DOCSLIB.ORG

Viral Metagenomic Profiling of Croatian Bat Population Reveals Sample and Habitat Dependent Diversity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Viral Metagenomic Profiling of Croatian Bat Population Reveals Sample and Habitat Dependent Diversity viruses Article Viral Metagenomic Profiling of Croatian Bat Population Reveals Sample and Habitat Dependent Diversity 1, 2, 1, 1 2 Ivana Šimi´c y, Tomaž Mark Zorec y , Ivana Lojki´c * , Nina Kreši´c , Mario Poljak , Florence Cliquet 3 , Evelyne Picard-Meyer 3, Marine Wasniewski 3 , Vida Zrnˇci´c 4, Andela¯ Cukuši´c´ 4 and Tomislav Bedekovi´c 1 1 Laboratory for Rabies and General Virology, Department of Virology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] (I.Š.); [email protected] (N.K.); [email protected] (T.B.) 2 Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] (T.M.Z.); [email protected] (M.P.) 3 Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, 51220 Malzéville, France; fl[email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (E.P.-M.); [email protected] (M.W.) 4 Croatian Biospeleological Society, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] (V.Z.); [email protected] (A.C.)´ * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 21 July 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 14 August 2020 Abstract: To date, the microbiome, as well as the virome of the Croatian populations of bats, was unknown. Here, we present the results of the first viral metagenomic analysis of guano, feces and saliva (oral swabs) of seven bat species (Myotis myotis, Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Eptesicus serotinus, Myotis blythii, Myotis nattereri and Myotis emarginatus) conducted in Mediterranean and continental Croatia. Viral nucleic acids were extracted from sample pools, and analyzed using Illumina sequencing. The presence of 63 different viral families representing all seven Baltimore groups were confirmed, most commonly insect viruses likely reflecting the diet of insectivorous bats. Virome compositions of our samples were largely impacted by the sample type: invertebrate-infecting viruses were most frequently found in feces, bacterial viruses in guano, whereas vertebrate-infecting viruses were most common in swabs. Most vertebrate-infecting virus sequences were assigned to retroviruses, parvoviruses, iridoviruses, and poxviruses. We further report the complete genome sequence of a novel adeno-associated virus, densovirus and a near complete length genome sequence of a novel iflavirus. Additionally, one of the most interesting findings in this study was the difference in viromes between two contrasting habitats, the continental and Mediterranean Croatia. Keywords: bats; viral metagenomics; Croatia; virus; diversity 1. Introduction Bats are the second most species-rich taxonomic group of mammals after rodents, representing 20% of mammalian diversity. Part of the Chiroptera taxonomical order, these flying mammals inhabit all continents except Antarctica [1]. Bats play an essential role in ecosystems globally and humans benefit from their presence in many ways due to their roles for example in seed dispersal, pollination and their guano being used as an organic fertilizer [1]. Many bats, including all European species, are insectivorous and prey on several insect species that can cause high economic losses [1,2]. Viruses 2020, 12, 891; doi:10.3390/v12080891 www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Viruses 2020, 12, 891 2 of 24 Bat populations have been reported to respond to environmental stressors, including habitat and climate alterations, and have been reported as suitable ecological indicators of habitat quality [3]. At least 53 bat species have been identified in Europe [4] and all of them are fully protected by both national [5] and international legislation [6]. Of these, at least 34 bat species are found in Croatia and have been reported to inhabit a wide range of habitats, ranging from forests, underground objects, as well as human settlements [7,8]. It has been estimated that more than 60% of emerging infectious diseases, result from the spillover of pathogens from animal populations, with a majority of these (71.8%) originating in wildlife reservoirs [9]. The emergence of zoonotic viruses, such as coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), filoviruses, henipaviruses or lyssaviruses, with high mortality and transmission rates among humans and livestock, and their association with bats, in recent years, has led to an expansion of research on viruses and their chiropteran hosts [10–13]. The use of next generation sequencing (NGS) has facilitated the detection of novel bat viruses reported from across the globe. Bat diversity, geographical distribution, biology as well as gregarious behavior are likely important factors contributing to their ability to host a diverse variety of viruses [1,14]. To date, the microbiome, as well as the virome, of the Croatian populations of bats remains unknown. Aside from Heneberg and colleagues [15], who assessed the health-related suitability of some underground sites for military purposes, only a limited number of samples originating from bats have been reported to be tested, and even those only for rabies and white nose syndrome [16–18]. The present study is a part of a Croatian nationwide project aimed at the surveillance of rabies and other viral pathogens of zoonotic potential in the Croatian bat population, initiated in 2016. Herein, based on metagenomic analysis of NGS data, bat viromes from guano, feces and oral swabs (saliva) obtained from the several bat species, sampled from different locations in continental and Mediterranean Croatia are reconstructed. The primary aim of this study was to facilitate the assessment of the Croatian bat population as a potential reservoir of viral pathogens with zoonotic potential. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Bats, Locations, Sampling, and Ethics Statement Seven species of bats—the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis), lesser mouse-eared bat (Myotis blythii), Geoffroy’s bat (Myotis emarginatus), Schreiber’s bent-winged bat (Miniopterus schreibersii), greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus), and Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattereri)—were included in the present study. Bats were sampled during spring 2016, and spring and autumn 2017, at 11 geographical locations in continental (n = 4; locations 1–4) and Mediterranean (n = 7; locations 5–11) Croatia (Figure1). The sampled locations were stratified according to presence of human activity in the surrounding landscape between natural locations—locations 2, 7 (churches) and 5 (a tunnel)—and those where the surrounding landscape is more impacted by human activity—location 1 (a closed mine) and locations 3, 4, 6, 8–11 (caves) (Figure1). Bats were captured and handled by bat biologists. Captures were facilitated using mist nets (Ecotone Mist Nets, Ecotone, Poland) at the entrances of the caves during night (locations 1, 4, 10 and 11) or using hand nets inside the colony dwellings during the day (locations 2, 3, 5–9). Sampling was repeatedly conducted over the time span of two consecutive years at locations 3, 4 and 11. Recapture of bats at these sites was not evaluated, because the previously captured bats were not marked. During sampling, bats were placed into cotton bags individually and species were determined by bat biologists according to morphological criteria [2]; age, body mass, forearm length, sex, and reproductive status were recorded. Viruses 2020, 12, 891 3 of 24 Viruses 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 27 Figure 1. Locations of bat sampling in continental (green) and Mediterranean (blue) Croatia. Source: Figure 1. Locations of bat sampling in continental (green) and Mediterranean (blue) Croatia. Source: [19]; [19]; permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this map since it is based on free copyright. permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this map since it is based on free copyright. BatsThree were types captured of samples and werehandled collected by bat throughout biologists. this Captures study. were Oral swabsfacilitated (swabs, using i.e., mist saliva) nets (Ecotonewere collected Mist Nets, from Ecotone, individual Poland) bats, fecesat the samples entrances were of collectedthe caves fromduring individual night (locations bats defecating 1, 4, 10 and at 11)the or time using of sampling,hand nets inside and guano the colony samples dwellings were collected during fromthe day below (locations the colonies 2, 3, 5–9). where Sampling available. was repeatedlySwabs and conducted feces samples over werethe time preserved span of in two 500 consecutiveµL of nucleic years acid at stabilization locations 3, 4 reagent and 11. (DNA Recapture/RNA of batsShield; at these Zymo sites Research, was not Irvine, evaluated, CA, USA), because already the previously at the time captured of sampling, bats whereaswere not guano marked. was During only sampling,resuspended bats in were phosphate-bu placed intoff eredcotton saline bags (PBS; individually 10% wt/ vol)and immediatelyspecies were beforedetermined further by processing bat biologists in accordingthe laboratory. to morphological criteria [2]; age, body mass, forearm length, sex, and reproductive status were recorded.All procedures including capture, handling of bats, as well as sample collection, were carried outThree in accordance types of withsamples the ethicalwere collected guidelines throughout and permit this delivered study. Oral by theswabs Croatian (swabs, State i.e., Institute saliva) were for collectedNature Protection from individual (consent bats, number: feces samples
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Grapevine Virus Diseases: Economic Impact and Current Advances in Viral Prospection and Management1
    1/22 ISSN 0100-2945 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452017411 GRAPEVINE VIRUS DISEASES: ECONOMIC IMPACT AND CURRENT ADVANCES IN VIRAL PROSPECTION AND MANAGEMENT1 MARCOS FERNANDO BASSO2, THOR VINÍCIUS MArtins FAJARDO3, PASQUALE SALDARELLI4 ABSTRACT-Grapevine (Vitis spp.) is a major vegetative propagated fruit crop with high socioeconomic importance worldwide. It is susceptible to several graft-transmitted agents that cause several diseases and substantial crop losses, reducing fruit quality and plant vigor, and shorten the longevity of vines. The vegetative propagation and frequent exchanges of propagative material among countries contribute to spread these pathogens, favoring the emergence of complex diseases. Its perennial life cycle further accelerates the mixing and introduction of several viral agents into a single plant. Currently, approximately 65 viruses belonging to different families have been reported infecting grapevines, but not all cause economically relevant diseases. The grapevine leafroll, rugose wood complex, leaf degeneration and fleck diseases are the four main disorders having worldwide economic importance. In addition, new viral species and strains have been identified and associated with economically important constraints to grape production. In Brazilian vineyards, eighteen viruses, three viroids and two virus-like diseases had already their occurrence reported and were molecularly characterized. Here, we review the current knowledge of these viruses, report advances in their diagnosis and prospection of new species, and give indications about the management of the associated grapevine diseases. Index terms: Vegetative propagation, plant viruses, crop losses, berry quality, next-generation sequencing. VIROSES EM VIDEIRAS: IMPACTO ECONÔMICO E RECENTES AVANÇOS NA PROSPECÇÃO DE VÍRUS E MANEJO DAS DOENÇAS DE ORIGEM VIRAL RESUMO-A videira (Vitis spp.) é propagada vegetativamente e considerada uma das principais culturas frutíferas por sua importância socioeconômica mundial.
    [Show full text]
  • Trunkloads of Viruses
    COMMENTARY Trunkloads of Viruses Philip E. Pellett Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA Elephant populations are under intense pressure internationally from habitat destruction and poaching for ivory and meat. They also face pressure from infectious agents, including elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 (EEHV1), which kills ϳ20% of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) born in zoos and causes disease in the wild. EEHV1 is one of at least six distinct EEHV in a phylogenetic lineage that appears to represent an ancient but newly recognized subfamily (the Deltaherpesvirinae) in the family Herpesviridae. lephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1 (EEHV1) causes a rap- the Herpesviridae (the current complete list of approved virus tax- Downloaded from Eidly progressing and usually fatal hemorrhagic disease that ons is available at http://ictvonline.org/). In addition, approxi- occurs in the wild in Asia and affects ϳ20% of Asian elephant mately 200 additional viruses detected using methods such as (Elephas maximus) calves born in zoos in the United States and those described above await formal consideration (V. Lacoste, Europe (1). About 60% of juvenile deaths of captive elephants are personal communication). With very few exceptions, the amino attributed to such infections. Development of control measures acid sequence of a small conserved segment of the viral DNA poly- has been hampered by the lack of systems for culture of the virus in merase (ϳ150 amino acids) is sufficient to not only reliably iden- laboratories. Its genetic study has been restricted to analysis of tify a virus as belonging to the evolutionary lineage represented by blood, trunk wash fluid, and tissue samples collected during nec- the Herpesviridae, but also their subfamily, and in most cases a http://jvi.asm.org/ ropsies.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Capsid/Coat Related Protein Folds and Their Utility for Virus Classification
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 10 March 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00380 Identification of Capsid/Coat Related Protein Folds and Their Utility for Virus Classification Arshan Nasir 1, 2 and Gustavo Caetano-Anollés 1* 1 Department of Crop Sciences, Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, 2 Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan The viral supergroup includes the entire collection of known and unknown viruses that roam our planet and infect life forms. The supergroup is remarkably diverse both in its genetics and morphology and has historically remained difficult to study and classify. The accumulation of protein structure data in the past few years now provides an excellent opportunity to re-examine the classification and evolution of viruses. Here we scan completely sequenced viral proteomes from all genome types and identify protein folds involved in the formation of viral capsids and virion architectures. Viruses encoding similar capsid/coat related folds were pooled into lineages, after benchmarking against published literature. Remarkably, the in silico exercise reproduced all previously described members of known structure-based viral lineages, along with several proposals for new Edited by: additions, suggesting it could be a useful supplement to experimental approaches and Ricardo Flores, to aid qualitative assessment of viral diversity in metagenome samples. Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain Keywords: capsid, virion, protein structure, virus taxonomy, SCOP, fold superfamily Reviewed by: Mario A. Fares, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones INTRODUCTION Científicas(CSIC), Spain Janne J. Ravantti, The last few years have dramatically increased our knowledge about viral systematics and University of Helsinki, Finland evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Lack of Viral Mirna Expression in an Experimental Infection
    Núñez-Hernández et al. Veterinary Research (2015) 46:48 DOI 10.1186/s13567-015-0181-4 VETERINARY RESEARCH SHORT REPORT Open Access Evaluation of the capability of the PCV2 genome to encode miRNAs: lack of viral miRNA expression in an experimental infection Fernando Núñez-Hernández1, Lester J Pérez2, Gonzalo Vera3, Sarai Córdoba3, Joaquim Segalés1,4, Armand Sánchez3,5 and José I Núñez1* Abstract Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a ssDNA virus causing PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), one of the most important diseases in swine. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Viral miRNAs have recently been described and the number of viral miRNAs has been increasing in the past few years. In this study, small RNA libraries were constructed from two tissues of subclinically PCV2 infected pigs to explore if PCV2 can encode viral miRNAs. The deep sequencing data revealed that PCV2 does not express miRNAs in an in vivo subclinical infection. Introduction, methods, and results family with the highest miRNAs encoding capacity Porcine circovirus type 2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD) is [6,7]. Other viruses belonging to the families Polyoma- a devastating disease that causes important economic viridae, Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Baculoviridae losses [1]. The disease is essentially caused by PCV2, a and Ascoviridae encode miRNAs in low numbers single stranded DNA, non enveloped virus belonging to [8-12]. Recently, a Human Torque Teno virus, a small, the Circoviridae family [2]. The PCV2 genome encodes ssDNA virus from the Anelloviridae family, that en- four ORFs. ORF1 encodes for two proteins (Rep and codes a miRNA involved in interferon modulation has Rep’) which are involved in replication.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Available
    Virology 554 (2021) 89–96 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virology Diverse cressdnaviruses and an anellovirus identifiedin the fecal samples of yellow-bellied marmots Anthony Khalifeh a, Daniel T. Blumstein b,**, Rafaela S. Fontenele a, Kara Schmidlin a, C´ecile Richet a, Simona Kraberger a, Arvind Varsani a,c,* a The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA b Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Institute of the Environment & Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA c Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Over that last decade, coupling multiple strand displacement approaches with high throughput sequencing have Marmota flaviventer resulted in the identification of genomes of diverse groups of small circular DNA viruses. Using a similar Anelloviridae approach but with recovery of complete genomes by PCR, we identified a diverse group of single-stranded vi­ Genomoviridae ruses in yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventer) fecal samples. From 13 fecal samples we identified viruses Cressdnaviricota in the family Genomoviridae (n = 7) and Anelloviridae (n = 1), and several others that ware part of the larger Cressdnaviricota phylum but not within established families (n = 19). There were also circular DNA molecules identified (n = 4) that appear to encode one viral-like gene and have genomes of <1545 nts. This study gives a snapshot of viruses associated with marmots based on fecal sampling.
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Diversity in Oral Cavity from Sapajus Nigritus by Metagenomic Analyses
    Brazilian Journal of Microbiology (2020) 51:1941–1951 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-020-00350-w ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY - RESEARCH PAPER Viral diversity in oral cavity from Sapajus nigritus by metagenomic analyses Raissa Nunes dos Santos1,2 & Fabricio Souza Campos2,3 & Fernando Finoketti1,2 & Anne Caroline dos Santos1,2 & Aline Alves Scarpellini Campos1,2,3 & Paulo Guilherme Carniel Wagner2,4 & Paulo Michel Roehe 1,2 & Helena Beatriz de Carvalho Ruthner Batista2,5 & Ana Claudia Franco1,2 Received: 20 January 2020 /Accepted: 25 July 2020 / Published online: 11 August 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia 2020 Abstract Sapajus nigritus are non-human primates which are widespread in South America. They are omnivores and live in troops of up to 40 individuals. The oral cavity is one of the main entry routes for microorganisms, including viruses. Our study proposed the identification of viral sequences from oral swabs collected in a group of capuchin monkeys (n = 5) living in a public park in a fragment of Mata Atlantica in South Brazil. Samples were submitted to nucleic acid extraction and enrichment, which was followed by the construction of libraries. After high-throughput sequencing and contig assembly, we used a pipeline to identify 11 viral families, which are Herpesviridae, Parvoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Polyomaviridae, Caulimoviridae, Iridoviridae, Astroviridae, Poxviridae,andBaculoviridae, in addition to two complete viral genomes of Anelloviridae and Genomoviridae. Some of these viruses were closely related to known viruses, while other fragments are more distantly related, with 50% of identity or less to the currently available virus sequences in databases. In addition to host-related viruses, insect and small vertebrate-related viruses were also found, as well as plant-related viruses, bringing insights about their diet.
    [Show full text]
  • Ostreid Herpesvirus Type 1 Replication and Host Response in Adult Pacific
    Segarra et al. Veterinary Research 2014, 45:103 http://www.veterinaryresearch.org/content/45/1/103 VETERINARY RESEARCH RESEARCH Open Access Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 replication and host response in adult Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas Amélie Segarra1, Laury Baillon1, Delphine Tourbiez1, Abdellah Benabdelmouna1, Nicole Faury1, Nathalie Bourgougnon2 and Tristan Renault1* Abstract Since 2008, massive mortality outbreaks associated with OsHV-1 detection have been reported in Crassostrea gigas spat and juveniles in several countries. Nevertheless, adult oysters do not demonstrate mortality in the field related to OsHV-1 detection and were thus assumed to be more resistant to viral infection. Determining how virus and adult oyster interact is a major goal in understanding why mortality events are not reported among adult Pacific oysters. Dual transcriptomics of virus-host interactions were explored by real-time PCR in adult oysters after a virus injection. Thirty-nine viral genes and five host genes including MyD88, IFI44, IkB2, IAP and Gly were measured at 0.5, 10, 26, 72 and 144 hours post infection (hpi). No viral RNA among the 39 genes was detected at 144 hpi suggesting the adult oysters are able to inhibit viral replication. Moreover, the IAP gene (oyster gene) shows significant up-regulation in infected adults compared to control adults. This result suggests that over-expression of IAP could be a reaction to OsHV-1 infection, which may induce the apoptotic process. Apoptosis could be a main mechanism involved in disease resistance in adults. Antiviral activity of haemolymph againstherpessimplexvirus(HSV-1)wasnotsignificantly different between infected adults versus control. Introduction infection of C.
    [Show full text]
  • The LUCA and Its Complex Virome in Another Recent Synthesis, We Examined the Origins of the Replication and Structural Mart Krupovic , Valerian V
    PERSPECTIVES archaea that form several distinct, seemingly unrelated groups16–18. The LUCA and its complex virome In another recent synthesis, we examined the origins of the replication and structural Mart Krupovic , Valerian V. Dolja and Eugene V. Koonin modules of viruses and posited a ‘chimeric’ scenario of virus evolution19. Under this Abstract | The last universal cellular ancestor (LUCA) is the most recent population model, the replication machineries of each of of organisms from which all cellular life on Earth descends. The reconstruction of the four realms derive from the primordial the genome and phenotype of the LUCA is a major challenge in evolutionary pool of genetic elements, whereas the major biology. Given that all life forms are associated with viruses and/or other mobile virion structural proteins were acquired genetic elements, there is no doubt that the LUCA was a host to viruses. Here, by from cellular hosts at different stages of evolution giving rise to bona fide viruses. projecting back in time using the extant distribution of viruses across the two In this Perspective article, we combine primary domains of life, bacteria and archaea, and tracing the evolutionary this recent work with observations on the histories of some key virus genes, we attempt a reconstruction of the LUCA virome. host ranges of viruses in each of the four Even a conservative version of this reconstruction suggests a remarkably complex realms, along with deeper reconstructions virome that already included the main groups of extant viruses of bacteria and of virus evolution, to tentatively infer archaea. We further present evidence of extensive virus evolution antedating the the composition of the virome of the last universal cellular ancestor (LUCA; also LUCA.
    [Show full text]
  • Virus–Host Interactions and Their Roles in Coral Reef Health and Disease
    !"#$"%& Virus–host interactions and their roles in coral reef health and disease Rebecca Vega Thurber1, Jérôme P. Payet1,2, Andrew R. Thurber1,2 and Adrienne M. S. Correa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cycling. Last, we outline how marine viruses are an integral part of the reef system and suggest $4&$($4-(01.,/-1'-(+.(80%/#-#(+1(%--.(./1'$0+1(0#(&1(-##-1$0&,('+>3+1-1$(+.($4-#-(:,+"&,,9( 0>3+%$&1$(-180%+1>-1$#; To p - d ow n e f f e c t s Viruses infect all cellular life, including bacteria and evidence that macroorganisms play important parts in The ecological concept that eukaryotes, and contain ~200 megatonnes of carbon the dynamics of viroplankton; for example, sponges can organismal growth and globally1 — thus, they are integral parts of marine eco- filter and consume viruses6,7.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Biological Success of Viruses
    MI67CH25-Turner ARI 19 June 2013 8:14 V I E E W R S Review in Advance first posted online on June 28, 2013. (Changes may still occur before final publication E online and in print.) I N C N A D V A On the Biological Success of Viruses Brian R. Wasik and Paul E. Turner Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106; email: [email protected], [email protected] Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2013. 67:519–41 Keywords The Annual Review of Microbiology is online at adaptation, biodiversity, environmental change, evolvability, extinction, micro.annualreviews.org robustness This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102833 Abstract Copyright c 2013 by Annual Reviews. Are viruses more biologically successful than cellular life? Here we exam- All rights reserved ine many ways of gauging biological success, including numerical abun- dance, environmental tolerance, type biodiversity, reproductive potential, and widespread impact on other organisms. We especially focus on suc- cessful ability to evolutionarily adapt in the face of environmental change. Viruses are often challenged by dynamic environments, such as host immune function and evolved resistance as well as abiotic fluctuations in temperature, moisture, and other stressors that reduce virion stability. Despite these chal- lenges, our experimental evolution studies show that viruses can often readily adapt, and novel virus emergence in humans and other hosts is increasingly problematic. We additionally consider whether viruses are advantaged in evolvability—the capacity to evolve—and in avoidance of extinction. On the basis of these different ways of gauging biological success, we conclude that viruses are the most successful inhabitants of the biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Viral Diseases of Fish and Shrimp Peter J
    Emerging viral diseases of fish and shrimp Peter J. Walker, James R. Winton To cite this version: Peter J. Walker, James R. Winton. Emerging viral diseases of fish and shrimp. Veterinary Research, BioMed Central, 2010, 41 (6), 10.1051/vetres/2010022. hal-00903183 HAL Id: hal-00903183 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00903183 Submitted on 1 Jan 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Vet. Res. (2010) 41:51 www.vetres.org DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010022 Ó INRA, EDP Sciences, 2010 Review article Emerging viral diseases of fish and shrimp 1 2 Peter J. WALKER *, James R. WINTON 1 CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria, Australia 2 USGS Western Fisheries Research Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, Washington, USA (Received 7 December 2009; accepted 19 April 2010) Abstract – The rise of aquaculture has been one of the most profound changes in global food production of the past 100 years. Driven by population growth, rising demand for seafood and a levelling of production from capture fisheries, the practice of farming aquatic animals has expanded rapidly to become a major global industry.
    [Show full text]
  • HSV-1 Reprogramming of the Host Transcriptional Environment By
    Title Page HSV-1 reprogramming of the host transcriptional environment by Sarah E. Dremel B.S., University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 2015 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the School of Medicine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2020 Committee Page UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE This dissertation was presented by Sarah E. Dremel It was defended on March 20, 2020 and approved by Jennifer Bomberger, Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Fred Homa, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Nara Lee, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Martin Schmidt, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics Dissertation Director: Neal DeLuca, Professor, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics ii Copyright © by Sarah E. Dremel 2020 iii Abstract HSV-1 reprogramming of the host transcriptional environment Sarah E. Dremel, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2020 Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous pathogen of the oral and genital mucosa. The 152 kilobase double stranded DNA virus employs a coordinated cascade of transcriptional events to efficiently generate progeny. Using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques we were able to determine a global, unbiased view of both the host and pathogen. We propose a model for how viral DNA replication results in the differential utilization of cellular factors that function in transcription initiation. Our work outlines the various cis- and trans- acting factors utilized by the virus for this complex transcriptional program. We further elucidated the critical role that the major viral transactivator, ICP4, plays throughout the life cycle.
    [Show full text]