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Aluminium: Sympathetic and Powerful Towards Sustainable Cities

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Aluminium: Sympathetic and Powerful Towards Sustainable Cities Aluminium: Sympathetic and Powerful Towards Sustainable Cities R Michael Stacey Aluminium: Sympathetic and Powerful Towards Sustainable Cities International Aluminium Institute © Michael Stacey 2020 Front cover image The Hive, Wolfgang Buttress, Milan Expo 2015 While every effort has been made to check the accuracy and quality of the information given in this publication, neither the author nor the publisher accept any responsibility for the subsequent use of this information, for any errors or omissions that it may contain, or for any misunderstandings arising from it. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Aluminium: sympathetic and powerful, towards sustainable cities / Michael Stacey. Names: Stacey, Michael, 1958- author. Description: Series statement: Towards sustainable cities series: 5 Identifiers: Canadiana 20200399039 | ISBN 9781988366364 (softcover) Subjects: LCSH: Architectural metal-work. | LCSH: Aluminum. | LCSH: Aluminum alloys. | LCSH: Sustainable architecture. Classification: LCC TH1651 .S73 2020 | DDC 693/.7722—dc23 ISBN 9781988366364 Published by Riverside Architectural Press, 2020 R The Voyagers were ready to be sent on their way Contents And the golden record mounted, with a needle to make it play They launched them in September [1977] from Cape Canaveral The furthest man-made objects They are out there moving still Beyond our solar system There is a golden calling card ….. Sounds of Earth One Introduction 6 1 Jim Moray (2017) Two Bees are the Sentinels of the Planet 42 Three Research and Architecture 60 Four A Building that Sings for All of Us – the National 82 Museum of African American History and Culture Five Thoughts from Kew 102 Six Maximising the Potential of Aluminium 144 (Endnotes) Seven Weston Library 234 1 J. Moray, (2017), Sounds of Earth, BBC Folk Awards 2017, CD, transcribed by the author. Voyager Two launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA on 20 August 1997, aboard a Titan-Centaur Eight Conclusion 260 rocket. Followed by Voyager One on 5 September 1977, also aboard a Titan-Centaur rocket, launched from Cape Canaveral. 310 Glossary 322 Bibliography 330 Image Credits 334 Acknowledgements 338 Symposium Contributors 342 Publication Series 1 J. Moray, (2017), Sounds of Earth, BBC Folk Awards 2017, CD, transcribed by the author. Voyager Two launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA on 20 August 1977, aboard a Titan-Centaur rocket. Followed by Voyager One on 5 September 1977, also aboard a Titan- Centaur rocket, launched from Cape Canaveral. SIX aluminium: sympathetic and powerful maximising the potential of aluminium 144 aluminium: sympathetic and powerful thoughts from kew gardens 145 Maximising the Potential of Aluminium Aluminaire House, Long Island, New York, USA: Architect A. Lawrence Kocher and Albert Frey, 1931 The overriding theme that emerged from the TSC Symposium at the This prototypical compact modern home was designed for Royal Botanic Gardens Kew was that the application of aluminium the 50th Architectural League of New York Exhibition, which was in architecture and the built environment should not seek staged with the Allied Arts and Industries Association Exhibition. wholesale replacement or displacement of other constructional This exhibition opened in April 1931 and the Aluminaire House materials. Instead, the aim should be to maximise the potential use was displayed inside Manhattan’s Grand Central Palace.1 It of aluminium via an active and collaborative dialogue between was designed by A. Lawrence Kocher, managing editor of end users, notably architects, engineers and product designers, Architectural Record magazine, and Albert Frey, a Swiss-born with the aluminium industry; from smelters, extruders, finishers and architect who had emigrated to the USA in 1930, having worked fabricators. for Le Corbusier in Paris, for two years. Colin Davis observes that Frey had, whilst working in Le Corbusier’s Atelier, ‘produced a full We live in a multi-material world, where specifiers of architecture set of working drawings for the Villa Savoye’ – a seminal Modern and infrastructure have an extremely wide range of materials to Movement house.2 draw upon. A key task of this research is to help these specifiers make informed and appropriate choices. Clearly the design of the Aluminaire House was influenced by Le Corbusier’s Five Points of the New Architecture and his Domino This chapter highlights the ongoing potential and uptake of House, with its use of ribbon windows, piloti (columns) on the aluminium in architecture and infrastructure. The chapter sets out ground floor and a roof terrace. However, its construction from case studies, which range from the relocation or refurbishment aluminium and light steel reveals the influence of American of architecture from the 1930s and 1960s, to contemporary manufacturing companies.3 The Aluminaire is a one bedroom applications in Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Brazil, China, home dedicated to healthy living, with ample daylight and a Scotland, and England. This selection is an update on the third-floor roof terrace, which promotes access to fresh air. The first many successful applications of aluminium in architecture and floor bedroom with its en-suite bathroom includes an exercise zone infrastructure, discussed in TSC Books One to Four. divided off by a folding screen. The bedroom is supported by two circular aluminium columns. The primary structure of the house is aluminium with lightweight steel floor decks. ‘According to Frey, the name ‘Aluminiare’ suggests modernity: “It had aluminium in it, you know, and it was very airy. And luminaire also means light”, records Neil Jackson.4 Its interesting to note that the design sketches for the house are dated October and November 1930, Frey was only 28 years old at this time. Although compact, the Aluminaire House is spacious with a double height living room and library on the first floor through which, a straight stair leads to the roof terrace. The west elevation of the library is a wall of glass. The Aluminaire house is clad in micro-profiled aluminium sheet, with the profile running vertically. It is face fixed with aluminium screws, with aluminium washers to internal timber battens on steel angles substructure (see Figure 6.6). The aluminium for the house was supplied by Alcoa, and Truscon manufactured the steel floor decks.5 The semi-circular bay on the ground floor is not part of the entrance sequence – it houses a boiler. On completion of the exhibition, the house was bought by architect Wallace Harrison for $1000 who reassembled it on Long Island Albert Frey's sketch of the Fig 6.1 6 Aluminaire House Estate. Thus, the Aluminaire House is not only an early example of 146 aluminium: sympathetic and powerful maximising the potential of aluminium 147 Fig 6.3 Lawrence Kocher and the house to serve as a guest house on another part of his estate. It Albert Frey’s plans of the was the listed on the National Register of Historic Places (the USA’s Aluminaire House,1931 heritage listing process) in December 1985 yet was threatened with demolition by new owners who were dividing up the estate. Jon Michael Schwarting, chairman of the New York Institute of Technology’s School of Architecture, saved the house and it was disassembled and related to Central Islip campus, where it was reassembled by architecture students over a three-year period. When Colin Davies wrote Key Houses of the Twentieth Century (2005) the Aluminaire House was on the Central Islip campus of New York Institute of Technology.9 the use of aluminium in North America, it is an early demonstration Fig 6.2 The aluminium clad In 2006, NYIT ended most of its academic programmes on of the benefits of design for disassembly (DfD), although this term Aluminaire House, Central Islip campus and put the land up for sale. In 2010, the will not be coined for about another 70 years, as discussed in TSC architect A. Lawrence Kocher and Albert Frey, Aluminaire House Foundation was formed, and the dissembled Book Two Aluminium: Recyclability and Recycling.7 1931 house was placed in storage on Long Island. In February 2017, the In 1932, Henry Russell Hitcock and Philip Johnson included the components were relocated to California to be reassembled on a house in The International Style exhibition at New York’s Museum site opposite Palm Springs Art Museum. The Aluminaire is due to be of Modern Art, a turning point for the development of Modern fully reassembled during 2021, subject to a successful fundraising Architecture in North America.8 In 1940, Wallace Harrison relocated campaign and final approvals. In its almost 90-year life, so far, the 148 aluminium: sympathetic and powerful maximising the potential of aluminium 149 Fig 6.4 Lawrence Kocher and Albert Frey’s elevations of the Aluminaire House,1931 Fig 6.6 The Aluminaire House wall panel detail, clad in a lightly profiled sheet aluminium Aluminaire has been assembled and reassembled in five distinct locations. It was intended to be a prototype of affordable housing in 1930s America. However, The New York Times on 8 March 1987 suggested: ‘The Aluminaire House was designed with a different goal – to prove the applicability of modernist theory to middle-class housing, to hold out the promise of a light, airy, open new world.’10 It is a delightful, modest yet spacious home, that has proven to be an exemplar of design for disassembly and reassembly. Fig 6.5 Albert Frey's 1930 sketch of the dining room of the Aluminaire House Fig 6.7 The Aluminaire House 150148 aluminium: sympathetic and powerful maximising the potential of aluminium 149151 Harrods Escalator Hall Five, London, England: Interior Architect J. L. Harvey, 1939, Refurbishment Architect company was still trading in Merton Abbey, London, SW19.) Using Make, 2016 both silver anodising and dyed anodising in a ‘delicate shade of Charles Henry Harrod, who opened his first store on Borough High coral’ pink.12 Street in 1824, founded Harrods in 1849.
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