DOCSLIB.ORG

Aaron, Khazar Ruler 240 Abasgia, See Abkhazia 'Abbâsids, See Caliphate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Aaron, Khazar Ruler 240 Abasgia, See Abkhazia 'Abbâsids, See Caliphate INDEX Aaron, Khazar ruler 240 Animal husbandry 228 Abasgia, see Abkhazia Ankori, Zvi 56, 143 ‘Abbâsids, see Caliphate Antony, Archbishop of Bosporos 171 ‘Abd al-Malik, Umayyad caliph (685–705) Apiculture 215, 228 375 Arab Geographers 173, 176, 183, 185 ‘Abd al-Ramân b. Rabî‘a al-Bâhilî 378 Arab Historians 176 Abkhaz, Abkhazia (Abasgia, Abxazia, Arab Sources 183, 186 Ap‘xazet‘i) 136, 172, 305 and n. 75, Arabia, Arabs 47, 164, 167, 179, 216, 341 n. 148, 347, 348 358, 374, 431–32 Abo of Tbilisi (Georgian saint) 135, Arabo-Khazar wars 35, 137, 142 151, 347–50 Second civil war 173 Abraham ibn Daud 149 Araxes 164 Abu’l-Faraj ibn al-‘Ibrî, see Bar Hebraeus Ardabîl 167 Abu’l-Qâsim Sa‘îd al-Andalusî 199 Arkhipov A.A. 263 Adiabene 153 Armenia 146, 151, 164, 167, 376, 431 Adygeis 364 The Armenian Geography, see Africa 385 Ašxarhac’oyc’ +Ak 79, 91 Árpád 188, 252, 269, 274, 275 Amad b. Kûyâ 138 Arsiya 377, see also Ors Ajbabin, A.I. 425, 432 Aryans 362, 366 Akatzirs 37, 52, 54, 401 Asia Minor, see Anatolia Akhiezer, Golda 110 Asian Sarmatia 418–19, 425 Akopjan (Hakobyan), A. 404–5, 407 Askold 246, 247, 252 Alans, Alania 34, 36, 46, 50, 59–67, 124, Asparukh, Asparhruk 418–19, 427–28, 181–83, 192, 220, 240, 304 and n. 65, 432 305 n. 69, 306 n. 80, 308, 322, 348, 352, Ašxarhac’oyc’, Ašxarhats’uyts’ (The 421–22 “Armenian Geography” of Pseudo- conversion to Christianity 124 Movsês Xorenac’i, see also Širakec’i, Albania (Caucasian) 124, 164, 403, Ananias) 315–18, 418, 422–23, 425, 406–07, 409, 413, 416, 428, 430–31 427–29 Alexander, Byzantine Emperor (912–913) Artamonov Mixail I. 20, 26–29, 31–35, 166 38, 39, 45, 48, 54, 152, 155, 159, 202, Alexandria 230 205, 248, 252, 402, 403, 427 Alfraganus 198, 204 Ashina, Ašina, A-shih-na (Türk royal Alma 220 clan) 32, 37, 53, 158, 317, 403, 404 Almush clan 274 Ashkenazic Jews, Ashkenazim 56, Ałp Iłut‘uêr (Alp Elteber) 124, 429 355, 363, 365, 366, see also Jews, East Altaic peoples and languages 123 European Altheim, Franz 198, 205, 270 diseases 397 Alupka (Alubikha, Alupha) 122, 220 ethnogenesis 387–97 Alus 220 ethnographic evidence 396 Amastris 170 Asia Minor (see also Anatolia) 165 Amphoras 225–6, 241–43 Astel, see Atıl Ananias of Širak, see Širakec’i, Ananias Atıl (Atïl, Atil, Astel, At’l, Itil, Etil) 2, Anatolia 164, 414 34, 35, 144, 155, 161, 174, 175, 208–15, Annals of Salzburg 275 218, 228–30, 233, 241, 375, 419, 422, al-Andalus 379, 380, 381, 386 424 448 index mosques in 383 Bentley, Jerry H. 126–27 Muslims in 377, 383, see also Khazar Berbers 394 Muslims Beresovets D.T. 253 Atropatene (Persian Azarbayjan) 164 Bessarabia 48 Austria 387 Bezverkhii, Viktor 362, 363 Avars (“Pseudo-Avars”) 271, 272, 389, Bilge Qağan, Eastern Türk Ruler 397, 414, 421 (716–734) 126 Azarbayjan (Adarbâyjân, Azerbaijan) Birnbaum H. 264 147, 151, 167, 406 Birth, miraculous (of rulers) 130 Azov, Sea of 221, 226, 233, 243, 424 Bithynia 179, 181 Black Sea 170, 174–75, 182, 183, 233 Bâb al-Abwâb, see Darband Bluč‘an 350–351 Babalikashvili, Nissan 116, 117 Bögü Uyğur Qağan (759–779) 128, 129 Baghdad 231, 233 Bolgar (Bulğar) language, see Turkic al-Bakrî, Abu ‘Ubaid 149, 196, 197, 200, languages, Bulğar, Oğuric/Bulğaric- 204, 205 Čuvaš al-Balâdhurî (al-Beládsori), Amad b. Bolgar-Chuvash branch, see Turkic Yayâ b. Jâbir 142, 153, 201, 202, 205 languages, Oğuric/Bulğaric-Čuvaš Balanjar (Balandjar) 45, 378 Boluščï 88–89 Balashov, Dmitri 358 Bombaci, Alessio 403, 412, 413 Bálint, Csanád 48 Boris, Ruler of Balkan Bulgaria (852–889) Balkan, Balkans 178, 179 139 immigration to the German Bosporus (city), conquered by Khazars lands 392, 396–97 430 Balkh 229 Bruckus (Brutzkus) J.D. 20 Baghdad 231, 233 Buddhism 123, 125, 126, 130 Baltic Sea 209, 234, 235, 237, 239 Buğa the Elder 9, 203, 351–52 Barac (Baratz) G.M. 20 Bulan (Khazar ruler) 33, 147, 154 Baranov, I.A. 222, 223, 243 Bulğar (Bulghar, Bolgar), Bulğars 221, Barč/Warâz/Bolčân clan 37, 155 222, 223, 225, 272, 417–19, 424, 427, Bar Hebraeus, Gregory Abu’l-Faraj ibn 428 al-‘Ibrî 198 Balkan 125, 139, 164, 167, 168, 175, Barley 222 178, 179, 180, 181, 187, 432 Baron, Salo W. 55 Black 240 Bartol’d Vasilij V. (Barthold, Wilhelm) Danubian 275 201, 205 Kuban 60, 63 Barsalia, Bersâlia, Berzilia 401, 421–24, Pontic 34, 36, 125 426 Proto-Bulğaric 36, 41, 51, 424, 427 Barsils (Baslk’, Basłk’, Barsilk’, Tithe 238, 241 Barselt) 54, 419, 421, 424–28, 430 Tribute 238 Bashkiria, Bashkirs 186, 272, 422–23 Volga 23, 35, 42, 44, 125, 128, 143, Basil I, Byzantine Emperor (867–886) 148, 172, 181, 182, 183, 186, 192, 166, 255, 400 212, 213, 227–38, 240, 241, 244, 422, Basil II, Byzantine Emperor (976–1025) 427 166, 169 Bulğaric, see Oğuric BarAûlâ, see also Barsils 422–23 BurKâA 227–29, 231, 241 Bat Bayan 273 Agriculture 228 Beavers, see Trade Products Craft production 228 Beg, see Khazars, Qağan Beg Furs 228 (BurKâî) Beilis V. M. 202, 203, 205 Buyids 178 Belarus’, Belarusian 390–91, 394–95 Bwsxk’, Bwšxk’ (Bušxk’) 419, 422 Bela Veža, see Sarkel Byzantium, Byzantines 7, 32, 35, 43, Belgorod 368 44, 59, 61, 124, 136, 140, 144, 154, 161, Benjamin, Khazar ruler 240 164, 165, 172, 218, 221, 223, 224, 225, .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An 11Th Century Philosophical Treatise Written in Banat and Its Surprising Revelations About the Local History
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 71 ( 2013 ) 196 – 205 International Workshop on the Historiography of Philosophy: Representations and Cultural Constructions 2012 An 11th century philosophical treatise written in Banat and its surprising revelations about the local history Constantin D. Rupa West University of Timisoara, Blv. V. Pârvan 4 Abstract Personality admired by Trithemius [1]1 and Pelbartus of Themesvár [2], eulogized by Pierre Nadal [3] and Nicolaus Olahus [4], St. Gerard of Csanád remains beyond the character of his legend an author wrapped in mystery and uncertainty, with a biography closer to miracle than historical argument. Despite this vita fabulosa transmitted by Acta sanctorum [5], the author of Deliberatio supra hymnum trium puerorum (1044) has to tell us some interesting and valuable information about his contemporaneity. This essay tries to contextualise such autobiographical details in the medieval history of Banat, the region between the Mures, Tisza and the Danube River. © 2013 ThePublished Authors. by PublishedElsevier Ltd. by ElsevierSelection Ltd. and/orOpen peer-review access under under CC BY responsibility-NC-ND license. of Claudiu Mesaros (West University of SelectionTimisoara, and Romania) peer-review under responsibility of Claudiu Mesaros (West University of Timisoara, Romania). Keywords: St. Gerard; medieval philosophy; Khazar eresy; Scythian rites; Romanian legends about Jews. 1. St. Gerard between Plato and Scripture Ignác Batthyány, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Transylvania whose monographic treatise printed at Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia) in 1790 remains until today the most exhaustive exegesis on St.
    [Show full text]
  • Revealing the Ashkenazis
    Revealing the Ashkenazis Dear Mr. Smith, There is no need to respond to this email, I just wanted to share with you some facts and information I collected over the years about the Husars (Khazars). Contrary to the massive Zionist misinformation in the media, the tribal name Ashkenad does not derive from the seed of Abraham, but actually derives from a Central Asian background. The name "Ashken" derives from the ethnically pronounced Ashkun," a Turkic name of a central asian tribe first recorded in old Persian language(also used in Arabic during the early era of the wandering Husars), that meant "Central Asian/s" or a "person/people from Central Asia." In the Manchurian language, they were called "Asin," and in Archaic Chinese they were either called "Wusun, Asin, or Osin." There is a hypothesis that was never brought to light regarding the the leaders of the Göktürk empire, the warrior clan of Ashina, that led the Husars to the area of the north caucasus(which they would call their homeland), that the name "Ashkun" derived from simplifying the name of the Ashina Clan to "Ash" and then mixing it with the Turkic/Mongolian word "kun," or the correct ethnic pronounciation, "hun," which tranlastes into "person" or "people" to create the name "Ashkun(correctly pronounced Ash'hun)," which basically means the Husars of the clan of Ashina, or Ashina's people/horsemen. It is an undeniable fact recorded in history that after the collapse of the Göktürk empire(Göktürk, a Central Asian word of Iranian derivation that translates into "Blue Turk" which refers to "The Turks of the East") due to attacks from the Uyghur tribes, branches of the Ashina clan moved westward to Europe, where they became the Hugans(khagans) of the Husars(Khazars) and possibly other Turkic tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • KARAIMS: the IDENTITY QUESTION* the Name Karaims1
    PRZEGLĄD ZACHODNI 2014, No. II PIOTR LUCZYS KRZYSZTOF RATAJ Poznań KARAIMS: THE IDENTITY QUESTION* The name Karaims1 derives from karaim, a Hebrew word meaning “the reading one”, “the calling one” and hence Karaims are also called “the people of Scripture”.2 But karaim also means “the detached”, “the disconnected”. The same word in Turk- ish means “black”3, “north”, or “poor”, which suggests Turkic origin of Karaims, namely from Khazars. Karaim dignitaries from the early 20th century popularised that version of the origin of Karaim people, however, that origin is not sufficiently documented.4 Thus the question whether Karaims were the followers of Judaism in Khazaria is frequently asked. In publications on history, such a religious faction is mentioned but it is not exactly clear whether it was of Karaims.5 This is hardly * This article was previously published in “Przegląd Zachodni” 2013, No. 3, pp. 93-116. 1 As many authors argue: “In Polish scientific (and popular) publications, followers of Karaism are referred to as karaimi [Karaims] and not as karaici [Karaites]”. Cf. M. Pawelec (2010), Niepojęty świat Karaimów?, “Awazymyz”, No. 3(28), http://www.awazymyz.karaimi.org/zeszyty/item/357-niepojety- -swiat-karaimow [accessed: 08.06.13]. This does not seem, however, to be a consistent terminological convention. Cf. B. Janusz (1927), Karaici w Polsce, Kraków. 2 R. Otsason (2004), Karaimi, in: Powszechna encyklopedia filozofii, Vol. 5, Lublin, pp. 487-489. 3 “At the end of the fourth millennium BC, the Iranian plateau was inhabited by tribes speaking a Turkish-Kipchak dialect of the Oghuz group. So far, the reasons for the migration of those tribes to eastern lands and, finally, to middle Mesopotamia have not been fully explained.
    [Show full text]
  • Khazar Empire Koestler
    go Arthur Koestler. The thirteenth tribe. The collapse of the Khazar Empire and its Heritage ------------------------------------------ ARTHUR KOESTLER THE THIRTEENTH TRIBE THE KHAZAR EMPIRE AND ITS HERITAGE HUTCHINSON OF LONDON, LONDON 1976 publishing "Eurasia" St. Petersburg 2001 OCR Sergei Vasil ------------------------------------------ For assistance in the implementation of the publication of this book publishing "Eurasia" thanks Kiprushkina Vadim Albertovich Scientific editor: Yurchenko AG Arthur Koestler. The thirteenth tribe. The collapse of the Khazar Empire and its Heritage. Trans. from English. Kabalkina AY - SPb .: Publishing Group "Eurasia", 2001. - 320 p. Arthur Koestler found an original response to the ideology of anti- Semitism. According to him opinion, the fall of the Khazar khanate spawned several waves of migration, constituting the main core of the population professing Judaism in Eastern Europe. Since ethnic migrants from the Khazars were not Semites, it is untenable and anti-Semitism. Drawing on texts for Arab travelers ninth and tenth centuries. Byzantine sources, "Tale of Bygone Years", works Artamonov Kokovtsov Toynbee, Vernadsky, Dunlop, Kucera, Poles and many others historians, the author provides several different vision of the formation and collapse of Khazar state. Other accents becomes paradoxical at first view the choice of faith. A fascinating study of the history of the Khazar khanate, throughout its existence was under the cross countervailing pressure state, religious and political interest will not leave the reader indifferent, for history, for getting up Koestler pages of the book, does not tolerate indifference. Publisher "Eurasia" is grateful to the publisher Hutchinson & Co (Publishers) Ltd for reporting that the rights to the Arthur Koestler work are regarded as public domain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Thirteenth Tribe by Arthur Koestler
    The Thirteenth Tribe by Arthur Koestler The Brilliant Author of: Darkness at Noon Reviewed by Meyer Levin The Thirteenth Tribe by Arthur Koestler Reviewed by Meyer Levin The Thirteenth Tribe by Arthur Koestler Reviewed by Meyer Levin This is a startling new discovery about the true ancestry of the European Jewish People. Are today’s Western Jews, really ethnic, Semitic, biblical Jews, or are mostly descended from a converted people called the “Khazars”? (Not to be mistaken for the “chazir”, which means pig in Yiddish). Who were they? They were people of Turkish stock, mixed with Palestinians and, no doubt, others. They claim their descent from Noah. (Noah’s ark is believed to have finally settled on Mt. Arrarat in Turkey.) Noah had three sons, Shem, Ham & Japhet. Japhet had a son, Tagarma who had ten sons, one of which was called Khazar. The Semitic people, Jew and Arabs, claim their decendency from Shem. Not much is know about Ham. I suppose all others are his descendants. These tribes, from around Turkey, moved westward for a few hundred years. They were nomads who continuously raided and conquered as they traveled. People like the Pacheneg, Bulgarians, and Magyars, who later became know as Hungarians, were conquered. They also attacked the Slavs, the Vikings, and the Russians from the seventh to the tenth century. They formed the Khazar Empire that ruled the area between the Caucasus Mountains and the Volga River, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in Southern Russia. They were fierce warriors. History speaks of how in one war they amassed fifty thousand horsemen.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of the Magyar-Hungarians, Language, Homeland, Migrations and Legends to the Conquest
    The Origin of The Magyar-Hungarians, Language, Homeland, Migrations • and Legends to the Conquest By Richard R. Perry Prof(' ~~() r. Higher Edu c:ll io n Margaret M. (Papp) Perry Assbtant Profcs.,or of Library Admill istrntioll THE ORIGIN OF THE MAGYAR­ HUNGARIANS, LANGUAGE, HOMELAND, MIGRATIONS AND LEGENDS TO THE CONQUEST This doclD7lent is not for sale. No part of the text , maps, or art work may be reproduced in any form without permission of the original authors and/ or publishers as listed in the Selected References. • Cover art Richard R. Perry by Professor, Higher Education Steve n Pecsenye Margaret M. (Papp) Perry Assistant Professor of Library Administration PREFACE This brief manuscript was prepared at the request of interested citizens of the Birmingham neighborhood of Toledo. Ohio for presentation as port of a lecture-seminar series associated with efforts to organize a Hungarian ethnic cultural center in that neighborhood. Many of the citizens are descendents of. and In the instance of the older persons themselves were, immigrants trom Hungary. Their knowledge of the early history of their homeland was sketchy; based in large part on oral traditions, folklore and almost void of any Information about their origins prior to the years 900 A .0. to 1,000 A .0. My interest in gathering and presenting this account stems from a long friendship with many of the people of the neighborhood resulting from my marriage to the former Margaret M. Papp who has coauthored this work and whose mother Katie Toth Papp and father Imre Papp immigrated to the United States in 1909 and 1910.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jews Of* KHAZARIA KEVIN ALAN BROOK
    The Jews of* KHAZARIA KEVIN ALAN BROOK A JASON ARONSON BOOK ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS.INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Oxford CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii THE ORIGINS OF THE KHAZARS 1 The Turkic Heritage 2 Legends about the Beginnings of the Jewish Khazars 7 The Khazars and the Huns 12 The Western Turkish Empire 13 The Formation of an Independent Khazar Kingdom 14 The Effects of Khazar Expansion on the Bulgars . 15 THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE KHAZARS 27 The Capital Cities of Khazaria 28 Atil and Khazaran 28 Balanjar 31 vi Contents Chernigov 32 Cherson 32 Chufut-Kale 32 Doros 33 Feodosia 33 Kara Tobe 34 Kerch 34 Kiev 34 Samandar 37 Sarkel 38 Sudak 40 Tmutorokan (Samkarsh) 41 Verkhneye Saltovo and Odier Saltovo Settlements 41 Yevpatoria (Gusli-ev) 42 Other Khazar Settlements 42 The Peoples of the Khazar Empire 43 THE STRUCTURE OF THE KHAZAR GOVERNMENT 57 The Kagan 57 The Bek (King) and His Army 60 The Render and die Javishgar 63 The Tarkhan 64 The Court Panel 64 The Local Governors 64 Taxation 65 Tributary Peoples 66 The "Kagans" of Kievan Rus 67 THE KHAZAR WAY OF LIFE 79 Languages Spoken by the Khazars 79 Khazar Arts and Crafts 82 Khazar Agriculture and Food-Gathering 84 The Structure of Khazar Homes 86 Khazar Costume and Hairstyle 87 Khazar Graves 88 Contents vii KHAZARIAN TRADE 99 Khazaria as a Great Medieval Trading Center 99 The Jewish Radhanites 102 Rus Traders in Khazaria 104 Arab Traders in Khazaria 105 Chinese Traders in Khazaria 105 Coinage 106 THE KHAZARS' CONVERSION TO JUDAISM 113 Preludes to
    [Show full text]
  • The Pattern of the Religious Disputes Judaism, Christianity and Islam from Spain to Caucasus
    Teresianum 48 (1997/1) 313-372 THE PATTERN OF THE RELIGIOUS DISPUTES JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM FROM SPAIN TO CAUCASUS ADRIANA MITESCU The genre of competitions or debate between on the one hand the pagans' idolatries and the monotheism and on the other the three monotheist religions, is well diffused in the me­ dieval Jewish and Arabic literature and in the Christian hagio­ graphies. The pagans, such as: Egyptians, Chaldaics, Babylo­ nians, Romans, Greeks, etc. had developed philosophical schools like Aristotelism, Neo-Platonism, Mazdaism, Shamani­ sm, Gnosticism. The literary, religious and philosophical pattern of the competitions between pagans and Jews, Christians or Mu­ slims enables missionary wise to compare the teachings and be­ liefs in an effort to prove the superiority of one or another reli­ gion. The tales begin with a general discussion of religion and prophecy and continue with descriptions of each of the three re­ ligions: principles, questions and objections followed by replies of the faithful and the heathen who will come round to new faith. The aim of any religious dispute is the conversion and thus the philosopher, the magian, the persian indovine, the wise, the Jewish scholar, the Christian monk ascetic or the caliph ex­ pound their faith. An early, unique and strange book seems to be Bardesanes' The Dialogue of the Laws of Nations1 which dates back to the end of the third century, or short time after Barde­ sanes’ death in 222. The text, written in Syrian language, is a synthesis2 of the chaldaic astrology, the stoic and aristotelic phi­ losophy, the ethnographic aspects of customs and institutions of different countries, the oriental wisdom and Christianity.
    [Show full text]
  • Solomon the Exilarch Part 2
    -140- SOLOMON THE EXILARCH THE POLITICAL ROLE OF SOLOMON, THE EXILARCH, C.715-759 CE (PART 2) by David H. Kelley, FASG 1 ABSTRACT This is the second part of an article on the hereditary Jewish rulers known as Exilarchs, claimed as male-line descendants of King David. This part focuses on the eighth-century Exilarch Solomon, identified as a grandson of the Exilarch Bustanai and the Persian princess. Solomon was of high social standing, based on his learning and wealth from trade, as well as his ancestry. It is plausible that he was involved in the conversion of the Khazar rulers to Judaism and in the Bagratid claim of descent from the House of David. Genealogical evidence is crucial in identifying Solomon with the Jew Forty Cubits, described by both Islamic and Byzantine traditions as the influence behind the implementation of iconoclastic policies in their societies. Foundations (2006) 2 (2): 140-157 © Copyright FMG Continued from Foundations Vol.2, issue 1 (January 2006) pp. 29-46. The Khazar Conversion and the China Trade The empire of the Khazars consisted largely of a variety of Turko-Mongol tribes. At its height, the empire was nearly as large as the neighbouring Byzantine empire to the south, but the population density was much less. The Khazars were in regular contact with China, especially along the old Silk Road. Their crucial location for trading and their economic base, so different from the Mediterranean or north-western Europe, can be well appreciated in the maps of Martin Gilbert. Their empire expanded westward, as they separated from the West Turkish empire, of which they had originally been a part.
    [Show full text]
  • Announcements Mon. Aug. 15 IL SG
    Parshat Va etchanan August 20, 2016 16 Av, 5776 Rabbi Jonathan Sacks on Va‘etchanan TORAH ARTSCROLL 958 One of the most profound centuries, ruled a considerable (od of the philosophers. The area between the Blac0 Sea and 0ey difference is that HERTZ 755 disagreements in Judaism is that between Moses the Caspian Sea, including whereas the philosophers Maimonides and Judah southern Russia, northern found (od in metaphysics, HAFTORAH Halevi on the meaning of Caucasus, eastern U0raine, the prophets found (od in ARTSCROLL 1196 the first of the Ten Western :aza0hstan, and history. northwestern Uzbe0istan. Many HERTZ 776 Commandments. For Maimonides (113 -1204), Jewish traders and refugees lived This is how Halevi9s rabbi the first command is to there, and in 838 the :hazar states his faith: . believe in believe in (od, creator of :ing Bulan converted to Judaism, the (od of Abraham, .saac Times heaven and earth: The after supposedly holding a and .srael, who led the basic principle of all basic debate between representatives children of .srael out of Egypt Candle Lighting 7:28 pm principles and the pillar of of the Jewish, Christian, and with signs and miraclesA who all sciences is to realize Muslim faiths. The Arabic writer fed them in the desert and Mincha 7:00 pm that there is a First Being 5imashqi writes that the gave them the land, after who brought every e-isting :hazars, having encountered the having brought them through Hashkama 8:00 am thing into being. .f it could Jewish faith, 1found it better than the sea and the Jordan in a be supposed that He did their own and accepted it3.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 from the Desk of Pierre Beaudry the ECUMENICAL CIVILIZATION of the KHAZAR KINGDOM, the ABBASID CALIPHATE and the CAROLINGIAN
    From the desk of Pierre Beaudry THE ECUMENICAL CIVILIZATION OF THE KHAZAR KINGDOM, THE ABBASID CALIPHATE AND THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE. by Pierre Beaudry, 7, 12, 2006 [This is a second report on the Carolingian period following the preliminary report of 4/24/2006, on HOW CHARLEMAGNE AND HARUN AL-RASHID DESTROYED THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND SAVED WESTERN CIVILIZATION.] “{ Men of truth, despisers of gain, doers of loving- kindness and pursuers of charity, guardians of salvation whose bread is available to every wayfarer and passerby...take pity on him. } The Kievan Letter – An Original Document from Khazarian Jews of Kiev. INTRODUCTION: THE TRUTH ABOUT THE JEWISH KHAZAR KINGDOM. The Jewish Khazar Kingdom, in alliance with Charlemagne and Harun al-Rashid, was truly one of the most exciting anomalies in all of history: it was no less than an {American Experiment } of the Middle Ages, the anti-oligarchical model of religious tolerance based on the ecumenical principle of { agape }, with the explicit purpose of saving the wretched, the poor, and the unwanted of the world. For the first time in history, three political leaders, Charlemagne, Bulan, and Harun al-Rashid were 1 identifying their common mission with that of the Messiah, in his crucial function of Redeemer. However, the very existence of this Jewish Kingdom, that lasted only a few hundred years from the 7 th century to the beginning of the 9 th centuries, in the region of what is today known as eastern Ukraine, was destroyed by the Venetians who made it disappear without leaving a trace. The kingdom of the Khazars has not only been hidden from public knowledge for centuries, but it has been buried so deep in the memory of mankind that no historian ever dared tell the truth about it.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Khazaria
    > Research & Reports Assessing Khazaria The Khazars enter history in the fifth century AD. In Research > the thirteenth, they disappear. Why are these semi- Central Asia nomads, who reigned from the Caucasus and the Urals to the Caspian and the Dnieper of interest to students of Eurasian history? By Paul Meerts irst, because the Khazars, along with the Franks and the FByzantines, served as a dam against the tide of Islam, then threatening Europe from three sides. Second, because the Khazarian Empire had a very particular dual structure of government. Third, the Khazars had an enduring influence Colin McEvedy (1961) The Peguin Atlas of Medieval History. England: Penguin Books on their neighbours, and as allies of the Greeks, contributed to the perpetuation of Eastern Rome. Last but not least, reli- gion draws our attention. Though many Khazars were Mus- Power dispersed Khazar Empire the conversion to Judaism might well have been political. Con- lim or Christian, the leading clans, as well as the royal fam- Khazaria’s political system might provide the key to under- c. AD 650 version to Islam would have brought Khazaria under its arch- ily, adopted the Mosaic laws. standing Khazaria’s downfall. Like other Turkic peoples, the enemy, the Caliph. Conversion to Christianity would have Khazars had a system of tribal and clan rule. Of the many made the country too dependent on Constantinople, which, Independent Khazaria tribes that made-up the empire, one or two were dominant. though Khazaria’s main ally, could never be fully trusted. With the disintegration of the Western Turkish Empire in Within these tribes, leading clans existed, and within the clan Judaism was an elegant third way out.
    [Show full text]