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Tesi Doctoral Arqueologia D'una Instal·Lació Monacal TESI DOCTORAL ARQUEOLOGIA D’UNA INSTAL·LACIÓ MONACAL PRIMERENCA A L’ARXIPÈLAG DE CABRERA (ILLES BALEARS) (SEGLES V-VIII DC) RESTES ARQUITECTÒNIQUES, DE PRODUCCIÓ, CERÀMICA I ALTRES MATERIALS ARQUEOLÒGICS REALITZADA PER: Mateu Riera Rullan DIRIGIDA PER: Helena Kirchner Granell Programa de doctorat en Economia, Societat i Cultura antiga DEPARTAMENT DE CIÈNCIES DE L’ANTIGUITAT I L’EDAT MITJANA UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA 2015 5. LES CERÀMIQUES DEL MONESTIR DE CABRERA Tal i com s’ha apuntat a la introducció general, l’estudi de la ceràmica hauria de poder permetre un acostament al coneixement de l’organització econòmica i social dels qui la produïren, distribuïren i consumiren (Kirchner 1988, 111-112 i 120). Aquesta és una tasca extremadament complicada però, tot i això, sí que s’intentarà assolir de la manera més àmplia i rigorosa possible. Com molt bé fa notar P. Reynolds, són molts els problemes i desafiaments metodològics que es tenen a l’hora d’interpretar les informacions que pot aportar la ceràmica. La seva datació i el seu ús en la reconstrucció de les tendències econòmiques en alguns períodes identificats amb esdeveniments històrics i geo-polítics, estan plens de dificultats i ambigüitats. Així, els historiadors, no han de deixar de ser conscients que, encara que l’evidència arqueològica pot ser extremadament rica, és difícil posar una data precisa als conjunts ceràmics i, a més, cal tenir en compte que les rutes mitjançant les quals es varen arribar a formar els dipòsits solen ser extremadament complexes (Reynolds 2010, 136-137). A continuació es presentaran el materials ceràmics que s’han pogut classificar i datar del temps en el que degué estar en ús el monestir de Cabrera. La majoria de materials pertanyen al jaciment del Pla de ses Figueres, però també n’hi ha de sa Font, Son Picornells, Clot des Guix, Els Corrals i de l’illot dels Frares. També es fa esment a algunes peces trobades de forma aïllada en altres indrets de Cabrera. L’aproximació a aquestes ceràmiques ha estat sempre macroscòpica1 i fetes a l’ull nu amb les limitacions i mancances que això suposa2. Tot i això, s’ha procurat fer una anàlisi formal de les peces sempre acompanyada d’una observació de les pastes, els acabats i, en el cas d’existir, de les decoracions el més acurada possible. A més, sempre s’han assenyalat les atribucions dubtoses. Certament, hagués estat molt més fiable un treball extensiu d’anàlisis arqueomètriques però, aquest és, a dia d’avui, absolutament inassolible econòmicament per a la majoria de projectes finançats i, encara més, pels que s’estan realitzant a les Balears, amb uns pressupostos destacadament baixos. Són força recents la majoria dels treballs que han servit per a conèixer les produccions aquí estudiades. Han estat publicats els darrers quaranta anys i, la majoria, són dels darrers vint. També es veurà que, en molts casos, encara queden innumerables interrogants a resoldre tot i els destacables treballs monogràfics o les excel·lents iniciatives de recerca, nacionals i internacionals, posades en marxa. Tots aquests treballs han fet que hagin millorat i augmentat sensiblement els coneixements sobre la ceràmica dels segles V-VII, per exemple, de la península ibèrica, sobretot si es compara amb el panorama desolador que hi havia a finals dels anys vuitanta del segle passat. Per a l’època tractada, aquests estudis ceràmics han permès millorar considerablement els coneixements històrics (Haldon 2000; McCormick 2005). A dia d’avui, però, no s’han unificat les nombroses tipologies existents. Així, una mateixa ceràmica o tipus es pot trobar citada de moltes maneres. Aquest fet dificulta la classificació dels materials ceràmics, malgrat que ara es coneixen molt millor. S’ha considerat oportú, doncs, fer un esforç de comparació de tipologies i cronologies proposades en publicacions diverses que, a més, han canviat amb la progressió de la recerca. Els paràgrafs introductoris en cadascun dels epígrafs en que es divideix el capítol pretenen oferir una síntesi dels coneixements assolits i les discrepàncies entre autors que necessàriament cal tenir en 1 Entès com a “aquella que s’efectua sobre la peça o el fragment ceràmic, sense que es requereixi una preparació específica de la mostra” (Cau 2003, 121). 2 Exposades, per exemple a: Cau 2003, 121-131, 155-174; Santoro 2007, 367 i 368-369; Gurt 2007b, 846. 356 compte a l’hora de realitzar l’estudi d’un conjunt ceràmic com el procedent dels diferents jaciments de Cabrera. Per a la present tesi s’han contrastat les informacions aportades a partir dels treballs arqueològics realitzats per tota l’àrea geogràfica del que fou l’Imperi romà en la seva màxima extensió. Però convé fer notar que s’ha aprofundit més en els de la Pars Occidentis, tant mediterranis com atlàntics. S’han revisat contextos urbans i no urbans, terrestres i subaquàtics. S’ha dedicat una especial atenció als descobriments fets en petites illes o illots, així com en aquelles estacions relacionades amb el monacat. Tanmateix, el buidatge bibliogràfic més exhaustiu que s’ha fet és el vinculat a les publicacions relacionades amb les Illes Balears i, encara més especialment, les de l’illa Mallorca. Els conjunts ceràmics publicats dels segles V a VIII més destacables de Mallorca són els de la ciutat de Pollentia3, de la vil·la de Sa Mesquida, i el conjunt basilical de Son Peretó. Pel que fa a les aigües mallorquines es poden destacar les ceràmiques publicades de Portocristo, Portopí (o port de Palma) i Portocolom. De tots aquests indrets la gran majoria dels materials publicats no estan inscrits a contextos estratigràfics fiables o, directament, es varen recuperar fora de qualsevol context o en estrats baixmedievals, moderns o contemporanis. Les dues úniques excepcions a destacar són el conjunt de materials trobats a la cisterna de Sa Mesquida i alguns conjunts de Son Peretó. Cal advertir, però, que el conjunt de la cisterna de Sa Mesquida, tot i que amb una majoria de materials de la primera meitat del segle V, presenta greus problemes, donat que dit material està mesclat amb altres del segle VI i principis del segle VII (Ramon, Cau 1997, 279; Cau 2003, 22-24). De fet, fins i tot, també presenta materials anteriors al segle V4. Pel que fa a Son Peretó són dignes de 3 Tot i els destacables treballs que es varen publicar en el segle passat, es troba molt a faltar la publicació dels importants contextos recuperats en els darrers 35 anys que romanen pràcticament tots inèdits. Tot plegat ha permès a P. Reynolds afirmar que malgrat les extenses campanyes d’excavació a Pollentia, “pràcticament no hi ha ceràmica que suggereixi una presència bizantina en el lloc” (Reynolds 2010, 113), una afirmació que s’haurà de revisar un cop es publiquin els materials pol·lentins de les excavacions dels anys vuitanta i noranta del segle passat, així com de principis del segle XXI. També seria d’una importància cabdal poder conèixer les ceràmiques trobades a la basílica de Son Fadrinet, destapada amb rapidesa entre els anys 1997 i 2000 i de la que només se n’ha publicat la cita a tres fragments ceràmics de TSAD (Ulbert 2003, 182) i un estudi preliminar de les ceràmiques d’època islàmica del segles X-XI que amortitzaven el forat d’espoli de l’altar (Riera Frau, Riera Rullan, Rosselló Bordoy 2002). Tot i ser un jaciment que es va excavar sense registre d’Unitats Estratigràfiques, la importància de l’estudi del seu material radica especialment en poder identificar, molt probablement, ceràmiques dels segles VIII i IX. Tot indica que d’aquestes n’hi ha d’haver, donat que s’hi varen trobar dues monedes datades d’entre els anys 737 i 739 (Ulbert 2003, 182; Vizcaíno 2009, 270), a més de les ceràmiques dels X i XI abans esmentades. Pel que fa als descobriments de materials tardans trobats a Mallorca que no s’han arribat a publicar, o només se n’ha publicat una petita part, es troben a faltar, sobretot, els de la ciutat de Palma i el del poblat prehistòric de Son Fornés. 4 És uns cisterna emprada com abocador on s’hi va trobar “un important lot de material ceràmic, completat amb alguns objectes de metall, vidre, dues monedes i gran quantitat de restes de fauna”, que malauradament no es va poder excavar “amb totes les garanties estratigràfiques ..., per tant, qualsevol precisió cronològica pot ser errònia. En conseqüència, aquest conjunt no pot aportar dades cronològiques rigoroses... i seria més prudent acceptar una datació àmplia entre primera meitat del segle V i finals del segle VI inicis del VII, tot i seguint acceptant un major volum de material de primera meitat de segle V” (Cau 2003, 1 i 20. Veure també: Cau et al. 1997, 188). Cal advertir, a més, que a dintre de la cisterna també hi havia ceràmiques clarament anteriors al segle V, probablement residuals o fruit d’intrusions (Cau 2003, 21; 2007, 225; 2008, 259; Marimon et al. 2005), així com peces que podrien ser tal vegada, més de cap a l’època Teodosiana (Cau 2003, 22). A més de les ceràmiques que probablement podrien ser anteriors a 400 dC (Cau 2007, 225), una de les monedes recuperades correspon a un AE4 de Gratianus- 357 ressenya les publicacions dels estudis d’una petita part de les ceràmiques trobades en els anys 80 del segle passat5, així com de la classificació preliminar de les ceràmiques que llavors es varen recuperar en el seu Sector Oest6. Tot i que aquelles excavacions es feren sovint sense una metodologia estratigràfica acurada, s’ha donat per bona una datació de les ceràmiques centrada, principalment, en els segles VI i VII dC7.
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