DOCSLIB.ORG

Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Sara Nordström

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Sara Nordström Ciguatera fish poisoning -Increasing due toreef destruction? Sara Nordström Degree project inbiology, Master ofscience (1year), 2013 Examensarbete ibiologi 30 hp tillmagisterexamen, 2013 Biology Education Centre, Uppsala University, and Livsmedelsverket Supervisors: Jan Örberg and Lilianne Abramsson Zetterberg, Christer Andersson Abstract Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) can occur after ingestion of different reef fish that contain a toxin or several toxins known as ciguatoxins. The focus of this essay is to describe what CFP is and if there is a connection between environmental problems and the occurrence of CFP. Focus will be on the following questions: What is CFP? Is there any risk of being poisoned from CFP in Sweden? What environmental factors can increase the occurrence of ciguatera outbreaks? Are human activities responsible for ciguatera outbreaks? The ciguatoxin origins from a benthic dinoflagellate called Gambierdiscus toxicus. CFP is a problem in the tropical regions of the world, and particularly in the small island countries around the pacific basin and the West Indies. Fish that cause the poisoning usually live in shallow waters close to coral reefs. The toxicity of the fish largely depends on where it lived and fed. Several species of fish have been associated with CFP. The moray eel is often regarded as the most poisonous species. Other species that often seem to cause the poisoning are species of snappers, groupers, barracudas and the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel. The symptoms of CFP usually are combination of gastrointestinal symptoms, and neurological symptoms. There is no specific treatment so focus is on reducing the symptoms. CFP is rarely fatal but sometimes there are complications associated to cardiac problems. The symptoms can persist for a long time and can return after eating fish, chicken or drinking alcohol, several years after the poisoning. The severity of the symptoms seem to be dose dependent and the lowest toxic dose to humans is 0.05 μg of the toxin or 0.01 μg /kg bodyweight. The toxins remain stable after heating. Several different ciguatoxins (CTX) have been identified that are responsible for causing CFP. The most potent ciguatoxin is P-CTX-1, where P stands for Pacific. CFP is not often reported to authorities and in Australia it is estimated that only 20% of the actual cases are reported. In 2001 the Swedish Poisons Information Centre reported that so far, to their knowledge, there had only been one single incident of CFP in Sweden where three people were poisoned during a vacation abroad. It is not known what initiates blooms of Gambierdiscus toxicus that is responsible for the ciguatera outbreaks. Reef destruction seems to cause outbreaks of CFP. One of the reasons for this is that there are more substrates (consisting of dead corals) for the hosts (macroalgae) of the dinoflagellate to grow on. Many different types of reef destruction can increase the frequency of the ciguatera outbreaks. Some of these are land erosion and coral bleaching, a phenomenon strongly associated to El Niño and an increase in water temperature. In order to prevent CFP it is important to bear in mind the relationship between coral destruction and outbreaks of CFP. It is also important to refrain from eating large servings of the same fish. i Contents Abstract i Contents ii 1 Introduction 1 2 The project 1 3 Literature 2 4 Ciguatera fish poisoning 2 4.1 History 2 4.2 Occurrence of ciguatera fish poisoning 3 4.3 Species associated with ciguatera fish poisoning 4 4.4 Toxins found in ciguateric fish 6 4.5 Symptoms of ciguatera fish poisoning 9 4.5.1 Duration of symptoms and persistence of ciguatoxin in the body 10 4.6 Pathological findings in experimental animals and man 10 4.6.1 Single dose administration of ciguatoxin 10 4.6.2 Repeated administration of ciguatoxin 11 4.7 Treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning 11 4.8 Prevention 12 4.9 Methods to identify and quantify ciguatoxins 13 4.10 Concentrations in fish and toxic doses 14 4.11 Mechanism of action 15 4.12 Toxicokinetics 16 4.13 Ciguatera fish poisoning and cardiac toxicity in humans 16 4.14 Ciguatera fish poisoning and foetal development in humans 16 4.15 Cases 17 4.16 Ciguatera fish poisoning in the world 18 4.17 Ciguatera fish poisoning in Sweden 19 5 Environmental aspects on ciguatera fish poisoning 19 5.1 Biology of Gambierdiscus toxicus 19 5.2 Maitotoxin 20 5.3 Environmental conditions causing ciguatera outbreaks 20 5.3.1 Bacteria 21 5.3.2 Destruction of corals 21 5.3.3 Coral bleaching 21 5.3.4 Land erosion 22 5.3.5 Increase in nutrients due to coral destruction 22 5.3.6 An acidic environment 22 5.4 Correlation between ciguatera fish poisoning and El Niño 22 5.5 Toxicity of Gambierdiscus toxicus 23 5.6 Can outbreaks of ciguatera fish poisoning be predicted? 23 6 Conclusions 25 Acknowledgements 26 7 References 27 Appendix 30 ii 1 Introduction Ciguatera fish poisoning, or CFP, is a type of poisoning that can occur in humans after the ingestion of various types of reef fish that contains a toxin or several related toxins called ciguatoxins. It is a major health problem in the tropical regions of the world and can be mistaken with several other forms of marine poisoning. The major toxin is lipid-soluble but there may also be other, water-soluble toxins involved in this type of poisoning. The initial signs of poisoning are gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea and abdominal pain that usually are followed by neurological symptoms (Lewis and King, 1996). Worldwide CFP is probably the most reported illness when it comes to seafood-poisonings. Still it is very under-reported, probably because the symptoms are not necessary severe and are easily confused with other seafood poisonings or diseases (Lehane and Lewis, 2000). The new technology and transportation techniques make it possible to transport marine organisms all over the world. But the knowledge about these exotic products is scarce in our parts of the world and it is therefore important to spread information to prevent possible food poisonings. In the Nordic countries there are only a few reports of CFP but there are people from Sweden who have been poisoned during their vacation to tropical parts of the world. There are results indicating a relationship between the destruction of coral reefs and an increase in the frequency of CFP. This relation is not yet clearly understood, and the scientists are looking at several different factors that can affect the frequency of the outbreaks, such as water temperature, salinity and amounts of nutrients that are available. The purpose of this essay is to describe what CFP is and if there is a connection between environmental problems and the occurrence of CFP. Focus will be on the following questions: What is CFP? Is there any risk of being poisoned from ciguatoxins in Sweden? What environmental factors can increase the occurrence of ciguatera outbreaks? Are human activities responsible for ciguatera outbreaks? 2 The Project This examination essay will be a part of a larger project initiated by Christer Andersson at the National Food Administration in Sweden. The project is funded by the Nordic council of ministers (Nordiska ministerrådet) and concerns natural toxins in seafood. Representatives from all of the Nordic countries are participating and contributing with their field of expertise. The completed project will be in the form of a dictionary concerning toxicological aspects of the consumption of marine organisms with regards to naturally occurring toxins. In this case the naturally occurring toxins mean those that the organism produces itself or substances produced naturally by another organism and then are accumulated into the organism via the intake of food. When completed the dictionary will be available in all the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). 1 3 Literature The material used in this essay have been obtained via PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), Toxline (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi- bin/sis/htmlgen?TOXLINE), and FishBase (http://www.fishbase.org/home.htm). PubMed is a database service by the National Library of Medicine, USA. Toxline is the U.S. National Library of Medicine’s collection of bibliographic information that concerns the biochemical, pharmacological, physiological and toxicological effects of drugs and other chemicals. FishBase is a large global online database of fish species that provides extensive species data, mostly on finfish. 4 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning CFP is a form of food poisoning that can occur in humans after ingestion of fish that contains one or several poisons known as ciguatoxins. 4.1 History CFP has been known to man for a long time, references of CFP go back as far as the T’ang Dynasty in China (618-907 AD) (Watters, 1995). Later, in 1606, sailors with the Spanish explorer Fernando de Quiros were reported to be affected by a fish called Pargos. Subsequently, many other reports of poisonings followed from the Caribbean region (Lewis and King, 1996). Captain Cook and four other crew-members got ill after eating a similar fish as the Pargos, caught in the waters of the New Hebrides. This was in July 1774 and was recorded in journals kept by two of the ship botanists. These two carefully took notes of the symptoms and at what time they started and ended. The only death that occurred on this occasion was a parakeet bird that had been fed the fish (Watters, 1995). The term ciguatera is believed to come from a marine turban shell called Turbo Pica, or cigua in Spanish (Lewis and King, 1996). This can be traced back to a Portuguese biologist, Don Antonio Parra, who noticed similar symptoms as from CFP, after ingestion of meat of cigua in 1771-1787 (Watters, 1995).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks Bioblitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 ON THIS PAGE Photograph of BioBlitz participants conducting data entry into iNaturalist. Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service. ON THE COVER Photograph of BioBlitz participants collecting aquatic species data in the Presidio of San Francisco. Photograph courtesy of National Park Service. The 2014 Golden Gate National Parks BioBlitz - Data Management and the Event Species List Achieving a Quality Dataset from a Large Scale Event Natural Resource Report NPS/GOGA/NRR—2016/1147 Elizabeth Edson1, Michelle O’Herron1, Alison Forrestel2, Daniel George3 1Golden Gate Parks Conservancy Building 201 Fort Mason San Francisco, CA 94129 2National Park Service. Golden Gate National Recreation Area Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1061 Sausalito, CA 94965 3National Park Service. San Francisco Bay Area Network Inventory & Monitoring Program Manager Fort Cronkhite, Bldg. 1063 Sausalito, CA 94965 March 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natural resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Analysis: Vessel Biofouling
    Risk Analysis: Vessel Biofouling ISBN 978-0-478-37548-0 (print) ISBN 978-0-478-37549-7 (online) 15 February 2011 Risk Analysis: Vessel Biofouling 15 February 2011 Approved for general release Christine Reed Manager, Risk Analysis Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publication Adviser MAF Information Bureau P O Box 2526 WELLINGTON Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the MAF website at http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/regs/imports/ihs/risk © Crown Copyright - Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry i Contributors to this risk analysis 1. Primary author/s Dr Andrew Bell Senior Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington Simon Phillips Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington Dr Eugene Georgiades Senior Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington Dr Daniel Kluza Senior Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Risk Analysis, Marine Wellington 2. Secondary contributors Dr Christopher Denny Adviser MAF Biosecurity New Zealand Border Standards Wellington 3. External peer review John Lewis Principal Marine Consultant ES Link Services Pty Ltd Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Richard Piola Senior Scientist Cawthron Institute Nelson, New Zealand The draft risk analysis has also been internally reviewed by: Liz Jones (Border Standards); Justin McDonald (Post-Clearance); Melanie Newfield (Risk Analysis); Howard Pharo (Risk Analysis); Sandy Toy (Risk Analysis). The contribution of all the reviewers is gratefully acknowledged. ii Contents Page Executive summary 1 Definitions 7 1. Introduction 8 1.1. Background 8 1.2. Scope 13 1.3. References 14 2. Methodology 19 2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical and Epidemiological Study of 27 Poisonings Caused by Ingesting Puffer Fish (Tetrodontidae) in the States of Santa Catarina and Bahia, Brazil
    Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo 52(1):51-55, January-February, 2010 doi: 10.1590/S0036-46652010000100010 CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF 27 POISONINGS CAUSED BY INGESTING PUFFER FISH (TETRODONTIDAE) IN THE STATES OF SANTA CATARINA AND BAHIA, BRAZIL Claudia Carvalho Pestana SILVA(1), Marlene ZANNIN(2), Daisy Schwab RODRIGUES(3), Claudia Regina dos SANTOS(2), Ieda Ana CORREA(1) & Vidal HADDAD JUNIOR(4) SUMMARY Puffer fish can be poisonous due to the presence of the potent neurotoxins such as Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and Saxitoxin (STX) found in its tissues. The authors report 27 human poisonings from ingestion of puffer fish in patients treated at Toxicology Centers in the states of Santa Catarina and Bahia, Brazil, between 1984 and January 2009. Poisonings were classified as moderate (52%) and severe (33%), two deaths were observed. Early diagnosis is very important to ensure respiratory support. KEYWORDS: Puffer fish;Tetrodotoxin; Poisonous fish; Saxitoxin; Human poisoning. INTRODUCTION reports of human death by bradycardia not responsive to any treatment (total atrioventricular blockage)14. The puffer fish (known as “baiacu” in Brazil) is a widely distributed bony fish. There are about 120 species worldwide; most of them are STX is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)10 which found in tropical and subtropical regions, and there are also freshwater causes a range of symptoms similar to TTX envenomation16. Although not species. When threatened by predators, they can ingest water or air to usually targeted, STXs have been incidentally found in numerous species increase their body volume and take on a spherical shape that hinders of fish such as Colomesus asellus and some species of Sphoeroides.
    [Show full text]
  • Coral Feeding on Microalgae Assessed with Molecular Trophic Markers
    Molecular Ecology (2013) doi: 10.1111/mec.12486 Coral feeding on microalgae assessed with molecular trophic markers MIGUEL C. LEAL,*† CHRISTINE FERRIER-PAGES,‡ RICARDO CALADO,* MEGAN E. THOMPSON,† MARC E. FRISCHER† and JENS C. NEJSTGAARD† *Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, †Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, 10 Ocean Science Circle, 31411 Savannah, GA, USA, ‡Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Avenue St-Martin, 98000 Monaco, Monaco Abstract Herbivory in corals, especially for symbiotic species, remains controversial. To investi- gate the capacity of scleractinian and soft corals to capture microalgae, we conducted controlled laboratory experiments offering five algal species: the cryptophyte Rhodo- monas marina, the haptophytes Isochrysis galbana and Phaeocystis globosa, and the diatoms Conticribra weissflogii and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Coral species included the symbiotic soft corals Heteroxenia fuscescens and Sinularia flexibilis, the asymbiotic scleractinian coral Tubastrea coccinea, and the symbiotic scleractinian corals Stylophora pistillata, Pavona cactus and Oculina arbuscula. Herbivory was assessed by end-point PCR amplification of algae-specific 18S rRNA gene fragments purified from coral tissue genomic DNA extracts. The ability to capture microalgae varied with coral and algal species and could not be explained by prey size or taxonomy. Herbivory was not detected in S. flexibilis and S. pistillata. P. globosa was the only algal prey that was never captured by any coral. Although predation defence mechanisms have been shown for Phaeocystis spp. against many potential predators, this study is the first to suggest this for corals. This study provides new insights into herbivory in symbiotic corals and suggests that corals may be selective herbivorous feeders.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of a Quantitative PCR Assay for the Detection And
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/544247; this version posted February 8, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Development of a quantitative PCR assay for the detection and enumeration of a potentially ciguatoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus lapillus (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae). Key words:Ciguatera fish poisoning, Gambierdiscus lapillus, Quantitative PCR assay, Great Barrier Reef Kretzschmar, A.L.1,2, Verma, A.1, Kohli, G.S.1,3, Murray, S.A.1 1Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007 NSW, Australia 2ithree institute (i3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007 NSW, Australia, [email protected] 3Alfred Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany Abstract Ciguatera fish poisoning is an illness contracted through the ingestion of seafood containing ciguatoxins. It is prevalent in tropical regions worldwide, including in Australia. Ciguatoxins are produced by some species of Gambierdiscus. Therefore, screening of Gambierdiscus species identification through quantitative PCR (qPCR), along with the determination of species toxicity, can be useful in monitoring potential ciguatera risk in these regions. In Australia, the identity, distribution and abundance of ciguatoxin producing Gambierdiscus spp. is largely unknown. In this study we developed a rapid qPCR assay to quantify the presence and abundance of Gambierdiscus lapillus, a likely ciguatoxic species. We assessed the specificity and efficiency of the qPCR assay. The assay was tested on 25 environmental samples from the Heron Island reef in the southern Great Barrier Reef, a ciguatera endemic region, in triplicate to determine the presence and patchiness of these species across samples from Chnoospora sp., Padina sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Mote Marine Laboratory Red Tide Studies
    MOTE MARINE LABORATORY RED TIDE STUDIES FINAL REPORT FL DEP Contract MR 042 July 11, 1994 - June 30, 1995 Submitted To: Dr. Karen Steidinger Florida Marine Research Institute FL DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 100 Eighth Street South East St. Petersburg, FL 33701-3093 Submitted By: Dr. Richard H. Pierce Director of Research MOTE MARINE LABORATORY 1600 Thompson Parkway Sarasota, FL 34236 Mote Marine Laboratory Technical Report No. 429 June 20, 1995 This document is printed on recycled paper Suggested reference Pierce RH. 1995. Mote Marine Red Tide Studies July 11, 1994 - June 30, 1995. Florida Department of Environmental Pro- tection. Contract no MR 042. Mote Marine Lab- oratory Technical Report no 429. 64 p. Available from: Mote Marine Laboratory Library. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. SUMMARY. 1 II. CULTURE MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH STUDIES . 1 Ill. ECOLOGICAL INTERACTION STUDIES . 2 A. Brevetoxin Ingestion in Black Seabass B. Evaluation of Food Carriers C. First Long Term (14 Day) Clam Exposure With Depuration (2/6/95) D. Second Long Term (14 Day) Clam Exposure (3/21/95) IV. RED TIDE FIELD STUDIES . 24 A. 1994 Red Tide Bloom (9/16/94 - 1/4/95) B. Red Tide Bloom (4/13/94 - 6/16/95) C. Red Tide Pigment D. Bacteriological Studies E. Brevetoxin Analysis in Marine Organisms Exposed to Sublethal Levels of the 1994 Natural Red Tide Bloom V. REFERENCES . 61 Tables Table 1. Monthly Combined Production and Use of Laboratory C. breve Culture. ....... 2 Table 2. Brevetoxin Concentration in Brevetoxin Spiked Shrimp and in Black Seabass Muscle Tissue and Digestive Tract Following Ingestion of the Shrimp ...............
    [Show full text]
  • Life Cycle Stages of the Benthic Palytoxin-Producing Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis Cf. Ovata (Dinophyceae)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC Life cycle stages of the benthic palytoxin-producing dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata (Dinophyceae) Isabel Bravo1*, Magda Vila2, Silvia Casabianca3, Francisco Rodriguez1, Pilar Rial1, Pilar Riobó1, Antonella Penna3 1Unidad Asociada Fitoplancton Tóxico (CSIC-IEO), Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO). Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain 2Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. 3Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, V.le Trieste 296, 61100 Pesaro, Italy *E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Bravo) ABSTRACT The asexual and sexual reproduction of Ostreopsis cf. ovata was studied in the field and in cultures isolated from two locations in the Mediterranean Sea. Asexual division took place in the motile stage by the sharing of theca (desmoschisis). High cell-size variability and differences in division capability were detected in the cultures. Thecal analyses and nuclear division patterns allowed characterization of the different phases of dividing cells obtained during an in situ cell-cycle sampling performed off Llavaneres beach (Northeast Spain). During the 45-h cycle, binucleated cells accounted for 2.6% of the population. Division was initiated with the onset of dusk and reached a maximum 3–4 h before dawn. No dividing cells were detected after 09:00 AM. Sexuality occurred both in cultures and in natural populations of O. cf. ovata. Mating gamete pairs were the only sexual stages that could be distinguished from vegetative stages. The differences between these pairs and dividing cells are described herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Extensions and Applications of Mean Length Mortality Estimators for Assessment of Data-Limited Fisheries
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2017 Extensions and Applications of Mean Length Mortality Estimators for Assessment of Data-Limited Fisheries Quang C. Huynh College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, and the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons Recommended Citation Huynh, Quang C., "Extensions and Applications of Mean Length Mortality Estimators for Assessment of Data-Limited Fisheries" (2017). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1516639583. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/V5CM9D This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Extensions and applications of mean length mortalit y estimators for assessment of data - limited fisheries A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Quang C . Huynh January 2018 APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Quang C . Huynh Approved by the Committee, December, 2017 John M. Hoenig, Ph.D. Committee Chair/ Advisor Mark J. Brush, Ph.D. John E. Graves, Ph.D. Ross J. Iaci, Ph.D. Department of Mathematics John F.
    [Show full text]
  • PROTISTS Shore and the Waves Are Large, Often the Largest of a Storm Event, and with a Long Period
    (seas), and these waves can mobilize boulders. During this phase of the storm the rapid changes in current direction caused by these large, short-period waves generate high accelerative forces, and it is these forces that ultimately can move even large boulders. Traditionally, most rocky-intertidal ecological stud- ies have been conducted on rocky platforms where the substrate is composed of stable basement rock. Projec- tiles tend to be uncommon in these types of habitats, and damage from projectiles is usually light. Perhaps for this reason the role of projectiles in intertidal ecology has received little attention. Boulder-fi eld intertidal zones are as common as, if not more common than, rock plat- forms. In boulder fi elds, projectiles are abundant, and the evidence of damage due to projectiles is obvious. Here projectiles may be one of the most important defi ning physical forces in the habitat. SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES Geology, Coastal / Habitat Alteration / Hydrodynamic Forces / Wave Exposure FURTHER READING Carstens. T. 1968. Wave forces on boundaries and submerged bodies. Sarsia FIGURE 6 The intertidal zone on the north side of Cape Blanco, 34: 37–60. Oregon. The large, smooth boulders are made of serpentine, while Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organi- the surrounding rock from which the intertidal platform is formed zation: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky is sandstone. The smooth boulders are from a source outside the intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 45: 137–159. intertidal zone and were carried into the intertidal zone by waves. Levin, S. A., and R.
    [Show full text]
  • Signature Redacted
    One Fish, Two Fish, Lungfish, Youfish: Embracing Traditional Taxonomy in a Molecular World By ASSA ETTS I E OFOF TECHNOLGT E Lindsay Kirlin Brownell JUN 3 0 2014 B.S. Biology B.A. English LIBRARIES Davidson College, 2010 SUBMITTED TO THE PROGRAM IN COMPARATIVE MEDIA STUDIES/WRITING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SCIENCE WRITING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2014 D 2014 Lindsay Kirlin Brownell. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Signature of Author: Program of Comparative Media Studies/Writing May 22, 2014 Signature redacted Certified by: Alan Lightman Professor of the Practice Thesis Advisor Signature redacted I Accepted by: _ Tom Levenson Professor of Science Writing Director, Graduate Program in Science Writing 1 One Fish, Two Fish, Lungfish, Youfish: Embracing Traditional Taxonomy in a Molecular World By Lindsay Kirlin Brownell Submitted to the Program in Comparative Media Studies/Writing on May 22, 2014 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Science Writing ABSTRACT In today's increasingly digitized, data-driven world, the "old ways" of doing things, especially science, are quickly abandoned in favor of newer, ostensibly better methods. One such discipline is the ancient study of taxonomy, the discovery and organization of life on Earth. New techniques like DNA sequencing are allowing taxonomists to gain insight into the tangled web of relationships between species (among the Acanthomorph fish, for example).
    [Show full text]
  • New Record of the Chinamanfish, Symphorus
    KOREAN JOURNAL OF ICHTHYOLOGY, Vol. 27, No. 2, 149-152, June 2015 Received: April 17, 2015 ISSN: 1225-8598 (Print), 2288-3371 (Online) Revised: June 8, 2015 Accepted: June 24, 2015 New Record of the Chinamanfish,Symphorus nematophorus (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) from Korea By Maeng Jin Kim, Tae Seok Mun1, Jeong-Hoon Lee1, Young Min Choi and Choon Bok Song2,* West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Incheon 400-420, Korea 1Southeast Sea Fisheries Research Institute, NFRDI, Tongyeong 690-943, Korea 2College of Ocean Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City 690-756, Korea ABSTRACT A single specimen of Symphorus nematophorus (481.0 mm in SL), belonging to the family Lutjanidae, was firstly collected by a set net in the coastal waters of Geojae Island, located in south sea of Korea on August 1, 2014. This specimen was characterized by having the anterior dorsal soft rays produced into filaments, a pit between eye and nostril, no tooth on vomer, and nine longitudinal blue strips on both sides of the body. We propose a new Korean name, “Sil-tung-dom-sok” and “Sil-tung-dom” for the genus and species, respectively. Key words: Lutjanidae, Symphorus nematophorus, new record, Geojae Island, Korea INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS The snapper fish (family Lutjanidae), belonging to the The specimen was preserved in 10% formalin for a order Perciformes, comprises 185 species in 17 genera week and then transferred to 70% ethanol. Counts and worldwide (Nelson, 2006). Among them, 13 species in measurements are followed by the methods of Hubbs and five genera were known in Korea (Kim et al., 2005, 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Snapper Grouper Regulatory Amendment 29 and These Data Provided the Basis for the Council’S Decisions
    Photo: Brendan Runde, Department of Applied Ecology, NCSU Regulatory Amendment 29 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Snapper Grouper Fishery of the South Atlantic Region Gear Requirement Modifications Environmental Assessment | Regulatory Impact Review | Regulatory Flexibility Analysis January 2020 A publication of the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council pursuant to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award Number FNA10NMF4410012 Definitions, Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in the FMP ABC acceptable biological catch FMP fishery management plan ACL annual catch limit FMU fishery management unit AM accountability measure M natural mortality rate ACT annual catch target MARMAP Marine Resources Monitoring Assessment and Prediction Program B a measure of stock biomass in either weight or other appropriate unit MFMT maximum fishing mortality threshold BMSY the stock biomass expected to exist under equilibrium conditions when MMPA Marine Mammal Protection Act fishing at FMSY MRFSS Marine Recreational Fisheries BOY the stock biomass expected to exist Statistics Survey under equilibrium conditions when fishing at FOY MRIP Marine Recreational Information Program BCURR The current stock biomass MSFCMA Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act CPUE catch per unit effort MSST minimum stock size threshold DEIS draft environmental impact statement MSY maximum sustainable yield EA environmental assessment NEPA National Environmental Policy Act EEZ exclusive economic zone NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service EFH
    [Show full text]