate growth = Limited growth ® Growth which occurs only upto a2019-20 certain age is determinate growth or Limited growth It occurs in animals. However, cell division occurs in certain tissues to replace lost cells.
8. In majority of higher plants and animals, growth and reproduction are mutually exclusive events.
9. Because both living and nonliving exhibit growth so it can not be taken as defining property. 10. Growth from inside (intrinsic growth) can be taken as defining property. II. Reproduction :
Production of new individual or progeny is called as reproduction.Session A Reproduction in case of multicellular organisms is production of progeny possessing features more or less
similar to those of parents. B Reproduction in caseALLEN of unicellular organisms like bacteria, unicellular algae or Amoeba is increase in number of cells. Means in unicellular organisms the growth and reproduction are synonyms or same.
C Reproduction is not found in any nonliving object.
D There are many living organisms which can/do not reproduce like mules, sterile human couples, worker bees.
E So the reproduction also can not be taken as defining characteristic of living organisms.
l Reproduction is of two types. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 139 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN (i) Asexual Reproduction :- Reproduction in which gametic fusion or fertilisation and meiosis are not involved is Asexual Reproduction. Many methods of asexual reproduction are there.
(a) By Asexual spores :- In algae and fungi
(b) By Budding :- In Yeast and Hydra
(c) By Fragmentation :- In Filamentous algae, fungi and the protonema of moss plants
(d) True Regeneration (Morphallaxis type) :- Fragmented organisms regenerate the lost part of its body and become a new organism. e.g. Planaria
Note : Regeneration (Epimorphosis type) is a process in which only the lost part of the body is repaired or regained e.g., Star fish, Lizard.
(ii) Sexual Reproduction :- Reproduction in which gametes are formed by meiosis and fertilisation also takes place to form progeny is called as sexual reproduction.
III. Metabolism :-
1. The sum total of all the chemical reactions occuring in our body is metabolism.
2. All living organisms, both unicellular and multicellular exhibit metabolism.
3. No non-living object shows metabolism.
4. In this way metabolism is a defining character of living organisms because it has no exceptions.
5. Now we have known most of the chemical or metabolic reactions occuring in our body so we can demonstrate many of them in a cell free medium or in a test tube in lab. 6. The isolated metabolic reaction outside the body of an organism, performed in a test2019-20 tube (in-vitro) is neither living nor nonliving.
7. These isolated reactions can not be regarded as living things, but they are definitely living reactions because they are similar to the reactions performing in our body.
8. Here we should not forget the fact that metabolism is the total sum of all the chemical reactions performing in our body, it is not the sum of few or more living reactions.
9. All organisms are made of small or big chemicals. These chemicals perform thousands of reactions and form some other chemicals also in the bodies of living organisms.Session
10. All plants, animals, fungi and microbes exhibit metabolism. IV. Cellulalr OrganisationALLEN : 1. Cell is the basic unit of life.
2. All living organisms are composed of cells. Some are composed of a single cell and are called as Unicellular Organisms while other like us composed of many cells, are called multicellular organisms.
3. Unicellular organisms are capable of independent existence and performing essential functions of life. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 140 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 4. Anything less than a complete structure of a cell, does not ensure independent living. Hence, cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
5. In this way the cellular organisation is proved to be defining property of all living organisms.
V. Consciousness :
1. Ability to sense the surrounding environments and respond to these environmental stimuli is called as consciousness.
2. Consciousness is the most obvious and technically complicated feature of all living organisms.
3. We sense these physical, chemical or biological stimuli through our sense organs.
4. Plants also sense and respond to external factors like light, water, temperature, other organisms, pollutants etc.
5. All organisms from the prokaryotes to complex eukaryotes show consciousness to environmental cues.
6. Some common examples of consciousness can be seen in organisms, like – Plants perform flowering in a particular season (photoperiodism), Some animals perform breeding in a particular season only (seasonal breeders), and all organisms handle the chemicals entering their bodies etc.
7. When human is concerned a very high level of consciousness is found in us because of our very well developed nervous system and supreme level of skill of communication which is called as self-consciousness.2019-20
8. Human is very fast to respond towards the external stimuli and even it can think or predict about possible changes of surroundings also so it can prepare itself according to the surrounding situations. Further human can even change its surrounding situations upto a limit so this topmost or climax level of consciousness is regarded as self-consciousness, which can not be seen elsewhere. 9. Self-consciousness is thought to be present only in human.Session 10. The brain dead coma patient who is supported by machines which replace heart and lungs also has consciousness so it is living but it does not has self consciousness because it has lost the co-ordination of organs of different body parts. ALLEN 11. Means all the living phenomena are due to underlying interactions between different components of an individual or organ or tissue or cell.
12. Living organisms are self replicating, evolving, and self regulating interactive system capable of responding to external stimuli. Adaptations and homeostasis are also very important charecters of living. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 141 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN
2019-20 ALLENSession : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 06- I M C HI A. 65 142 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g EXERCISE-I (C Q ) B U Y U
NOMENCLATURE, CLASSIFICATION, SPECIES 10. Plant nomenclature means :- CONCEPT (1) To give names to plants without any rules (2) Nomenclature of plants under the international 1. Mayr proposed which type of concept of species:- rules (1) Taxononic concept (3) Nomenclature of plants in local language (2) Biological concept (4) Nomenclature of plants in english language (3) Taxonomic and Biological concept (4) Genetic concept 11. Taxonomy term given by :- (1) Linnaeus (2) Mayr 2. Artificial system of classification classifies plants on (3) Haeckel (4) A.P. de. Candolle the basis of :- (1) One or two characters 12. Which of the following is a correct name ? (1) Solanum tuberosum (2) Phylogenetic trends (2) Solanum Tuberosum (3) Many naturally existing characters (3) Solanum tuberosum Linn. (4) None of the above (4) All the above 3. The term systematics was introduced by :- 13. Systematics deals with :- (1) Mayr (2) Bentham (1) Classification (2) Nomenclature (3) Hutchinson (4) Linnaeus (3) Identification (4) All of these
4. Group of organisms that closely resemble each other 14. Scientific name of Mango plant is Mangifera indica and freely interbreed in nature, constitute a:- Linn. in the above name Linn. refers to :- (1) Species (2) Genus (1) Variety of Mango (3) Family (4) Taxon (2) A taxonomist who proposed the present nomenclature in honour of linnaeus 5. ICBN was first published in :- (3) A scientist who for the2019-20 first time described Mango (1) 1961 (2) 1964 plant (3) 1975 (4) 1753 (4) A scientist who changed the name proposed by 6. The term taxon refers to :- Linnaeus and proposed present name (1) Name of a species 15. Phylogeny refers to :- (2) Name of genus (1) Natural classification (3) Name of family (2) Evolutionary classification (4) A taxonomic group of any rank (3) Evolutionary history (4) Origin of algae 7. The scientific naming of plants begain with Session publication of Linnaeus book :- 16. Biological concept of species is given by :- (1) Genera plantarum (2) Systema naturae (1) Aristotle (2) Bentham (3) Species plantarum (4) Charaka sanhita (3) Koch (4) Mayr
8. Which book most ALLENimpressed the opinion of 17. In taxonomy the first step is :- taxonomists ? (1) Identification (2) Nomenclature (1) Enquiry into plants (2) Origin of life (3) Classification (4) Affinities (3) Genera plantarum (4) Origin of species 18. A large number of unknown species of plants and 9. The basic smallest unit of classifications is :- animals are believed to be present in :- (1) Genus (2) Species (1) Temperate forests (2) Antarctica (3) Order (4) All of the above (3) Taiga (4) Tropical forest : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 83 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 19. Who wrote systema naturae ? 28. Trinomial nomenclature of classification was (1) Linnaeus (2) Mayr proposed by :– (3) John Ray (4) De Candolle (1) Linnaeus
20. For higher plants, flowers are chiefly used as a basis (2) Huxley and Stricklandt of classification, because :– (3) John–Ray (1) These show a great variety in colour (4) Theophrastus (2) It can be preserved easily 29. Most of the botanical names are derived from the (3) Reproductive parts are more conservative than following language :– vegetative parts (1) German (2) Greek (4) None of these (3) Latin (4) Spanish 21. Who wrote species plantarum ? 30. Evolutionary classification is called :– (1) Linnaeus (2) Mayr (1) Artificial system (2) Natural system (3) Bentham (4) Aristotle (3) Phylogenetic system (4) None of the above
22. The binomial system of nomenclature was given by 31. Which of the following statements regarding :– nomenclature is correct ? (1) Magnus (2) Linnaeus (1) Generic name always begins with capital letter (3) Caesalpinno (4) Discorides whereas specific epithet with small letter 23. Who is regarded as "Darwin of 20th century" ? (2) Scientific nomenclature should be printed in italics (1) John Ray (2) Lamarck (3) Scientific nomenclature when typed or handwritten (3) Ernst Mayr (4) Darwin should be separately underlined (4) All the above 24. A division is formed by combining several :– (1) Orders (2) Families HISTORY OF TAXONOMY (3) Classes (4) Tribes 32. According to Whittaker, 2019-20BGA are included in :- 25. For declaration of new species of higher plants what (1) Mycota (2) Protista characters are mainly used :– (3) Plantae (4) Monera
(1) Floral character of new species 33. By Bentham-Hooker, how many families are placed (2) Anatomical characters of new species in gymnospermae class :- (3) Physiological character of new species (1) 86 (2) 88 (4) Character of endosperm (3) 45 (4) 3 26. The standared size of herbarium sheets is :– Session34. "Genera Plantarum" was written by :- (1) 11.5" ´ 16.5" (1) Engler and Prantal (2) Hutchinson (2) 15.5" ´ 16.5" (3) Bentham & Hooker (4) Bessey (3) 18.5" ´ 10.5" 35. Chief merit of Bentham and Hooker's classification (4) 20.5" ´ 21.5" ALLENis that :- (1) It is a system mostly based on evolutionary 27. Which statement is true ? concepts (1) Tautonyms are not allowed in plants (2) It is a natural systems of classification of all groups (2) Tautonyms are not allowed in animals of plants (3) Tautonyms normally allowed in animals and (3) The description of the taxa are based on actual some time allowed in plants observation of the specimen (4) Tautonyms allowed only in bacteria (4) It also considers the phylogenetic aspects : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 84 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 36. The system of classification proposed by Bentham 45. Carolus Linnaeus classified plant kingdom on the and Hooker is :- basis of :- (1) Artificial (2) Natural (1) Floral morphology (3) Phylogenetic (4) Numerical (2) Overall morphology of plants (3) Type of sexual reproduction 37. The classification of Linnaeus was mainly based on :- (4) Anatomical character (1) Sepals (2) Stem (3) Petals (4) Stamens 46. First plant classification was given by :– (1) Linnaeus (2) John–Ray 38. Kingdom Monera comprises the :- (1) Plants of economic importance (3) Aristotle (4) Darwin (2) All the plants studied in botany 47. According to Benthum & Hooker total families of (3) Prokaryotic organisms real flowering plants :– (4) Plants of Thallophyta group (1) 202 (2) 199 (3) 34 (4) 85 39. Whittaker is famous for :- 48. The word Cryptogamia was coined by :– (1) Two kingdom classification (1) Theophrastus (2) Linnaeus (2) Four kingdom classification (3) Bentham & Hooker (4) John–Ray (3) Five kingdom classification (4) Distinguishing in Bacteria & blue gree Algae 49. "Systema Naturae" book was written by:- (1) Angler and Prantle (2) Darwin 40. System of classification proposed by Linnaeus was:- (3) Linnaeus (4) Oswald & Tippo (1) Artificial (2) Natural (3) Sexual (4) (1) and (3) both 50. According to Whittaker kingdom protista includes:- (1) Prokaryotes 41. The group "Plantae" proposed by Whittaker (2) Unicellular eukaryotes includes:- (3) Slime molds & protozoa (1) Pteridophytes (2) Gymnosperms (4) Multicellular & eukaryotes (3) Angiosperms (4) All the above 2019-20 KINGDOM – MONERA 42. In Whittaker's five kingdom classification, eucaryotes were assigned to :- 51. Infoldings of plasma membrane in bacteria are (1) All the five kingdom called as :- (2) Only four of the five kingdoms (1) Episomes (2) Plasmid (3) Only three kingdom (3) Pili (4) Mesosomes (4) Only one kingdom 52. The organisms participating most actively in nitrogen 43. The book genera plantarum which contains the Sessioncycle in nature are :- classification of seed plants was wrote by :- (1) Bacteria (2) Legumes (1) Linnaeus (2) De jussieu (3) Parasitic algae (4) Fungi (3) Bentham and Hooker (4) Eichler 53. Heterocyst is a structure which is associated with 44. "Theorie elementaireALLEN de la botanique" is the book (1) Reproduction (2) Respiration of:- (3) Nitrogen fixation (4) Locomotion (1) Takhtajan (2) De Candolle 54. Trichodesmium erythrium which imparts red colour (3) Eichler to sea water of red sea is a : (4) Linnaeus (1) Cyanobacterium (2) Red Algae (3) Diatom (4) Red Coral : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 85 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 55. Archaebacterial cell lacks :- 64. Which of the following performs respiration with (1) Peptidoglycan the help of plasma membrane ? (2) DNA (1) Bacteria (2) Algae (3) Ribosomes (3) Fungi (4) All the above (4) Branched Chain Lipids 65. Richest source of bacteria is : - 56. Most common method of reproduction in (1) Air (2) Soil procaryotes :- (3) Water (4) Milk (1) Budding (2) Binary fission 66. The most primitive monerans are :- (3) Transduction (4) Conjugation (1) Archaebacteria (2) Eubacteria 57. Harmful activity of Blue green algae is:- (3) Filamentous bacteria (4) Cyanobacteria (1) Denitrification 67. Organisms which obtain energy by the oxidation of (2) Water - bloom reduced inorganic compounds are called (3) Increase alkalinity of soil (1) Photo autotrophs (4) Decrease fertility of soil (2) Chemo autotrophs 58. The function of mesosome in prokaryotes is:- (3) Saprozoic (1) Aerobic respiration (4) Heterotrophs (2) Cell wall formation 68. Which bacteria are utilized in Gober gas plant ? (3) Both (1) and (2) (1) Methanogens (4) N - fixation 2 (2) Nitrifying bacteria 59. During the rainy season ground surface become (3) Ammonifying bacteria slippery due to:- (4) Denitrifying bacteria (1) Fungi (2) Blue green algae 69. Plasmid are (3) Bryophytes (4) Slime molds (1) Virus 60. Photosynthesis of Blue green algae is:- (2) New types of micro 2019-20organism (1) Oxygenic (3) Extra chromosomal genetic material of bacteria (2) Non oxygenic (4) Essential bacterial genetic materials (3) Both oxygenic and non oxygenic 70. A free living aerobic bacteria capable of fixing (4) None nitrogen is 61. Which of the following is the only group of organisms (1) Azotobactor capable of using inorganic compounds as source (2) Rhizobium of energy ? (3) Clostridium botulinum (1) Fungi Session(4) Streptomyces (2) Chemo autotrophs (3) Both the above 71. Wine turns sour becasue of :- (4) None of the above (1) Heat (2) Aerobic bacteria 62. Link between prokaryotesALLEN and multicellular (3) Anaerobic bacteria eukaryotes :– (4) Exposure to the light (1) Cyanobacteria (2) Protista 72. Which one of the following fixes CO in to (3) Fungi (4) Plants 2 carbohydrates ? 63. Which structure of prokaryotes is analogous to (1) Rhizobium (2) E.coli lysosome ? (3) Bacillus (4) Rhodospirillum (1) Mesosome (2) Genophore (3) Periplasmic space (4) Perinuclear space : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 86 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 73. Antibiotics are mostly obtained from :- KINGDOM-PROTISTA (1) Bacteria (2) Viruses (3) Fungi (4) Angiosperm 84. "Golden Algae" is the common name of Algae belonging to :- 74. The main difference between gram Å and gram (1) Chrysophyta (2) Pyrrophyta Q resides in the composition of :- (3) Euglenophyta (4) Cyanophyta (1) Cilia (2) Cell-wall (3) Cell-membrane (4) Cytoplasm 85. Armoured cell wall and biflagellated cells are characteristic of :- 75. Free living nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in- (1) Chrysophyta (2) Pyrrophyta (1) Air (2) Soil (3) Euglenophyta (4) Cyanophyta (3) Root nodules (4) None of above 86. Oils and Leucosine are characteristic stored food 76. Cell membrane of bacteria is made up of - in :- (1) Cellulose and lipid (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Euglenoids (2) Chitin (3) Diatoms (4) None (3) Lipid + Protein (4) Protein and Cellulose 87. Armoured algae are :- (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Euglenoids 77. Which organism is most useful for soil fertility ? (3) Red algae (4) Cyanobacteria (1) Bryophyta (2) Fungi (3) Bacteria (4) Bacteriophage 88. The diatoms do not easily decay like most of the other Algae because:- 78. Bacterial flagella are made of- (1) They have water proof cells (1) Carbohydrate (2) Lipid (2) Their walls are mucilagenous (3) Protein (4) Amide (3) They have highly siliceous wall 79. The mode of the nutrition of bacteria is usually- (4) They are non living (1) Photo autotrophic 89. "Keiselgurh" a heat resistant2019-20 material is obtained (2) Chemo autotrophic from :- (3) Heterotrophic and autotrophic (1) Red Algae (2) Brown Algae (4) None (3) Diatoms (4) Fungi 80. Fertility of soil is increased by- 90. The diatomaceous earth is used to insulate boilers (1) Nitrogen - fixing bacteria and steam pipes because:- (2) Denitrifying bacteria (1) The wall of diatoms is deposited with calcium (3) Plasmalemma (2) The diatomaceous earth is cheap (4) Cell membrane Session(3) It is a good conductor of heat 81. Plant pathogenic bacteria are :- (4) The wall of diatoms is made of silica (1) Gram Å (2) Gram Q 91. Shell of diatoms is made up of :– (3) Both (4) None (1) Silica 82. Souring of milk is dueALLEN to - (2) Calcium carbonate (1) Aerobic bacteria (2) Anaerobic bacteria (3) Keratin (3) Both (4) None (4) Calcium oxalate
83. At which place bacteria are not found 92. "Diatomite" (Keiselgurh) is obtained from :– (1) Soil (2) Ice (1) Myxophyceae (2) Chrysophyta (3) Sea (4) Distilled water (3) Phaeophyceae (4) Rhodophyceae : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 87 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 93. Most characteristic feature of diatoms is :– 104. Dinoflagellates are called fire algae due to which (1) Pigments character :- (2) Stored food (1) They appear like fire due to pigments (3) Cell wall (2) They produce fire due to friction (4) Non oxygenic photosynthesis (3) They occur on burnt places (4) They show bioluminescence 94. Taxonomically the most controversial group is :– (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Diatoms 105. Toxins (Saxitoxins) secreted by some dinoflagellates (3) Euglenoids (4) Prokryote enter the body of human beings through food chain and result in :- 95. Decomposer protists are :- (1) Madness (2) Paralysis (1) Diatoms (2) Dinoflagellates (3) Syphilis (4) Plague (3) Slime moulds (4) Euglenoid 106. Stored food of Diatoms :- 96. The dead remains of diatoms are known as :- (1) Leucosin (2) Starch (1) Coenobium (2) Sporangia (3) Floridian starch (4) Glycogen (3) Kieselgurh (4) Sporocarp 107. Dead remains of Diatoms at sea bed are called:- 97. Taxonomists feel difficulty in classification of :- (1) Keiselgurh (2) Prustule (1) Procaryotes (3) Coral reefs (4) None (2) Unicellular eucaryotes (3) Plants 108. Protists should be better termed as :- (4) Animals (1) Acellular (2) Cellular (3) Multicellular (4) Coenocytic 98. Which of the following unicellular algae reproduce by auxospores, have silicified cell wall and store food 109. Which of the following eukaryotes are devoid of in the form of fats, leucosine and chrysolaminarin ? histone proteins ? (1) Diatoms (2) Red algae (1) Golden algae (2) Euglenoids (3) Dinoflagellates (4) Euglenoids (3) Fire algae 2019-20(4) Slime Mould 99. Paramylum is stored food of :- 110. Diatoms perform which type of movement in (1) Dinoflagellate (2) Euglenoid water :- (3) Diatom (4) Slime mould (1) Swimming (2) Amoeboid (3) Floating (4) Ciliary 100. The most efficient locomotion in protists is through :- (1) Pseudopodia (2) Flagella 111. Protist used for the construction of sound proof (3) Cilia (4) Tentacles rooms, is - (1) Dinoflagellate 101. Organism of which kingdom feed like animals and Session(2) Diatoms perform photosynthesis like plants :- (3) Euglenoids (1) Monera (2) Protista (3) Mycota (4) Animalia (4) Zooflagellates 112. Auxospores are formed by - 102. "Fire algae" belongs to group :- ALLEN(1) Diatoms (2) Euglenoids (1) Pyrrophyta (2) Chrysophyta (3) Euglenophyta (4) Rhodophyta (3) Dinoflagelates (4) bacteria
103. Slime mould is known as naked fungi. 113. Protists which are diploid reproduce sexually by the (1) Cell membrane absent process of - (2) Cell wall absent (1) Zygotic meiosis (2) Cyst formation (3) Cell wall and cell membrane absent (3) Binary fission (4) Gametic meiosis (4) Never naked : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 88 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 114. 'Red tides' are produced by - 124. Penicillium roquefortii and P. camembertii are used (1) Red algae (2) Dinoflagellates in the preparation of cheese. These fungi belong to (3) Diatoms (4) Brown algae class :- (1) Zygomycetes (2) Oomycetes KINGDOM – FUNGI (3) Deuteromycetes (4) Ascomycetes 115. Fungal hyphae penetrate hard cell walls of their 125. The fungi are :- hosts with the help of:- (1) Autotrophic (2) Holotrophic (1) Enzymes (2) Hormones (3) Chemotrophic (4) Heterotrophic (3) Sharp tips (4) Sugar Exudates 126. All fungi are :- 116. A fungus completing its life cycle on a single host is known as:- (1) With chlorophyll (2) Without chlorophyll (1) Dikaryotic (2) Autoecious (3) With carotene (4) Wall less (3) Heterocious (4) Heterothallic 127. In class phycomycetes the mycelium is :- 117. Which of the following secretes toxins during storage (1) Coenocytic and aseptate conditions of crop plants ? (2) Coenocytic and septate (1) Aspergillus (2) Penicillium (3) Uninucleate and aseptate (3) Fusarium (4) Colletotrichum (4) Multinucleate and septate
118. Which of the following characters indicate similarity 128. Coenocytic mycelium is found in :- between fungi and animals ? (1) Rhizopus (2) Mucor (1) Heterotrophic nutrition (3) Penicillium (4) Both 1 and 2 (2) Type of stored food 129. Stored food material of fungi :- (3) Presence of chitin (1) Cellulose (2) Starch (4) All the above (3) Glycogen and starch (4) Glycogen and oil 119. The sac fungi belongs to :- 130. The cell wall of Fungi is composed2019-20 of:- (1) Ascomycetes (2) Basidiomycetes (1) Chitin (2) Cellulose (3) Phycomycetes (3) Mucopeptide (4) Pseudomurein (4) Deuteromycetes 131. The chief characteristic of class Ascomycetes is :- 120. Neurospora, which is popularly known as (1) Formation of spores Drosophilla of plant kingdom, belongs to :- (2) Hyphae (1) Phycomycetes (2) Ascomycetes (3) Formation of ascospores (3) Basidiomycetes (4) Deuteromycetes Session(4) Formation of zoospores 121. The basidiomycetes includes :- 132. Which is commonly called "Drosophilla of plant (1) Rusts (2) Smuts kingdom" ? (3) Mushrooms (4) All the above (1) Morchella (2) Neurospora 122. Which of the followingALLEN causes wheat rust disease? (3) Rhizopus (4) Claviceps (1) A red Alga (2) A green Alga 133. Normally how many ascospores are formed in an (3) A fungus (4) Mycoplasma ascus :- 123. Sexual cycle is absent in :- (1) 4 - ascospores (2) 8 - ascospores (1) Phycomycetes (2) Deuteromycetes (3) 16 ascospores (4) 24 ascospores (3) Ascomycetes (4) Basidiomycetes : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 89 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 134. Edible part in mushrooms is :- 145. Absorptive mode of nutrition is found in :– (1) Basidiospores (1) Algae (2) Fungi (2) Mycelium (3) Bryophytes (4) Euglenoids (3) Pseudomycelium 146. Which of the following is called 'toad stools' ? (4) Complete basidiocarp (1) All mushrooms 135. Which scientist did work on rust disease ? (2) Edible mushrooms (1) Lederberg and tatum (2) K.C. Mehata (3) Poisonous mushrooms (3) Blakeslee (4) Wollman (4) None
136. A. Flemming isolated penicillin from:- 147. Yeast grows more quickly in :– (1) P. chrysogenum (2) P. notatum (1) Salt water (2) Sugar solution (3) Aspergillus flavus (4) A. niger (3) Double distilled water (4) Marine water
137. Cell wall of Chitin is found in :- 148. Which of the following is a form class ? (1) Deuteromycetes (2) Basidiomycetes (1) Fungi (2) Bryophyta (3) Rhodophyceae (4) Euglenophyceae (3) Bacteria (4) Angiosperms 149. Ergot fungi belongs to :– 138. The fungus without mycelium is :- (1) Ascomycetes (2) Basidiomycetes (1) Phytophthora (2) Rhizopus (3) Phycomycetes (4) Deuteromycetes (3) Saccharomyces (4) Microsporum 150. Professor K.C. Mehta is known for his contribution 139. Indian scientist who worked on Puccinia :– in:- (1) J.C. Luthra (2) K.C. Mehta (1) Bryology (2) Plant physiology (3) C.V. Subramanian (4) K.G. Mukherji (3) Virology (4) Plant pathology 140. Pseudomycelium occurs in :– 151. Fungi are ecologically important because :- (1) Muschroom (2) Mucor (1) They yield antibiotics (3) Bread mold (4) Yeast 2019-20 (2) They are used in genetic studies 141. Occurence of dikaryotic mycelium mainly is the (3) They function as decomposers characteristic of :– (4) All the above (1) Myxomycetes (2) Phycomycetes 152. Alexander Flemming discovered penicillin in 1928 (3) Deuteromycetes (4) Basidiomycetes while working with :- (1) Streptomyces 142. Deuteromycetes are called 'Imperfect fungi' as :– (2) Bacteria (Staphylococcus) (1) They have no cell wall (3) Penicillium notatum (2) No mycelium Session(4) P. chrysogenum (3) No sexual reproduction (4) No asexual reproduction 153. In fungi lump of hyphae is referred to as :- (1) Thallus (2) Haustorium 143. F u n g i w h i ch re q u i r e s t w o d i f f e r e n t h o s t s t o c o m pl e t e (3) Mycelium (4) Archegonia it's life cycle is called ALLENas :– (1) Homothallic (2) Heterothallic 154. Plant group which shows Heterotrophic mode of (3) Heteroecious (4) Autoecious nutrition is :- (1) Algae (2) Fungi 144. Aceiospores of Puccinia are produced on :– (3) Bryophytes (4) Pteridophytes (1) Berberis leaves (2) Wheat leaves (3) Mustard leaves (4) Raphanus leaves 155. Sexual reproduction is absent in :- (1) Phycomycetes (2)Deuteromycetes
(3) Zygomycetes (4) Basidiomycetes DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 90 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 156. Non-septate mycelium occurs in :- 167. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of :- (1) Phycomycetes (2) Ascomycetes (1) Procaryotes (3) Basidiomycetes (4) Deuteromycetes (2) Thallophyta (3) Bryophyta 157. Basidiocarp is present in:- (4) Spermatophyta (1) Basidiomycetes (2) Ascomycetes (3) Deuteromycetes (4) Phycomycetes 168. Photosynthetic pigments common to all algae :- (1) Chlorophyll 'b' and carotene 158. All fungi are:- (2) Chlorophyll 'a' and 'b' (1) Symbionts (2) Parasites (3) Chlorophyll 'a' and carotene (3) Saprophytes (4) Heterotrophs (4) Chlorophyll and xanthophyll 159. Aspergillosis is caused by :– 169. Chlorella, a very good source of protein, belongs (1) Virus (2) Bacteria to:- (3) Fungi (4) Mycoplasma (1) Chlorophyta (2) Rhodophyta KINGDOM – PLANTAE – ALGAE (3) Pyrrophyta (4) Phaeophyta
160. Which algal groups have similarity in pigment 170. Deepest algae in sea are :- composition ? (1) Red Algae (2) Brown Algae (3) Green Algae (4) Golden Algae (1) Red algae and brown algae (2) Green algae and blue green algae 171. Phycobilins are characteristic pigments of :- (3) Kelps and diatoms (1) Rhodophyta and phaeophyta (4) Diatoms and euglenoids (2) Rhodophyta and Pyrophyta (3) Pyrophyta and Cyanophyta 161. Autotrophic thallophytes are called as :- (4) Rhodophyta and Cyanophyta (1) Fungi (2) Lichens (3) Algae (4) Microbes 172. Which of the following plant groups have similar pigment composition ? 162. Parasitic algae is :- 2019-20 (1) Rhodophyta and phaeophyta (1) Laminaria (2) Fucus (2) Chlorophyta and phaeophyta (3) Sargassum (4) Cephaleuros (3) Rhodophyta and cyanophyta 163. "Red rust of tea" is caused by parasitic:- (4) All of the above (1) Algae (2) Fungi 173. Globule and nucule are sex organs of :– (3) Bacteria (4) Bryophyta (1) Chara (2) Chlorella 164. No zoospore formation has been observed in the (3) Laminaria (4) Polysiphonia algal members belonging to:- Session (1) Chlorophyceae (2) Brown algae 174. Flagellated cells are absent in :- (3) Phaeophyceae (4) Cyanophyceae (1) Red algae (2) Blue green algae 165. Which pigment is found in phaeophyceae? (3) Higher seed plants (1) Chl. a, c and fucoxanthinALLEN(4) All the above (2) Chl. a, d and violaxanthin (3) b Carotene and phycocyanin 175. Green algae are considered as ancestors of higher (4) None of these plants due to their resemblance with higher plants in :- 166. Food reserve in Rhodophyta is :- (1) Pigments (2) Cell wall (1) Floridean starch (2) Mannitol (3) Stored food (4) All the above (3) Leucosin (4) All of the above : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 91 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 176. Pyrenoids are characteristically found in algae. A 186. Which of the following best explains the evolution pyrenoid consists of :- of sexual reproduction ? (1) Core of starch surrounded by protein (1) Chlamydomonas (2) Ulothrix (2) Core of protein surrounded by starch (3) Puccinia (4) Albugo (3) Core of fatty acids covered by starch (4) Nucleic acid and protein 187. Cephaleuros, which causes "Red rust of tea" is a :-
177. In chlorophyta the mode of sexual reproduction is :- (1) Red Algae (2) Brown Algae (1) Isogamy (3) Dinoflagellate (4) Green Algae (2) Anisogamy (3) Oogamy 188. Volvox belongs to :- (4) Isogamy, Anisogamy and oogamy (1) Brown Algae (2) Red Algae (3) Golden Algae (4) Green Algae 178. Unique character of Thallophyta is :- (1) Thalloid body 189. Gametes are non-motile in :- (2) Absence of vascular tissue (1) Blue green Algae (2) Red Algae (3) Zygotic meiosis (3) Both 1 and 2 (4) Green Algae (4) All the above 190. Blue - green algae resembles more closely to:- 179. In thallophyta main plant body is:- (1) Green Algae (2) Brown Algae (1) Gametophyte (2) Sporophyte (3) Red Algae and bacteria (4) Slime molds (3) Diploid plant body (4) Leafy plant body 191. Which of the following statement is true for algae ? 180. Sexual reproduction in Thallophyta takes place by:- (1) Algae have root, stem and leaves (1) Isogamy (2) Anisogamy (2) Algae have true roots but lack leaves (3) Oogamy (4) Any of the above (3) Algae have rhizoides and leaves (4) Body of algae is thallus 181. Most advanced group of Algae is :- (1) Myxophyta (2) Chlorophyta 192. In which plant group reproductive2019-20 organs are not (3) Brown algae (4) Phaeophyta enclosed in a layer of sterile cells?
182. "Agar-agar" is obtained from :- (1) Pteridophyta (2) Thallophyta (1) Green Algae (2) Red Algae (3) Angiosperm (4) Gymnosperm (3) Brown Algae (4) Yellow green Algae 193. Classification of algae is mainly based on :- 183. Motile stages are not found in life cycle of :- (1) Reproductive organs (2) Structure of spores (1) Red Algae & green Algae (3) Pigments (4) Stored food (2) Red Algae & brown Algae (3) Red Algae & blue green Algae Session194. "Carrageenin" is obtained from :- (4) Green Algae & brown Algae (1) Chondrus crispus (2) Laminaria (3) Gelidium (4) Macrocystis 184. Embryo is not formed in thallophyta due to :- (1) Zygotic meiosis (2) Zygotic mitosis 195. Female sex organ of algae is called :- (3) Sporangial meiosisALLEN (4) Gametic meiosis (1) Carpel (2) Oogonium (3) Archegonia (4) Oosphere 185. Oogonia of Thallophyta differs with archegonia of bryophyta :- 196. Which of the following is not correctly matched ?
(1) Being multicellular (1) Heterocyst = N2-fixation structure of B.G.A. (2) Being jacketed (2) Hormogonia = Reproductive structure of B.G.A (3) Being stalked (3) Floridean starch = Stored food of brown algae (4) Being unicellular and jacket less (4) Cyanophycean starch = Stored food of B.G.A. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 92 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 197. Cilia & flagella are absent in life cycle of :– 206. Bryophytes differ from thallophytes in having:- (1) Red algae (2) Brown algae (1) Embryo (3) Green algae (4) Red algae & B.G.A. (2) Rhizoids (3) Sterile jacket around sex organs 198. Which algae best explains the evolution of sexual (4) All the above reproduction ? (1) Green algae (2) Red algae 207. Spores do not form protonema but directly grow (3) Brown algae (4) B. G. Algae into flat branching thallus in :- (1) Liverworts (2) Mosses KINGDOM–PLANTAE – BRYOPHYTA (3) Ferns (4) Gymnosperms 199. Embryo is present but true vasculature is absent in 208. In bryophyta, simplest sporophyte occur in :- the group :- (1) Riccia (2) Marchantia (1) Cyanophyta (2) Tracheophyta (3) Funaria (4) Anthoceros (3) Bryophyta (4) Chlorophyta 209. In which of the following bryophytes there are 200. The unique feature of Bryophytes compared to other gemmae, the means of vegetative reproduction? green plant groups is that:- (1) Riccia (2) Marchantia (1) They produce spores (3) Sphagnum (4) Anthoceros (2) They lack vascular tissue 210. In Bryophytes what is absent :- (3) They lack root (1) Embryo formation (4) Their sporophyte is attached to gametophyte (2) Fertilization (3) Motile gametes 201. In Bryophytes diploid number of chromosomes occur (4) True roots and vascular tissue in:- (1) Gametes (2) Spores 211. In bryophytes fertilization takes place:- (1) At low temp. (2) In dry condition (3) Spore mother cells (4) Nuclei of gametes (3) In presence of water2019-20 (4) In above all situation 202. The group bryophyta includes :- 212. Which statement is true about bryophytes ? (1) Liverworts and ferns (1) They are non photosynthetic (2) Liverworts and club moss (2) Zygote produces gametophyte on germination (3) Moss and ferns (3) Spores form gametophyte plant on germination (4) Liverworts and moss (4) They have vascular tissues
203. A leafy non vascular plant with parasitic sporophytic 213. Which bryophyte is of economic importance ? generation should properly be classified in (1) Funaria (2) Marchantia (1) Thallophyta (2) Bryophyta Session(3) Riccia (4) Sphagnum (3) Pteridophyta (4) Spermatophyta 214. Mosses are gregarious because they :- 204. Bryophyta includes :- (1) Have vascular tissue (1) Mosses (2) Club mosses (2) Have indirect germination of spores ALLEN(3) Have direct germination of spores (3) Horse tails (4) All the above (4) Have spore mother cells 205. A leafy gametophyte plant with multicellular rhizoids 215. Aquatic ancestry of bryophytes is evidenced by:- and sporophyte differentiated in foot, seta and (1) Their green colour capsule should belong to :- (2) Algae like protonema (1) Psilopsida (2) Hepaticopsida (3) Many aquatic bryophytes (3) Bryopsida (4) Lycopsida (4) Flagellated male gametes : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 93 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 216. Moss sporophyte is diffentiated in :- 226. Bryophytes show an advancement over algae in:- (1) Stem & leaves (1) Having multicellular sporophytic generation (2) Root, stem and leaves (2) Having parasitic sporophyte (3) Rhizoids, stem & leaves (3) Having zygotic meiosis (4) None of these (4) None of the above
217. Oblique septa are found in which part of moss :- 227. Which bryophyte is known as Peat moss ? (1) Rhizoids of sporophyte (1) Riccia (2) Riella (2) Rhizoids of gametophyte (3) Sphagnum (4) Marchantia (3) Leaves (4) Stem 228. Leafy gametophyte occurs in:- (1) Liver worts (2) Horn worts 218. Leaves of Mosses and Ferns are :- (3) Moss (4) Fern (1) Analogous and homologous both (2) Analogous but not homologous 229. Sporophyte with indefinite growth occurs in:- (3) Homologous but not analogous (1) Liver worts (2) Horn worts (4) None of the above (3) Mosses (4) Fern
219. Which of the following plants are similar in 230. Sphagnum may be used as a substitute of :- requirement of water for fertilisation ? (1) Absorbent cotton (1) Bryophyta (2) Pteridophyta (2) Non absorbent cotton (3) Angiosperm (4) (1) and (2) both (3) Plastic 220. The bryophyte which can absorb water upto 18 times (4) Polythene of its weight :- (1) Anthoceros (2) Sphagnum 231. Non vascular embryophyta are :- (3) Riccia (4) Marchantia (1) Thallophyta (2) Bryophyta (3) Pteridophyta (4) (1) and (2) both 221. In which of the following zygote further develops to form a diploid structure ? 232. The water conducting tissue2019-20 in bryophyta is :- (1) Thallophyta (2) Bryophyta (1) Parenchyma (2) Sclerenchyma (3) Algae (4) Fungi (3) Trachieds (4) Sieve tubes
222. Bryophytes are :– 233. Bryophyta are not tall plants due to:- (1) First successful land plant (1) Absence of meristem (2) Vascular cryptogames (2) Absence of vascular tissues (3) Non vascular cryptogames (4) Vascular embryophytes (3) Presence of root system (4) All the above 223. Sex organ in bryophytes are :– Session (1) Unicellular and jacketed 234. The first cell of sporophytic generation in bryophyta (2) Unicellular and non-jacketed is:- (3) Multicellular and jacketed (1) Spore (4) Multicellular and non jacketed (2) Spore mother cell ALLEN(3) Zygote 224. Fossilised fuel obtained from bog is:- (1) Tar (2) Peat (4) Protonema (3) Bio-gas (4) Petrol 235. Structures for dispersal of spores in bryophyta are :- 225. Which structure produces the gamete bearing plant (1) Elaters of moss ? (2) Pseudoelaters (1) Spore (2) Bud (3) Peristomial teeth (3) Protonema (4) Zygote (4) All the above : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 94 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 236. Oblique septa in rhizoids are characteristic of :- 246. Rhizoids containing sporophytic plants are (1) Liverworts (2) Hornworts characteristic of:- (3) Mosses (4) Ferns (1) Bryopsida (2) Spenopsida (3) Cycadophyta (4) Psilopsida 237. In which bryophyta germination of spore is indirect:- (1) Riccia (2) Rhizopus 247. Which group includes green leaf microphyllous (3) Puccinia (4) Funaria plants:- (1) Lycopsida (2) Sphenopsida 238. Male gametes of bryophytes are :- (3) Psilotopsida (4) Pteropsida (1) Uniflagellate (2) Multiflagellate (3) Biflagellate (4) Triflagellate 248. Roots first originated in :- (1) Algae (2) Fungi 239. Rhizoids of hepaticopsida and anthocerotopsida (3) Bryophyta (4) Pteridophyta are :- (1) Multicellular and branched 249. Pteridophyta differs from bryophyta in having:- (1) Vascular tissue (2) Unicellular and unbranched (2) Archegonia (3) Unicellular and branched (3) Alternation of generations (4) Multicellular and unbranched (4) Motile sperm 240. The vascular tissue is absent in :- 250. In pteridophyta, reduction division occurs when:- (1) Algae, fungi and pteridophytes (1) Prothallus is formed (2) Thallophytes and bryophytes (2) Spores are formed (3) Bryophytes and pteridophytes (3) Sex organs are formed (4) Angiosperm and gymnosperm (4) Gametes are formed 241. The sporophyte of bryophyte is :- 251. The main plant body of Pteridophytes is:- (1) Parasitic (1) Sporophyte (2) Autotrophic (2) Gametophyte (3) Saprophytic 2019-20 (3) Haploid (4) Semiparasitic or parasitic (4) None of the above 242. Non vascular land plants are called:- 252. Cryptogamic plants are:- (1) Bryophtyes (2) Pteridophytes (1) Seedless (2) Embryoless (3) Fungi (4) Algae (3) Leafless (4) Rootless KINGDOM–PLANTAE – PTERIDOPHYTA 253. Adiantum is called "walking fern" due to :- 243. Vascular cryptogams or seed less vascular plants (1) Power of locomotion belongs to:- Session(2) Vegetative reproduction (1) Bryophyta (2) Pteridophyta (3) Motile antherozoites (3) Thallophyta (4)Spermatophyta (4) All the above 244. Seed habit first established in:- 254. Plants having vascular tissues but lacking seeds are :- (1) Pteridophytes ALLEN (1) Bryophyta (2) Gymnosperms (2) Pteridophyta (3) Angiosperms (3) Gymnosperms (4) None of the above (4) Angiosperms 245. Most conspicuous alternation of generation occurs is:- 255. Heterospory occurs in :- (1) Thallophyta (2) Bryophyta (1) Selaginella (2) Pteridium (3) Pteridophyta (4) Spermatophyta : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN (3) Funaria (4) Riccia E 95 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 256. Sporangia are found in fruiting structures called 265. Independent alternation of generation is found in- sporocarps in aquatic ferns, which of the following (1) Pteridophyta is aquatic fern :– (2) Spermatophyta (1) Azolla (2) Selaginella (3) Thallophyta (3) Pteridium (4) Equisetum (4) Bryophyta
257. The antherozoids of fern are :– 266. Stem distinctly differentiated in to node and inter- (1) Uniflagellate node in :- (2) Biflagellate (1) Psilopsida (3) Quadriflagellate (2) Lycopsida (4) Multiflagellate (3) Sphenopsida 258. In pteridophytes the spores germinate to form:- (4) Pteropsida (1) Protonema 267. Spore producing part of pteridophytes is:- (2) Prothallus (1) Sporangia of gametophytes (3) Sporophyte (2) Capsule of sporophytes (4) Archegonium (3) Sporangia of sporophytes 259. Aquatic fern which supports the growth of blue (4) Capsule of gametophytes green algae, Anabaena, and used to increase the 268. In pteridophytes, reduction division takes place in :- yield of paddy crop is :- (1) Salvinia (2) Marsilea (1) Zygote (3) Riccia (4) Azolla (2) Spore mother cells (3) Gametangia 260. Most distinct type of alternation of generations is (4) Prothallus demonstrated by :– (1) Angiosperms (2) Ferns KINGDOM–PLANTAE – GYMNOSPERM (3) Gymnosperms (4) Bryophytes 269. Most advanced Gymnosperm2019-20 belongs to:- (1) Cycadales 261. Presence of motile stage in life cycle & requirement (2) Coniferales of water as a medium to complete life cycle is (3) Gnetales diagnostic characters of :– (4) Cycadofillicales (1) Thallophyta (2) Bryophyta (3) Pteridophyta (4) Cryptogams 270. Which of the following is called father of forest? (1) Pinus 262. Evolution of seed habit first started in :- (2) Banyan (1) Selaginella like ancestral pteridophytes (3) Sequoia (2) Psilotum like ancestral pteridophytes Session (4) Cedrus (3) Gymnosperms (4) Mosses 271. All Gymnosperms are:- (1) Heterosporous 263. Young fern leaves and rhizome are protected by :- (2) Arborescent/Woody (1) Root cap ALLEN(2) Ramenta (3) Seed plants (3) Roots (4) Leaf bases (4) All the above 264. In ferns, the permanent roots are :- 272. Gymnosperm plants lack :- (1) Tap root (1) Vessels (2) Adventitious roots (2) Fruits (3) Tuberous roots (3) Companion cells (4) Rhizome
(4) All the above DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 96 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 273. Gymnosperm plants do not produce fruits because 281. Ephedrine is obtained by :- they do not have:- (1) Ephedra (2) Gnetum (1) ovary (3) Pinus (4) Cycas (2) gametes 282. Resin turpentine is obtained from:- (3) fertilization (1) Pinus (2) Adiantum (4) None of these (3) Club mosses (4) Sequoia 274. Ovule is morphologically equivalent to:- 283. Which group is largest in gymnosperms ? (1) Megaspore (1) Cycadales (2) Gnetales (2) Megasporangium (3) Coniferales (4) Cordaitales (3) Microspore (4) Megasporophyll 284. Spore bearing tracheophytes:- (1) Pteridophyta 275. Cones in Gymnosperm plants are:- (2) Gymnosperms (1) Bisexual (3) Angiosperms (2) Unisexual (4) All the above (3) Sterile (4) Any of the above 285. Which of the following Gymnospermic orders resembles with angiosperms ? 276. Double fertilization and triple fusion are (1) Cycadales characteristic of:- (2) Coniferales (1) Spermatophyta (3) Gnetales (2) Gymnosperms (4) Ginkgoales (3) Pteridophyta (4) Angiosperms 286. Living fossil:- (1) Cycas 277. In which of the following characters, the angiosperms (2) Ginkgo resemble gymnosperms ? (3) Psilotum (1) Presence of ovule 2019-20 (4) All the above (2) Absence of endosperm (3) Presence of vessels 287. Sequoia belongs to:- (4) Mode of fertilisation by zoodiosiphonogamy (1) Cycadofillicales (2) Gnetales (3) Coniferales (4) Dicots 278. Which character most differentiates angiosperms from gymnosperms ? 288. Which of the following are absent in group (1) Triploid endosperm gymnosperm ? (2) Vessels in xylem (1) Trees (2) Shrubs (3) Seeds enclosed in fruits Session(3) Liana (4) Herbs (4) Attractive petels 289. Which plant group is exclusively perennial ? 279. Gametophyte embeded in sporophyte in:- (1) Dicots (1) Bryophyta (2) Ferns (2) Pteridophyta ALLEN(3) Gymnosperms (3) Cryptogams (4) Monocots (4) Spermatophyta 290. In Ginkgo, male gametes are :- 280. Antheridia and archegonia are absent in :- (1) Motile (1) Bryophyta (2) Pteridophyta (2) Non-motile (3) Gymnosperms (4) Angiosperms (3) Amoeboid (4) Absent : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 97 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 291. Male gamete of Cycas is largest in plant kingdom, 302. Gymnosperms differ from pteridophytes in having– is :- (1) Presence of tracheids (1) Non motile (2) Biflagellate (2) Presence of embryo (3) Multiciliate (4) Uniflagellate (3) Presence of ovule (4) Companian cell 292. The mode of pollination in gymnosperme is :- (1) Anemophily (2) Entomophily 303. Most gymnosperms have :– (3) Hydrophily (4) Any of the above (1) Both archegonia and antheridia (2) Antheridia but no archegonia 293. Which of the following order of gymnosperme is (3) Archegonia but no antheridia totally become extinct ? (1) Cycadales (2) Ginkgoales (4) No antheridia or archegonia (3) Gnetales (4) Cycadofilicales 304. The "endosperm" of a gymnosperm represent :– 294. Which of the following remained unchanged for last (1) Gametophytic tissue many million years ? (2) Sporophytic tissue (1) Pinus (2) Rice (3) Tissue formed by double fertilization (3) Cedrus (4) Ginkgo (4) Polyploid tissue
295. Life cycle of gymnosperm is :- 305. Vessels occur in the following gymnosperm plant (1) Haplontic (2) Haplodiplontic :– (3) Diplontic (4) Diplohaplontic (1) Ginkgo (2) Taxus (3) Gnetum (4) All the above 296. Which of the following is commonly known as "Chilgoza pine" ? 306. In gymnosperm endosperm is :– (1) Pinus roxburghii (2) P. strobus (1) Triploid (2) Diploid (3) P. gerardiana (4) P. sylvestris (3) Haploid (4) Tetraploid 297. The gymnosperm resembles with angiosperm in 307. Which of the following 2019-20is not heterosporous ? having :- (1) Selaginella (2) Pinus (1) Ciliated sperms (2) Presence of ovary (3) Pteridium (4) Cycas (3) Presence of seed (4) Presence of fruit 308. Multiciliate male gametes are found in :– 298. In Cycas the microsporangia are born on which side (1) Pinus (2) Cycas of microsporophyll :– (3) Gnetum (4) Mango (1) Adaxial (2) Abaxial 309. Which of the following plant form seed and have (3) Lateral (4) Terminal pollen tube ? 299. Vessels and companion cells are found in :– Session(1) Angiosperm (1) Pteridophyta (2) Gnetum (2) Pteridophytes (3) Ephedra (4) Angiosperm (3) Gymnosperm (4) Siphonogamous plants 300. Fruits are not formed in gymnosperm because :– (1) Fertilization is absentALLEN310. Modern day (Advanced) plants are:- (2) Pollination is absent (1) Monocots (2) Dicots (3) Seeds are not formed (3) Gnetales (4) Ferns (4) Ovary is absent 311. Which group of plants is exclusively arborescent 301. Which one have maximum power of adaptation ? (woody) ? (1) Bryophyta (2) Pteridophyta (1) Pteridophyta (2) Dicots (3) Gymnosperm (4) Angiosperm (3) Gymnosperms (4) Monocots : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 98 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g EXERCISE-I (C Q ) ANSWER KEY Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ans.214114342243433 Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Ans.414131233111233 Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Ans.444332433442321 Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Ans.322324131122321 Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Ans.223121213124122 Que. 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Ans.333313241231334 Que. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 Ans.123333212321242 Que. 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Ans.111332142121412 Que. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 Ans.432442144132242 Que. 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 Ans.213244331232114 Que. 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 Ans.323221143334141 Que. 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 Ans.123114314424314 Que. 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 Ans.2231414423423122019-20 Que. 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 Ans.341343421341124 Que. 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 Ans.334244224223322 Que. 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 Ans.133212123434322 Que. 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Ans.412234141211221 Que. 256 257 258 259 260 261 262Session 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 Ans.142424122133233 Que. 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 Ans.441224134411343 Que. 286 287 288ALLEN 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 Ans.434313144333244 Que. 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 Ans.43313332413 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 99 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN EXERCISE-II (P Y Q ) AIPMT/NEET & AIIMS (2006-2018)
AIPMT 2006 AIIMS 2006
1. Conifers differ from grasses in the 9. In the following table identify the correct matching of (1) absence of pollen tubes the crop, its disease and the corresponding pathogen (2) formation of endosperm before fertilization Crop Disease Pathogen (3) production of seeds from ovules Pseudomonas (4) lack of xylem tracheids (1) Citrus Canker rubrilineans 2. The thalloid body of a slime mould (Myxomycetes) is known as : (2) Potato Late blight Fusarium udum (1) Fruiting body (2) Mycelium Meloidogyne (3) Brinjal Root–knot (3) Protonema (4) Plasmodium incognita
3. Moss peat is used as a packing material for sending Pigeon Phytophthora (4) Seed gall flowers and live plants to distant places because : pea infestans (1) it reduces transpiration (2) it serves as a disinfectant 10. Myxomycetes are – (3) it is easily available (1) Saprobes or parasites, having mycelia, asexual reproduction by fragmentation, sexual (4) it is hygroscopic reproduction fusion of gametes 4. In a moss the sporophyte : (2) Slimy mass of multinucleate protoplasm, having (1) arises from a spore produced from the gametophyte pseudopodia–like structures for engulfing food, (2) manufactures food for itself, as well as for the reproduction throughfragmentation or zoospores gametophyte (3) Prokaryotic organisms, cellular or acellular, (3) is partially parasitic on the gametophyte saprobes or autotrophic, reproduce by binary (4) produces gametes that give rise to the fission 2019-20 gametophyte (4) Eukaryotic, single–called or filamentous, 5. Curing of tea leaves is brought about by the activity saprobes or autotrophic, asexual reproduction by division of haploid individuals, sexual of : reproduction by fusion of two cells or their nuclei (1) viruses (2) fungi (3) bacteria (4) mycorrhiza 11. "Ordines Anomali" of Bentham and Hooker includes (1) Seed plants showing abnormal forms of growth 6. The bacterium (Clostridium botulinum) that causes and development botulism is : (2) Plants represented only in fossil state (1) a facultative aerobe (2) an obligate aerobe Session(3) Plants described in the literature but which (3) a facultative anaerobe (4) an obligate anaerobe Bentham and Hooker did not see in original (4) A few orders which could not be placed 7. Evolutionary history of an organism is known as : satisfactorily in the classification (1) Paleontology (2) Ontogeny (3) Phylogeny ALLEN(4) Ancestry 12. In prokaryotes, chromatophores are – (1) Specialized granules responsible for colouration 8. Two microbes found to be very useful in genetic of cells engineering are : (2) Structures responsible for organizing the shape (1) Diplococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. of the organism (2) Crown gall bacterium and Caenorhabditis elegans (3) Inclusion bodies lying free inside the cells for (3) Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying out various metabolic activities (4) Vibrio cholerae and a tailed bacteriophage (4) Internal membrane systems that my becomes extensive and complex in photosynthetic bacteria : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 100 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 19. Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by: AIPMT 2007 (1) Peristome teeth 13. Which one of the following is a slime mould ? (2) Elaters (1) Anabaena (2) Rhizopus (3) Indusium (3) Physarum (4) Thiobacillus (4) Calyptra 14. In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the 20. Which pair of the following belongs to antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. Basidiomycetes ? As a result : (1) Morchella and Mushrooms (1) Self fertilization is prevented (2) Birds' nest fungi and Puffballs (2) There is no change in success rate of fertilization (3) Pufballs and Claviceps (3) There is high degree of sterility (4) Peziza and Stinkhorns (4) One can conclude that the plant is apomictic
15. Two plants can be conclusively said to belong to the 21. ICBN stands for : same species if they : (1) Indian Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1) Have same number of chromosomes (2) Indian Congress of Biological Names (2) Can reproduce freely with each other and form (3) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature seeds (4) International Congress of Biological Names (3) Have more than 90 percent similar genes 22. Ergot of rye is caused by a species of :- (4) Look similar and possess identical secondary (1) Claviceps metabolites. (2) Phytophthora 16. If you are asked to classify the various algae into (3) Uncinula distinct groups, which of the following characters (4) Ustilago you should choose ? (1) Chemical composition of the cell wall 23. One gene - one enzyme relationship2019-20 was established (2) Types of pigments present in the cell for the first time in :- (3) Nature of stored food materials in the cell (1) Diplococcus pneumoniae (4) Structural organization of thallus (2) Neurospora crassa (3) Salmonella typhimurium 17. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three (4) Escherichia Coli of which one of the following sets ? (1) Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas 24. Which of the following is a flowering plant with (2) Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra Sessionnodules containing filamentous nitrogen-fixing (3) Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hydrilla microorganism ? (4) Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis (1) Cicer arietinum (2) Casuarina equisetifolia 18. In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents: (1) The microsporangiumALLEN in which pollen grains (3) Crotalaria juncea develop (4) Cycas revoluta (2) A cell in the pollen grain in which the sperms 25. Which one of the following pairs is wrongly matched? are formed (1) Coliforms – Vinegar (3) A cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are (2) Methanogens – Gobar gas stored after pollination (3) Yeast – Ethanol (4) An opening in the megagametophyte through (4) Streptomycetes – Antibiotic which the pollen tube approaches the egg : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 101 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN AIPMT 2008 31. Cellulose is the major component of cell walls of:- (1) Pseudomonas (2) Saccharomyces 26. Thermococcus, Mtehanococcus and (3) Pythium (4) Xanthomonas Methanobacterium exemplify :- (1) Bacteria whose DNA is relaxed or positively 32. Bacterial leaf blight of rice is caused by a species supercoiled but which have a cytoskeleton as of :- well as mitochondria (1) Alternaria (2) Erwinia (2) Bacteria that contain a cytoskeleton and (3) Xanthomonas ribosomes (4) Pseudomonas (3) Archaebacteria that contain protein homologous to eukaryotic core histones 33. Nitrogen flxation in root nodules of Alnus is brought (4) Archaebacteria that lack any histones resembling about by :- those found in eukaryotes but whose DNA is (1) Frankia negatively supercoiled. (2) Azorhizobium (3) Bradyrhizobium 27. Select one of the following pairs of important (4) Clostridium features distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas and Pinus and showing affinities with angiosperms :- AIPMT 2009 (1) Perianth and two integuments 34. Which one of the following has haplontic life cycle:- (2) Embryo development and apical meristem (3) Absence of resin duct and leaf venation (1) Wheat (4) Presence of vessel elements and absence of (2) Funaria archegonia (3) Polytrichum (4) Ustilago 28. In which one of the following, male and female gametophytes do not have free living independent 35. Mannitol is the stored food in :- existence? (1) Gracillaria 2019-20 (1) Polytrichum (2) Chara (2) Cedrus (3) Porphyra (3) Pteris (4) Fucus (4) Funaria 36. Which one of the following is a vascular cryptogam 29. Which one of the following is heterosporous ? (1) Cedrus (1) Adiantum (2) Equisetum (2) Equisetum (3) Ginkgo (3) Dryopteris Session(4) Marchantia (4) Salvinia 37. Phylogenetic system of classification is based on :- 30. In the light of recent classification of living organisms (1) Floral characters into three domains of life (bacteria, archaea and (2) Evolutionary relationships eukarya), which one ALLENof the following statements is (3) Morphological features true about archaea ? (4) Chemical constituents (1) Archaea completely differ from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes 38. Oxygenic photosynthesis occurs in :- (2) Archaea completely differ from prokaryotes (1) Chlorobium (3) Archaea resemble eukarya in all respects (2) Chromatium (4) Archaea have some novel features that are (3) Oscillatoria absent in other pyokaryotes and eukaryotes (4) Rhodospirillum : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 102 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 39. Which one of the following is considered important 46. Single-celled eukaryotes are included in :- in the development of seed habit ? (1) Monera (1) Free-living gametophyte (2) Protista (2) Dependent sporophyte (3) Fungi (3) Heterospory (4) Haplontic life cycle (4) Archaea
40. Which one of the following plants is monoecious? 47. Algae have cell wall made up of : (1) Papaya (1) Cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins (2) Marchantia (2) Cellulose, galactans and mannans (3) Pinus (3) Hemicellulose, pectins and proteins (4) Cycas (4) Pectins, cellulose and proteins 41. Which one is the wrong pairing for the disease and its causal organism ? 48. Membrane-bound organelles are absent in : (1) Root-knot of vegetables – Meloidogyne sp (1) Plasmodium (2) Late blight of potato – Alternaria solani (2) Saccharomyces (3) Black rust to wheat – Puccinia graminis (3) Streptococcus (4) Loose smut of wheat – Ustilago nuda (4) Chlamydononas 42. Which of the following is a symbiotic nitrogen fixer? (1) Azolla 49. The chief water conducting elements of xylem in (2) Glomus gymnosperms are : (3) Azotobacter (1) Tracheids (4) Frankia (2) Vessels 43. Which one of the following is commonly used in (3) Fibres transfer of foreign DNA into crop plants ? (4) Transfusion tissue 2019-20 (1) Penicillium expansum (2) Trichoderma harzianum 50. One of the free-living, anaerobic nitrogen-fixer is : (3) Meloidogyme incognita (1) Azotobacter (4) Agrobacterium tumefaciens (2) Beijernickia (3) Rhodospirillum AIPMT 2010 (4) Rhizobium 44. Some hyperthermophilic organisms that grow in 51. Ringworm in humans is caused by : highly acidic (pH2) habitats belong to the two groups: Session (1) Viruses (1) Liverworts and yeasts (2) Eubacteria and archaea (2) Bacteria (3) Cyanobacteria and diatoms (3) Fungi (4) Protists and mossesALLEN(4) Namatodes 45. Male and female gametophytes are independent 52. The common nitrogen-fixer in paddy fields is : and free-living in :- (1) Frankia (1) Sphagnum (2) Rhizobium (2) Mustard (3) Azospirillum (3) Castor (4) Oscillatoria (4) Pinus : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 103 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 53. Examine the figure A, B, C and D. In which one of the four options all the items A, B, C and D are correct ?
ABCD (1) Runner Archegoniophore Synergid Antheridium (2) Offset Antheridiophore Antipodals Oogonium (3) Sucker Seta Megaspore Gemma cup mother cell (4) Rhizome Sporangiophore Polar cell Globule
56. Black (stem) rust of wheat is caused by : (1) Ustilago nuda (2) Puccinia graminis (3) Xanthomonas oryzae (4) Alternaria solani
57. Select the correct combination of the statement (a-d) regarding the characteristics of certain organisms : Options : (a) Methanogens are Archaebacteria which produce A B C D methane in marshy areas (1) Equisetum Ginkgo Selaginella Lycopodium (b) Nostoc is filamentous 2019-20blue-green alga which fixes (2) Selaginella Equisetum Salvinia Ginkgo atmospheric nitrogen (3) Funaria Adiantum Salvinia Riccia (c) Chemoysynthetic autotrophic bacteria synthesize (4) Chara Marchantia Fucus Pinus cellulose from glucose 54. Which one of the following is monoecious ? (d) Mycoplasma lack a cell wall and can survive (1) Cycas without oxygen (2) Pinus The correct statements are : (3) Date plam (1) (a), (b), (c) (4) Marchantia Session(2) (b), (c), (d) 55. Examine the figures (A-D) given below and select (3) (a), (b), (d) the right option out of 1–4, in which all the four (4) (b), (c) structures A, B, C and D are identified correctly :- Structures : ALLENAIIMS 2010 58. Protista is similar to plantae and different from monera in :- (1) Mode of nutrition (2) Cellular grade of organization (3) Nuclear membrane (4) Cell wall : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 104 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 59. Match the contents of column–I with those of 68. The gametophyte is not an independent, free living column–II :- generation in:- Column–I Column–II (1) Polytrichum (2) Adiantum (a) Fungi (i) Chitinase (3) Marchantia (4) Pinus (b) Bacteria (ii) Cellulase 69. Examine the figure given below and select the right (c) Plant cell (iii) Lysozymes option giving all the four parts (a, b, c, d) correctly (a) (b) (c) identified. (1) (i) (ii) (iii) (2) (iii) (ii) (i) (3) (ii) (iii) (i) ( ) (4) (i) (iii) (ii) ( ) ( ) 60. Among the following plant group which has independent gametophyte and sporophyte ? (1) Bryophyta (2) Pteridophyta (3) Gymnosperms (4) Angiosperms
AIPMT 2011 ( ) (a) (b) (c) (d) 61. A prokaryotic autotrophic nitrogen fixing symbiont (1) Antherid Male Globule Roots is found in :- iophore thallus (1) Alnus (2) Cycas (2) Archego- Female Gemma- Rhizoids (3) Cicer (4) Pisum niophore thallus cup 62. Which one of the following is not a biofertilizer ? (3) Archego- Female Bud Foot (1) Agrobacterium (2) Rhizobium niophore thallus (3) Nostoc (4) Mycorrhiza (4) Seta Sporo- Proto- Rhizoids phyte nema 63. An organism used as a biofertilizer for raising soyabean crop is :- 70. Selaginella and Salvinia are2019-20 considered to represent (1) Azotobacter (2) Azospirillum a significant step toward evolution of seed habit (3) Rhizobium (4) Nostoc because :- (1) Embryo develops in female gametophyte which 64. Ethanol is commercally produced through a is retained on parent sporophyte particular species of :- (2) Female gametophyte is free and gets dispersed (1) Saccharomyces (2) Clostridium like seeds. (3) Trichoderma (4) Aspergillus (3) Female gametophyte lacks archegonia (4) Megaspores possess endosperm and embryo 65. Nitrifying bacteria :- surrounded by seed coat. (1) Oxidize ammonia to nitrates Session (2) Convert free nitrogen to nitrogen compounds 71. Consider the following four statements whether they (3) Convert proteins into ammonia are correct or wrong : (4) Reduce nitrates to free nitrogen (a) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than that is mosses. 66. Archegoniophore is present in :- (b) Salvinia is heterosporous (1) Marchantia ALLEN(2) Chara (c) The life-cycle in all seed-bearing plants is diplontic. (3) Adiantum (4) Funaria (d) In Pinus male and female cones are borne on different trees. 67. Compared with the gametophytes of the bryophytes, The two wrong statements together are : the gametophytes of vascular plants tend to be :- (1) Statements (a) and (b) (1) Smaller but to have larger sex organs (2) Statements (a) and (c) (2) Larger but to have smaller sex organs (3) Statements (a) and (d) (3) Larger and to have larger sex organs (4) Statements (b) and (c)
: N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN (4) Smaller and to have smaller sex organs E 105 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 72. Which one of the following is a wrong matching of 79. Nuclear membrane is absent in :- a microbe and its industrial product, while the (1) Volvox (2) Nostoc remaining three are correct ? (3) Penicillium (4) Agaricus (1) Aspergillus niger - citric acid (2) Yeast - Statins 80. Which one of the following does not differ in E.coli (3) Acetobacter aceti - acetic acid and Chlamydomonas ? (4) Clostridium butylicum - lactic acid (1) Cell wall 73. The pathogen Microsporum responsible for (2) Cell membrane ringworm disease in humans belongs to the same (3) Ribosomes Kingdom of organisms as that of : (4) Chromosomal Organization (1) Ascaris, a round worm (2) Taenia, a tapeworm 81. Which one of the following is wrong statement ? (3) Wuchereria, a filarial worm (1) Phosphorus is a constituent of cell membranes, (4) Rhizopus, a mould certain nucleic acids and all proteins
AIIMS 2011 (2) Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter are chemoautotrophs 74. Which statement is correct about mosses ? (3) Anabaena and Nostoc are capable of fixing (1) They have dominant and independent sporophyte nitrogen in free-living state also (2) Their antherozoids require water for fertilisation (4) Root nodule forming nitrogen fixers live as (3) Their archegonia produce many eggs aerobes under free-living conditions (4) Their antherozoids are multiflagellated AIPMT 2012 82. Yeast is used in the production of :- (1) Bread and beer 75. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in (2) Cheese and butter having :- (3) Citric acid and lactic acid (1) Cambium (2) Vessels (3) Seeds (4) Motile sperms (4) Lipase and pectinase2019-20 76. Maximum nutritional diversity is found in the 83. A nitrogen fixing microbe associated with Azolla in group :- rice-fields is :- (1) Monera (2) Plantae (1) Frankia (2) Tolypothrix (3) Fungi (4) Animalia (3) Spirulina (4) Anabaena
77. Which one of the following is common to 84. The cyanobacteria are also referred to as :- multicellular fungi, filamentous algae and (1) Slime moulds protonema of mosses :- (2) Blue green algae (1) Mode of Nutrition (3) Protists (2) Multiplication by fragmentation Session (4) Golden algae (3) Diplontic life cycle (4) Members of kingdom Plantae 85. Which one single organism or the pair of organisms 78. Which one of the following is a correct is correctly assigned to its or their named taxonomic statement ? ALLENgroup ? (1) Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are (1) Yeast used in making bread and beer is a fungus present in pteridophytes (2) Nostoc and Anabaena are examples of protista (2) Origin of seed habit can be traced in (3) Paramecium and Plasmodium belong to the pteridophytes same kingdom as that of Penicilium (3) Pteridophyte gametophyte has a protonemal (4) Lichen is a composite organism formed from and leafy stage the symbiotic association of an algae and a (4) In gymnosperms female gametophyte is free protozoan
living DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 106 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 86. Them most abundant prokaryotes helpful to humans AIIMS 2012 in making curd from milk and in production of antibiotics are ones categorised as : 92. Why the deuteromycetes are called as ‘fungi (1) Chemosynthetic autotrophs imperfecti’? (2) Heterotrophic bacteria (1) Only asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi (3) Cyanobactaria are known (4) Archaebacteria (2) Their mycelium is septate and branched (3) They help in mineral cycling 87. Monascus purpureus is a yeast used commercially (4) The deuteromycetes members may be in the production of :- saprophytes or parasites. (1) citric acid 93. Which of the following statements is correct ? (2) blood chlolestrol lowering statins (1) Azotobacter fixes atmospheric nitrogen in (3) ethanol the nodules of legumes. (4) streptokinase for removing clots from the blood (2) Certain cyanobacteria like Anabaena can vessels. fix nitrogen in paddy fields 88. Read the following five statements (A – E) and answer (3) Azospirillium species fixes nitrogen in chick- as asked next to them :- pea (A) In Equisetum the female gametophyte is retained (4) Mycorrhiza absorb nitrates from soil and on the parent sporophyte provide it to the plant. (B) In Ginkgo male gametophyte is not independent NEET-UG 2013 (C) The sporophyte in Riccia is more developed than that in Polytrichum 94. Which of the following are likely to be present in (D) Sexual reproduction in - Volvox is isogamous deep sea water ? (E) The spores of slime molds lack cell walls (1) Saprophytic fungi (2) Archaebacteria (3) Eubacteria (4) Blue-green algae How many of the above statements are correct ? (1) Four (2) One 95. Megasporangium is equivalent to : (3) Two (4) Three 2019-20 (1) Ovule (2) Embryo sac 89. Which one of the following pairs is wrongly matched? (3) Fruit (4) Nucellus (1) Viroids - RNA 96. Isogamous condition with non-flagallated gametes is (2) Mustard - Synergids found in : (3) Ginkgo - Archegonia (4) Salvinia - Prothallus (1) Fucus (2) Chlamydomonas (3) Spirogyra (4) Volvox 90. How many organisms in the list given below are autotrophs? Session97. Monoecious plant of Chara shows occurrence of: Lactobacillus, Nostoc, Chara, Nitrosomonas, (1) upper oogonium and lower antheridium on the Nitrobacter, Streptomyces, Sacharomyces, same plant Trypanosoma, Porphyra, Wolfia (2) antheridiophore and archegoniophore on the (1) Six (2) Three (3) Four ALLEN(4) Five same plant (3) stamen and carpel on the same plant 91. In the five-kingdom classification, Chlamydomonas (4) upper antheridium and lower oogonium on the and Chlorella have been included in : (1) Plantae same plant (2) Monera 98. A good producer of citric acid is : (3) Protista (4) Algae (1) Saccharomyces (2) Aspergillus (3) Pseudomonas (4) Clostridium : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 107 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 99. Besides paddy fields, cyanobacteria are also found 104. Pigment-containing membranous extensions in some inside vegetative part of : cyanobacteria are : (1) Psilotum (1) Chromatophores (2) Pinus (2) Heterocysts (3) Cycas (3) Basal bodies (4) Pneumatophores (4) Equisetum 105. Which of the following is not correctly matched for 100. Select the wrong statement : the organism and its cell wall degrading enzyme? (1) Chlamydomonas exhibits both isogamy and (1) Fungi – Chitinase (2) Bacteria – Lysozyme anisogamy and Fucus shows oogamy (3) Plant cells – Cellulase (4) Algae – Methylase (2) Isogemetes are similar in structure, function and behaviour AIIMS 2013
(3) Anisogametes differ either in structure, function 106. In which organisms external fertilization occurs:- or behaviour (1) Echinodermata/ Moss (4) In Oomycetes female gamete is smaller and (2) Hemichordata/ Fern motile, while male gamete is larger and (3) Reptilia/ Gymnosperm non-motile (4) Amphibia/ Algae
101. Which one of the following is not a correct 107. Match the column I with column II statements ? Column-I Column-II (1) Key is taxonomic aid for identification of specimens (i) Chlorophyceae (a) Ectocarpus (2) Herbarium houses dried, pressed and preserved (ii) Lycopsida(b) Chara (iii) Phaeophyceae (c) Selaginella plant specimens (iv) Liverwort (d) Marchantia (3) Botanical gardens have collection of living plants or Sphenopsida or Equisetum for reference (1) i–b, ii–c, iii-a, iv-d (4) A museum has collection of photographs of 2019-20 (2) i–b, ii–d, iii-a, iv-c plants and animals (3) i–a, ii–d, iii-c, iv-b 102. Which of the following represents maximum number (4) i–c, ii–a, iii-b, iv-d of species among global biodiversity ? 108. Which of the following statements is correct (1) Mosses and Ferns (2) Algae regarding microbes in human welfare ? (3) Lichens (4) Fungi (1) Saccharomyces cereviceae is useful in 103. Read the following statements (A – E) and answer industries for production of citric acid the question which follows them. Session(2) Trichoderma polysporum is used as blood (a) In liverworts, mosses and ferns gametophytes cholesterol lowering agent are free living (3) Aspergillus niger used to obtain acetic acid (4) In sewage treatment CO , H and CH gases (b) Gymnosperms and some ferns are 2 2 4 heterosporous are produced from activated sludge by (c) Sexual reproductionALLEN in Fucus, Volvox and bacteria such as Methanobacterium Allbugo is oogamous 109. Which of the following suffix is always correct for (d) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate taxonomic categories without any exception ? than that in mosses (1) "–ia" for class like in class Mammalia (E) Both, Pinus and Marchantia are dioecious (2) "–ca" for genus like in genus Musca How many of the above statements are correct ? (3) "–aceae" for family like is family Poaceae (1) Four (2) One (3) Two (4) Three (4) "–oda" for phylum like in phylum Arthopoda : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 108 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 119. Transformation was discovered by :- AIPMT 2014 (1) Meselson and Stahl 110. Which one of the following shows isogamy with non- (2) Hershey and Chase flagellated gametes? (3) Griffith (1) Sargassum (2) Ectocarpus (4) Watson and Crick (3) Ulothrix (4) Spirogyra 120. Viruses have :- 111. Five kingdom system of classification suggested by (1) DNA enclosed in a protein coat R.H. Whittaker is not based on : (2) Prokaryotic nucleus (1) Presence or absence of a well defined nucleus. (3) Single chromosome (2) Mode of reproduction. (4) Both DNA and RNA (3) Mode of nutrition. 121. An alga which can be employed as food for human (4) Complexity of body organisation. being is :- 112. Which one of the following fungi contains (1) Ulothrix hallucinogens ? (2) Chlorella (1) Morchella esculenta (3) Spirogyra (2) Amanita muscaria (4) Polysiphonia (3) Neurospora sp. (4) Ustilago sp. 122. Which one of the following living organisms completely lacks a cell wall? 113. Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in : (1) Cyanobacteria (1) Cell membrane (2) Sea – fan(Gorgonia) (2) Mode of nutrition (3) Saccharomyces (3) Cell shape (4) Blue–green algae (4) Mode of reproduction AIIMS 2014 114. Which one of the following is wrong about Chara? (1) Upper oogonium and lower round antheridium. 123. Choose the correct statement:-2019-20 (2) Globule and nucule present on the same plant. (1) Aspergillus niger is bacterium which is used for (3) Upper antheridium and lower oogonium obtaining acetic acid & citric acid (4) Globule is male reproductive structure (2) Streptokinase is used as a clot buster (3) Monascus purpureus is responsible for production 115. Which of the following is responsible for peat of large holes in Swiss cheese formation ? (1) Marchantia (2) Riccia (4) Toddy is manufactured by Lactobacillus (3) Funaria (4) Sphagnum 124. Which of the following is homosporous:- 116. Anoxygenic photosynthesis is characteristic of : Session(1) Selaginella (2) Pinus (1) Rhodospirillum (2) Spirogyra (3) Cycas (4) Lycopodium (3) Chlamydomonas (4) Ulva 125. Which of the following is not monoecious plant? 117. Male gametophyte with least number of cell is (1) Cycas (2) Pinus present in : ALLEN(3) Wheat (4) Mustard (1) Pteris (2) Funaria (3) Lilium (4) Pinus 126. Algae, used in preparation of ice-creams and jellies are :- 118. Which of the following shows coiled RNA strand and (1) Gelidium and Chlorella capsomeres? (2) Gelidium and Gracilaria (1) Polio virus (2) Tobacco masaic virus (3) Chara and Spirulina (3) Measles virus (4) Retrovirus (4) Chlorella and Spirulina : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 109 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 134. Which one of the following statements is wrong? AIPMT 2015 (1) Agar - agar is obtained from Gelidium and 127. Which one one of the following matches is correct ? Gracilaria (1) Alternaria Sexual Deuteromycetes (2) Chlorella and Spirulina are used as space food reproduction (3) Mannitol is stored food in Rhodophyceae absent (4) Algin and carragen are products of algae (2) Mucor Reproduction Ascomycetes by Re-AIPMT 2015 Conjugation (3) Agaricus Parasitic Basidiomycetes 135. Which one is a wrong statement ? fungus (1) Brown algae have chlorophyll a and c, and (4) Phytophthora Aseptate Basidiomycetes fucoxanthin mycelium (2) Archegonia are found in Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms 128. In which of the following gametophyte is not (3) Mucor has biflagellate zoospores independent free living ? (4) Haploid endosperm is typical feature of (1) Marchantia (2) Pteris gymnosperms (3) Pinus (4) Funaria 136. Which of the following structures is not found in 129. Read the following five statements (A to E) and select prokaryotic cells? the option with all correct statements :- (1) Plasma membrane (A) Mosses and Lichens are the first organisms to colonise a bare rock. (2) Nuclear envelope (B) Selaginella is a homosporous pteridophyte (3) Ribosome (C) Coralloid roots in Cycas have VAM (4) Mesosome (D) Main plant body in bryophytes is gametophytic, whereas in pteridophytes it is sporophytic 137. Choose the wrong statement : (E) In gymnosperms, male and female (1) Yeast is unicellular and2019-20 useful in fermentation gametophytes are present within sporangia (2) Penicillium is multicellular and produces located on sporophyte antibiotics (1) (B), (C) and (D) (2) (A), (D) and (E) (3) Neurospora is used in the study of biochemical (3) (B), (C) and (E) (4) (A), (C) and (D) genetics 130. True nucleus is absent in :- (4) Morels and truffles are poisonous mushrooms (1) Mucor (2) Vaucheria (3) Volvox (4) Anabaena 138. Which of the following are not membrane-bound? (1) Mesosomes (2) Vacuoles 131. Male gemetes are flagellated in : (1) Anabaena (2) Ectocarpus Session(3) Ribosomes (4) Lysosomes (3) Spirogyra (4) Polysiphonia 139. Cell wall is absent in : 132. Which one of the following is not an inclusion body (1) Nostoc (2) Aspergillus found in prokaryotes ? (3) Funaria (4) Mycoplasma (1) Cyanophycean granuleALLEN (2) Glycogen granule 140. In which group of organisms the cells walls form two (3) Polysome thin overlapping shells which fit together ? (4) Phosphate granule (1) Slime moulds 133. The guts of cow and buffalo possess: (2) Chrysophytes (1) Chlorella spp. (2) Methanogens (3) Euglenoids (3) Cyanobacteria (4) Fucus spp. (4) Dinoflagellates : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 110 ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 141. Match the following list of microbes and their 147. Match the following column correctly :- importance : Column I Column II (a) Saccharomyces (i) Production of cerevisiae immunosuppressive A Statins i Monascus purpureus agents B Cyclosporins ii Trichoderma (b) Monascus (ii) Ripening of Swiss C Acetic acid iii Acetobacter aceti purpureus cheese D Butyric acid iv Clostridium butyricum (c) Trichoderma (iii) Commercial polysporum production of ethanol Options :- (d) Propionibacterium (iv) Production of blood (1) A - i, B - ii, C - iii, D - iv sharmanii cholesterol lowering agents (2) A - ii, B - i, C - iv, D - iii (3) A - ii, B - i, C - iii, D - iv (a) (b) (c) (d) (1) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii) (4) A - iii, B - iv, C - i, D - ii (2) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) 148. Algin can be obtained from :- (3) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) (1) Rhodophyceae & chlorophyceae (4) (iv) (ii) (i) (iii) (2) Phaeophyceae & rhodophyceae 142. Chromatophores take part in : (3) rhodophyceae only (1) Respiration (4) phaeophyceae only (2) Photosynthesis (3) Growth 149. In Pinus, endosperm cells have 30 chromosomes (4) Movement then how many chromosomes are present in sieve cells :- 143. The structures that help some bacteria to attach to (1) 30 (2) 60 (3) 10 (4) 15 rocks and/or host tissues are : (1) Holdfast (2) Rhizoids 2019-20 (3) Fimbriae (4) Mesosomes NEET-I 2016
144. The imperfect fungi which are decomposers of litter 150. Which one of the following statements is wrong ? and help in mineral cycling belong to : (1) Cyanobacteria are also called blue-green algae (1) Ascomycetes (2) Deuteromycetes (2) Golden algae are also called desmids (3) Basidiomycetes (4) Phycomycetes (3) Eubacteria are also called false bacteria (4) Phycomycetes are also called algal fungi 145. Pick up the wrong statement : (1) Nuclear membrane is present in Monera 151. Select the correct statement :- (2) Cell wall is absent in Animalia Session (1) Gymnosperms are both homosporous and (3) Protista have photosynthetic and heterotrophic heterosporous modes of nutrition (2) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms (4) Some fungi are edible ALLEN(3) Sequoia is one of the tallest trees AIIMS 2015 (4) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted to extremes of climate 146. Denitrification is done by :- (1) Pseudomonas 152. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male (2) Nitrosomonas gametes requires :- (3) Nitrobacter (1) Wind (2) Insects (4) Nitrococcus (3) Birds (4) Water : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 111 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 153. Which of the following would appear as the pioneer 159. Methanogens belong to : organisms on bare rocks? (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Slime moulds (1) Lichens (2) Liverworts (3) Eubacteria (4) Archaebacteria (3) Mosses (4) Green algae 160. Select the wrong statement : 154. Nomenclature is governed by certain universal rules. Which one of the following is contrary to the rules (1) Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans of nomenclature? (2) Diatoms are microscopic and float passively in (1) Biological names can be written in any language water (2) The first word in a biological name represents (3) The walls of diatoms are easily destructible the genus name, and the second is a specific (4) 'Diatomaceous earth' is formed by the cell walls epithet of diatoms. (3) The names are written in Latin and are italicised (4) When written by hand, the names are to be 161. The lable of a herbarium shet does not carry underlined information on : 155. Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates and Slime (1) Local names moulds are included in the kingdom :- (2) height of the plant (1) Monera (2) Protista (3) date of collection (3) Fungi (4) Animalia (4) name of collector 156. Which of the following is wrongly matched in the given table ? 162. Conifers are adapated to tolerate extreme environmental conditions because of : Microbe Product Application (1) thick cuticle (2) presence of vessels (3) broad hardy leaves (4) superficial stomata (1) Trichoderma Cyclosporin A immunosup- polysporum pressive drug 163. Which one of the following statements is wrong? (2) Monascus Statins lowering of (1) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and purpureus blood 2019-20 cholesterol Gracilaria (2) Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food (3) Streptococcus Streptokinase removal of clot from (3) Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in blood vessel the immediate environment
(4) Clostridium Lipase removal of (4) Algin is obtained from red algae, and butylicum oil stains carrageenan from brown algae.
164. Select the mismatch :- 157. The primitive prokaryotes responsible for the (1) Protists-Eukaryotes production of biogas from the dung of ruminant Session animals, include the :- (2) Methanogens-Prokaryotes (1) Halophiles (2) Thermoacidiophiles (3) Gas vacuoles-Green bacteria (4) Large central vacoules - Animal cells (3) Methanogens ALLEN(4) Eubacteria 165. Select the wrong statement :- NEET-II 2016 (1) Cyanobacteria lack flagellated cells. 158. The ovule of an angiosperm is technically equivalent (2) Mycoplasma is a wall-less microorganism to : (3) Bacterial cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan. (1) megaspore mother cell (4) Pilli and fimbriae are mainly involved in motility (2) megaspore (3) megasporangium of bacterial cells (4) megasporophyll : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 112 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 166. Match Column –I with Column–II and select the (D) In unicellular organisms, reproduction is correct option using the codes given below synonymous with growth. The two correct statements are Column-I Column-II (1) A and D (2) A and B (3) B and C (4) C and D (a) Citric acid (i) Trichoderma AIIMS 2016 (b) Cyclosporin A (ii) Clostridium 170. The source of cyclosporin-A is :- (c) Statins (iii) Aspergillus (1) Acetobacter aceti (2) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (d) Butyric acid (iv) Monascus (3) Aspergillus niger Codes : (4) Trichoderma polysporum abcd 171. Statins commmercially used as blood cholesterol (1) i iv ii iii lowering agents are produced by :- (2) iii iv i ii (1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens (3) iii i ii iv (2) Trichoderma polysporum (4) iii i iv ii (3) Monascus purpureus (4) Trichoderma viridae 167. Which of the following sets of diseases is caused by bacteria? 172. Denitrification process is carried by :- (1) Tetanus and mumps (1) Nitrosomonas (2) Herpes and influenza (2) Nitrobacter (3) Cholera and tetanus (3) Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus (4) Typhoid and smallpox (4) Bacillus
168. Match Column–I with Column–II for housefly 173. Select odd one out with respect to plant group? classification and select the correct option using the (1) Cycas, Pinus and Cedrus codes given below : (2) Funaria, Sphagnum 2019-20and Marchantia (3) Spirogyra, Volvox and Ulothrix Column-I Column-II (4) Selaginella, Polytrichum and Porphyra a Family (i) Diptera 174. Biological name of wheat is :- b Order (ii) Arthropoda (1) Triticum aestivum (2) Triticum triticale (3) Triticum sativum (4) Triticum tuberosum c Class (iii) Muscidae
d Phylum (iv) Insecta 175. Codes : Session abcd (1) iv iii ii i (2) iv ii i iii (3) iii i iv ii (4) iii iiALLEN iv i 169. Study the four statements (A–D) given below and Choose the correct options with respect to given select the two correct ones out of them : diagram :- (A) Definition of biological species was given by (1) Nostoc - Cyanobacteria, can fix N 2 Er nst Mayr. (2) Spirillum - Red algae with motile gamates (B) Photoperiod does not affect reproduction in plants. (3) Anabaena - Archaebacteria, Grow in polluted (C) Binomial nomenclature system was given by water R.H. Whittaker. : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN (4) Chara - Brown algae, gives agar E 113 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 176. Which of the following pair is an example of 184. Which of the following is correctly matched for the nitrifying bacteria? product produced by them ? (1) Pseudomonas and BGA (1) Methanobacterium : Lactic acid (2) Nitrobacter and E.coli (2) Penicillium notatum : Acetic acid (3) Nitrosomonas and Nitrococcus (3) Sacchromyces cerevisiae : Ethanol (4) Pseudomonas and Klebsiella (4) Acetobacter aceti : Antibiotics
NEET(UG) 2017 185. Which among the following are the smallest living cells, known without a definite cell wall, pathogenic 177. Which of the following are found in extreme saline to plants as well as animals and can survive without conditions ? oxygen ? (1) Eubacteria (2) Cyanobacteria (1) Pseudomonas (2) Mycoplasma (3) Mycobacteria (4) Archaebacteria (3) Nostoc (4) Bacillus
178. Select the mismatch : 186. Select the mismatch (1) Cycas – Dioecious (1) Rhodospirillum - Mycorrhiza (2) Salvinia – Heterosporous (2) Anabaena - Nitrogen fixer (3) Equisetum – Homosporous (3) Rhizobium - Alfalfa (4) Pinus – Dioecious
(4) Frankia - Alnus AIIMS 2017 179. An example of colonial alga is : 187. Which of the following set is not show heterospory (1) Volvox (2) Ulothrix and heterophilly ? (1) Psilotum, Lycopodium, Pteris and Adiantum (3) Spirogyra (4) Chlorella (2) Selaginella, Salvinia, Lycopodium and Pteris 180. Which of the following components provides sticky (3) Salvinia, Lycopodium, Selaginella and Psilotum character to the bacterial cell ? (4) Salvinia, Selaginella,2019-20 Azolla and Lycopodium (1) Nuclear membrane (2) Plasma membrane 188. Match the column-I (name of viruses) with column- (3) Glycocalyx (4) Cell wall II (type of genetic material) and choose correct 181. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of; option? (1) Fucus (2) Funaria Column-I Column-II (3) Chlamydomonas (4) Marchantia Cauliflower Circular single 182. Life cycle of Ectocarpus and Fucus respectively are: A i mosaic virus stranded DNA (1) Diplontic, Haplodiplontic Session B Adeno virus ii Single stranded RNA (2) Haplodiplontic, Diplontic Double stranded C Retro virus iii (3) Haplodiplontic, Haplontic circular DNA
(4) Haplontic, Diplontic Non circular double ALLEND Gemini virus iv 183. Viroids differ from viruses in having; stranded DNA
(1) DNA molecules without protein coat Options :- (2) RNA molecules with protein coat (1) A-iii, B-ii, C-i, D-iv (2) A-i, B-ii, C-iv, D-iii (3) RNA molecules without protein coat (3) A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i (4) DNA molecules with protein coat (4) A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 114 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 189. Correct statement about glycocalyx? 195. Which of the following statement is correct ? (1) Innermost layer of bacterial cell (1) Ovules are not enclosed by ovary wall in (2) Outermost layer of bacterial cell gymnosperms (3) Store food in the form of glycogen (2) Selaginella is heterosporous, while Salvinia is (4) Perform photosynthesis homosporous 190. Match the column-I with column-II and choose (3) Horsetails are gymnosperms correct option. (4) Stems are usually unbranched in both Cycas and Cedrus Column-I Column-II 196. Select the wrong statement : (1) Cell wall is present in members of Fungi and A Prions i Free infectious RNA Plantae (2) Mushrooms belong to Basidiomycetes B Viroid ii Protein (3) Pseudopodia are locomotory and feeding C Gemini viruses iii Single stranded RNA structures in Sporozoans (4) Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell in D Retro viruses iv Single stranded DNA all kingdoms except Monera Options : 197. Which one is wrongly matched ? (1) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv (1) Uniflagellate gametes - Polysiphonia (2) A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii (2) Biflagellate zoospores - Brown algae (3) A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-ii (3) Gemma cups - Marchantia (4) A-i, B-iv, C-iii, D-ii (4) Unicellular organism - Chlorella 191. Which of the following set of plants exhibit 198. Match the items given in Column I with those in homospory and homophilly? Column II and select the correct option given below:- (1) Selaginella, Salvinia, Azolla Column-I Column-II (2) Equisetum, Dryopteris, Lycopodium (a) Herbarium i. It is a place having a (3) Selaginella, Dryopteris, Adiantum collection of preserved (4) Salvinia, Equisetum, Azolla 2019-20 plants and animals. 192. The potato spindle viroid (PSV) contain :- (b) Key ii. A list that enumerates (1) Single stranded DNA with protein coat methodically all the (2) Double stranded DNA with protein coat species found in an area (3) Single stranded RNA without protein coat with brief description (4) Double stranded RNA with protein coat aiding identification. 193. Which of the following is true for mesosomes? (c) Museum iii.Is a place where (1) Mesosomes are infoldings of cell membrane in dried and pressed plant prokaryotes Session specimens mounted on (2) Mesosomes are infoldings of cell wall in sheets are kept. prokaryotes (d) Catalogue iv. A booklet containing (3) Mesosomes are helpful in respiration in a list of characters and eukaryotes their alternates which (4) Mesosomes areALLEN helpful in cell division in are helpful in eukaryotes identification of various taxa. NEET(UG) 2018 ab c d 194. Which among the following is not a prokaryote ? (1) i iv iii ii (1) Saccharomyces (2) Mycobacterium (2) iii ii i iv (3) Nostoc (4) Oscillatoria (3) ii iv iii i (4) iii iv i ii : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 115 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 199. After karyogamy followed by meiosis, spores are 207. Penicillin is obtained from :- produced exogenously in (1) Yeast (2) Bacteria (1) Neurospora (2) Alternaria (3) Fungi (4) Algae (3) Agaricus (4) Saccharomyces 208. Identify 'c' in the given diagram :- 200. Oxygen is not produced during photosynthesis by (1) Green sulphur bacteria (2) Nostoc (3) Cycas (4) Chara 201. Which of the following organisms are known as chief producers in the oceans ? (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Diatoms (3) Cyanobacteria (4) Euglenoids (1) Rhizoids (2) Internode 202. Winged pollen grains are present in (3) True adventitious root (4) Third leaf (1) Mustard (2) Cycas 209. Lichens are good indicators of :- (3) Mango (4) Pinus (1) air pollution (2) soil pollution (3) water pollution (4) noise pollution AIIMS 2018 210. Free living N fixers are :- 2 203. Citrus canker disease is caused by :- (1) Rhizobium, Beijernickia, Azotobacter (1) Bacteria (2) Virus (2) Rhizobium, Frankia, Anabaena (3) Fungi (4) Mycoplasma (3) Azotobacter, Nostoc, Glomus (4) Azotobacter, Nostoc, Beijernickia 204. Nitrogen fixing algae are :- 211. Match the following :- (1) Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Anabaena (2) Azolla, Rhizobium, Clostridium C -I C -II (3) Azolla, Azotobacter, Bacillus M (4) Azolla, Azospirillum, Frankia S 2019-20 205. Match the columns :- C -A S C -I C -II T S V P
V T.O. D P P R S Session(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv (2) a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv C G P (3) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i (4) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii (1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv 212. f-174 has which type of genome ? (2) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i (1) ss-RNA (2) ss-DNA (3) a-i, b-ii, c-iv, d-iii ALLEN(3) ds-DNA (4) ds-RNA (4) a-iii, b-i, c-ii, d-iv 213. Which of the following is correct ? 206. Which of the following are free living and symbiotic (1) Cyanobacteria form mycorhhiza which helps in nitrogen (N ) fixers? absorption of phosphate 2 (1) Beijernickia and Azotobacter (2) Methanobacterium digest cellulose in anaerobic conditions (2) Azotobacter and Rhizobium (3) Azotobacter fix nitrogen symbiotically (3) Glomus and Azolla (4) Rhizobium can fix nitrogen both free living and (4) Glomus and Azotobacter symbiotically : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN 116 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 214. Which of the following has haploid type of nucleus? 215. Match the following columns :- (1) Cycas (2) Salvinia (3) Funeria (4) Fucus Column-I Column-II
a Halophytes i Rumen of cattles
b Methanogens ii Plant roots
c Thermoacidophiles iii Salty areas
d Mycorrhiza iv Hot water springs
(1) a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv (2) a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i (3) a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii (4) a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii
EXERCISE-II (P Y Q ) ANSWER KEY Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ans.244334333244312 Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Ans.213223122134244 Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Ans.331442233324421 Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Ans.223133422223342 Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 722019-20 73 74 75 Ans.213111442134424 Que. 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Ans.122221142122241 Que. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 Ans.312213123444414 Que. 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Ans.41434B213413231 Que. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 Ans.222412132423233Session Que. 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 Ans.243422232111423 Que. 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 Ans.341124334321444 Que. 166 167 168ALLEN 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 Ans.433143341134113 Que. 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 Ans.323324132223111 Que. 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 Ans.314312411323414 Que. 211 212 213 214 215 Ans. 2 2234 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 04- LAN -E . 65 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN E 117 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN EXERCISE-III (A Q ) C Y U
EXERCISE-III(A) NCERT BASED QUESTIONS 8. Which of the following is not a correct statement? (1) Order is the assemblage of families which exhibit 1. The number and types of organisms present on a few similar characters in comparisation to earth make :- families (1) Taxonomy (2) Plant diversity (2) Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae families are (3) Animal diversity (4) Biodiversity included in order polymoniales mainly on the basis of floral characters 2. The process by which anything is grouped into (3) In hierarchy both broad categories and sub convinient categories based on some easily categories are used observable characters is called as:- (4) Class is a sub category which includes related (1) Biodiversity (2) Classifications order (3) Identification (4) Nomenclature 9. Which of the following is not used as taxonomic 3. The process in which biologists follow universally aid ? accepted principles to provide name of any (1) Zoological park (2) Soil organism is called as :- (3) Herbarium (4) Museum (1) Identification (2) Classification (3) Nomenclature (4) Systematics 10. In which group of taxonomic aids only the means of taxonomic literature are included :- 4. What are the essential basis of modern taxonomic (1) Botanical gardens, Museum, Keys studies ? (2) Botanical Gardens, Herbarium, Keys (1) External and internal structure (3) Flora, Manual, Monograph (2) Structure of cell (4) Botanical Garden, Museum, Monographs (3) Developmental process and ecological information 11. Taxonomists use to prepare and disseminate (4) All of these taxonomic informations2019-20 by :- (1) Manuals and monographs 5. Characterisation of families is done on the basis (2) Museum and herbarium of :- (3) Zoological park and herbarium (1) Vegetative feautres (2) Reproductive features (4) Keys and herbarium (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of them 12. Largest Botanical garden, Indian Botanical Garden 6. In the names Mangifera indica, Solanum tuberosum and National Botanical Research Institute are and Panthera leo, the words indica, tuberosum and situated respectively at :- leo represent :- (1) Kew, Lucknow, Howrah (1) Generic name (2) Generic epithet Session(2) Kew, Howarh, Lucknow (3) Name of species (4) Specific epithet (3) Lucknow, Howarh, Kew (4) Howarh, Lucknow, Kew 7. Why the determination of relationship becomes more complex in higherALLEN taxonomic categories ? 13. Which of the following taxonomic aid is useful only (1) Number of common characters goes on in case of animals ? decreasing in lower taxa (1) Botanical gardens (2) Museum (2) Number of common characters goes on (3) Keys (4) Zoological parks decreasing in higher taxa 14. All the categories used in classification of organism (3) Because classification itself is very difficult process constitute :- (4) Number of common characters goes on (1) Taxonomy (2) Systematics increasing in higher taxa (3) Taxonomic hierarchy (4) Taxonomic affinity : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 118 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 15. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a:- 25. Orange rots disease is caused by :- (1) Different cell wall and cell membrane structure (1) Bacterium (2) Fungus (2) Different cellular organization (3) Citrus (4) Mycoplasma (3) Parasitic nature 26. Select incorrect statement about fungi ? (4) Both (2) and (3) (1) The cell walls are composed of chitin and 16. Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria are :- polysaccharides (1) Rhizobium, Nostoc (2) These are heterotrophic organisms (2) Rhizobium, Anabaena (3) They are autotrophic organsism (3) Nostoc, Anabaena (4) They are absorptive in nature (4) Anabaena, Azolla 27. In fungi, vegetative reproduction takes place by :- (1) Fragmentation (2) Conidia 17. The vast majority of bacteria are :- (3) Zygospore (4) Oospore (1) Symbiotic (2) Autotrophic (3) Heterotrophic (4) Nitrogen fixing 28. In ascomycetes and basidomycetes, the dikaryotic cell is :- 18. Which character indicates that Cyanobacteria are (1) Haploid (2) Diploid similar to higher green plants ? (3) Triploid (4) Polyploid (1) Type of cell wall (2) Nitrogen fixation ability 29. Which of the following is not a member of class (3) Presence of chlorophyll 'a' phycomycetes ? (4) Presence of gelatinous sheath (1) Albugo (2) Mucor (3) Rhizopus (4) Neurospora 19. Typhoid and tetanus are caused by :- (1) Bacteria (2) Virus 30. The mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic in :- (3) Viroids (4) Fungi (1) Phycomycetes (2) Basidiomycetes (3) Deuteromycetes (4) Ascomycetes 20. Which one of the following prokaryotes lack cell wall? (1) Virus (2) Cyanobacteria 31. Septate and branched mycelium2019-20 is found in :- (3) Mycoplasma (4) Protozoa (1) Basidiomycetes (2) Deuteromycetes (3) Ascomycetes (4) All the above 21. According to five kingdom classification protista includes :- 32. Select correct matched pair / pairs :- (1) Claviceps – Ascomycetes (1) Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Protozoans (2) Morels – Ascomycetes (2) Diatoms, Euglenoids, Virus (3) Agaricus – Basidiomycetes (3) Dinoflagellates, Protozoans, Red algae (4) All the above (4) Chrysophytes, Bryophytes, Protozoans, Slime mould Session33. Asexual reproduction takes place by conidia formation in :- 22. Which organisms have silica in their cell wall ? (1) Aspergillus (2) Penicillium (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Slime mould (3) Colletotrichum (4) All the above (3) Diatoms (4) Euglenoids 34. Which of the following are examples of unicellular 23. Which organism is responsibleALLEN for red surface of sea? algae ? (1) Euglena (2) Gonyaulax (1) Chlamydomonas (2) Riccia (3) Amoeba (4) Paramecium (3) Chlorella (4) Both (1) & (2)
24. Which unicellular, photosynthetic eukaryote lacks 35. Which of the following are not considered in five cell wall ? kingdom system of classification ? (1) Mycoplasma (2) Amoeba (1) Lichen (2) Virus (3) Euglena (4) Slime mould (3) Viroid (4) All the above : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 E 119 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 36. The name virus that means venom or poisonous fluid 47. Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by :- was given by :- (1) Fragementation (2) Budding (1) Pasteur (2) Ivanowsky (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) By spore (3) Stanley (4) Both (2) & (3) 48. Marchantia is an example of :- 37. Viroid was discovered by :- (1) Mosses (2) Liver worts (1) Haeckel (2) Pasteur (3) Sphenopsida (4) Lycopsida (3) T.O. Diener (4) Theophrastus 49. In Mosses creeping, green, branched and frequently 38. Bacteriophages are generally :- filamentous stage is called :- (1) ss DNA virus (2) ds DNA virus (1) Protonema (2) Rhizome (3) Rhizophore (4) All of these (3) ss RNA virus (4) ds RNA virus 50. The leaves of Pteridophyta are :- 39. Select true statement :- (1) Microphylls (2) Macrophylls (1) Viruses are obligate parasites (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) None of these (2) In Lichens, algal component is called phycobiont (3) In Lichens, Fungal component is called 51. In majority of the Pteridophytes all the spores are mycobiont of similar kind such plants are called :- (4) All the above (1) Homosporous (2) Heterosporous (3) Prothallus (4) Protanema 40. Algae reproduce by :- (1) Asexual (2) Sexual 52. Which is the dominant phase of Pteridophytes ? (3) Vegetative (4) All the above (1) Gametophyte (2) Sporophyte (3) Spores (4) Gametes 41. Stored food in Phaeophyceae is :- (1) Laminarin or manitol (2) Starch 53. In Pteridophytes, sporophylls may form distinct (3) Cellulose (4) Algin compact structure, called :- (1) Strobili or cones2019-20 (2) Microphyll 42. Asexual reproduction in maximum Brown Algae (3) Macrophyll (4) Tropophyll is by :- 54. Pteridophytes are classified in to :- (1) Biflagellated zoospore (1) Three classes (2) Two classes (2) Single flagellated zoospore (3) Four classes (4) Five classes (3) Aplanospore (4) None of these 55. Gymnospermic plants are :- (1) Homosporous (2) Heterosporous 43. Pigments in Phaeophycae :- (3) Both (4) Without spores (1) Chlorophyll a (2) Chlorophyll c Session (3) Fucoxanthin (4) All the above 56. The nucellus is protected by envelopes and the composite structure is called :- 44. Generally red algae do not form :- (1) Megaspore (2) Microspore (1) Zoospore (2) Non - motile spore (3) Ovule (4) Cone (3) Non- motile gameteALLEN (4) None of these 57. In Cycas specialised roots are associated with N 2 45. The main plant body of bryophyte is :- fixing cyanobacteria, called :- (1) Haploid (2) Diploid (1) Tap root (2) Coralloid root (3) Haplo-diploid (4) Diplo-haploid (3) Adventitious root (4) All the above
46. The plant body of liverworts is :- 58. Gymnosperms include :- (1) Sporophyte (2) Thalloid (1) Medium sized trees (2) Tall tree (3) With roots (4) Xerophytic (3) Shrubs (4) All the above : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 120 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 59. In Gymnosperm which is not found :- 67. Which of the following statement is true for (1) Antheridia (2) Archegonia bryophyta ? (3) Both (4) None of these (1) Along with water absorption roots also provide anchorment to plants EXERCISE-III(B) ANALYTICAL QUESTIONS (2) Sporophyte is dominant 60. Water is essential in bryophyta :- (3) Gametophyte is dominant and sporophyte is (1) For fertilization and homosporous nature mostly parasitic (2) Water should be filled in archegonium for (4) Gametophyte is parasitic fertilization 68. Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert :- (3) Water is necessary for movement of sperm (1) N ® NH (2) NH + ® Nitrates (4) For dissemination spores 2 3 4 (3) NO NO (4) NO N 2 ® 3 3 ® 2 61. Which statement is wrong for Cycas ? 69. Which arrangement is in correct ascending order ? (1) Xylem have vessels (1) Species < genus < order < family (2) Male cones are well developed (2) Genus < species < family < order (3) It has coralloid roots (3) Order < family < Genus < species (4) Circinate ptyaxis/Circinate vernation (4) Species < genus < family < order
62. What is correct for stages of Puccinia ? 70. Main reason of water bloom in rivers, lakes, sea (1) Telia and aecia on wheat etc. is:- (2) Telia and uredo stage on wheat (1) Brown algae and green algae (3) Telia and aecia on barberry (2) Cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates (4) None (3) Eichornia 63. Walking fern name of Adiantum is due to :- (4) Fishes (1) Dispersal by animals 71. Genetic material of prokaryotic cell:- (2) Reproduction by spores 2019-20 (1) Non histonic double stranded DNA (3) Vegetative reproduction (2) Histonic double stranded DNA (4) Power of locomotion (3) Histone & DNA both are absent 64. Modern farmer's can increase the yield of Paddy (4) Histone without DNA upto 50% by the use of :- 72. Diatomaceous earth is used as heat insulator in (1) Cyanobacteria boilers and steam pipes because the cell wall of (2) Rhizobium diatom - (3) Cyanobacteria in Azolla pinnata (1) Composed of Iron (4) Farm yard manure Session (2) Composed of Silicon dioxide 65. Practical purpose of taxonomy or classification :- (3) Is conductor of heat (1) Facilitate the identification of unknown species. (4) Is bad conductor of electricity (2) Explain the origin of organisms. ALLEN73. Enzymes are not found in- (3) To know the evolutionary history (1) Fungi (2) Algae (4) Identification of medicinal plants (3) Virus (4) Cyanobacteria 66. Plant pathogenic bacteria are mostly :- 74. Cycas have two cotyledons but not included in (1) Gram + Non spore forming angiosperms because of :- (2) Gram - Negative non spore forming (1) Naked ovules (2) Seems like monocot (3) Gram + spore forming (3) Circinate ptyaxis (4) Compound leaves (4) Gram (-) spore forming : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 E 121 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 75. Plant Decomposers belong to :- 84. Sequence of which of the following is used to know (1) Monera and fungi (2) Fungi and plants the phylogeny :- (3) Protista and Animalia (4) Animalia and Monera (1) m-RNA (2) r – RNA (3) t - RNA (4) DNA 76. What is true for cyanobacteria ? (1) Oxygenic with nitrogenase 85. In five kingdom system, the main basis of (2) Oxygenic without nitrogenase classification :- (3) Non oxygenic with nitrogenase (1) Structure of nucleus (2) Nutrition (4) Non oxygenic without nitrogenase (3) Structure of cell wall (4) Asexual reproduction
77. Which of the following more similar in characters 86. Organisms which obtain energy by the oxidation as compared to genus ? of reduced inorganic compounds are called (1) Species (2) Division (1) Photo autotrophs (2) Chemo autotrophs (3) Class (4) Family (3) Saprozoic (4) Coproheterotrophs
78. Adhesive pad (Haustoria) of fungi penetrate the 87. Which one of the following bacteria has found host with the help of :- extensive use in genetic engineering work in plants:- (1) Mechanical pressure and enzymes (1) Clostridium septicum (2) Hooke and suckers (2) Xanthomonas citri (3) Softening by enzymes (3) Bacillus coagulens (4) Only by mechanical pressure (4) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
79. Reason of diversity in living being :- 88. In which kingdom would you classify the archaea (1) Mutation and nitrogen-fixing organisms, if the five-kingdom (2) Long term evolutionary change system of classification is used :- (3) Gradual change (1) Plantae (2) Fungi (4) Short term evolutionary change (3) Protista 2019-20(4) Monera 80. Which fungal disease spreads by seed and flowers ? 89. Which one pair of examples will correctly represent (1) Loose smut of Wheat the grouping Spermatophyta according to one of (2) Corn stunt the schemes of classifying plants :- (3) Covered smut of Barley (1) Acacia, Sugarcane (2) Pinus, Cycas (4) Soft rot of Potato (3) Rhizopus, Triticum (4) Ginkgo, Pisum
81. Which bacteria is utilized in Gober gas plant ? 90. Plants reproducing by spores such as mosses and ferns are grouped under the general term:- (1) Methanogens (2) Nitrifying bacteria (1) Cryptogams (2) Bryophytes (3) Ammonifying bacteria (4) Denitrifying bacteria Session(3) Sporophytes (4) Thallophytes 82. In bacteria, plasmid is :- 91. Chlorenchyma is known to develop in the :- (1) Extra chromosomal material (1) Cytoplasm of Chlorella (2) Main DNA (2) Mycelium of a green mould such as Aspergillus (3) Non functional DNA ALLEN(3) Spore capsule of a moss (4) Repetative gene (4) Pollen tube of Pinus 83. Vessels are found in :– (1) All angiosperms and some gymnosperm 92. Phenetic classification is based on :- (2) Most of the angiosperms and few gymnosperms (1) The ancestral lineage of existing organisms (3) All angiosperms, all gymnosperms and some (2) Observable characteristics of existing organisms pteridophyta (3) Dendograms based on DNA characteristics (4) All pteridophyta (4) Sexual characteristics : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 122 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 93. Which one of the following pairs of plants are not 100. A free living nitrogen–fixing cyanobacterium which seed producers ? can also form symbiotic association with the water (1) Fern and Funaria fern Azolla is :- (2) Funaria and Ficus (1) Anabaena (2) Tolypothrix (3) Ficus and Chlamydomonas (3) Chlorella (4) Nostoc (4) Punica and Pinus 101. The most thoroughly studied of the known bacte- 94. Species are considered as :- ria–plant interactions is the (1) Real basic units of classification (1) Plant growth stimulation by phosphate–solubi- (2) The lowest units of classification lising bacteria (3) Artificial concept of human mind (2) Cyanobacterial symbiosis with some aquatic (4) Biggest units of classification devised by taxonomists ferns (3) Gall (swelling) formation on certain 95. In oogamy, fertilization involves :- angiosperms by Agrobacterium (1) A large motile female gamete and a small non– (4) Nodulation of Sesbania stems by nitrogen fix- motile male gamete ing bacteria (2) A small non–motile female gamete and a large motile male gamete 102. Top-shaped multiciliate male gemetes, and the (3) A large non–molile female gamete and a small mature seed which bears only one embryo with motile male gamete two cotyledons, are characteristic features of : (4) A large non–motile female gamete and a small (1) Cycads non–motile male gamete (2) Gamopetalous angiosperms 96. Flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ (3) Conifers in :- (4) Polypetalous angiosperms (1) Microtubular organization and function 103. Carbohydrates, the most abundant biomolecules (2) Type of movement and placement in cell on earth, are produced by : (3) Location in cell and mode of functioning 2019-20 (4) Microtubular organization and type of movement (1) some bacteria, algae and green plant cells (2) all bacteria, fungi and algae 97. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora pri- (3) fungi, algae and green plant cells marily because of their :- (4) viruses, fungi and bacteria (1) Domestrication by man (2) Power of adaptability in diverse habitat 104. Match items in Column I with those in Column II : (3) Property of producing large number of seeds Column I Column I (4) Nature of self pollination (A) Peritrichous (J) Ginkgo 98. If by radiation all nitrogenase enzyme are inacti- Sessionflagellation vated, then there will be no :- (B) Living fossil (K) Macrocystis (1) Conversion from ammonium to nitrate in soil (C) Rhizophore (L) Escherichia coli (2) Fixation of nitrogen in legumes (D) Smallest (M) Selaginella (3) Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen flowering plant (4) Conversion from ALLENnitrate to nitrite in legumes (E) Largest (N) Wolffia 99. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly perennial alga matched ? Select the correct answer from the following : (1) Rhizobium – Biofertilizer (1) A–L ; B–J ; C–M; D–N ; E–K (2) Streptomyces – Antibiotic (2) A–J ; B–K ; C–N; D–L ; E–K (3) Serratia – Drug addiction (3) A–N ; B–L ; C–K; D–N ; E–J (4) Spirulina – Single cell protein (4) A–K ; B–J ; C–L; D–M ; E–N : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 E 123 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 105. Barophilic prokaryotes : 110. Which of the following is / are not correctly match? (1) occur in water containing high concentrations Common Genus Family of barium hydroxide. Name (2) readily grow and divide in sea water enriched (i) Man H Hominidae in any soluble salt of barium (ii) Housefly M Muscidae (3) grow and multiply in very deep marine sediments (iii) Mango Anacardiaceae (4) grow slowly in highly alkaline frozen lakes at M high altitudes (iv) Wheat T Poaceae
106. Auxospores and Hormocysts are formed, (1) i & ii (2) only i respectively, by : (3) only ii (4) iii & iv (1) Several diatoms and a few cyanobacteria (2) Some diatoms and several cyanobacteria 111. How many of the followings are taxa ? (3) Several cyanobacteria and several diatoms Dogs, Cats, Mammals, Wheat, Rice, Plants, Wood, (4) Some cyanobacteria and many diatoms Mango, Leaves, Jointed legs. 107. Which of the following is not true for a species ? (1) Eight (2) Six (1) Variations occur among members of a species (3) Seven (4) One (2) Gene flow does not occur between the populations of a species (3) Each species is reproductively isolated from 112. every other species (4) Members of a species can interbreed 108. Study the following statements carefully and give the answer :- A. Biological names are generally in Latin and printed in italics. B. The first word in biological names represents the genus. 2019-20 C. Both the words in a biological name are separately underlined when printed. D. The first word of biological name starts with capital letter when given in memory of a person otherwise with small letter. Identify A and B and select the right option giving (1) A, D – correct B, C – correct their some of the features correctly ? (2) A, C – correct B, D – incorrect (3) A, B – correct C, D – incorrect SessionI II III (4) A, B – incorrect C, D – correct Plant Help in (1) (A) is Herbarium specimens are identification 109. How many are the incorrect statements from the stored alive of plant followings ? Animal Help in studying (2) (B) is Herbarium specimens are (A) In museum insects are preserved in insect boxes anatomy ALLENstored alive after collecting and killing. (B) Monkey, gorilla and gibbon are placed in class (B) is zoological Living animals Help in studying (3) mammalia. park are kept there animal behaviour (C) In an order similar characters are more as (A) is zoological Living plant Help to study (4) compared to different genera included in a family. park parts are kept plant physiology (D) Three pairs of jointed legs are present in all chordates. (1) Two (2) Three (3) One (4) Four : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 124 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 113. How many are the incorrect statements from the 117. Classification system are changing every now and then because an attempt has been made to evolve followings ? such a system ultimately which is able to explain (A) Lower the taxa, more are the characteristics evolutionary relations in organisms. What was the that the members within the taxon share correct sequence of these types of classification systems with respect to their evolution :- (B) Higher the taxonomic category, greater is the (1) Practical ® Artificial ® Natural difficulty of determining the relationships to ® Phylogenetic ® Numerical other taxa at the same level (2) Artificial ® Practical ® Numerical ® Phylogenetic (C) In lower taxa the problems of classification (3) Practical ® Artifical® Natural ® Numerical ® becomes more complex phylogenetic (D) As we go higher from species to kingdom, the (4) Numerical ® Artifical® Natural ® Practical ® number of common characters increases phylogenetic
(1) One (2) Two 118. In potato, brinjal, lion, leopard, and tiger, how many species and genera are there respectively ? (3) Three (4) Four (1) 4 & 2 (2) 5 & 3 114. Some taxonomical aids are given in the following (3) 5 & 4 (4) 5 & 2 options; which option is correct to be used as quick 119. The correct sequence of evolution is :- referral system ? (1) Bryophyta®Pteridophyta®Gymnosperms (1) Herbarium and books ®Dicots ® Monocots (2) Botanical garden and Zoological park (2) Pteridophyta ® Gymnosperms ® Dicots ® Monocots Bryophyta (3) Zoological park and Herbarium ® (3) Bryophyta ® Gymnosperms ® Dicots ® (4) Biological museum and Zoological park 2019-20 Monocots ® Angiosperms 115. Nomenclature is very must in taxonomy which of (4) Bryophyta ®Pteridophyta®Gymnosperms the following is not correct about scientific ®Monocots ® Dicots nomenclature ? 120. Suffix is not used for :- (1) They ensure that each organism has only one (1) Genus (2) Species name (3) Kingdom (4) All of them (2) They also ensure that such a name has not been used for any other known organism Session121. Some characters are given below. Which of them (3) Scientific nomenclature is a standardised are true for the cyanobacteria ? naming system (a) Oxygenic photosynthesis (4) Different countries of the world use different (b) Non-oxygenic chemotrophism kinds of scientific nomenclature system (c) Oxygenic chemotrophism ALLEN(d) Ability of N fixation 2 116. The relation of solanaceae and convolvulaceae with (1) a and b (2) a and c polymoniales is similar to the relation occuring in:- (3) a and d (4) b and d (1) Felidae and canidae with carnivora (2) Primata and carnivora with mammalia 122. Which of the following is non-cellular organism? (1) Bacteria (2) Fungi (3) Amphibia and reptilia with chordata (3) Algae (4) Virus (4) Solanum and Petunia with solanaceae : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 E 125 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 123. Find the incorrect match :- 128. For Bryophytes, select the incorrect statement in the followings :- C -I C -II (1) The plant body of liverworts is thalloid & (1) U belongs to class erect. basidiomycetes (2) Mosses have upright, slender axis bearing (2) A belongs to class spirally arranged leaves. basidiomycetes (3) Spores germinate to form gametophyte (3) T sexual cycle is (4) The zygote produces a sporophyte found 129. Which of the following is not a character related (4) A sexual cycle is to Red Algae ? not found (1) Sexual reproduction is oogamous. (2) They occur in both well lighted areas and great 124. Find the incorrect statement about fungi :- depths of oceans. (1) They show a great diversity in morphology and (3) The food stored in them is cyanophycean starch, habitats very similar to amylopectin and glycogen. (2) Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, (4) They reproduce asexually by non motile spores. soil and as parasites also 130. Find the incorrect from the following :- (3) They prefer to grow in cold and dry places (1) Sporophyte of moss is more elaborate than that (4) With the exception of yeasts, fungi are in liver worts filamentous (2) Gemmae are asexual buds formed in moss only. (3) Funaria, Polytrichum & Sphagnum are moss 125. Find the correct statements about fungi :- plants (A) Most of the fungi are saprophytes (4) After meiosis spores are produced within the capsule of bryophytes (B) Fungi can also survive as symbionts (C) Sexual reproduction in fungi involves three steps 131. Oogamous type of sexual reproduction is (D) Reduction division in fungi occurs in fruiting found in :- 2019-20 (1) Chlamydomonas & Spirogyra bodies which forms haploid spores (2) Chlamydomonas & Ulothrix (1) A, B are correct (3) Spirogyra & Ulothrix (2) C, D are correct (4) Volvox & Fucus (3) A, B & C are correct 132. A plant shows sporophyte as a main generation. (4) A, B, C & D are correct Its gametophyte shows rhizoids and is haploid. It needs water to complete its life cycle because the 126. Choose the incorrect statement regarding male gametes are motile. Identify the group to decomposer :- Sessionwhich it belongs to :- (1) They may be prokaryotes or eukaryotes. (1) Pteridophytes (2) Gymnosperms (2) They may be unicellular or multicellular (3) Monocots (4) Bryophytes (3) They convert inorganic into organic compounds 133. A protonema is ? (4) They play a greatALLEN role in ecology (1) A structure in pteridophytes formed before the thallus develops 127. With respect to fungal sexual cycle, what is the (2) A sporophytic free living structure formed in correct sequence ? :- pteridophytes (1) Karyogamy, plasmogamy & meiosis (3) A creeping, green, filamentous and (2) Meiosis, plasmogamy & karyogamy gametophytic structure produced in bryophytes. (3) Plasmogamy, karyogamy & meiosis (4) A primitive structure formed after fertilization (4) Meiosis, karyogamy & plasmogamy in pteridophytes : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 126 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 134. Read the following statements & select the correct option : (A) Gymnosperms do not show xerophytic characters. (B) In Cycas coralloid roots are associated with mycorrhiza (C) In conifers needle like leaves reduce the surface area. (D) All gymnosperms are heterosporous
How many above statements are correct & incorrect ?
(1) 2 - correct, 2 - incorrect
(2) 3 - correct, 1 - incorrect
(3) 1 - correct, 3 - incorrect
(4) 0 - correct, 4 - incorrect
2019-20
EXERCISE-III (A Q ) ANSWER KEY Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Ans.423434242312431 Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Ans.333131323231141 Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Ans.444441324411411Session Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 Ans.232131213232413 Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Ans.123312314212311 Que. 76 77 78ALLEN 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Ans.111211122224441 Que. 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 Ans.3211,234223131113 Que. 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 Ans.123133321411414 Que. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 Ans.34334331324131 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 E 127 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN EXERCISE-IV (A & R ) T AIIMS Directions for Assertion & Reason questions These questions consist of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses. (A) If both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. (B) If both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the Assertion. (C) If Assertion is True but the Reason is False. (D) If both Assertion & Reason are false.
1. Assertion :- Binomial names are latinised or 6. Assertion :- Herbaria can not serve as quick derived from latin irrespective of their origin. reference system in taxonomical studies. Reason :- Latin is a dead language, so used by Reason :- Herbaria do not help in identification scholars. and classifications. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
2. Assertion :- Modern taxonomic studies provide 7. Assertion :-Same type of key can be used for every more accurate grouping of various organisms. taxonomic category such as family, genus and species. Reason :- The keys are based on the contrasting Reason :- Modern taxonomic studies are based characters generally in a pair called lead. on external and internal structures along with the (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D structure of cell, development process and ecological informations. 8. Assertion :- Biological concept of species is based (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D on reproductive isolation. Reason :- Biological concept of species is universal. 3. Assertion :-Family has a group of related orders (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D and classes. 2019-20 Reason :- Families are characterised on the basis 9. Assertion :- Cryptogams do not reproduce of only vegetative characters not by reproductive sexually. characters. Reason :- Flowers are indistinct in cryptogams. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
4. Assertion :- Genera are aggregates of closely 10. Assertion :- Classification of Linnaeus is artificial. related species. Reason :- It is based on artificial characters. Reason :- Genus comprises a group of related Session(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D species which has more characters in common in 11. Assertion :- Classification systems have undergone comparision to species of other genera. several changes over a period of time. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason :- This happened, because the criteria for
5. Assertion :- In higherALLEN category there is great classifications get changed gradually. difficulty of determining the relationship to other (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D taxa at the same level. 12. Assertion :- Although Bacterial structure is very Reason :- In higher taxa there are less characteristics simple yet they are very complex in behaviour. that the members within the taxa share. Reason :- Bacteria as a group show most (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D extensive metabolic diversity. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 128 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 13. Assertion :- Archaebacteria differ from other 20. Assertion :- Slime moulds are protistan bacteria only in structure not, in resistance. decomposers. Reason :- Cell wall of Archebacteria is made up Reason :- Spores of slime moulds have cell walls. of complex peptidoglycans instead of simple (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D peptidoglycans. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 21. Assertion :- Fungi prefer to grow in cold and humid areas. 14. Assertion :- Heterocysts are specialised cells of Reason :- Low temperature favours the metabolic blue green algae for Nitrogen fixation. activities. Reason :- In Heterocyst cells oxygen depleted (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D conditions can be created, which is essential for Nitrogenase functioning. 22. Assertion :- In Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D well distinct Dikaryophase present during sexual life. Reason :- During sexual reproduction of 15. Assertion :- Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes plasmogamy is play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, immediately followed by karyogamy. phosphorus, iron and sulphur. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason :- Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances to obtain 23. Assertion :- Neurospora fungus is known as energy. Drosophila of plant kingdom. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason :- Like Drosophila, Neurospora is also extensively used in biochemical and genetic work. 16. Assertion :- Members of protista are eukaryotes. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason :- Protistial cell body does not contain a well defined nucleus and other membrane bounded 24. Assertion :- Archaebacteria2019-20 are most resistant to cell organelles. adverse environmental conditions. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reson :- In archaebacteria, cell wall and cell mem- brane are highly complex. 17. Assertion :- The cellwall of diatoms is (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D indestructible. Reason :- The cell wall of diatoms is embedded 25. Assertion :- According to Whittaker's classification with calcium carbonates. dinoflagellates are included in kingdom Protista. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason :- Dinoflagellates have holophytic type of Sessionnutrition. 18. Assertion :- Diatoms are the chief producers in the oceans. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Reason :- Diatoms possess both chlorophyll-a and 26. Assertion :- Phylogenetic classification system chlorophyll-c ALLENprovides more accurate arrangement of related (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D taxa.
19. Assertion :- Euglenoids can perform Reason :- Phylogenetic classification is based on photosynthesis. evolutionary relationship between the various organisms. Reason :- They have chloroplast in cytoplasm. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 E 129 P e-Med ca : B g ALLEN 27. Assertion :- In numerical taxonomy each character 34. Assertion :- Bryophytes play great role in is given equal importance. providing ecological services. Reason :- It is quantitative arrangement based on Reason :- Bryophytes help in making of soil and computational and statistical analysis of number and prevention of soil erosion as well. codes of the characters. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 35. Assertion :- Mosses are more advanced group of Bryophytes. 28. Assertion :- Algae are thalloid organisms of Reason :- Gametophyte of mosses have rhizoids kingdom plantae. stem like and leaf like structure. Reason :- Their body is differentiated into root, (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D stem and leaf. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 36. Assertion :- Pteriodophytes are not completely successful land plants. 29. Assertion :- Sexual reproduction of Spirogyra is Reason :- Pteridophytes are dependent on water isogamous type. for their fertilisation. Reason :- Both of the fusing gametes of Spirogyra (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D are nonflagellated and similar in size. 37. Assertion :- Gametophyte of homosporous (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D pteridophyte does not depend on sporophytic body. Reason :- In homosporous pteridophytes there 30. Assertion :- Algae can bridge the gap between is ex situ or exosporic spore germination. demand and supply of proteinaceous diet, worldwide. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Reason :- Chlorella and Spirullina are unicellular 38. Assertion :- In gymnosperms seeds are naked. proteinaceous food suppliment. Reason :- In gymnosperms seeds are not protected (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D with fruit covering. 2019-20 (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 31. Assertion :- Bryophytes are not a successful land plants. 39. Assertion :- In gymnosperms the seeds that develop post fertilisation are naked. Reason :- In bryophytes there is lack of vascular Reason :- In gymnosperms ovules are not system. enclosed by any ovary wall. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 32. Assertion :- Bryophytes are best packing material Session40. Assertion :- Gymnosperms are first completely for trans shipment of living materials. successful land plants. Reason :- Bryophytes like Sphagnum have high Reason :- In gymnosperms secondary growth is shock absorption ability and hygroscopic nature. present. (1) A (2) B ALLEN(3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
33. Assertion :- Bryophytes are of great ecological 41. Assertion :- In gymnosperms development of male importance. gametophyte (pollen grain) takes place within the Reason :- Bryophytes help in colonisation microsporangia. (succession) on bare rocks/soil. Reason :- Gymnosperms are heterosporous plants in which spores show in situ germination. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 130 E ALLEN P e-Med ca : B g 42. Assertion :- In pteridophyte well distinct alternation 49. Assertion :- Cycas is a special tree in which of generation is present. nitrogen fixation occurs. Reason :- In pteridophytes both gametophyte and Reason :- Cycas has coralloid roots with sporophyte are independent. cyanobacteria. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 50. Assertion :- Psilotum is a living fossil. 43. Assertion :- Chara is a green alga close to Reason :- Equisetum is a heterosporous Bryophyta. pteridophyte. Reason :- Sex organs are jacketed in Chara. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 51. Assertion :- Sequoia is one of the tallest trees of gymnosperms. 44. Assertion :- Bryophyta are termed as amphibians Reason :- All members of lycopsida (Pteridophyta) of plant kingdom are homosporous. Reason :- Bryophyta are first land plants but (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D depend on water for fertilisation. 52. Assertion :- Azolla is widely used in rice fields. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason :- Cycas has coralloid roots. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 45. Assertion :- Green algae best exhibit the origin 53. Assertion :- Algin is obtained from Algae. and evolution of sexual reproduction. Reason :- Vinblastin is obtained from Vinca rosea. Reason :- Green algae are most primitive algae. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D 46. Assertion :- In angiosperms, endosperm nucleus 54. Assertion :- Trichoderma polysporum is an is triploid as it is formed due to triple fusion. important fungus. Reason :- Gymnosperms lack endosperm because Reason :- Cyclosporin-A is obtained from this they lack triple fusion. fungus which is used as an immunosuppressive agent (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D in organ transplant. 2019-20 47. Assertion :- Heterocysts are found in nitrogen (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D fixing BGA. 55. Assertion :- Bacteriophage have ability to transfer Reason :- BGA are very useful nitrogen fixers. genetic material in bacteria. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Reason :- E.Coli helps in transmission of genetic 48. Assertion :- Mycorrhiza is parasitic association. material in plants. Reason :- In lichen, both partners are affected. (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D (1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D Session
EXERCISE-IV (A & R ) ANSWER KEY Que. 123ALLEN456789101112131415 Ans.114114434311411 Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Ans.332124311211311 Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Ans.111111111211113 Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 Ans.3241332213 : N DE02 B0AI-B0 A GE BI ENG M D LE 4 01- LAN DI E I 05- LAN -E . 65 E 131