Pushing the Boundaries Central Asia
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HAYK's SPIRIT IS IMMORTAL More Than 4500-Year-Old Roots of The
HAYK’S SPIRIT IS IMMORTAL Danielyan E. L. Doctor of Sciences (History) ETERNAL GLORY AND HONOR TO THE HEROES AND THEIR COMRADES-IN-ARMS WHO SACRIFICED THEIR LIVES FOR THE FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE OF THE FATHERLAND More than 4500-year-old roots of the Armenian Army are hallowed by the freedom struggle of the Armenian nation for the defence of the Fatherland against foreign invaders. The Armenian liberation torch sanctified by Hayk Nahapet (Patriarch) passed over from Hayots Dzor1 to Avarayr, Zeytun, Sasun, Sardarapat and has reached Artsakh. The heroes sacrificing their lives for the liberation of the Fatherland are immortalized. Hayk Lake Van 1 Մովսէս Խորենացի, Պատմութիւն Հայոց, Երևան, 1991, էջ 32-37: The year 2008 marked the 4500th anniversary of the victory of the Armenian Patriarch Hayk against Bel at the battle of Hayots Dzor (on the shore of Lake Van). Thе calendar calculation of the date based on the periodicity of “Hayk’s Cycle” of the “Ancient Armenian era” was done by the famous Armenologist Ghevond Alishan (1820-1901) (Ալիշան Ղ., Յուշիկք հայրենեաց Հայոց, հ. Ա, Վենետիկ, 1920, էջ 85). There was no leap-year in the ancient Armenian era, since a year was always considered to consist of 365 days; hence the year and the date were movable. Thus 1460 years, according to the Julian calendar, amount to 1461 years, according to the Armenian Calendar. By such periodicity of the “Cycle of Hayk”, 2492 BC denotes the year of Hayk’s victory. The beginning of the victorious year was Navasard 1 (=August 11). New discoveries connected with the observations of the starry sky (the 6th millennium BC - Zorats kar (Karahunj), the first half of the 3rd millennium BC - Metsamor), archaeological excavations and petroglyphs in the Armenian Highland, bear witness to the deep Haykian roots, and that the glorious victory of Hayk symbolized the beginning of a very important new epoch of the Armenian history. -
Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: the Case of Armenian Democratization
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 4-2009 Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization Arus Harutyunyan Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Harutyunyan, Arus, "Contesting National Identities in an Ethnically Homogeneous State: The Case of Armenian Democratization" (2009). Dissertations. 667. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/667 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONTESTING NATIONAL IDENTITIES IN AN ETHNICALLY HOMOGENEOUS STATE: THE CASE OF ARMENIAN DEMOCRATIZATION by Arus Harutyunyan A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science Advisor: Emily Hauptmann, Ph.D. Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan April 2009 Copyright by Arus Harutyunyan 2009 UMI Number: 3354070 Copyright 2009 by Harutyunyan, Arus All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. -
Ghewond, Armenian History, Arab History, Iranian History, Byzantine
Ghewond's History Translator's Preface [i] Almost nothing is known about the life of Ghewond, author of the sole 8th century Armenian history describing the Arab domination. It has been suggested that he was born in the 730s in the village of Goght'n, received his clerical education and degree of vardapet (doctor of the Church) in the city of Dwin, and died in the latter part of the century. His History covers the period from ca. 632 to 788 and includes descriptions of the Arab invasions of Armenia in the mid 7th century, the wars fought by the caliphate against Byzantium and the Khazars, the settlement of Arab tribes in Asia Minor and the Caucasus, and the overthrow of the Umayyads, as well as information on Arab tax policies, the status of the Armenian Church, and the Armenian and Arab nobilities. Ghewond is considered a trustworthy historian. He correctly lists the caliphs and the lengths of their reigns, except for the reigns of the initial three caliphs. He correctly lists the names and reigns of the ostikans or Muslim governors of the newly-created administrative unit called Arminiya, which included Armenia, East Iberia/Georgia, and parts of Aghuania (Atrpatakan/Azerbaijan). He was a supporter of the ambitions of the Bagratid family and, according to the colophon at the end of his History, wrote under the patronage of Shapuh Bagratuni, son of Smbat sparapet (commander-in-chief), whose activities are recorded in the work. Ghewond's major source for the period of the Arab invasions (640-660s) was the 7th century historian Sebeos [see Sebeos' History, chapters 30-38]. -
AAKASH PATEL Contents
History AAKASH PATEL Contents Preface. 1 1. Dawn of Civilization. 2 Mesopotamia . 2 Ancient Egypt . 3 Indus River Valley . 5 2. Ancient Europe . 6 Persian Wars . 6 Greek City-States. 8 Rome: From Romulus to Constantine . 9 3. Asian Dynasties. 23 Ancient India. 23 Chinese Dynasties . 24 Early Korea . 27 4. The Sundering of Europe . 29 The Fall of Rome. 29 Building a Holy Roman Empire . 31 Islamic Caliphates . 33 5. Medieval Times . 35 England: A New Monarchy . 35 France: The Capetians. 42 Germany: Holy Roman Empire. 44 Scandinavia: Kalmar Union. 45 Crusades . 46 Khans & Conquerors . 50 6. African Empires . 53 West Africa . 53 South Africa. 54 7. Renaissance & Reformation. 56 Italian Renaissance . 56 Tudor England . 58 Reformation. 61 Habsburg Empires . 63 French Wars of Religion. 65 Age of Discovery. 66 8. Early Modern Asia . 70 Tsars of Russia . 70 Japan: Rise of the Shogun. 72 Dynastic Korea . 73 Mughals of India. 73 Ottomans of Turkey. 74 9. European Monarchy . 76 Thirty Years' War . 76 Stuart England and the Protectorate . 78 France: Louis, Louis, and Louis . 81 10. Colonies of the New World . 84 Pilgrims and Plymouth . 84 Thirteen American Colonies . 85 Golden Age of Piracy . 88 11. Expansionism in Europe. 89 Ascension of the Romanovs. 89 Rise of Prussia . 91 Seven Years' War . 92 Enlightenment . 93 Hanoverian Succession. 94 12. American Independence . 96 Colonies in the 18th Century . .. -
Conversion of Armenia
THE CONVERSION OF ARMENIA TO THE CHRISTIAN FAITH HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY THE CONVERSION OF ARMENIA TO THE CHRISTIAN FAITH BY W. ST. CLAIR-TISDALL, M.A., C.M.S. AUTHOR OF 'THE RELIGION OF THE CRESCENT,' ETC. ' Te Martyrum candidatus laudat exercitns: Te per orbem terrarnm sancta confitetur Ecclesia. Tu Rex Gloriae, Christe I '-Te Deum. THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY 56 PATERNOSTER ROW AND 65 ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD [A /l n'ghts reserved J PREFACE DURING the last few years the world ha~ witnessed a terribl.e spectacle. We nave seen a Christian nation in Asia, of the same Aryan blood as ourselves, suffering the most cruel wrongs at the hands of the Turks and their confederates, the Kurds. We have seen members of this Christian nation, men and women and little children, massacred in tens qf thousands, and our illustrated papers have presented us with photographic views of some of these terrible scenes. We have read of large numbers dying a martyr's death rather than embrace Islam, and have heard of those who had less courage and faith being driven at the point of the sword to repeat the ,creed of the. Arabian Antichrist. We have beheld some thing more strange still - the Christian nations of Europe hampered in their endeavours to put a stop to this state of things by their mutual ·distrust and jealousy of one another. And thus, as we draw near the end of the nineteenth century, our news papers are quietly discussing the question whether or not Turkey will succeed in exterminating the 6 PREFACE whole Christian population of her Armenian provinces, or in forcing upon them, at the sword's point, an apostasy worse than death. -
The Sparapetut'iwn in Armenia in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries
The Sparapetut'iwn in Armenia in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries by Robert Bedrosian This article was published in the journal Armenian Review Vol. 36 #2(1983) pp. 6-46. Robert Bedrosian received a Ph.D. from Columbia University's Department of Middle East Languages and Cultures in 1979. One of the most important offices in Arsacid Armenia belonged to the sparapet or commander-in-chief of the armies. Like many other offices in the Armenian kingdom such as those of the coronant, the chamberlain, and the master of the hunt, the sparapetut'iwn was a hereditary charge held traditionally by the senior member of one family, the Mamikoneans. Exactly when the sparapetut'iwn was instituted in Armenia is not known, since the earliest relevant Armenian sources (fifth century) give a confused picture of the establishment of Arsacid offices in the country. Likewise the time of the abolition of the office is unclear since one meets Mamikonean sparapets after the fall of the Armenian Arsacid kingdom (A.D. 428) and during the seventh and eighth centuries. In the medieval Bagratid and Arcrunid kingdoms as well as in Cilician Armenia, the sparapetut'iwn was still an important office, although with the removal of the Mamikoneans to the Byzantine empire in the late eighth century, its occupants were drawn from other lordly (naxarar) families. Because of Armenia's strategic geographical position between two mighty and inimical powers, Rome-Byzantium on the west and Iran on the east, the country was often forced to participate in the campaigns launched by one empire against the other. -
Heaven-On-Earth and the Heavenly Jerusalem In
Heaven-on-Earth and the Heavenly Jerusalem in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Muscovite Church Architecture in the Uspensky Sobor (Assumption Cathedral) and Pokrovsky Sobor (Cathedral of the Intercession). Marina Pasichnik A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Theology At the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. June 2016 ABSTRACT Russian Orthodoxy considered the church building to be an icon of heaven that portrayed Heaven-on-Earth and provided a glimpse of the Heavenly Jerusalem. Symbolism was used in church architecture to express these themes. This thesis explores the representation of Heaven-on-Earth and the Heavenly Jerusalem in the Uspensky Sobor (Cathedral of the Assumption), in the Moscow Kremlin and the Pokrovsky Sobor (Cathedral of the Intercession) in Red Square in Moscow. Fifteenth and sixteenth Muscovite church symbolism is best interpreted through a theological lens to provide insight into the mindset of those times. It is more accurate than a purely political, historical, or cultural approach. Biblical imagery relating to the themes of Heaven-on-Earth and the Heavenly Jerusalem will be the starting point. The meaning of the Old Testament tabernacle and the temple is significant because symbolism from these structures was later transferred into church structures. The Russian inheritance of Christianity from the Byzantine church is addressed. The Mongol occupation and the subsequent defeat of their descendants, the Tatars, affected Russian theological symbolism and interpretation. The outcome was that Russian Church architecture took a different course to that of its Byzantine predecessor. The highlight of the Heavenly Jerusalem theme was reached in the sixteenth century with Moscow’s image as a “chosen city,” which was an extension of the “chosen people” concept of Kievan Rus a few centuries earlier. -
Exercise Key
0. Introduction 525 Exercise key 0. Introduction 1. ава ‘mother’, ача ‘father’, паша ‘work’, шӧр ‘milk’, поро ‘good’, шӱдӧ ‘hundred’ 2. кӱ ‘stone’, мӱй ‘honey’, ял ‘village’, йол ‘leg’, эр ‘early’, ер ‘lake’ 3. ола ‘city’, коля ‘mouse’, лу ‘bone; ten’, лювык ‘messy (person)’, когыльо ‘pie’, шӱльӧ ‘oats’ 4. таҥ ‘friend; lover’, теҥге ‘ruble’, поҥго ‘mushroom’, еҥ ‘person’, йоҥылыш ‘mistake’, пареҥге ‘potato’ 5. пеледыш пӧртыштӧ пеледеш пӧртыштем пеледын кызытсе толеш нарынче толын ынде туныктышо лӱмдымӧ туныктышем латшымше йылме пылышыже 6. atom text center telephone tact Darwinism champion mass meeting cocoa Euro effect ethics attack journalist lawyer post contact zoo Japanese jargon theater idea Austria businessman bank cabinet Czech Republic sluice banana lamp Estonia horizon cake radio Germany conveyer movie theater number Hungary film bomb object Russia adjutant mask sandal Finland debut hockey texture England project website university Italy poet fax file Spain pension watt chemistry student biology 526 Exercise key 1. Кӧ тиде? 1. Москошто, Одессыште, Волжскышто, Санкт-Петербургышто, Берлиныште, Шернурышто, Йошкар-Олаште, Парижыште, Иркутскышто, Козьмодемьянскыште, Францийыште, Лондонышто, Нью-Йоркышто, Будапештыште, Польшышто 2. верыште, уремыште, олаште, университетыште, школышто, районышто 3. Йыван олаште. Эчан Лондонышто. Ивук уремыште. Пӧтыр школышто. Сергей Шернур районышто. Елена университетыште. 4. ик, кум, вич, шым, индеш, латкум, латшым, коло кум, коло шым, кумло вич, кумло индеш, нылле ик, нылле вич, нылле индеш 5. кокыт, нылыт, кудыт, кандаше, латкокыт, латнылыт, латкудыт, латкандаше, коло нылыт, коло кандаше, кумло кокыт, кумло кудыт, кумло кандаше, нылле кокыт, нылле кандаше 6. лу, коло, кумло, нылле, витле 7. 1. Кокыт да кумыт визыт. 2. Кумыт да шымыт лу. 3. Визыт да кокыт шымыт. -