608 Tartu Ülikooli Vana Anatoomikum Ja Farmakoloogiateaduse Areng

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608 Tartu Ülikooli Vana Anatoomikum Ja Farmakoloogiateaduse Areng Eesti Arst 2005; 84 (9): 608–616 Tartu Ülikooli vana anatoomikum ja farmakoloogiateaduse areng Lembit Allikmets – TÜ farmakoloogia instituut farmakoloogia ajalugu, TÜ arstiteaduskond, TÜ vana anatoomikum Tartu Ülikooli taasasutamisega 1802. aastal avati 5 (5, 7). Ka Erdmanni järglase, eesti soost arsti, kateedrit ja üks prosektuur. Nende hulgas üks täht- keelemehe ja kirjaniku Faehlmanni tegevuse kohta samaid teoreetilisi kateedreid oli dieteetika, materia kateedris aastatel 1843–1845 on ilmunud ammen- medica (raviainete õpetuse) ning meditsiiniajaloo ja davaid ülevaateid (6, 10). -kirjanduse kateeder. Loengud toimusid vanas anatoo- Uus periood farmakoloogia arengus Tartus ja mikumis. 1865. aastal nimetati üksus ümber farmako- kogu maailmas algas 1847. aastal, kui kateedri loogia, dieteetika ja arstiteaduse ajaloo kateedriks, juhataja kohale asus Rudolf Richard Buchheim – millena ta töötas 20. sajandi alguseni, seega esime- eksperimentaalse teadusliku farmakoloogia sed 100 aastat. Viimased 100 aastat on ta tuntud pioneer (2, 8, 9). Kui R. Buchheim valiti 1849. farmakoloogia kateedri/instituudi nimetuse all. aastal Tartu Ülikooli korraliseks professoriks, siis Ligi 200 aastat oli farmakoloogiaalane õppe- iseloomustati teda kui püüdlikku teadlast-eksperi- ja teadustöö seotud vana anatoomikumiga, kuigi mentaatorit ja organisaatorit, kes oma korteris Lille esimesel 50 aastal farmakoloogilisteks eksperimenti- tänaval enda kulul oli asutanud laboratooriumi, deks oluliselt ruumi polnud. Alles pärast tiibehituse kus üliõpilased ei tegelenud mitte ainult keemilise valmimist 1860. aastal sai farmakoloogia instituut uurimistööga, vaid said teha ka farmakoloogilisi piisavalt ruumi eksperimentaalseks tööks. katseid, mille tarvis mujal mingisuguseid võimalusi 19. sajandi ja 20. sajandi esimese poole Tartu polnud. Laboratooriumi asutas Buchheim 1847. farmakoloogide tegevuse kohta on ilmunud palju aastal ja juba järgmisel, 1848. aastal ilmusid sel- kirjutisi (1–4), mistõttu siin pole vajadust neid lest esimesed eksperimentaalse uurimistöö alusel detailides korrata. Esitaksin mõned märksõnad. valminud doktoridissertatsioonid. R. Buchheimi Esimeseks kateedri juhatajaks (1802–1826) oli juhendamisel ilmus Tartus 20 aasta jooksul üle professor Martin Ernst Styx, kes oli ka korduvalt 100 teadustöö, neist 86 doktoriväitekirja. Et avar- dekaaniks valitud ning prorektori ja rektori ametit dada teadustöö võimalusi, püüdis R. Buchheim pidanud. Teaduskonna arendamisel hinnati tema igati kaasa aidata anatoomikumi tiibehituse teeneid kõrgelt (5, 6). Vähe aega (1826–1828) lõpuleviimisele 1856.–1860. a ja sai selle eest ka oli sellel kohal professor Gottlieb Franz Immanuel eripreemia. Ta oli 7 aastat (1859–1866) valitud Sahmen. Järgmine teenekas korraline professor ka arstiteaduskonna dekaaniks, avaldas õpikuid, (1828–1842) oli Johann Friedrich von Erdmann, töötas välja ratsionaalsema farmakonide klassifikat- kes tõi aine õpetamisse näitlikkust, muretsedes siooni, mis muutis farmakoloogia kergemini mõis- sel ajal kasutusel olnud ravimite ja ravimtaimede te tavaks ja omandata vamaks. Pärast R. Buchheimi näidised, mis on praegu eksponeeritud ülikooli muu- lahkumist 1867. a Tartust Giessenisse arenes tema seumis. J. F. von Erdmann oli väljapaistev õppejõud, rajatud eksperimentaalse farmakoloogia suund organisaator, pidas ülikoolis mitmeid ameteid: oli Tartus viljakalt edasi tema õpilase Johann Ernst professorite instituudi juhataja, korduvalt dekaan, Oswald Schmiedebergi juhendamisel, kes juhatas Tartu tsensuurikomitee liige, koolikomisjoni liige kateedrit 1867.–1872. a. Schmiedebergi juhenda- 608 Arstiteaduskonna päevad 2005 misel valmis Tartus 10 doktoritööd, milles käsitleti Oswald Schmiedebergi siirdumisega Strassburgi füsostigmiini toimet, muskariini, hiniini, kofeiini, niko- 1873. aastal kandus Tartu koolkonna eksperimentaal- tiini toimeid ja toksilisust, alkoholi toimet südamesse, farmakoloogiline uurimissuund laiali kogu maa- tungaltera alkaloidide sisaldust droogides ja nende ilmas. Schmiedebergi ligi 50aastase farmakoloo- toimet (3, 11). Tehtud uurimustest väärib erilist gina tegutsemise tulemuseks oli see, et suurem osa märkimist 1869. a koos R. Koppega avaldatud 19/20. sajandi vahetuse ja 20. sajandi esimese töö alkaloid muskariini isoleerimisest kärbse- poole tuntumaid farmakolooge Euroopas, Amee- seenest, selle toime põhjalik kirjeldus, muskariini rikas, Austraalias olid tema otsesed või kaudsed ja atropiini antagonistliku toime selgitamine (12). õpilased ning tema ideede elluviijad. Selle Sellega pandi alus vegetatiivse närvisüsteemi koolkonna tegevuse tulemusena töötati teadus- farmakoloogiale. O. Schmiedeberg asutas koos likult läbi kogu ravimite arsenal, kõrvaldati sealt E. Klebsi ja B. Naunyniga 1872.–1873. a esi- toimeta või toksilised ühendid, võeti kasutusele mese teadusliku farmakoloogiaajakirja “Archiv für palju uusi toimivaid ravimeid (3, 13, 14). 1988. experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie”, aastal, O. Schmiedebergi 150. sünniaasta päeval, mis ilmub tänapäevani. asutas Tartu Ülikool koos Eesti Farmakoloogia Foto 1. Farmakoloogia kateeder 1988. a vanas anatoomikumis. Esireas vasakult: dotsent M-H. Otter, laborant Sirje Henno, v-laborant Hiie Sarv, preparaator Leontine Teesalu, professor Lembit Allikmets, professor Leo Nurmand, dotsent Olaf Rajavee, v-õpetaja Silvia Jürisson. Teises reas: aspirandid Kestutis Čereska, Aleksander Šavrin, dotsent Lembit Rägo, professor Aleksander Žarkovski, sekretär Maie Toomsalu, dotsent Tamara Žarkovskaja, aspirandid Tiina Ööpik, Jaanus Harro, Raul-Allan Kiivet, Andres Soosaar, Mehis Põld. Arstiteaduskonna päevad 2005 609 Seltsiga Oswald Schmiedebergi mälestusmedali misest lämmatavate gaaside vastu. Seejärel (1918. ja pani aluse temanimeliste loengute pidamise aastast) töötas ta farmakoloogiaprofessorina Voro- tavale ülikoolis (14). Oswald Schmiedebergi nežis, hiljem Odessas. järglased, Tartu Ülikooli farmakoloogia instituudi Ka 1919. aastal avatud eestikeelne ülikool juhatajana töötanud professorid 19. sajandi valis farmakoloogiaprofessoriks võimekaid tead- viimasel veerandil olid kõik Saksamaalt tulnud lasi välismaalt. 1920ndatel kutsuti TÜ farmako - O. Schmiedebergi kaastöötajad ja õpilased: loogia instituuti juhatama Walter Siegfried Loewe Rudolf Böhm (Tartus 1872–1881), Hans-Horst Göttingenist, kes töötas siin 1928. aastani. Tema Meyer (Tartus 1882–1884), Eduard Rudolf erihuviks olid ravimikombinatsioonid: ravimite Kobert (Tartus 1886–1897). Kõik nad on oluliste koostoime hindamiseks töötati välja bologrammide farmakoloogia koolkondade rajajad saksa ja vene meetod. Loewe ja tema kaastöötajate tööd olid kultuuriruumis. Hans-Horst Meyer valiti ülikooli üleüldse statistiliste meetodite arendamisel eksperi- 300 aasta juubeli puhul (1932) Tartu Ülikooli mentide läbitöötamiseks maailmakuulsad. Ravimi- audoktoriks. kombinatsioonide toime uuri misel katseloomadel Väga viljakat teaduslikku tegevust nii farmako- Loewe juures on hästi tuntud assistent Elise Käeri loogia, toksikoloogia kui ka farmakoteraapia alal tööd. Teine ala, mis tõi Loewele üleilmset kuulsust Tartus jätkas 10 aasta vältel O. Schmiedebergi nii Tartus kui hilisemal perioodil USAs töötades olid õpilane Rudolf Kobert. Temalt ja ta õpilastelt päri- suguhormoonide identifitseerimise, nende toime ja neb 13köiteline “Arbeiten des Pharmakologischen kasutamise uuringud (3). Institutes zu Dorpat”, lisaks 4 köidet meditsiiniajaloo Nii nagu W. S. Loewe, oli ka tema järglane alalt, hulk põhjapanevaid toksikoloogilisi uurimusi, (1930–1937) Georg Barkan hariduse saanud farmakoloogia ja toksikoloogia käsi raamatuid Saksamaa ülikoolides. Tema tööd käsitlesid (Lehrbuch der Pharmakotherapie, 1896; Lehrbuch põhiliselt veresüsteemi farmakoloogiat. Samas der Intoxikationen, 1893), mis ilmusid täiendatud vald konnas kaitses 1936. aastal oma doktoritöö kordustrükkidena veel järgneva mõnekümne aasta ka Barkani assistendina töötanud Georg Kingisepp, jooksul. kes 1938. aastal valiti farmakoloogia instituudi Seoses venestamispoliitikaga oli 1890. aas- juhatajaks. Järgnes II maailmasõda, kuid ülikool tatest vene keelt valdamata Tartu (Jurjevi) töötas pidevalt ja ka teadustöö jätkus. G. Kingisepa Ülikoolis kohta saada võimatu ning Kobert oli ja tema õpilaste (Olaf Rajavee, Elmar Vasar, Leo sunnitud lahkuma ja minema tagasi Saksamaale Nurmand, Hilja Kurvits) tööd olid seotud uute (3, 5, 15, 16). Kobertile järgnes farmakoloogia- valuvaigistite farmakoloogilis-toksikoloogiliste professorina 1897. a Moskvast tulnud Stanislav uuringutega, üle 15 aasta tehti tihedat koostööd Czirwinski, kes küll peatselt (1902. aastal) valiti Tallinna Farmaatsiatehasega juurutamaks uusi Moskva Ülikooli farmakoloogia kateedri juha- ravimpreparaate (4, 15). Kingisepp on ka kahe tajaks (4, 15). originaalse eestikeelse farmakoloogiaõpiku autor Pärast Czirwinskit juhatas 1902.–1918. a Tartus ja seega on ta oma elutööna suuresti arendanud kateedrit Peterburi Sõjameditsiini akadeemiast tulnud erialast eestikeelset terminoloogiat. Tema kaasabil professor David Lavrov, kes oli kolm aastat ka toimusid Tartus 3 üleliidulist farmakoloogiaalast teaduskonna dekaan. Lavrov oli hiilgav lektor ja teaduskonverentsi (1955, 1956, 1970). väga nõudlik õppejõud (17). Ka teadustöö farma- Kui käesoleva artikli autor asus 1970. aastal koloogia alal arenes jõudsalt, kuigi Vene impeeriu- tööle farmakoloogia kateedri õppejõuna, mär- mis olid nõuded dissertat sioonidele väga suured. kis G. Kingisepp korduvalt vana anatoomikumi Esimese maailmasõja ajal oli D. Lavrov Looderinde amortiseeritust ja kõlbmatust tänapäevaseks
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