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Bulletin D&Rsquo;Actualité Espace N°20-14

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Bulletin D&Rsquo;Actualité Espace N°20-14 Bulletin d’actualité Espace n°20-14 Bulletin d’actualité Espace précédent Bulletin d’actualité Espace suivant Bulletin d’actualité rédigé par le Bureau du CNES à Washington D.C. (Amaury Carbonnaux, Edouard Lallouette, Nicolas Maubert) Liens utiles Pour consulter le présent bulletin d’actualité sous format PDF, cliquez ici. Pour consulter le présent bulletin d’actualité en ligne, cliquez ici. Pour consulter tous les bulletins d’actualité, toutes les notes, toutes les actualités et l’agenda du Service Spatial aux États-Unis, cliquez ici. Personalia Disparition de Mike Freilich, ancien Directeur des Sciences de la Terre de la NASA Parabolic Arc, Space Policy Online, 5 août 2020 Personnalité hautement respectée aux États-Unis et à l’international, Mike Freilich a dirigé la Division des Sciences de la Terre de la NASA pendant 13 ans. Expert en océanographie, il a été un grand artisan du développement des coopérations inter- agences et internationales au service de la compréhension des changements climatiques de la Terre à l’échelle globale. Pour l’ensemble de son œuvre, la NASA, l’ESA, EUMETSAT et la NOAA ont nommé le 28 janvier 2020 en son honneur le satellite d’observation de la Terre Sentinel-6, dont le lancement est prévu en novembre 2020. Article connexe publié précédemment : Le CNES rend hommage à Michael Freilich, ancien Directeur des Sciences de la Terre à la NASA Des procureurs fédéraux ouvrent une enquête pénale à l’encontre de Doug Loverro Space Policy Online, 15 août 2020 En mai, l’Administrateur Associé en charge de l’Exploration Habitée de la NASA, Doug Loverro, avait démissionné soudainement, surprenant l’ensemble de la communauté spatiale. Évoquant une erreur de sa part dans le cadre de l’attribution des contrats pour les alunisseurs Artemis, Doug Loverro avait indiqué qu’il en prenait l’entière responsabilité mais n’avait pas fourni davantage de détails. A son arrivée à la NASA en décembre 2019, Doug Loverro a pris en charge l’attribution des contrats pour des partenariats publics-privés en vue de développer les alunisseurs habités du programme Artemis. Quatre sociétés ont soumis des offres d’alunisseurs, dont Boeing, SpaceX, Dynetics et une « équipe nationale » menée par Blue Origin. A l’issue du processus de sélection, SpaceX, Blue Origin et Dynetics ont remporté l’appel d’offres. Selon le Wall Street Journal, un grand jury et des procureurs fédéraux ont lancé une enquête pour déterminer si Doug Loverro a eu des conversations inappropriées avec des hauts dirigeants de Boeing au sujet de leur offre. Il aurait ainsi indiqué à Jim Chilton, Vice-Président Senior pour l’Espace et les Lancements, que Boeing était sur le point de perdre l’appel d’offres. Boeing aurait ensuite soumis à la NASA une offre modifiée. L’Inspecteur Général de la NASA a également lancé une enquête interne. Mike Griffin rejoint le conseil d’administration de Rocket Lab Space News, 12 août 2020 En juin, Mike Griffin avait démissionné de ses fonctions de Sous-Secrétaire à la Défense en charge de l’Ingénierie et la Recherche avec son adjointe Lisa Porter, afin de poursuivre des opportunités dans le secteur privé. Ils ont conjointement lancé une société de consulting appelée LogiQ. D’aucuns estiment que la nouvelle recrue du conseil d’administration de Rocket Lab devrait permettre à la société de renforcer ses perspectives contractuelles avec les autorités américaines. Le Général Dickinson prend les rênes de l’USSPACECOM Space News, 28 juillet 2020 Space Policy Online, 6 août 2020 Nommé par le Président Trump, il était depuis décembre 2019 le Commandant en second de l’U.S. Space Command (USSPACECOM), dirigée par le Général John Raymond. Il était auparavant Commandant de U.S.l’ Army Space and Missile Defense Command (SMDC). Lors de son audition de confirmation par leSenate Armed Services Committee, il a déclaré vouloir travailler avec d’autres pays pour établir des normes de comportement dans l’espace. Il a également comparé l’espace à la haute mer où les nations doivent se plier aux règlements dans les eaux internationales et assumer leurs responsabilités pour leurs actions. Il a affirmé que l’USSPACECOM regardait de près les agissements de la Russie tout en notant que celle-ci coopérait avec les États-Unis dans l’exploration et la recherche scientifique. Politique Un projet de loi du Sénat prévoit 1,5 Md$ supplémentaire pour la NASA pour faire face aux conséquences du Covid-19 Space News, 29 juillet 2020 Le 27 juillet, le Sénateur Richard Shelby (républicain – Alabama), a introduit à la commission des appropriations du Sénat un projet de loi de soutien à l’économie face à l’épidémie de Covid-19. Ce projet de loi fait partie de la ème4 phase d’aide fiscale mise en place par le Congrès qui devrait s’établir à hauteur de 1 000 Md$. Le projet du sénateur Richard Shelby prévoit un premier montant de 306 Md$, dont 1,5 Md$ destiné à la NASA. Ce montant est destiné à couvrir les frais des divers contractants que l’agence a continué de financer pendant la période de confinement. Le projet de loi prévoit une répartition de cette aide fiscale de la façon suivante : Science : 224 M$ ; Aéronautique : 28,7 M$ ; Technologie Spatiale : 29,75 M$ ; Exploration : 818,2 M$ ; Opérations Spatiales : 181,65 M$ ; Education : 4,9 M$ ; Sûreté et Sécurité des Missions : 91,7 M$ ; Construction : 121,1 M$. Sécurité et Défense NSSL : SpaceX et ULA préférés à Blue Origin et Northrop Grumman Ars Technica, Parabolic Arc [1] et [2], Spaceflight Now, Space Policy Online, Space News [1] et [2], 7 août 2020 Satellite Today, 10 août 2020 Depuis presque une décennie, les lancements du Pentagone étaient tous assurés par les lanceurs Atlas et Delta d’ULA. Mais une augmentation des prix, la montée en puissance de SpaceX et la dégradation des relations diplomatiques russo- américaines ont eu raison de ce monopole. Le programme NSSL avait un double objectif : affranchir les États-Unis de l’utilisation des moteurs russes RD-180, présents sur l’Atlas V d’ULA, et réduire les coûts de lancement. Ainsi, SpaceX et ULA sont les deux sociétés sélectionnées par U.S.l’ Air Force (USAF) dans le cadre de la Phase 2 du programme National Security Space Launch (NSSL). Les deux sociétés vont se partager tous les lancements des missions spatiales de sécurité nationale du Pentagone prévus entre 2022 et 2027, notamment de l’U.S. Space Force, du National Reconnaissance Office et de la Missile Defense Agency. Les contrats devraient être répartis comme suit : 60% pour ULA, 40% pour SpaceX, représentant à terme des contrats d’environ 3,5 Md$ pour ULA et 2,5 Md$ pour SpaceX. Le nombre de missions de sécurité nationale devraient osciller entre 32 et 34 sur 5 ans, bien que ce nombre ne soit qu’indicatif. Elles seront toutes lancées depuis Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (Floride) et Vandenberg Air Force Base (Californie). SpaceX mettra à disposition du Pentagone ses lanceurs Falcon 9 et Falcon Heavy, tandis qu’ULA proposera ses lanceurs Atlas, Delta et Vulcan Centaur. Si ce dernier, dont les débuts sont annoncés en 2021, n’est pas certifié pour les missions NSSL en 2022, ULA devra s’appuyer sur ses Atlas V motorisés par les RD-180 russes. Le Pentagone peut encore acheter 12 moteurs RD-180 jusqu’en 2022, mais au-delà, tous les lancements du NSSL devront se faire sans. Quant à SpaceX, la société devra construire un nouveau portique mobile au Kennedy Space Center (Floride) pour permettre l’intégration verticale des satellites sensibles. La société envisage également de développer une coiffe permettant d’accueillir des charges utiles plus large, voire adapter le pas de tir des Falcon 9 à Vandenberg Air Force Base pour accueillir le Falcon Heavy. Les deux perdants de ce contrat, Northrop Grumman et Blue Origin restent sollicités par ULA pour fournir respectivement les propulseurs à poudre et les moteurs BE-4 du Vulcan Centaur. Cependant, le destin de l’OmegA de Northrop Grumman est en suspens. Ce lanceur devait pouvoir effectuer son premier vol d’essai mi-2021 si Northrop Grumman remportait le contrat de l’USAF. De son côté, Blue Origin a affirmé que le développement de son New Glenn allait se poursuivre malgré tout dans le but d’assurer des vols de contrats commerciaux. À noter que depuis l’attribution du Phase 1 Block Buy du NSSL en février 2013, le Pentagone estime que la réduction des coûts du cycle de vie s’établit à 22 Md$. Le NSSL aurait permis à l’USAF de réaliser une économie de 7 Md$. Article connexe publié précédemment : Bulletin d’actualité Espace n°20-11. L’U.S. Space Force publie sa première doctrine des opérations spatiales Space Policy Online, Space News, 10 août 2020 Le document se veut la fondation de la philosophie et des valeurs de l’U.S. Space Force (USSF). Il décrit la « Spacepower », la puissance spatiale de la Nation, mise à disposition de l’ensemble du pays afin d’assurer prospérité et sécurité. Selon la doctrine, les États-Unis tireront tout le potentiel de la «Spacepower » si elle est intégrée avec d’autres puissances militaires, nationales comme alliées. Concrètement, le texte réaffirme que les États-Unis doivent avoir des capacités militaires dans l’espace pour protéger les satellites nationaux, tels que ceux utilisés pour les communications ou la navigation, mais aussi pour se doter d’armes offensives capables de dissuader les actions hostiles à leur encontre. Ce document détaille également les principes d’opérations de l’USSF en organisant l’Espace en trois composantes, afin de protéger tous les appareils américains dans le système solaire : le régime géocentrique dans lequel l’attraction terrestre s’exerce, le régime cislunaire dans lequel la gravité du couple Terre-Lune gouverne, et enfin le régime solaire dans lequel le champ gravitationnel du Soleil domine.
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