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Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris Spelaea)
viruses Article Diversity and Evolution of Viral Pathogen Community in Cave Nectar Bats (Eonycteris spelaea) Ian H Mendenhall 1,* , Dolyce Low Hong Wen 1,2, Jayanthi Jayakumar 1, Vithiagaran Gunalan 3, Linfa Wang 1 , Sebastian Mauer-Stroh 3,4 , Yvonne C.F. Su 1 and Gavin J.D. Smith 1,5,6 1 Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; [email protected] (D.L.H.W.); [email protected] (J.J.); [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (Y.C.F.S.) [email protected] (G.J.D.S.) 2 NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore 3 Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138671, Singapore; [email protected] (V.G.); [email protected] (S.M.-S.) 4 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore 5 SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore 168753, Singapore 6 Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 January 2019; Accepted: 7 March 2019; Published: 12 March 2019 Abstract: Bats are unique mammals, exhibit distinctive life history traits and have unique immunological approaches to suppression of viral diseases upon infection. High-throughput next-generation sequencing has been used in characterizing the virome of different bat species. The cave nectar bat, Eonycteris spelaea, has a broad geographical range across Southeast Asia, India and southern China, however, little is known about their involvement in virus transmission. -
Icosahedral Viruses Defined by Their Positively Charged Domains: a Signature for Viral Identity and Capsid Assembly Strategy
Support Information for: Icosahedral viruses defined by their positively charged domains: a signature for viral identity and capsid assembly strategy Rodrigo D. Requião1, Rodolfo L. Carneiro 1, Mariana Hoyer Moreira1, Marcelo Ribeiro- Alves2, Silvana Rossetto3, Fernando L. Palhano*1 and Tatiana Domitrovic*4 1 Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. 2 Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/Aids, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. 4 Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. *Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected] MATERIALS AND METHODS Software and Source Identifier Algorithms Calculation of net charge (1) Calculation of R/K ratio This paper https://github.com/mhoyerm/Total_ratio Identify proteins of This paper https://github.com/mhoyerm/Modulate_RK determined net charge and R/K ratio Identify proteins of This paper https://github.com/mhoyerm/Modulate_KR determined net charge and K/R ratio Data sources For all viral proteins, we used UniRef with the advanced search options (uniprot:(proteome:(taxonomy:"Viruses [10239]") reviewed:yes) AND identity:1.0). For viral capsid proteins, we used the advanced search options (proteome:(taxonomy:"Viruses [10239]") goa:("viral capsid [19028]") AND reviewed:yes) followed by a manual selection of major capsid proteins. Advanced search options for H. -
Multiple Viral Infections in Agaricus Bisporus
Supplementary Information: Title: Multiple viral infections in Agaricus bisporus - Characterisation of 18 unique RNA viruses and 8 ORFans identified by deep sequencing Authors: Gregory Deakina,b,c,1, Edward Dobbsa,1, Ian M Jonesb, Helen M Grogan c , and Kerry S Burtona, * 1 Supplementary Tables Table S1. ORFans sequenced from samples of A. bisporus, their RNA length and Open Reading Frame (ORF) lengths. Name Contig Length ORF Length ORFan 1 C34 5078 513, 681, 1944 ORFan 2 C17 2311 426 ORFan 3 C19 1959 315 ORFan 4 C28 1935 315, 360 ORFan 5 C27 1110 528 ORFan 6 C38 1089 267, 276 ORFan 7 C24 927 258, 276, 324 ORFan 8 C31 703 291 The Name column corresponds to the proposed name for the discovered ORFan. The Contig column corresponds to contiguous RNA sequences assembled from the Illumina reads for each ORFan. The length and ORF length columns are in RNA bases and correspond respectively to the total length of the ORFan and length of ORFs above 250 bases. 2 Table S2. GenBank accession numbers for the virus and ORFan RNA molecules Accession number Virus name KY357487 Agaricus bisporus Virus 2 AbV2 KY357488 Agaricus bisporus Virus 3 AbV3 KY357489 Agaricus bisporus Virus 6 RNA1 AbV6 RNA1 KY357490 Agaricus bisporus Virus 6 RNA2 AbV6 RNA2 KY357491 Agaricus bisporus Virus 7 AbV7 KY357492 Agaricus bisporus Virus 5 AbV5 KY357493 Agaricus bisporus Virus 8 AbV8 KY357494 Agaricus bisporus Virus 9 AbV9 KY357495 Agaricus bisporus Virus 10 AbV10 KY357496 Agaricus bisporus Virus 11 AbV11 KY357497 Agaricus bisporus Virus 12 AbV12 KY357498 Agaricus bisporus -
Ancient Recombination Events and the Origins of Hepatitis E Virus Andrew G
Kelly et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2016) 16:210 DOI 10.1186/s12862-016-0785-y RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Ancient recombination events and the origins of hepatitis E virus Andrew G. Kelly, Natalie E. Netzler and Peter A. White* Abstract Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an enteric, single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus and a significant etiological agent of hepatitis, causing sporadic infections and outbreaks globally. Tracing the evolutionary ancestry of HEV has proved difficult since its identification in 1992, it has been reclassified several times, and confusion remains surrounding its origins and ancestry. Results: To reveal close protein relatives of the Hepeviridae family, similarity searching of the GenBank database was carried out using a complete Orthohepevirus A, HEV genotype I (GI) ORF1 protein sequence and individual proteins. The closest non-Hepeviridae homologues to the HEV ORF1 encoded polyprotein were found to be those from the lepidopteran-infecting Alphatetraviridae family members. A consistent relationship to this was found using a phylogenetic approach; the Hepeviridae RdRp clustered with those of the Alphatetraviridae and Benyviridae families. This puts the Hepeviridae ORF1 region within the “Alpha-like” super-group of viruses. In marked contrast, the HEV GI capsid was found to be most closely related to the chicken astrovirus capsid, with phylogenetic trees clustering the Hepeviridae capsid together with those from the Astroviridae family, and surprisingly within the “Picorna-like” supergroup. These results indicate an ancient recombination event has occurred at the junction of the non-structural and structure encoding regions, which led to the emergence of the entire Hepeviridae family. -
Duck Gut Viral Metagenome Analysis Captures Snapshot of Viral Diversity Mohammed Fawaz1†, Periyasamy Vijayakumar1†, Anamika Mishra1†, Pradeep N
Fawaz et al. Gut Pathog (2016) 8:30 DOI 10.1186/s13099-016-0113-5 Gut Pathogens RESEARCH Open Access Duck gut viral metagenome analysis captures snapshot of viral diversity Mohammed Fawaz1†, Periyasamy Vijayakumar1†, Anamika Mishra1†, Pradeep N. Gandhale1, Rupam Dutta1, Nitin M. Kamble1, Shashi B. Sudhakar1, Parimal Roychoudhary2, Himanshu Kumar3, Diwakar D. Kulkarni1 and Ashwin Ashok Raut1* Abstract Background: Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) an economically important waterfowl for meat, eggs and feathers; is also a natural reservoir for influenza A viruses. The emergence of novel viruses is attributed to the status of co-existence of multiple types and subtypes of viruses in the reservoir hosts. For effective prediction of future viral epidemic or pan- demic an in-depth understanding of the virome status in the key reservoir species is highly essential. Methods: To obtain an unbiased measure of viral diversity in the enteric tract of ducks by viral metagenomic approach, we deep sequenced the viral nucleic acid extracted from cloacal swabs collected from the flock of 23 ducks which shared the water bodies with wild migratory birds. Result: In total 7,455,180 reads with average length of 146 bases were generated of which 7,354,300 reads were de novo assembled into 24,945 contigs with an average length of 220 bases and the remaining 100,880 reads were singletons. The duck virome were identified by sequence similarity comparisons of contigs and singletons (BLASTx 3 E score, <10− ) against viral reference database. Numerous duck virome sequences were homologous to the animal virus of the Papillomaviridae family; and phages of the Caudovirales, Inoviridae, Tectiviridae, Microviridae families and unclassified phages. -
Culex Virome V34
Page 1 of 31 Virome of >12 thousand Culex mosquitoes from throughout California Mohammadreza Sadeghi1,2,3; Eda Altan1,2; Xutao Deng12; Christopher M. Barker4, Ying Fang4, Lark L Coffey4; Eric Delwart1,2 1Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA. 2Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. 3Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 4Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. §Reprints or correspondence: Eric Delwart 270 Masonic Ave. San Francisco, CA 94118 Phone: (415) 923-5763 Fax: (415) 276-2311 Email: [email protected] Page 2 of 31 Abstract Metagenomic analysis of mosquitoes allows the genetic characterization of all associated viruses, including arboviruses and insect-specific viruses, plus those in their diet or infecting their parasites. We describe here the virome in mosquitoes, primarily Culex pipiens complex, Cx. tarsalis and Cx. erythrothorax, collected in 2016 from 23 counties in California, USA. The nearly complete genomes of 54 different virus species, including 28 novel species and some from potentially novel RNA and DNA viral families and genera, were assembled and phylogenetically analyzed, significantly expanding the known Culex-associated virome. The majority of detected viral sequences originated from single-stranded RNA viral families with members known to infect insects, plants, or unknown hosts. These reference viral genomes will facilitate the identification of related viruses in other insect species and to monitor changes in the virome of Culex mosquito populations to define factors influencing their transmission and possible impact on their insect hosts. Page 3 of 31 Introduction Mosquitoes transmit numerous arboviruses, many of which result in significant morbidity and/or mortality in humans and animals (Ansari and Shope, 1994; Driggers et al., 2016; Gan and Leo, 2014; Reimann et al., 2008; Weaver and Vasilakis, 2009). -
Sustained RNA Virome Diversity in Antarctic Penguins and Their Ticks
The ISME Journal (2020) 14:1768–1782 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0643-1 ARTICLE Sustained RNA virome diversity in Antarctic penguins and their ticks 1 2 2 3 2 1 Michelle Wille ● Erin Harvey ● Mang Shi ● Daniel Gonzalez-Acuña ● Edward C. Holmes ● Aeron C. Hurt Received: 11 December 2019 / Revised: 16 March 2020 / Accepted: 20 March 2020 / Published online: 14 April 2020 © The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access Abstract Despite its isolation and extreme climate, Antarctica is home to diverse fauna and associated microorganisms. It has been proposed that the most iconic Antarctic animal, the penguin, experiences low pathogen pressure, accounting for their disease susceptibility in foreign environments. There is, however, a limited understanding of virome diversity in Antarctic species, the extent of in situ virus evolution, or how it relates to that in other geographic regions. To assess whether penguins have limited microbial diversity we determined the RNA viromes of three species of penguins and their ticks sampled on the Antarctic peninsula. Using total RNA sequencing we identified 107 viral species, comprising likely penguin associated viruses (n = 13), penguin diet and microbiome associated viruses (n = 82), and tick viruses (n = 8), two of which may have the potential to infect penguins. Notably, the level of virome diversity revealed in penguins is comparable to that seen in Australian waterbirds, including many of the same viral families. These data run counter to the idea that penguins are subject 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: to lower pathogen pressure. The repeated detection of specific viruses in Antarctic penguins also suggests that rather than being simply spill-over hosts, these animals may act as key virus reservoirs. -
Discovery of New Mycoviral Genomes Within Publicly Available Fungal Transcriptomic Datasets
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/510404; this version posted January 3, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Discovery of new mycoviral genomes within publicly available fungal transcriptomic datasets 1 1 1,2 1 Kerrigan B. Gilbert , Emily E. Holcomb , Robyn L. Allscheid , James C. Carrington * 1 Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA 2 Current address: National Corn Growers Association, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA * Address correspondence to James C. Carrington E-mail: [email protected] Short title: Virus discovery from RNA-seq data bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/510404; this version posted January 3, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Abstract The distribution and diversity of RNA viruses in fungi is incompletely understood due to the often cryptic nature of mycoviral infections and the focused study of primarily pathogenic and/or economically important fungi. As most viruses that are known to infect fungi possess either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA genomes, transcriptomic data provides the opportunity to query for viruses in diverse fungal samples without any a priori knowledge of virus infection. Here we describe a systematic survey of all transcriptomic datasets from fungi belonging to the subphylum Pezizomycotina. -
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories—6Th Edition
Section VIII-A: Bacterial Agents Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, non-hemolytic, and non-motile bacillus, is the etiologic agent of anthrax, an acute bacterial disease among wild and domestic mammals, including humans. Like all members of the genus Bacillus, under adverse conditions, B. anthracis has the ability to produce spores that allow the organism to persist for long periods (i.e., years), withstanding heat and drying, until the return of more favorable conditions for vegetative growth.1 It is because of this ability to produce spores coupled with significant pathogenic potential in humans that this organism is considered one of the most serious and threatening biowarfare or bioterrorism agents.2 Most mammals are susceptible to anthrax; it mostly affects herbivores that ingest spores from contaminated soil and, to a lesser extent, carnivores that scavenge on the carcasses of diseased animals. In the United States, it occurs sporadically in animals in parts of the West, Midwest, and Southwest. Human case rates for anthrax are highest in Africa and central and southern Asia.3 The infectious dose varies greatly from species to species and is route-dependent. The inhalation anthrax infectious dose (ID) for humans has been primarily extrapolated from inhalation challenges of non-human primates (NHPs) or studies done in contaminated wool mills. Estimates vary greatly but the median lethal dose (LD50) is likely within the range of 2,500–55,000 spores.4 It is believed that very few spores (ten or fewer) are required for cutaneous anthrax infection.5 Anthrax cases have been rare in the United States since the first half of the 20th century. -
Viral Metagenomic Profiling of Croatian Bat Population Reveals Sample and Habitat Dependent Diversity
viruses Article Viral Metagenomic Profiling of Croatian Bat Population Reveals Sample and Habitat Dependent Diversity 1, 2, 1, 1 2 Ivana Šimi´c y, Tomaž Mark Zorec y , Ivana Lojki´c * , Nina Kreši´c , Mario Poljak , Florence Cliquet 3 , Evelyne Picard-Meyer 3, Marine Wasniewski 3 , Vida Zrnˇci´c 4, Andela¯ Cukuši´c´ 4 and Tomislav Bedekovi´c 1 1 Laboratory for Rabies and General Virology, Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] (I.Š.); [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (T.B.) 2 Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] (T.M.Z.); [email protected] (M.P.) 3 Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, 51220 Malzéville, France; fl[email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (E.P.-M.); [email protected] (M.W.) 4 Croatian Biospeleological Society, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] (V.Z.); [email protected] (A.C.)´ * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 21 July 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 14 August 2020 Abstract: To date, the microbiome, as well as the virome of the Croatian populations of bats, was unknown. Here, we present the results of the first viral metagenomic analysis of guano, feces and saliva (oral swabs) of seven bat species (Myotis myotis, Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Eptesicus serotinus, Myotis blythii, Myotis nattereri and Myotis emarginatus) conducted in Mediterranean and continental Croatia. Viral nucleic acids were extracted from sample pools, and analyzed using Illumina sequencing. -
Multipartite Viruses: Organization, Emergence and Evolution
UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA MOLECULAR MULTIPARTITE VIRUSES: ORGANIZATION, EMERGENCE AND EVOLUTION TESIS DOCTORAL Adriana Lucía Sanz García Madrid, 2019 MULTIPARTITE VIRUSES Organization, emergence and evolution TESIS DOCTORAL Memoria presentada por Adriana Luc´ıa Sanz Garc´ıa Licenciada en Bioqu´ımica por la Universidad Autonoma´ de Madrid Supervisada por Dra. Susanna Manrubia Cuevas Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog´ıa (CSIC) Memoria presentada para optar al grado de Doctor en Biociencias Moleculares Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biolog´ıa Molecular Universidad Autonoma´ de Madrid Madrid, 2019 Tesis doctoral Multipartite viruses: Organization, emergence and evolution, 2019, Madrid, Espana. Memoria presentada por Adriana Luc´ıa-Sanz, licenciada en Bioqumica´ y con un master´ en Biof´ısica en la Universidad Autonoma´ de Madrid para optar al grado de doctor en Biociencias Moleculares del departamento de Biolog´ıa Molecular en la facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Autonoma´ de Madrid Supervisora de tesis: Dr. Susanna Manrubia Cuevas. Investigadora Cient´ıfica en el Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog´ıa (CSIC), C/ Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Espana. to the reader CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi Resumen xiii Abstract xv Introduction xvii I.1 What is a virus? xvii I.2 What is a multipartite virus? xix I.3 The multipartite lifecycle xx I.4 Overview of this thesis xxv PART I OBJECTIVES PART II METHODOLOGY 0.5 Database management for constructing the multipartite and segmented datasets 3 0.6 Analytical -
Informative Regions in Viral Genomes
viruses Article Informative Regions In Viral Genomes Jaime Leonardo Moreno-Gallego 1,2 and Alejandro Reyes 2,3,* 1 Department of Microbiome Science, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; [email protected] 2 Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá 111711, Colombia 3 The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Viruses, far from being just parasites affecting hosts’ fitness, are major players in any microbial ecosystem. In spite of their broad abundance, viruses, in particular bacteriophages, remain largely unknown since only about 20% of sequences obtained from viral community DNA surveys could be annotated by comparison with public databases. In order to shed some light into this genetic dark matter we expanded the search of orthologous groups as potential markers to viral taxonomy from bacteriophages and included eukaryotic viruses, establishing a set of 31,150 ViPhOGs (Eukaryotic Viruses and Phages Orthologous Groups). To do this, we examine the non-redundant viral diversity stored in public databases, predict proteins in genomes lacking such information, and used all annotated and predicted proteins to identify potential protein domains. The clustering of domains and unannotated regions into orthologous groups was done using cogSoft. Finally, we employed a random forest implementation to classify genomes into their taxonomy and found that the presence or absence of ViPhOGs is significantly associated with their taxonomy. Furthermore, we established a set of 1457 ViPhOGs that given their importance for the classification could be considered as markers or signatures for the different taxonomic groups defined by the ICTV at the Citation: Moreno-Gallego, J.L.; order, family, and genus levels.