Volume 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

1 “What is Tsampa”?...... 1

Introduction 1 Brilliant Colors 1 Cereal Spirit 2 A Buddhist Oracle 3 A Fast Moving Tiger 4 A Note on Terminology 5 Grain Gardens 8 We Must Turn to the Past 9 A Breathless Messenger Escapes from Tibet, Bearing a Secret Message! 9 Addendum: Commentary on the Maitreya Concept 11 Notes 14

2 Termas, Tertons, and Tsampa...... 17

“Dharma Treasures” 21 The Prophecy of Padmasambhava 23 The ‘Rambo Cafe’ 23 Notes 26

3 Paean to Grain...... 29

Global Grains: Humanity’s Mirror Image 29 Foodgrain as a Culture Element 29 A Peasant God of Barley & Grapes 31 First Taste 32 Grain’s Nutritive Properties 33 The Concept of a “Staple Food” 34 Grain as Spirit 35 Notes 38 4 Porridge ...... 41

“Edible Paste” 41 The Names 42 A Few Names 43 Porridge Name Notes 1 & 2 47 “The Sweet Porridge — Der susse Brei” 48 Tsampa — Once A Prominent European Food 49 Tsampa — A Pan-Global Substance 50 Continent-Spanning — from Owens Valley to Nova Scotia 50 How Old is Tsampa? 51 Definition of “Porridge” 52 Porridge Trots the Globe 52 Porridge — Predecessor to Bread 53 Porridge and Nutritional Support for Pregnancy 53 Pinole: Food of the American Vision Quest 55 Notes 57

5 Barley’s Botanic History...... 61

Ode to Barley 61 The Three ‘Nearests’ 62 Barley — Its Botanical Classification 62 Barley’s Wild Origins — The First “Free Lunch” ? 62 Wild and Cultivated Barleys 64 Shattering vs. Non-Shattering 64 “Covered” and “Naked” Barley 64 Covered Barley — Description 65 Pearl Barley — Description 66 Malting Barley — Description 67 Naked Barley — Description 67 The Appearance of the Naked Trait 68 Barley’s Seedhead Structure — Two-Row vs. Six-Row 69 Growth-Habit of Barley 70 Numbering Barley’s Cultivated Forms 71 Barley Breeding 71 Notes 72

6 Barley — More Ancient Than History...... 75

A Perfume from Civilization’s First Flowers 75 Permaculture in 1700 BC 75 A God for Barley but not One for Wheat ! 77 A Note on Barley Archaeological Evidence 78 Egypt — “I am Barley” 78 India 79 Asia 79 China 80 Korea 80 Japan 80 Onerous Taxation 81 Central Asia 82 Europe 82 “How Grain Arrived In Denmark” 82 Eastern Europe, Finland, Sweden, Norway 85 France 85 Germany 86 Holland 86 Scottish Isles 86 Spain 86 Modern Europe 86 Africa 87 Middle Eastern Arab Culture 88 North America 88 Manhattan Island 88 A Note on Straw 88 Straw Literature Notes 89 Partial Bibliography on Straw 90 Notes 91

7 Some of the History of Tibetan Barley & Tsampa ...... 95

The Archaeology of Ancient Tibet 95 The Tibetan Plateau 95 Some Technical Details 97 About Tibet’s Agricultural History 97 Tsampa At the Beginning, Middle, and End 99 Buying the Bullet in Lhasa, Tibet 100 In Better Days . . . 101 Stadium-Size Kitchens 101 Practical Advantages of Tsampa 102 Notes 103

8 The Origin of the Tibetans and Their Barley...... 105

The Tibetan Origination Legend: A Tale of Tails on the Trails 106 A Man on the Moon ! 107 Courtesy Calls 109 State Business 110 The Gonpo Ri 111 The Ogress, Unmasked 118 A Crisis in the Forest 119 The Big Daddy of Mini-Farming 119 Truth is Stranger Than Fiction! 120

9 Milarepa, the “Tsampa Saint” of Tibet...... 125

The ‘Great Sorcerer’ 126 The Six Doctrines of Naropa 132 The Huntsman and the Deer 133 Addendum: Nettles 136 Addendum: The “Inner Heat” 137 Addendum: Milarepa’s Poetic Song to the Huntsman 138 Notes 139

10 Ancient Barley Cultures in Turkey...... 141

The Ancient Cities of Çatal Hüyük and Hacilar 141 Hacilar 142 Notes 145

11 Ancient Barley Culture in Ireland...... 147

Notes 152

12 The Ancient Barley Culture of Europe’s Orkney Islands . . . .155

The Tomb of the Eagles 155 A Place of Spirit 156 Notes 159

13 Ancient Barley Culture on the Mediterranean Island of Crete.161

Notes 165

14 Food Barley and Ancient Greece ...... 167

Grecian Barley — Swaying Beneath the Cradle of Democracy 170 A Barley Statute from the Father of Modern Law! 172 Plato’s Ideal State 172 Barley at the Olympic Games 174 Cerealia Munera and the Modern Name “Cereals” 175 Notes on Names 176 Notes 176

15 Barley’s Nutrition...... 179

An Overview of Cereal Nutrition 179 Hippocrates and Barley 179 Barley’s Nutritional Chemistry 180 Barley Protein 180 Lysine 181 Barley Vitamins 181 Vitamin B-12 182 Lakshmi, Goddess of the Vitamins 183 Gauri of the Barley 183 Fiber 185 Beta-Glucan Compounds 185 Phytic Acid — The “Bad-Boy” of Grains? 186 “Fear of Phytates — is it Justified?” 187 Barley Gluten 189 Different Forms of Food Barley 189 Notes 189

16 Barley Starch Nutrition and the “Glutinous Grain” Trait. . . . 193

Industrial Uses of Amylopectin Starch 195 Culinary Importance of Amylopectin Starch 195 The History of Amylopectin Cereals 195 Glutinous Straw 196 A Poetic Ode to Glutinous Starch 196 Concordia Domi Forix Pax 197 Notes 197

17 The Green Juice of Barley Leaves...... 199

The Nutritional Make Up of Barley Grass Juice 201 Notes 202

18 Barley A Rich Resource of Nutritional Anti-Oxidants. . . .205

The Thangka in a Jar ! 205 Our Modern Processed Diet 207 The Health Benefits of Proanthocyanidins 207 Notes 208 19 Barley’s Medicinal Properties ...... 211

The Cereal Grasses — Humanity’s Precious Herbs 211 Dry Barley Malt — A Lactation Suppressant 213 Barley Fennel Tea — A Lactation Enhancement 214 Inside the Fortress: 216 The Hidden Secret of the Centenarians 216 “Ganmo Simmered With Homemade Noodles and Miso (Nikomi Udon)” 216 Notes 217

20 Heating or Cooling ? ...... 221

Febrifuge 225 Notes 226

21 Barley Malt...... 229

John Barleycorn 229 Enzymes — Explained 232 Sugars — Fuel of Life 233 A Gift of the Gods 234 Scotch Whiskey 235 Nitrosamines 236 Malt Candy 236 Arrak 237 Home-Made Malt 238 Notes 238 “John Barleycorn” 1787 A.D. 239

22 Barley Bread...... 243

The Cheops Pyramid — A Barley Monument! 243 “The Ear of Grain” — Die Kornahre 245 No Friends But the Mountains 245 Barley Bread and the Christian Bible 246 Sacred and Respected 246 Europe’s Barley Bread — Sweet & Nutty ! 247 Scotland 247 England 247 Sweden 248 West Asia & Africa 248 Implements 248 Leaven 249 Flatbread 250 Barley Bread in Sardinia 251 A Brownish, Sweetly-Creamy Chocolaty Core . . . 252 Tibet 253 Lynn Alley On Bread 253 The Goddess 254 The Sacred Nature of Grinding Grains and Baking Bread 255 The Ovens 256 The Bread 256 Notes 257

23 Barley Milling ...... 261

Milling and Oxidation 261 Old Mills — “Living Beings” 263 Roller Milling 266 Milling and Blood Sugar 267 Peasant Sensitivity 267 Barley Milling in Tibet 268 Notes 270

24 How to Make Tsampa...... 273

Introduction 273 How to Make Tsampa — Short Version 273 How to Make Tsampa — Long Version 273 1. Obtaining the Grain 273 2. Visually Inspecting the Barley Grain 275 “Tramp Metal” 276 2a. How to Inspect Grain 277 Advice to Cooks 277 3. Washing the Grain 278 4. Pre-Moistening the Barley Grain 279 Equipment for Roasting 280 5. Roasting 281 5a. Stirring the Grain 284 6. Milling the Grain 285 7. Storage 286 A Note on Tibetan Tea 286 Tsampa and Tsampa Analogues 287 A Note On Pickles 290 Notes 291 25 Tibetan Maize...... 295

Nikolai I. Vavilov — Genius of Germplasm 295 Craving Maize 296 “Bio-Piracy” 297 Soils of Violet, Yellow and Red 298 Notes 299

26 Barley and Tsampa - Delicious or Tasteless? ...... 303

A Taste For the Simple 303 A Spirit Meter! 306 Scottish Oat Cakes 309 The World’s Most Basic Hot Drink 309 Teaism and Tsampaism 310 The Three Tastes 311 What is Chi ? 314 Seeds of Golden Light — Tsampa Esotericism 316 The Rooms in the House Where Destiny and Spirit Dwell 316 Notes 317

27 The Life Story of Chia - Ancient Edible Seedcrop of the ...... Americas - Fuel of Runners and Food of the Vision Quest . . . 321

Spanish Names 322 Golden Chia 324 A Very Pleasant Jelly ! 325 A Sanctuary in the Mountains 326 High Country 326 Trail-Runners, World-Class 328 Addendum 330 Notes 330 Appendix: 331

28 Barley Bio-Diversity and Mass-Extinction ...... 333

Barley Bio-Diversity 334 Pre-Industrial, Unprocessed Foods 336 Tibetan Barley Bio-Diversity 336 Famine 339 The Spiritual Cradle of Modern Environmental Values 340 Rock-Walled Scholars of the Light 344 Addendum: Tibet Seed-Collection Expeditions Prior to 1960 348 Notes 348 29 Goddesses of the Barley...... 353

Samsaric Breezes 354 Memories Linger 357 Demeter and Persephone 359 “The Life-Giving Fruit” 360 Myth of Demeter 360 Ceres and the Cerealia 363 Have We Become Arrogant ? 364 Stairways to the Sky 365 The Legend of Saint Dhimitra 366 The Human and Planetary Significance of Cereal Grains, Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow 368 Finding the Goddess by Planting Seed 368 Conduct an Experiment . . . 369 Notes 372

30 About Patience and Tsampa...... 377

Crime and (No) Patience 377 Patience and the Brain 378 Crime Increases 378 Learning From Rats 379 Consciousness Raising 379 Barriers to Information 380 George Says 380 The Cause of Crimes ? 381 Why the Lack of Patience? 381 We Are What We Eat 382 Patience and Courage 383 Notes 384

31 Seeds - Marvels of Microprocessing Genius...... 387

Digital Camera Vignette 390 Sunlight Wireless Stream 390 Notes 392

32 The Idustrialization of Grain and Food...... 395

(Industrialism — Part One) 395 An Explosion in Output 397 Addicted to Explosive Growth 398 33 The Death of Artisanal Loaves ...... 403

(Industrialism — Part Two) 403 With Food, Appearances Can Deceive 404 Advertising and Make-up 404 Salt and Modern Science 407 The Whitening of Food 408 Notes 410

Glossary...... 413

Bibliography...... 419

List of Illustrations...... 453

Person Names Index...... 462

Subject Index...... 470

End Papers...... 533

Forthcoming Volumes 533 The Kusa Seed Society Seed SanctuaryProject 534 Biodiversity Series Book Sponsorship 535 A Letter from the Author 536 Barley Seeds Order Form 539 Barley Books Order Form 541 Tea With the Author 544 About the Author 545 Artist Wanted 546