ABDESLAM E.M. MAGHRAOUI Associate Professor of the Practice Political Science Department DUKE UNIVERSITY Box 90204 Durham, NC 27708 USA Tel. (919) 660-4320 Fax. (919)660-4330
EDUCATION
Ph.D., Department of Politics, Princeton University, 1991. Field: Comparative Politics/Middle East Thesis: “The Dilemma of Liberalism in the Middle East: A Reading of Egypt’s Liberal Experiment, 1920’s – 1930’s”
MA, Department of Politics, Near Eastern Studies Program, Princeton University, 1985.
BA, Politics & Sociology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1982.
PREVIOUS PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS
Program Director, Muslim World Initiative, U.S. Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., 2004-2007.
Lecturer, Department of Politics, Princeton University, 2002 – 2004.
Visiting Research Fellow, Center of International Studies, Princeton University, 2001 - 2002.
Visiting Assistant Professor, The Center of Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University, 2000 – 2001.
Director of Research and Studies, Al-Madina: Agenda for Democratic Change in the Arab World, Washington, D.C., 1994 – 2000.
Visiting Assistant professor, Department of Political Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 1992 – 1993.
Program Officer, Civil Society Project, The International Peace Academy, New York 1991 – 1992.
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RESEARCH FOCUS
I study the interaction between politics and culture in North Africa and the Middle East from three perspectives:
1. Political Behavior and Attitudes: I conduct survey experiments on attitudes toward social norm violations in environments where collective values dominate. The main focus is on the individual’s capacity to overcome group pressure in different authority structures in Muslim society.
2. Institutions: I examine how traditional, autocratic institutions use modern concepts and institutions to invigorate and re-legitimate authoritarian politics. The main focus of my research is the Moroccan monarchy’s strategies of political control and cooptation.
3. Political Identity: I investigate liberalism’s cultural gaps when it travels to the Middle East. I uncover the tensions between the liberal notion of citizenship and its cultural assumptions. The main focus of my research has been colonial liberalism and its advocates in Inter-War Egypt.
WORK IN PROGRESS
“Allah Made Me Liberal: Experimental Evidence from Norm Violations Among Muslim Youths.” Paper Draft.
“Does Language Determine ‘Autonomy’ and ‘Conformity’? Results From Survey Experiments.” Paper Draft.
“How Much Individual Attitudes Really Change Under Group Pressure? Comparing Results from Individual Surveys with Focus Group Surveys.” Paper Draft.
The Arab Monarchies and Popular Uprisings: An Institutional Explanation of Resilience. Book in progress.
PUBLICATIONS
Book
Liberalism without Democracy: Nationhood and Citizenship in Egypt, 1922-1936 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006).
Papers and Book Chapters
“The Perverse Effect of Good Governance: Lessons from Morocco,” Middle East Policy, Volume XIX, No. 2, Summer 2012.
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“The King’s Islamists,” chapter in Robin Wright, Editor, The Islamists are Coming: Who They Really Are ( USIP Press: 2012).
“American Foreign Policy and Islamic Renewal,” reprint in Daniel Brumberg and Dina Shehata, editors, Conflict, Identity, and Reform in the Muslim World (USIP Press, 2009).
“American Foreign Policy and Islamic Renewal,” reprint in Connections: The Quarterly Journal, Winter Supplement, 2007.
“Negotiating Political Identity: Clues from Psychoanalytic Theory,” Journal of Mediterranean Studies. Vol. 14, No. 1 &2, 2004.
“Ambiguities of Sovereignty: Morocco, The Hague, and the Western Sahara Dispute,” Mediterranean Politics. Volume 8, Number 1, Spring 2003.
“De-politicization in Morocco,” The Journal of Democracy, Volume 13, Number 4, October 2002. Reprinted in Islam and Democracy in the Middle East, Larry Diamond, Marc Plattner, and Daniel Brumberg, editors (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003).
“Monarchy and Political Reform in Morocco,” The Journal of Democracy, Volume 12, Number 1, January 2001.
"King Hassan’s Strategy of Political Dualism," Guilain Denoeux and Abdeslam Maghraoui. Middle East Policy, Winter 1998.
"The Political Economy of Structural Adjustment in Morocco,” Guilain Denoeux and Abdeslam Maghraoui. In Azzedine Layachi (ed.), Economic Crisis and Political Change in North Africa (Westport: Greenwood, 1998).
Reports and Essays
“Ducking the Arab Spring in Morocco,” The Immanent Frame: Secularism, religion, and the public sphere, Social Science Research Council Log. Posted on May 23, 2011.
“The Roots of the Egyptian Protests,” Guest Post, Duke University Press Log. Posted on January 31, 2011.
“American Foreign Policy and Islamic Renewal,” Special Report, US Institute of Peace, July 2006.
“Country Report - Morocco,” Countries at the Crossroads 2004, Freedom House.
“Political Authority in Crisis: Mohammed VI’s Morocco,” The Middle East Report, Number 218, March-April 2001.
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"Algeria's Battle of Two Languages," The Middle East Report, Number 192, January- February 1995.
"Problems of Transition to Democracy: Algeria's Short Lived Experiment with Electoral Politics," The Middle East Insight, November 1992.
Publications in Foreign Languages
“El buen gobierno en Marruecos: ¿herramienta para el poder absoluto o técnica para luchar contra la corrupción?” Foro Internacional 208, April-June 2012.
“Démocratization de la corruption: Autorité politique et réforme au Maroc,” Naqd (Algeirs: Algeria), Numeros 19/20, 2005.
“Marruecos, La Haya y el problema del Sahara,” Politica Exterior (Madrid, Spain), Volume 36, Number 88 July-August 2002.
“Doppeldeutigkeiten der Souveränität: Marokko, Den Hag und der Westsahara-Streit,” Blätter für Deutsche und Internationale Politik (Bonn, Germany), December 2002.
“Die politische Krise Marokkos,” Blätter für Deutsche und Internationale Politik (Bonn, Germany), October 2001.
“Autoridad política en crisis: ?hasta dónde llegan las reforms en Marruecos?” Papeles de Cuestiones Internacionales (Madrid, Spain), Number 74, Summer 2001.
“The Censure of the Political in the Study of Middle East Politics,” in Arabic, Fikr wa Nakd, (Casablanca, Morocco), Number 37, March 2001.
Book Reviews
“Mohammed Arkoun: Rethinking Islam, Common Questions, Uncommon Answers,” Book Review, The Arab Studies Journal, Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2001.
"Sophie Ferchiou: L'Islam au Pluriel au Maghreb," Book Review, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Volume 32, 1998.
"John Ruedy: Islamism and Secularism in North Africa," Book Review, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Volume 31, 1997.
"Amira el-Azhari Sonbol: The Creation of a Medical Profession in Egypt, 1800-1922," Book Review, The Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, January 1995.
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GRANTS, FELLOWSHIPS, AND HONORS
The American Institute for Maghreb Studies (AIMS) Research Grant (2012).
Duke University: Faculty Research Grant, Social Sciences (2012).
Duke Endowment/Political Science Department: Summer Research Initiative (2012).
Duke-UNC Middle East Consortium Faculty Travel Grant for fieldwork in Morocco. Summer 2011.
United States Institute of Peace. Grant for research on secular and religious authority in Muslim societies. 2003-2005.
Princeton University, Research Fellow, Institute for the Transregional Study of the Contemporary Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia. Fellowship for research on liberalism in colonial context. 2001-2002.
The Middle East Institute, Washington, D.C. Sultan Qabous Fellowship for research on the cultural and historical foundations of sovereignty in the case of the Western Sahara dispute. 1994-1995.
The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. Fellowship for post-doctoral research and writing on the challenge of liberalism in the Middle East. 1992-1993.
The Ford Foundation, The Middle East Research Competition Award. Grant for doctoral dissertation research and writing, 1989-1990.
American University in Cairo, Visiting Research Fellow. 1987-1988.
Social Science Research Council. Dissertation Grant Seminar, Tangiers, Morocco. Summer 1987.
Princeton University, Council on Regional Studies, grant for research in Egypt. 1987- 1988.
Princeton University, Graduate Student Fellowship. 1983-1988.
University of California at Santa Cruz, Honors in major. 1982.
University of California at Santa Cruz, College Honors. 1982.
University of California at Santa Cruz, Chancellor Award for Senior Thesis. 1982.
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University of California at Santa Cruz, President’s Undergraduate Fellowship Award. 1982.
CONFERENCES, WORKSHOPS, LECTURES
2008 - 2013
UNC-CH: The Program in the Humanities and Human Values. Speaker: “The Dilemmas of Democracy in Egypt and the Middle East.” 26 October 2013.
George Mason University: “Islam, Mobilization, and Social Change” Conference. Paper: “Allah Made me Liberal: Attitudes toward Norm Violations among Moroccan Youths.” 25-25 October 2013.
Middle East Studies Association Conference: New Orleans. Paper: “Allah Made me Liberal: Attitudes toward Norm Violations among Moroccan Youths.” 10-11 October 2013.
Duke Islamic Studies Center: Media Advisory Panel: “What’s Next for Syria?” Panelist. 23 September 2013.
Duke Islamic Studies Center/Research Triangle Institute: Youth Empowerment through Participatory Governance. Panelist. 13 September 2013.
Midwest Political Science Association Conference: Chicago. Paper: “Assessing the Effect of Identity on Social Preferences.” April 12-14, 2013.
UNC Honors Colloquium on the Arab Spring: Guest speaker. March 5, 2013.
Cairo University: Conference “Islamism and the Arab Revolutions: Dynamics of Change.” Paper: “Social Norms and Political Preferences: Preliminary Results form Experiments in Morocco.” Cairo: February 11-12, 2013.
Columbia University, Business School: Lecture “Power, Politics, and Corruption in Morocco.” December 5, 2012.
Mohamed V University, workshop organizer: “Social Science Research in the Arab World.” June 29, 2012.
Institut d’études de l’islam et des societés du monde Musulman (EHESS), Paris. Invited Guest Spekaers in Seminar Series “Les transformations contemporaines du droit dans le monde musulman. Révolutions et réformes juridiques.” 12 April 2012.
6 Erlangen University, Germany. Paper Discussant: Workshop “Reform and Revolution in the Middle East.” 10 February 2012.
Erlangen University, Germany. Guest Speaker: Bayerisches Orient Kolloquium. “Theories of Authoritarian Breakdown and the Arab Spring.” 9 February 2012.
Université Mohamed V, faculté de droits, Rabat, Morocco. Guest Speaker: “Le Maroc et le printemps Arabe: réforme ou revolution.” 24 April 2012.
The Center for Cross Cultural Learning, Rabat, Morocco. Guest Speaker: “The Logic, Dynamic, and Actors in the Arab Spring.” 24 November 2012.
Al-Akhawyan University, Ifran, Morocco. Guest Lecture. “Political Science Paradigms and the Arab Spring.” 22 November 2012.
Université Privé de Marrakesh, Marrakesh, Morocco. Guest Speaker: “Le Maroc face à la tentation du printemps Arabe.” 22 December 2011.
Harvard University, The Center of Middle East Studies. Symposium, “Popular Protests, Governance, and Political Transitions in the Maghreb.” Paper: “Theories of Authoritarian Breakdown and the Protest Movement in North Africa.” October 20-21, 2011.
US Government, the Office of Middle East and North Africa Analysis, Washington, DC. Unclassified conference on “The 2011 Middle East & North Africa Outlook.” Speaker on popular uprising in Libya. 5-8 July 2011.
The Emirate Center for Strategic Studies and Research, Abu Dhabi, The United Arab Emirates. Guest Lecturer: “Regional Integration in North Africa: Challenges and Opportunities.” June 27, 2011.
Friederich-Alexander University at Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. Fifth International Conference on the Middle East. Paper presenter: “When the Discourse of Good Governance Legitimates Corruption: A Lesson from Morocco.” 20-24 June 2011.
US Government, the Office of Middle East and North Africa Analysis, Washington, DC. Unclassified workshop on “Prospects for Conflicts in the Middle East.” Speaker on Egypt and Libya. 15 June 2011.
British Council and The Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding at Georgetown University, Washington, DC. International Symposium: “Deconstructiing the Clash of Civilization: Towards a New Paradigm.” Invited Participant. 24-25 May 2011.
Institut Amadeus, Rabat, Morocco. Conference on “Governance, Human Right, and Institutions,” Tangiers, Morocco. Speaker on panel: “Corruption and Good Governance in Developing Countries.” 10-13 November 2010.
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Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy, Washington, DC. Workshop, “Islam, Democracy, and Human Rights,” Rabat, Morocco. Invited Participant. 24 July 2010.
US Government, the Office of Middle East and North Africa Analysis, Washington, DC. Unclassified workshop on “Foreign Perceptions of US Policy.” Speaker on popular and elites perceptions in the Middle East. 22 April 2010.
NATO’s Defense College, Rome, Italy. Workshop on NATO’s Role in the Euro- Mediterranean Dialogue.” Discussant. 17 September 2010.
NATO’s Defense College, Rome, Italy. Guest lecturer at NATO’s Regional Cooperation Course. Topic: Ongoing Conflicts: Western Sahara. 23 November 2009.
The World Bank, Washington, DC. The MENA Sustainable Development Department’s lecture series. Lecture: “Power, Politics, and Corruption in Morocco.” 14 October 2009.
The University of Edinburgh, the Center for the Advanced Study of the Arab World, Scotland. Conference, “Rethinking Jihad.” Paper presenter: “The Enemy in the Mirror: Jihadi Groups and State Religious Reforms in Morocco.” 7-9 September 2009.
US Government, the National Intelligence Council, Washington, DC. Unclassified workshop, “Social Impacts of Climate Change on North Africa.” Invited Participant. 19- 20 August 2009.
Institut Français des Relations Internationales, Paris. Seminar, “US Policies in the Maghreb: Challenges and Perspectives.” Speaker on “Morocco’s Political Reforms. 17 April 2009.
Princeton University, the Institute for International and Regional Studies. Conference in honor of John Waterbury, “Democracy and Development in the Middle East.” Discussant, Panel III: “Power and Authority in the Study of the Middle East.” 3-4 April 2009.
The World Bank, Washington, DC. The Governance and Anti-Corruption Team Retreat.” Guest Speaker: “The Links between the Monarchy and the Economic Sphere in Morocco.” Annapolis, MD. 12 March 2009.
The European Institute of the Mediterranean, Barcelona, Spain. Workshop, “Mode of Governance and Policy Changes in North Africa.” Invited Participant in Panel 4: “The Role of External Actors: EU and USA.” 6 March 2009.
US Government, the Office of Middle East and North Africa Analysis, Washington, DC. Unclassified conference on “Current Trends in The Maghreb.” Speaker on “Islamic Extremism in Algeria” panel. 12-13 November 2008.
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Georgetown University, Maghreb Center, Washington, DC. Annual Conference: “Maghreb Development, Strategic Resources, and the Environment in A Globalized World.” Paper presenter: “Social and Economic Challenges to Morocco’s Integration in the Global Economy.” 21 April 2008.
A Sample from 2000 - 2007:
US Government, Army Directed Studies Office, Washington, DC. Seminar on “North Africa and the Sahel.” Invited Participant. 31 October – 1 November, 2007.
Dubai School of Government, Dubai, The United Arab Emirates. Guest lecturer, “The Challenge of Democracy in the Arab World: Beyond Structures and Institutions.” 22 April 2007.
Dubai School of Government, Dubai, The United Arab Emirates. Guest lecturer, “Social Science Research and Political Challenges in the Arab World.” 21 April 2007.
Duke University, School of Law. Conference, “Confronting Terrorism Here and There: Which Way Forward?” Speaker on Panel I: “Understanding Islam: Religious and Cultural Differences.” 12-13 April 2007.
George Mason University, The Center for the Global South, Washington, DC. Conference, “Globalization, State Capacity and Islamic Movements.” Paper presenter “Democratization and Religious Reforms: The Search of a New Paradigm.” 16-19 March 2007.
Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government. Guest lecturer, “Pathways to Democracy in the Muslim World: Free Elections vs. Religious Reforms.” 20 March 2007.
US Agency for International Development, Washington DC. Guest speaker, “USAID and Religious Reforms in the Muslim World: What Role?” 9 January 2007.
US Government, Pentagon, Strategic Planning Division. Guest Speaker, “What Do Islamists Really Want?” 5 September 2006.
US Government, Commission on International Religious Freedoms, Washington DC. Guest Speaker, “Islam and Interfaith Dialogue.” 12 December 2006.
Bertelsmann Stiftung, Berlin, Germany. Workshop, “Islamist Movements in Electoral Politics: Priorities, Challenges and Strategies.” Chair, panel on “Beyond the Ideological Divide: Islamists and Other Political Actors in the Arab World.” 6-8 December 2006.
9 The Arab Strategy Forum, Dubai, The United Arab Emirates. Conference, “Creating Opportunities for Change in the Arab World.” Discussant, panel on “Islam and Political Power.” 4-5 December 2006.
US Government, Office of Middle East and North Africa Analysis, Washington, DC. Unclassified conference on “Radicalization and De-Radicalization of Individuals, Groups, and Societies.” Opening Address. November 30 – December 1, 2006.
Center for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium. Workshop, “Political Islam and the European Neighborhood Policy.” Paper Discussant. Seville, Spain, 24-25 November 2006.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC. Panel, “Morocco: From Top-Down Reform to Democratic Transition?” Discussant. 1 November 2006
US Government, Commission on International Religious Freedoms, Washington DC. Guest Speaker, “Islamic Renewal and US Foreign Policy.” 26 October 2006.
US Institute of Peace, Washington DC. Conference organizer, “Looking Ahead at the Muslim World After 9/11.” 4 October 2006.
Marshall Center for Security Studies, Garmisch, Germany. Conference, “Countering Ideological Support for Terrorism.” Speaker, “Islamic Renewal and US Foreign Policy.” 19-21 July 2006.
Harvard University, Center for Middle East Studies. Conference, “Berbers of North Africa.” Paper Discussant. 24-26 April 2006.
US Institute of Peace, Washington DC. Workshop organizer, “What Do Islamists Really Want?” 8 May 2006.
Georgetown University, The Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Washington DC. Guest lecturer, “Defining Democracy: Contested Visions of Governance in the Middle East.” 24 April 2006.
US – Islamic World Forum, Doha, Qatar. Speaker, panel on “Political Islam.” Doha, 18- 20 February 2006.
The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, Chicago. Task Force meeting on “Muslim American Civic and Political Engagement.” Task Force member and participant. 6-7 February 2006.
Council on Foreign Relation, Washington, DC. Conference, “Democracy in the Arab World – Why and How?” Speaker. 5 December 2005.
10 US Government, Department of State. Conference, “Muslim Communities Participating in Society: US-European Muslim Youth Dialogue.” Invited Participant. Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 November 2005.
Council on Foreign Relations, New York. Panel, “Morocco: Model for Arab Reform?” Speaker. 7 March 2005.
US Institute of Peace, Washington, DC. Conference organizer, “Reinterpreting Islamic and Traditions for Social Reforms: Youth Integration and Gender Equality in Morocco.” 11 May 2005.
Wilton Park, UK. Conference, “Muslim Youth in Europe: Addressing Alienation and Extremism.” Discussant. 7-10 February 2005.
US Institute of Peace, Washington DC. Led several high-level meetings between Muslim-American community leaders and US Government officials including senior NSC staff and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. 2005-2006.
Fundaciòn para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior (FRIDE), Madrid, Spain. Workshop, “Transatlantic Cooperation on Democracy Promotion in the Middle East.” Invited Participant. Brussels, Belgium. 18 November 2004.
Wilton Park, UK. Conference, “War on Terrorism.” Discussant. 20-21 November 2004.
US Institute of Peace, Washington DC. Workshop organizer, “Beyond Liberalized Autocracy in the Arab World?” 18-19 July 2004.
The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, DC. Guest Speaker, “The Sources of Cultural Reproduction in Morocco,” introducing Mary Cross Photographs - Morocco: The Mountain and the Desert. 22 October 2003.
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington DC. Briefing, “Morocco’s Reforms in the Aftermaths of the Casablanca Bombings.” 20 June 2003.
Aix-en-Provence University, France, Institut d’Etudes Politiques. Workshop, “The Political Sociology of Elections in Morocco. Paper presenter: “The Democratization of Corruption in Morocco.” 4-6 June 2003.
The Aspen Institute, Berlin, Germany. Conference, “Iran and Regional Issues,” Discussant on panel “Islam, Democracy, and Western Security.” Istanbul, Turkey, 12-13 October 2002.
American Political Science Association, 98th Annual Meeting. The Comparative Democratization Section: Paper presenter, “Bringing the Political Back In.” Boston, August 29 – September 1, 2002.
11 Princeton University, the Global Issues Forum. Public Panel: “War in Iraq?” Panelist. 1 October 2002.
The Zentrum Moderner Orient, Berlin, Germany. Guest Speaker. “Giving Politics its Due in the Muslim World.” 19 March, 2002.
Princeton University, the Center of International Studies. Paper talk at the Visiting Fellow Seminar “A Contest of Two Principles: National Sovereignty vs. Self- Determination in the Western Sahara.” Fall 2001.
The University of Pennsylvania, the Middle East Center. Guest lecturer: “Before Democracy: Coming to terms with Formal Political Authority in the Arab World.” Fall 2001.
Princeton University, Near Eastern Studies Department’s Seminar Series. “Giving Politics its Due in the Muslim World: Power & Authority in Morocco, Iran, and Libya.” Fall 2001
Georgetown University, the Center of Contemporary Arab Studies. Guest Lecturer: “Before Democracy: Coming to Terms with Formal Political Authority in the Arab World.” January 2001.
The Middle East Institute’s 54th Annual Conference, “The Middle East in the Global Arena.” Paper presenter: “Political Crisis in the Maghreb.” Washington, DC, October 20-21, 2000.
American Political Science Association, 96th Annual Meeting. The Middle East Studies Section: Paper presenter, “Coming to Terms with Political Identity.” Washington, DC, August 29 – September 1, 2000.
Georgetown University, the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies. Conference, “The Western Sahara Conflict.” Paper presenter: “Ambiguities of Sovereignty: Morocco’s Traditional Claims and the ICJ.” Washington, DC, 16 February 2000.
The Middle East Institute, Washington, DC. Guest Speaker: “Prospects for Reforms in Morocco After King Hassan II.” 12 January 2000.
POLICY RELATED WORK
U.S. Government:
- Department of State: The Office of Middle East and North Africa Analysis. Prospects for Conflicts in the Middle East: Egypt and Libya: June 2011 – September 2011.
12 - Department of State: The Office of Middle East and North Africa Analysis. Foreign Perceptions Board Experts: January 2010 – April 2010
- Commission on International Religious Freedoms. Religious Reforms and Renewal in the Muslim World. October – December 2006.
- USAID-Chemonics International: The Democratic Institutions Building Project. January – May 1993.
The World Bank:
- The Middle East and North Africa Department. - The Governance and Anti-Corruption Project. January 2009 – October 2009.
Freedom House:
- The Democracy at Crossroad Survey: Research, writing, and presentation of report on Morocco. July – November 2003.
MEDIA APPEARANCES
Recent Highlights: 2011 - 2013
- Haaretz (03/21/2013), The Christian Science Monitor (02/28/2013), Wall Street Journal (12/15/2012), Associated Press (09/20/2012).
- New York Times, “Morocco’s Democratic Change Fails to Appease All,” 21 July 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/21/world/africa/21iht-M21-MOROCCO- REFERENDUM.html
- Charlie Rose, “Inside Islam.” Aired on Bloomberg Television: 07/01/2011. http://ondemand.duke.edu/video/28270/charlie-rose-inside-islam-clip
- Abu Dhabi Television, “Social Media and the Middle East Revolution.” Aired 06/29/2011. http://vimeo.com/25832427
- New York Times, “Violence Appears to Stall Reforms in Morocco.” June 16, 2011. http://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch?query=abdeslam+maghraoui&srchst=cse
- BBC Radio, London, “Marrakech Bombings” story. Aired on 04/28/2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13226117
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- fr.lakome.com, “Le Pari risqué du roi” Posted on April 26, 2011. http://fr.lakome.com/?option=com_content&tmpl=component&id=379
- Washington Post, “Morocco protests fail to take place.” March 1, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2011/02/28/AR2011022806478.html
- The Globe and Mail (Canada), “Cairo 1922: Discordant democratic notes were in the air.” February 21, 2011. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/opinion/cairo-1922
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