Ponoi and Näätämö River Collaborative Management Plan

——Œ¡—஘””ȋ‘˜‘œ‡”‘Ȍ‹•–”‹ –Ȃ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ͷͿͽͶ•™ƒ”†•Ǥ Ponoi and Näätämö River Collaborative Management Plan

Tero Mustonen, Snowchange Cooperative and Pauliina Feodoroff, Saa’mi Nue’tt

Š‡¡¡–¡Ú”‹˜‡”ƒ–‘Ž–ˆ‘••ƒ’‹†•Ǥ Contents for Ponoi and Näätämö River Collaborative Management Plan

Preface . . . . . 6 2.1.5. Environmental and Weather Change in Krasnochelye . . . . . ͼ͹ A. Introduction . . . . . 8 2.1.6. Cultural Heritage in the Village and Connections with Chalme-Varre . . . . . ͼͻ 1. Collaborative Management in Theory and Practice . . . . . 8 2.2. Kanevka . . . . . ͼͻ Question of Scales: Indigenous Knowledge of the Arctic . . . . . ͷ͸ 2.2.1. Fisheries, Salmon and Salmon Tourism in Kanevka . . . . . 66 2. Selected Arctic Cases of Collaborative Management for Fisheries . . . . . ͷ; 2.2.2. Weather and Environmental Change in Kanevka . . . . . ͽ͸ 3. Ponoi and Näätämö River Project 2009-2013 . . . . . ͷ; 2.3. Sosnovka and Adjacent Marine Areas . . . . . ͽ͹ 3.1. Overview of Eastern Sámi Cultural Fishery and Indigenous Management Practices . . . . . ͷ; 2.4. Salmon Companies . . . . . ͽͻ 3.2. Indigenous Management, Problems and Solutions in Modern Times . . . . . ͸͹ 2.5. Regional Authorities and Fish Monitoring . . . . . ͽ; 3.3. Context For New Solutions for the 2010s . . . . .͸; 3. Recommendations for Ponoi Watershed . . . . . ;͸ 3.3.1. International Concerns in the Neiden and Ponoi Cases . . . . . ͸Ϳ C. Näätämö Watershed in Finland and Norway . . . . . 84 3.3.2. Data, Actors and Methods . . . . . ͹ͷ 1. Biocultural Information on the Watershed . . . . . 84 B. Ponoi River and Watershed Tero Mustonen and Alexey Kanichev . . . . . ͹͹ 1.1. Ecological and Climate Data . . . . . 84 1. Location and Bio-cultural Information of Watershed . . . . .͹͹ 2. Results and Observations From the Project Work . . . . . ;ͻ 1.1. Ecological and Climate Data . . . . . ͹ͻ 2.1. Skolt Sámi Fishery in Finland . . . . . ;Ϳ 1.1.1. Ecological situation on the Ponoi River During the Period 1976-2011 . . . . . ͹ͻ 2.1.1. Views from the Skolt Village Council . . . . . ͿͶ 1.1.1.1. Salmon and Other Fishes of Ponoi . . . . . ͹Ϳ 2.1.2. Oral Histories and Observations of Salmon from the Skolt Fishermen 2012 . . . . . ͿͶ 1.1.2. Industrial Activities on the Watershed and the Kyanite Deposits . . . . . ͺ͸ 2.1.2.1. Skolt Fishery After the Relocation 1947-1980 . . . . . Ϳͷ 1.1.3. Protected Areas Along Ponoi and Adjacent Regions . . . . . ͺ͸ 2.1.2.2. Weather Change and Knowledge Along Näätämö in 2012 . . . . . Ϳͼ 1.1.4. Weather and Climate in the Region and Along the Ponoi . . . . . 46 2.1.2.3. Observations of Environmental Change Along Näätämö in 2012 . . . . . Ϳͽ 1.1.5. The Ponoi Freeze-Up and Ice Break . . . . . ͺͽ 2.1.2.4. Salmon in Näätämö River . . . . . Ϳ; 1.2. Cultural Zones and Communities of Ponoi . . . . . 48 2.2. Local Fishery in Neiden village, Finnmark, Norway . . . . . ͷͶ͸ 1.2.1. Kanevka . . . . . 48 3. Recommendations for the Neiden Watershed . . . . .ͷͶͺ 1.2.2. Krasnochelye . . . . . ͻͶ 3.1. Introduction for Neiden . . . . . ͷͶͺ 1.2.3. Ivanovka (Chalmny-Varre) . . . . . ͻͶ D. Conclusions for the Ponoi and Näätämö River Collaborative Management Plan . . . . . ͷͷ͸ 1.2.4. Ponoi . . . . . ͻͺ E. References . . . . . ͷͷ͹ 1.2.5. Sosnovka . . . . . ͻͺ F. Appendix: The Sevettijärvi Declaration 2011 . . . . . ͷͷͼ 1.2.6. Indigenous Peoples Along Ponoi . . . . . ͻͺ Summaries: 2. Results and Observations From the Project Work . . . . . ͻ; Executive Summary: Ponoi and Näätämö/Neiden River Collaborative Management Plan . . . . . ͷͷͿ 2.1. Krasnochelye . . . . . ͻ; Tiivistelmä: Ponoin ja Näätämö-joen yhteishallintaraportti . . . . . ͷ͸͹ 2.1.1. Social Issues and Infrastructure . . . . . ͻͿ Sammendrag: Rapport om felles forvaltning av Ponoi- og Neidenelva . . . . . ͷ͸; 2.1.2. Subsistence Fishery in Krasnochelye . . . . . ͼͶ ʝ˔ːˑ˅ː˞ˈ˒ˑˎˑˉˈːˋˢˑ˕˚ˈ˕˃ǣʞˎ˃ː˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢ˅˓˃ˌˑːˈ˓ˈˍ 2.1.3. Observations About the Ponoi and the Salmon . . . . . ͼͷ ʞˑːˑˌˋʜˈˌˇˈːȋʜ˃˃˕˃ˏˑȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ͹͸ 2.1.4. Indigenous and Minority Rights to Fish in Krasnochelye . . . . .ͼ͸ —¡Ù•ǣ—‡ᦡǦ†ƒŒƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ‹ي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡”ƒ’‘”––ǤǤǤǤǤͷ͹ͽ

© Authors Tero Mustonen and Pauliina Feodoro!, unless otherwise stated. Photographers: Layout and Visual design: Eero Murtomäki and Rita Lukkarinen ƒ—Ž ”›‡”ǣͺ; Ž‡„ƒ›‰‘”‘†‡–•›ǣͼǦͽǡͷͶǦͷͷǡͷͺǡͷͼǦͷͽǡ͸;ǡ͹͸ǡ Printing: Waasa Graphics Oy ” Š‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ—Ž—ȋ•‡†™‹–Š‡”‹••‹‘Ȍǣ ;;‹††Ž‡ƒ†„‘––‘ǡͷͷͻǡͷͷ;ǡͷ͸͸ ISBN 978-952-5944-04-4 ͷͿȋ‹††Ž‡Ȍǡ͹;ǡͻ͹ȋ–‘’Ž‡ˆ–Ȍ ‡”‰‡›Š‹Ž‹’ Š‡‘ǣ͹ͻǡͻͻǡͻͼǦͻͽǡͻͿǡͽͶǦͽͷǡͽͿǡ;ͶǦ;ͷǡ ” Š‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ž‹—•‡—‹‹†ƒȋ•‡†™‹–Š‡”‹••‹‘Ȍǣ ;͹ǡͷ͹ͻ Snowchange Cooperative, 2013. ͷͿȋŽ‘™‡”’Š‘–‘Ȍ ‘Ž–ž‹’–‹  ‹•–‘”›” Š‹˜‡•ǣ͸͹ǡ;;–‘’Ž‡ˆ–ƒ†”‹‰Š–ǡ ‡”‘—”–‘¡‹ǣ͸ǡͺͺǦͺͻǡͷͶͺǡͷͶͽȋ„‘––‘ȌǡͷͶ; ;ͿǡͿ͹ǡͿͺǦͿͻǡͿͼǡͿ;ǦͿͿǡͷͶͶǦͷͶͷǡͷͶͽȋ–‘’Ȍǡͷͷͷǡͷͷ͸ǡͷͷͿǡ Cover Image: Žƒ†‹‹” ‡‘†‘”‘ˆˆ‰—‹†‡•Š‹•„‘ƒ–ǤŠ‘–‘ ‘—”–‡•›‘ˆ Ž‡„ƒ›‰‘”‘†‡–•›Ǥ ‡”‘—•–‘‡ǣͺ͹ǡͺͿǡͻ͸ǡͻ͹ǡͼͶǡͼ͹ǡͼͺǡͽͽ ͷ͸ͼǦͷ͸ͽǡͷ͹ͷǡͷ͹ͼǡͷ͹;Ǧͷ͹Ϳ ƒ ‰”‘—†‹ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‹•–Š‡‘‘‹”‹˜‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ‘Ž†ƒ’–Šƒ–™ƒ•ƒ†‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‹ŽŠ‡Žƒ•ƒ›ȋ•‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ ‹‹•Š ƒŽ‹ƒŠ‡„—–ǣͼͼǦͼͽǡͽͺ ‡ ‘†‘”Ž†ƒ”„›–Š‡ ‹•„ƒ•‡†‘‘˜‹‡–‹Ž‹–ƒ”›•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‘—†ƒ›͸ͻǡͷͿͺͺǤ”‹‰‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†”‘ˆ‡••‘” ”ƒ ‹•ƒ—†Š‘ŽȌǣ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘’›™ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›‡‹ˆƒ–ƒŽƒǤ‡ƒ”‡˜‡”›–Šƒˆ—Ž–‘Š‹ˆ‘”–Š‹•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ 441 822 ͷͿȋ–‘’Ȍ Maps: ‘Šƒƒ‘–‘‹ Ž—†‹‰’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ž‹–Žƒ•Ǥ Printed matter

4 5 Preface This report contains results of a project “Skolt Sámi Survival in the Middle of Rapid Change” ‘‘„†‹—‡ᦡŽǤ that operated from 2009 to 2013, with various manifestations, in the Neiden watershed. The project manifested as a cooperation between the Skolt Sámi and other Eastern Sámi com- munities, the Saa’mi Nue’tt cultural organization and the Snowchange Cooperative. Partners ‹Ùᦡ¯‹’—Ù —Ǥ also included the Indigenous Peoples Climate Change Assessment – IPCCA, United Nations University – Traditional Knowledge Initiative and the Sámi Council. ًᑉ‹ÙŽ‹†•‹Ž––‹‹Ǥ The project is part of the international Indigenous Peoples Climate Change Assessment (IPCCA) initiative that is being developed and coordinated by a Peru-based indigenous ‹ᦡŒŒ‹†•——–‡Ÿ¯ƒ‹†—Ùᦡ¯‹ǡ ‘Ǧ’”‘ϐ‹– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ǡ ƒ† •—’’‘”–‡† „› Ȃ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ › ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ –Š‡  ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ‘—‹–›ǦŽ‡† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† future-visioning based on local worldviews and traditional knowledge, the Sevettijärvi ’—Ùᦡ––‹¡¡‹ᦡŒᑉ‹Ù–‡Ǥ Skolts developed a community-based climate change adaptation plan. Out of this process a collective consensus has emerged that the climate change challenges faced by the reindeer, ¡¡”˜ƒǦᦡŽ••‡‡Ǧ‹Ÿ––Ǧ᎟‹—””ŸŽǦ¡¡ᦡ•ᑉǦ‡—ƒ ™Š‹Ž‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–ǡƒ”‡ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡’”‡•‡–Ǧ†ƒ›ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‹‰Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‡‘Ž–ž‹‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†–Š‡‹” —•–‘ƒ”›•ƒŽ‘ϐ‹•Š‡”›ǡ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ subsistence and cultural identity, as a much greater concern. ‹ᦡ•––Œ‡‡ᦡŽ As a result, the Snowchange-Skolt partnership has chosen to focus their climate change ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‡ˆˆ‘”–•‘‡Šƒ ‹‰–Š‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž–•ǯ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•ƒŽ‘ϐ‹•Š‡”›ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ¡¡–¡Ú ‹˜‡”Ǥ  ‹‡–‹•–• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •–‘ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Žƒ–‹  •ƒŽ‘ ‡†‡†‹ ƒ–‡–Š‹•”‡’‘”––‘–Š‡‡‘”›‘ˆ ‘—‹‘•Š‹‘ˆˆǡ Šƒ˜‡†‹‹‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ•––Š‹”–››‡ƒ”•ǡ‘•–Ž›†—‡–‘ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ†Š—ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡ ƒ‘Ž–ž‹‘™Ž‡†‰‡Š‘Ž†‡”ǡ™Š‘’ƒ••‡†ƒ™ƒ›‹͸Ͷͷ͸Ǥ Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹•Šȋ‹‡‡Ž¡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͳǣͳȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡•ƒŽ‘‹•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ• the concern is shared both in Indigenous societies and science. Additionally the work was expanded with the co-funding from the Nordic Council of Ministers1 to cover additional workshops in the Neiden watershed and the Ponoi watershed ‹–Š‡—”ƒ•”‡‰‹‘ǡ—••‹ƒǤ‘‘‹‹•ƒ•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–•ƒŽ‘”‹˜‡”‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘–‘‘ǤŠ‹•Žƒ is the project report also for the NCM activities. Partners in the NCM work included in addition to Snowchange and Saa’mi Nue’tt: Neidenelvens Fiskefellesskap, Murmansk State Technical University, North Atlantic Salmon Fund, Nordregio and the Trilateral cooperation on our common resource; the Atlantic salmon in the Barents region (KO197) Project. The Australian Indigenous-designed Traditional Knowledge Revitalisation Project – TKRP coordinated by Victor Steffensen provided culturally-appropriate methods to build a knowledge database during the project. Authors are especially thankful for this guidance to mr. Steffensen. The authors are very thankful our co-authors, supporters and reviewers, in no particular order: Nordic Council of Ministers, Indigenous Peoples Climate Change Assessment (IPCCA) and Alejandro Argumedo, United Nations University – Traditional Knowledge Initiative, Saa’mi Nue’tt, Sámi Council, Snowchange Cooperative, Gleb Raygorodetsky, Vladimir Feodoroff, Paula Feodoroff, Jouko Moshnikoff, Satu Moshnikoff, Illep Jefremoff, Teijo Feodoroff, Kolttien kyläkokous, Tiina Sanila-Aikio, Minna Moshnikoff, Kaisu Mustonen, Eero Murtomäki, Rita Lukkarinen, Dennis Martinez, Ari Lehtinen, Alexey Kanichev, Yevgenii Kirillov, Sergey Phillipchenko, Houses of Culture in Kanevka, Sosnovka, Krasnochelye, Lovozero, the National Geographic Online Edition, Orri Vigfússon and the North Atlantic Salmon Fund, Johanna Roto, Eero Niemelä, Samuli Aikio, Jorma Mattsson, Leif Rantala, YLE Sámi Radio, Vigdis Siri, Toini Sanila, Tellervo Laine, Marina Apgar, Yevgenia Prokhorova. Through written agreements with the sponsors, all copyrights and Indigenous and local knowledge rights are reserved with the authors, and affected Sámi families, clans and communities who have kindly shared their knowledge for this report.

1 with the project “Ponoi and Neiden – Lifestreams of Eastern Sápmi”

6 7 are cross-border and regional dimensions involved. as “exploratory solutions that include inputs from a A. Introduction Berkes (2012: 470) argues that the system change, „”‘ƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰ Šƒ‹ whether in terms of climate or ecosystems, requires and require information-sharing, knowledge synthe- The Barents Region is undergoing a system 1. Collaborative Management in us to address management in a whole new context sis and trust-building”. shift. It means both the natural and social of principles. The transformation from management These unexpected, clumsy and “fuzzy” solutions Theory and Practice into ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ has to include a set of tools to be suc- may provide new avenues for ecosystem stewardship realities are changing in profound, multiple ‹• —••‹‘‘‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‹•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ ‡••ˆ—ŽǤ ‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡•ƒ‘‰•–•‘‡ ‘Ǧƒƒ‰‡‡– ™Š‹ Š‡”‡•ȋʹͲͳʹǣͶ͹ͲȌ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡•ƒ•„‡‹‰ƒDz•–”ƒ–- twists and turns. Old ways of thinking, gov- theme in our times in the Barents Region. Role and or sharing of resource use power, in some cases also egy to respond to and shape social-ecological sys- erning and management are in need of a use of local and Indigenous knowledge, especially adaptative co-management which would mean an tems under conditions of uncertainty and change to reconsideration. We wish to draw the main in Finland, is emerging (Mustonen 2009, Mustonen on-going, self-organised, dynamic process (ibid. 470). sustain the supply and opportunities for use of eco- ʹͲͳʹƒȌƒ•ƒϐ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ –‹• ‘‡ –‡†‘–Š‡ developments into a cohesive plan for dis- Social learning, inclusive management and integra- system services to support human well-being.” Role other hand to the debates regarding Arctic (Stammler tive science have been established decades ago as of traditional knowledge may yield new approaches cussion for the Neiden and Ponoi rivers, the 2005, Watson and Huntington 2008) and Indigenous valid approaches to the emerging new natural condi- and views on ecosystem change, because it involves two major salmon streams of the region. We Sámi knowledge (Helander 1999, Lehtinen 2011, tions, but interestingly enough Berkes (2012: 470) its own scales and time-space apparatus. wish to propose bold, new solutions that Mustonen 2012b). It has also to do with the Finnish suggests Ž—•› •‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ ‘”‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ› †‡ϐ‹‡† tackle both the more equitable governance local communities and their subsistence activities (Luotonen 2006, Mustonen 2009). •–”— –—”‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡•‡”‹˜‡”•ƒ†ϐ‹•Š‡”- If we investigate the international context of dif- ies and at the same time address local and ferent knowledge traditions and co-management practical steps to improve the situation on theories, Berkes (2012) calls for a widespread re- the ground. form of natural resources management in the context Š‹• ’Žƒ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡• ‡› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ”ƒ’‹†‡ ‘•›•–‡ Šƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ”‹‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•Ǥ ‡ (2012: 466) argues that ecosystem-based (EBM) ap- indigenous and local knowledge observations proach involves and includes a holistic view of man- from 2009 to 2013 along the Näätämö aging resources in the context of their environment ȋ ‹‹•ŠȌȀ‡‹†‡ ȋ‘”™‡‰‹ƒȌ ȀŒƒ—††Ÿ (see also Howitt 2001, Pretty 2011). They contain a (Skolt Sámi)2”‹˜‡”ϐŽ‘™‹‰ˆ”‘ ‹Žƒ†–‘ consideration of habitat issues and system resilience. Norway and the Ponoi river watershed in By identifying gaps in case studies around the world (mostly in oceanic ecosystems), Berkes (2012: 466- Murmansk, Russia. We provide an ecological Ͷ͸ͺȌ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• –Šƒ– ‡ ‘•›•–‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• overview of both water-bodies. The plan ƒƒ‰‡‡–ȋ Ȍ†‡”‹˜‹‰•‘Ž‡Ž›‘ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•„‹‘- proceeds, based on the socio-ecological logical science captures only one slice of the EBM pie. analysis carried out in the and with the local This has important implications for the Neiden and communities, to propose a wide-reaching Ponoi watersheds. A broad ecosystem-based approach that includes reform towards collaborative management social and ecological considerations has been identi- (co-management) architecture. It is hoped ϐ‹‡†ƒ•ƒDz•‘ ‹ƒŽǦ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•›•–‡dzȋ‡”‡•ʹͲͳʹǣͶ͸͸Ǧ to be culturally relevant for all stakeholders. 468). It manifests as a complex adaptative system that Main focus of the proposed steps will be the includes social (human) and ecological (biophysical) Atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and related subsystems in a two-way feedback relationship (see also Mustonen 2012a). Simply stated, a social-ecolog- ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǤŠ‹•Žƒ‹•–‘„‡•‡‡ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ”–‘ˆ ical system perspective is a major departure from the discussions, not as a blanket statement or a conventional view. In the context of Finnish resource ϐ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –Ǥ governance, new approaches are urgently needed as the previous models of using natural and raw materi- als have often proved to be socially and ecologically unsustainable (for example on hydroelectric power, ƒŒ‘”–Žƒ–‹ •ƒŽ‘”‹˜‡”•ƒ”‡‹ Ž—†‡†ǤŠ‡›‡ƒ”•‡š––‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”•‹†‹ ƒ–‡Š›†”‘‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‘”‘–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ see Mustonen et al. 2010, Mustonen 2012b). Equity ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•”—‹‡†–Š‡•ƒŽ‘Ǧ•’ƒ™‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•–”‡ƒ†—‡–‘Š—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ and power problems associated with natural re- ”‹˜‡”••–‹ŽŽ–Šƒ–”—ˆ”‡‡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ž‹–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‡”‹˜‡”•ƒ”‡—†‡”Š‡ƒ˜›’”‡••—”‡ˆ‘” 2 sources production have a global reach (Howitt 2001, ‡šƒ’Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘—”‹•–ϔ‹•Š ƒ’•ƒ†–Š‡‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽŠƒ”˜‡•–‘ˆϔ‹•ŠǤŽ‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›†‡’Ž‡–‹‘ƒ† "ese terms and toponyms are used interchangeably through the report. Pretty 2011). In the case of Neiden and Ponoi there ‹˜ƒ•‹˜‡ˆƒ”‡†•ƒŽ‘’‘•‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–•Ǥ

8 9 Š‡•‡ƒ’•‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ•–‡”ž‹•‹‹†ƒ•‘” †‹‰‡‘—•Ǧ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ‘—‹–‹‡•‹Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ–‹‡•ǤŠ‡•‘—–Š‡” ‘ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘Žƒ‡‹•—ŽƒŠƒ†„‡‡—•‡†„›–Š‡ž‹‹’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ –‹‡•ǡ„—–•‹ ‡–Š‡ͷ͸ͶͶ•—••‹ƒ‘‘”›ƒ† ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ•–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†‘–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒ† ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Š‹–‡‡ƒǤŠ‡ˆ‘—”Žƒ”‰‡”Ǯƒ•–‡”ž‹ǯ —Ž–—”ƒŽ •’Š‡”‡•ǣ‘Ž–ǡƒ„‹•ǡ‹Ž†‹ƒ†‡”Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†Ǥ

‹‡™•‘ˆƒ‡ƒ—–—Œ¡”˜‹‹–Š‡ ¡¡–¡Ú”‹˜‡”™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†Ǥ

10 11 Question of Scales: Indigenous Knowledge of the Arctic

Tero and Kaisu Mustonen

When resilience, ecosystems and human societies are this many-layered spherical reality. An Event, when it –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ –‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ Ž†Ǧ‰”‘™–Š ‹†• ƒ† —Ž–—”‡• and unknown time-places outside most of the human discussed in the Arctic, we often view them through occurs, is often interpreted in the Indigenous culture ƒ–—”‡ǡ ‡‡”‰‡ǡ ƒ† ‡ ‘’ƒ•• –Š‡ ‘Ž† ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ realms. In fact a crucial notion of the current times in the lenses of measurement-based worldviews. World against immediate surroundings, but also against the –Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ–‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ ƒ—†‡‘•ƒ—‡‡‹†•ƒ”‡ the Indigenous societies of the Arctic is the notion of is linear, spatial dimensions that can be measured are mythical-spiritual deeper layers of Indigenous mind ‘‰”—‡–™‹–Š–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•„—–‘”‡ unknown realities – we have entered, given the multi- ϐ‹š‡† ƒ† •‘Ž—–‹‘• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‹• –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡” ƒ†‡‘”›Ǥ˜‡– ƒ„‡”‡ϐŽ‡ –‡†‘‹ƒ› ‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ ƒ—†‡‘•ƒ—‡‡‹†•ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ƒ Ǧ ple imposed, violent changes ranging in their impacts the Indigenous societies of the Arctic have, each in ways – it may contain links and repetitions to mythi- ‘’Ž‹•Š –Šƒ– •›‡–”› ‹ ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‹‰ –Š‡‹” ƒ—Ǧ from climate to oceans to animals, into times which their distinct ways, non-linearities of time-spaces of cal times, which are passed down as oral narratives –Š‡–‹ ‹–›ǤŠ‡ ƒ—†‡‘•ƒ—‡‡”‡ƒ–‹‘–‘”›‡š’Žƒ‹• have not been seen before. According to several In- their worlds. These expressions and knowledges are and histories. It may even exist simultaneously in ƒ†•‹–—ƒ–‡•‹†ƒ†–‡””‹–‘”›‹•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•‘”‹‰‹ digenous Elders, we have abused our relationship best transmitted in the local languages. This is rele- Myth-time and present. If it involves animals in na- ƒ†•’‡ƒ•–‘–Š‡‹”–‹‡Ž‡•••›‡–”›‹•’‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ with Nature, thus suffering from the consequences vant because the decisions regarding the Arctic need ture which are a key part of the Indigenous mind in a –‹‡™Š‡Š—ƒ‹–›ǯ•ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ž‹˜‡†‹–Š‡›‘”Ž†Ǥdz (Mustonen 2009, Mustonen 2012c). to assess multiple understandings and cosmologies •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ˜‡ǡƒ„‹”†‘ˆ‘™Ž- Driver of life and society for the Indigenous peo- ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹‘”†‡”–‘ϐ‹†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘ edge, Creator and Trickster in several Arctic societies, ples is constant change. Most change is welcome and Or in the words of the poet Nils-Aslak Valkeapää the issues at hand. ‹–ƒ›„‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ†•‹‰‹ϐ‹- natural cycle of life. All change is observed. In the past from the North Sámi society: Every distinct Indigenous nation has their own cance. Some ’Žƒ ‡• are Events themselves. Places can 100-200 years, in some regions even earlier than that, •’‡ ‹ϐ‹  ™ƒ›• ƒ† ‡š’”‡••‹‘•Ǥ ‡–”ƒŽ –‘ –Š‹• ”‡ƒŽ‹- have dual or multiple beings too, especially this is the ‹’‘•‡†ǡ‘ˆ–‡˜‹‘Ž‡– Šƒ‰‡ has taken place, for ex- –‘‘””‘™‹•ƒ‡™†ƒ› zation that Arctic Indigenous societies are ‹” —Žƒ” in case in regards to •ƒ ”‡†’Žƒ ‡• (Haruchi et al. 2002), ample as a colonisation process or in the context of ‘–Š‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ• their cultural notions of being, time, space and place i.e. stones, trees, spiritual places, grave sites of the war. This is a one-way process where power is em- as a part of their ‘˜‡‡–•. The actual reality is far spirit people. Link between Events and a place can ployed –‘™ƒ”†• the Indigenous society in question.  ‘˜‡”•‡™‹–Š–Š‡ϔ‹”‡ more complex than this, but this is a conceptual mod- be sometimes blurred. Some ˜‡–• will be consulted Other Šƒ‰‡ is a two-way process with the universe, –‘‘””‘™ ‡ŽǤ —–‹‰ǡ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” •—„•‹•–‡ ‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• with the Elders and Spiritual people in the commu- where the community, through their ceremonies, ‹––‘‘™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ‘–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ act as means of communication, exchanges and rela- nities – they will guide the community to form rela- rituals and other activities maintains relationships ‡™‹‰”ƒ–‹‘”‘—–‡•ˆ‘”–‘‘””‘™•”‡‹†‡‡” tionships with the tundra and taiga, with the universe. tionships with the context and meaning regarding and reciprocities as a part of these ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ›Ǧ –Š‡•–‘‡•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––”ƒ†‹–‹‘• Language in its spoken form is an open system, which an Event. Or as ƒ—†‡‘•ƒ—‡‡ scholars Sheridan Ž‹  Šƒ‰‡•. All Indigenous societies understand the is linked with the landscape and land through a set of and Longboat (2006: 366) from boreal zone express concept of –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘. As Macdonald (2000) re- ƒƒŽ‹‡–‹‡™‹–Š‹–‹‡ǡ ‹–‹ƒ–‡ǡ•‡•—ƒŽ ‘‡ –‹‘•Ǥƒ Š•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ this; Dz™‡Š‘™‡ ȏ †‹‰‡‘—•Ȑ ‹† ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ „‡Ǧ ports from Nunavut, sometimes beings change forms, ƒŽ‹‡ belongs into its own part of the land. ƒ—•‡‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹†•™‡Š‘™‡Ǥ ƒ—†‡‘•ƒ—‡‡ spheres. (Gaski 2003: 246) Another key concept is the notion of an ˜‡–Ǥ ‹†• ƒ”‡ ‘’‘•‡† ‘– Œ—•– ‘ˆ ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‘Ǧ Indigenous peoples often recognize too that uni- These Events, which often are documented as “Indig- ƒ‹•„—–ƒŽ•‘„›–Š‡—‹‘—•“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‘•‡†‘Ǧ verse is vast and unknown; there exist other beings enous observations” should be read in the context of ƒ‹•–Šƒ–ǡƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ƒ–—”‡ǡ‡š’”‡••–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ‡••‘ˆ

12 13 It is widely recognized in the ecological (Berkes e. Co-management is a situation in which two tion” and “participation” have been “guaranteed” in For the Neiden and Ponoi watersheds some discus- 2012), climate (Arctic Council 2005) and Indigenous ‘”‘”‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‘”•‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡ǡ†‡ϐ‹‡ƒ† the environmental impact assessments and hearings •‹‘‘–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹•†‡ϐ‹‡†‹–Š‡ (Mustonen 2012a) literature that old ways of land guarantee amongst themselves a fair sharing of regarding various scales of resource exploitation in following way: and water management and use cannot provide suf- the management functions, entitlements and Finland, no meaningful power sharing or local con- 1. Indigenous knowledge means in this Plan ϐ‹ ‹‡– ƒ•™‡”• –‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‘ˆ –‘†ƒ›Ǥ  ‘•›•–‡Ǧ responsibilities of a given territory, area or a set textualisation has taken place (Mustonen 2012a, •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ›ž‹‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ –†‹ˆˆ‡”•ˆ”‘Ž‘ ƒŽ „ƒ•‡†ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡‡†‡†ƒ† of natural resources. Mustonen 2012b). There is a fear that the collabora- ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ in qualities and reciprocal may provide new ground for restorative work in wa- f. It is an association between co-management tive management principles are transferred to do- relationships that the Eastern Sámi peoples have tersheds. with natural resources management. Co- mestic uses and solved technically without engaging with their landscapes and ecosystems. According Berkes (2012: 473) argues that ecosystem-based management as a partnership between public with and embracing the transformative principles of to international scholarship it is expressed in a ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› „‡- and private actors. Co-management is not a Indigenous and local knowledge, and power relations. number of myriad ways (Sheridan and Longboat cause it would involve dealing with multiple disci- ϐ‹š‡†•–ƒ–‡„—–ƒ’”‘ ‡••–Šƒ––ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡ƒŽ‘‰ƒ Carlsson and Berkes (2005: 66-67) identify the 2006), including oral histories, toponymic place plines, scales and objectives simultaneously. Address- continuum. organisation with which arrangements are made to knowledge and non-Euclidean time-spaces ing EBFM would offer the possibilities to expand be usually an agency with jurisdiction over an area and scales (Mustonen, 2009, Ettlinger 2012). management into governance that includes coopera- (usually referring to a state agency) and local com- Some North Sámi scholars have ventured out to tive, multilevel approaches involving partnerships, munities. Communities are rarely “coherent and ho- make the case that Sámi have their own time- social learning and knowledge co-production. mogenous units” (ibid.). They are constantly chang- space terminologies and concepts which do not ‘‹ˆž‹ †‹‰‡‘—•ƒ†‘–Š‡”Ž‘ ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ing and multidimensional, cross-scale social-political translate outside the culture (Helander 1999). In ‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘—” ‡‘ˆƒƒ‰‡‡–‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ units. In terms of investigations of time-space, they accordance with the international and various ‡‹†‡ƒ†‘‘‹™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†•ƒ†‹–”‡ ‡‹˜‡•ƒˆ—ŽŽ‡šǦ may contain and produce non-Euclidean narratives national laws, here the Indigenous knowledge ’”‡••‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘”ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”‹‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ of a place (Luotonen 2006, Mustonen 2009, Ettlinger refers to knowledge of those individuals, ‘—‹–‹‡•™Š‡”‡†‘‡•–Š‹•Ž‡ƒ†—•‹–‡”•‘ˆ‰‘˜Ǧ 2011). families and other communities and collectives ‡”‹‰–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǫ that have been inhabiting their current localities Carlsson and Berkes (2005: 66-67) interpret co-man- prior to establishment of European governance Answer lies in the role of collaborative, in short ‘Ǧ agement as a continuum from the simple exchange of and state in the region. Often the acronym TEK, ƒƒ‰‡‡– (Carlsson and Berkes 2005: 65-66) of information to formal partnership. It supposes that meaning traditional ecological knowledge is ”‡•‘—” ‡• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• „‡‡ †‡ϐ‹‡† ‹ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ parties have agreed on an arrangement, but the ac- used to refer in general to such Indigenous ways including: tual arrangement often evolves. They (2005: 67-68) knowledges of ecosystems. a. Co-management is a situation in which two emphasize that it is a dynamic and iterative system, 2. All local people inhabiting the watershed ‘”‘”‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‘”•‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡ǡ†‡ϐ‹‡ƒ† a process which is constantly re-adjusted because have local (ecological) knowledge. It is by nature guarantee amongst themselves a fair sharing of ecosystems response to resource exploitation may be practical, experience-based and provides crucial the management functions, entitlements and highly unpredictable. According to them (2005: 68) ‡ ‘•›•–‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ responsibilities of a given territory, area or set of “nature is seldom linear. Command-and-control kind It may contain elements that are similar to ‹Ž‹’ǡŽƒ†‹‹”ƒ†‡”‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–‘’‘›‹ ’Žƒ ‡Ǧ ‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹•ƒ’‘‘”ϐ‹–ˆ‘”‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ natural resources. ƒ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡¡¡–¡Ú™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†‹‡’–‡„‡”͸Ͷͷ͸Ǥ Indigenous knowledge, but needs to be surveyed b. Co-management of common-pool resources, uncertainty. Evolution of co-management networks as its own set of principles, as the international •— Šƒ•ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡƒ”‡†‡’‹ –‡†ƒ• is the substantial result of ongoing processes of prob- legal framework contains categories and some kind of power-sharing arrangements lem-solving.” Lastly (Carlsson and Berkes 2005: 71) dimensions which separate local knowledge –Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹ƒ„Ž‡—„‡”‘ˆ–ƒ••ˆ‘”ƒ™‡ŽŽǦˆ— - between the State and a community of resource ‘Ǧƒƒ‰‡‡– therefore is an approach to govern- from the Indigenous peoples and their tioning co-management, which include: users. ance. It is governance that, if properly designed, ad- knowledges. However, it is of no less importance 1. Data gathering c. Collaborative management, co-management, †”‡••‡• –Š‡ ‘ ‡”• ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† „› ––Ž‹‰‡” ȋʹͲͳͳȌ as a source of information for the health of 2. Logistical decisions: who harvests and where ‹•†‡ϐ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡•Šƒ”‹‰‘ˆ’‘™‡”ƒ† and Foucault (2005) with the notions of governance, ecosystems and watersheds in this Plan. govermentality and (ab)uses of power. 3. Allocation decisions responsibility between the government and 4. Protection of resource from environmental local resource users. Optimistically Carlsson and Berkes (2005: 66) In this section we have surveyed theoretical frames see management as a right to regulate use patterns damage to do with collaborative management, traditional d. According to World Bank the sharing of 5. Enforcement of regulations responsibilities, rights and duties between and transform the resource by making improvement. and Indigenous knowledge and the need for a new In the Finnish resource management (Mustonen et 6. Enhancement of long-term planning ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡‘ˆϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ƒ†™ƒ–‡”•Š‡† the primary stakeholders, in particular, local 7. More inclusive decision-making communities and making that involves the local al. 2010) a co-management regime is a new concept. in the context of global and Arctic change. In the next users in the decision-making process as equals Only recently some initiatives have begun to emerge, part a view on international examples of functioning with the nation-state. for example with the Sámi and Hammastunturi “wil- co-management regimes is provided. derness area” in Lapland. However while “consulta-

14 15 ȋ‘’Ȍ ‹Ž‹’ ‡ˆ”‡‘ˆˆǡƒ‘Ž–ž‹ϔ‹•Š‡”ƒǤ ȋ‹††Ž‡ƒ†Ž‘™‡”’Š‘–‘ȌŽƒ†‹‹” ‡‘†‘”‘ˆˆŠƒ•„‡‡ϔ‹•Š‹‰ ‘–Š‡¡¡–¡Ú”‹˜‡”•‹ ‡Š‹• Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†Ǥ ‡‹Œ‘ ‡‘†‘”‘ˆˆƒ† ‘—‘‘•Š‹‘ˆˆ —–”‡‹†‡‡”‡ƒ–‹–Š‡ϔ‹•Š ƒ’Ǥ

16 17 2. Selected Arctic Cases of systems and its own independent monitoring role for summarize the main aspects of this system and its the Mackenzie and affected watersheds in the ISA. context from the Atlas. Collaborative Management for In the Russian Arctic the UNEP/GEF-sponsored Fishing in the fresh waters of Northern Eurasia Fisheries ECORA Project worked in the Lower Kolyma Region Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ †‡ϐ‹‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‹–› –Šƒ– Šƒ• ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –Š‡ One of the longest-running collaborative manage- of Republic of Sakha-Yakutia, Russia from 2003 to Indigenous Nations of the region to survive through ‡– ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–• ˆ‘” ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ‹• Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ 2009. In the mandate for this conservation project harsh winters and short summers. The oldest archae- Inuvialuit Settlement Region – ISR in the Northwest was the development of collaborative arrangements ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡–ϐ‹†‹‰ǡƒͳͲǡͲͲͲǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†•‡‹‡‡–ˆ”‘ Territories, Canada. It follows the Inuvialuit Final ˆ‘” †‹‰‡‘—•Šƒ”˜‡•–‘ˆϐ‹•Šȋ—•–‘‡ʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‡ the Karelian Isthmus, discovered by Finnish scholar Agreement - IFA that established the legal context for role and scope of the project were limited from the Sakari Pälsi in 1913 in the Antrea community, con- collaborative management for the region. For the is- beginning and no permanent structures for co-man- ϐ‹”•–Š‡ƒ‰‡Ǧ‘Ž†”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‘—ƒŽϐ‹•Š‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ sues here, it is relevant due to the practices related to agement were installed. ȋ‹„‹†ǤʹͲͳͳȌǤ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‡–‹ ‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ ”—- the delta and watershed portions of Mackenzie River The importance of the ECORA experience lies in cial food-gathering practice. –Šƒ–ϐŽ‘™•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ the Russian context. It provided the mechanisms of in- The Indigenous Nations of Northern Eurasia ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ϐŽ‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ—•‡”•ȋ—•–‘‡ consider their territories as homelands. Through the Under the IFA, there is a Fisheries Joint Management 2009) into the regional and Republican natural re- millennia, these cultures have developed systems Committee. This body is responsible for: sources managers in a culturally-appropriate ways, of interaction with their landscapes, icescapes and – collecting harvest information most of which consist of harvest diaries, mapping, †”‡ƒ• ƒ’‡•Ǥ —–‹‰ƒ†ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ participant observations and documentation of com- these systems of reciprocity. It is important to iden- – making recommendations on subsistence —ƒŽ ‘”ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”‹‡• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ȋ—•–‘‡ tify the key elements of such systems so that they quotas 2007, Mustonen 2009). can be understood when questions of biodiversity –‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ•’‘”–•ϐ‹•Š‡”›‘ —˜‹Ǧ ‘™‡” ‘Ž›ƒ Šƒ• ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ϐ‹•Š‡”› ”‡•—Ž–- Šƒ‰‡ǡŽƒ†—•‡ƒ†ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ”‡†‹• —••‡†Ǥ aluit and Crown lands ing from the Soviet times, mainly in the community We can explore this through the family territories – community tours within the management area of Podhovsk and in the practices of some Indigenous and Indigenous governance structures in Suonikylä/ – research, assessment and monitoring projects obschinas or tribal communities, such as Turvaurgin —ÙᦡᦤŒ‡Ž ‘Ž– ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‘Ž– ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ for all affected communities and Nutendli (Mustonen 2009). While Kolyma is a Skolts call themselves Dz¡ǯŽƒādz, the Sámi. Their (EIRB 2013). far bigger ecosystem than Näätämö or Ponoi, again community can be called Dz•‹‹†ƒdzǡDz•‹–dzǡDz•‹Œ–dz or Dz•‹Œ††dz the watershed view and recognition of traditional in Sámi.Suonikylä was the last of the Eastern Sámi Together with the Environmental Impact Screening knowledge and oral histories as a baseline of ecosys- communities that practiced their own ways of being Committee and Environmental Impact Review Board tem change may contain elements of exportability for until 1944 when the war ended this way of life. As of the ISA, the Inuvialuit can review and determine the future development of Ponoi and Näätämö water- described elsewhere, these Skolts were relocated to if proposed development will have impacts on their sheds. Finland and resettled in various communities, such subsistence, wildlife harvests, or whether new initia- as Sevettijärvi. tives will have environmental impacts in the region 3. Ponoi and Näätämö River The Skolt Sámi situation prior to 1944 offers the (ibid. 2013). The Inuvialuit Final Agreement princi- clearest documentation of the Sámi society in these ples include preservation of Inuvialuit cultural iden- Project 2009-2013 parts of the world, and while each of the Eastern Sámi tity and values in changing times, to allow them to be In this part we present the historical case for Indig- ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ•–Š‡‹”‘™ •‘ ‹ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›•’‡ ‹ϐ‹  equal and meaningful partners in northern society enous governance of watersheds that has existed in •›•–‡•ǡ–Š‡—ÙᦡᦤŒ‡Ž•–‘”‹‡•ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡••Š‡† in Canada and to protect and preserve Arctic wildlife the region prior to 1944, transfers to modern times, a light on land-use, land-use and occupancy and life- (Wildlife Management Advisory Council North Slope international concerns that have been raised during ways which are similar with other communities of 2003: 40). the project and then the data, methods and analytical the area. Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‡š’‘”–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ‹–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ framework for the work regarding Neiden and Ponoi. –Š‡ ‘—‹–›‘ˆ—ÙᦡᦤŒ‡Ž’”‹‘”–‘ͳͻͶͶǡ–Š‡ Inuvialuit Co-Management Regime need to be prop- family-controlled territories formed the basis of so- erly assessed for the Eastern Sámi case of relevance 3.1. Overview of Eastern Sámi Cultural cial organisation. Skolt leader Matti Sverloff writes here is the involvement of the Indigenous stakehold- Fishery and Indigenous Management that decision making by the Skolts happened in fam- ers in an institutional and power-devolving arrange- Practices ‹Ž›ƒ†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‡‡–‹‰•†—”‹‰Ž‹ˆ‡‹—ÙᦡᦤŒ‡ŽǤŠ‹• ment. Secondly, crucial issue is the role of traditional In 2011 the Eastern Sámi Atlas (Mustonen and community administration guaranteed an Indige- knowledge in management and quota recommenda- Mustonen 2011) was released, capturing the baseline nous sovereign decision-making body for the Skolts. tions and individual capacities for the Fisheries Joint Waters, lands and hunting territories were family- information of Indigenous governance of water bod- ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ’Š‘–‘•‘ˆƒ•–‡”ž‹ϔ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ͷ;ͶͶ•Ǥ Management Committee to provide relevant deci- controlled areas. If one family received less and an- ies that the Sámi practiced during the period prior ȋ‘’Ȍƒ•–‡”ž‹ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ’Ǥȋ‹††Ž‡Ȍ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ•‡‹‡ •‹‘•–‘–Š‡•’‘”–ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ other more, the community administration or council to large-scale colonial presence. In the following we ‘‘‘‹‹ͷ;ͶͶ•Ǥȋ‘––‘Ȍ‡‹‹‰‹—‘‹›Ž¡Ǥ

18 19 the crest of fell areas. They could be considered to be The Indigenous systems of governance and har- ‘temporal borders’. vest have been changing throughout the past four Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ ”‘—†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ hundred years in the Eurasian North. Colonisation Skolt Sámi Nation within their traditional territories and the imposition of nation-state rule over Indig- ‘ˆ—ÙᦡᦤŒ‡Žƒ†‡¡ ƒƒ––Š‡ ‹‹•ŠǦ‘”™‡‰‹ƒǦ enous territories and resources have caused great Russian borderlands indicate one of these systems Šƒ‰‡• ƒ† ‹ϐŽ‹ –‡† — Š †ƒƒ‰‡Ǥ †ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ in a clear manner. The Skolts, like other Indigenous mechanisms have been successful in some regions, Nations of Eurasia, practice their systems of reciproc- and in others, e.g. the Skolt inhabited territory of ity with their landscapes. These systems renew their —ÙᦡᦤŒ‡Žǡˆ‘” ‡†”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–‡””‹–‘”›Ž‘••Šƒ˜‡ knowledge regarding the land through the seasons. caused almost irreparable damages to both the lands ‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ™‹–Š •’‡ ‹ϐ‹  Žƒ‡• ƒ† ”‹˜‡”• ƒ”‡ ‡- and water bodies and to the people as well. But even coded in the oral traditions of a given culture. –‘†ƒ›•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰‹••–‹ŽŽ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡›’Žƒ ‡Ǧ These spiritual and cultural relationships contain based knowledge repositories. Especially subsist- taboos and rules of behaviour and conduct regarding ‡ ‡‹ ‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‡‘• ƒ†‹ƒ‘”–Šƒ† both the seen and the unseen. One example of this into Siberia is for many families a crucial source of in connection to the Skolts is the rules of behaviour food, culture and tradition. In terms of ecosystem ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ƒ‡ ‡•Œƒ˜” ‹ –Š‡ —ÙᦡᦤŒ‡Ž –‡””‹–‘”›Ǥ „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ †‹‰‡‘—••—„•‹•–‡ ‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ The spirit of the lake is very observant and should be key monitoring system for scientists interested in the kept in mind at all times. One cannot make noise on health of these water bodies. this lake. There are rules on how the nets and sein-  —ÙᦡᦤŒ‡Ž•‹Œ†† ȋ—‘‹›Ž¡Ȍ ™‘‡ ’Žƒ›‡† ing should be put into the water. On this lake, special a very active role in seining on the lakes. Each lake words outside of everyday Skolt language must be would have seining harvest site place names, for ex- used, and in this way the lake imposes its own place- ƒ’Ž‡ ƒ‡ ¡ŽŽŒ¡—ᦡ”” ȋƒŽŽƒŒƒ˜”Ȍ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ DzŠ—- •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ˜‘ ƒ„—Žƒ”›Ǥ dreds” of sites and Lake Kuotsjavr only ten sites. The Š‹•‡š‡’Ž‹ϐ‹‡•Œ—•–Š‘™ Ž‘•‡Ž›–Š‡ †‹‰‡‘—• Skolts have as well used seining during winter up un- Sámi languages are tied to their landscapes.Conser- til Christmas. ˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽϐ‹•Š‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–ƒ‡ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘” Š‡‹Ž†‹ž‹ϐ‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‘™‹–ŠDz˜ƒŠ–——Ȁ ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–—ƒŽŠƒ”˜‡•–ˆ‘”•’ƒ™‹‰™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Šƒ† ‘‘––‘dz seine on the Kola Fjord. The other end of the ‘–Š‡” •’‡ ‹‡•Ǥ ƒ› ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• Šƒ† ϐ‹•Š‹‰ –”ƒ’• ‘ seine was attached to the shoreline and required con- spawning rivers in the autumn, but great care was tinuous observation when the salmon would come to Š‹•ƒ’‡š’Žƒ‹•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ”‡‹†‡‡”‘ƒ†‹•‘”•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ”‘—†•‹‘ŽƒǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡ –ƒ‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥϐ‹•Š‹‰–”ƒ’™‘—Ž† the seine. Great skill was required to be able to spot, –Š”‡‡–‘ˆ‘—”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘†‡Ž•ǡ’‘••‹„Ž›‘”‡ǡ‘ˆ•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ”‘—†•Ǥ be set on a creek for two to three nights in a given even in the midst of heavy wind, the ripples on the autumn. water that marked the arrival of the salmon into the After that, the creek would be left alone for three seine. Usually salmon weighing 10–25 kg were har- transfered some territories to the family in need. community could speak up. Widows with children ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Šƒ—–—ǡ–Š‡ϐ‹•Š–”ƒ’™‘—Ž†„‡ vested. The family ceding some of its territories to the could also speak during the meetings. Women could set for two nights. This was an Indigenous conser- The Paaccjokk Skolts had a dozen apaja seining family in need did so through oral agreements. This be present at the meetings. ˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ‡ Šƒ‹• –‘ ‹•—”‡ –Š‡ †‹•’‡”•ƒŽ catch sites along the ocean coast. These sites were was a mechanism by which the community con- These councils decided on all issues, and these ‘ˆ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ‘˜‡” ƒ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™ƒ–‡” „‘†‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ƒ– calledDzŽƒƒ’’dz in Skolt. They rotated the sites between trolled the resources they possessed and tried to family territories produced all that was needed for the same time it ensured that individual creeks and families, and this cycle was called Dz’‹””¡•dz. The cycle even out the disparities that might occur. No individ- the families. The role of ‘””ƒœ collapsed after the –Š‡ϐ‹•Š‹Šƒ„‹–‹‰–Š‡ ‘—Ž†•’ƒ™ƒ†‘–„‡‘˜‡” lasted twelve years, during which each family would —ƒŽ•‘™‡†–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•‹—ÙᦡᦤŒ‡ŽǢ–Š‡›™‡”‡‘™‡† •‡––Ž‡‡––‘,‡ᦡ˜‡–Œ¡—ᦡ””ȋ‡˜‡––‹Œ¡”˜‹Ȍǡƒ†–Š‡ —”- harvested. The same practice was applied by the ϐ‹•Š‹‘‡•’‘–‹ƒ‰‹˜‡•—‡”Ǥ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ communally. The highest body of decision-making rent, modern Skolt Sámi Act of Finland concentrates ‘Ž–•–‘ƒŽŽ™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•‹–Š‡—ÙᦡᦤŒ‡Žƒ”‡ƒǤ cycle, all the catch sites would be redistributed by of was the community council called Dz•‘„„ƒ”dz. on enabling individual Skolt Sámi to build houses Individual lakes were under Indigenous govern- casting lots, allowing each family the same chance in Sverloff remembers that the administration of ‘”ϐ‹•Š‹‰Š—–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡‘Ž–•Šƒ˜‡ƒ”- ance and conservation mechanisms as well. Scholars the distribution of sites and cycles. Seining was the the council rested on the council of the headmen of ”ƒ‰‡†–Š‡Š—–•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡¡¡–¡Ú”‹˜‡””‡ϐŽ‡ –•–Š‡ ȋ‹„‹†ǤʹͲͳͳȌ†‡• ”‹„‡Š‘™ˆƒ‹Ž›ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•™‡”‡ main method of catching. each family, called Dz‘””Ú•dzȀDz‘””ƒœdz who was also surviving elements of the family governance of a wa- strictly observed. As a matter of principle, each Skolt  —ÙᦡᦤŒ‡Ž•‹Œ†† –‡””‹–‘”› ‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž‰ƒ•Œ‘‹ called Dz•‹Œ††•‘˜‡ŒdzǤ Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž †‡ƒ” ƒ–‡† ϐ‹•Š‹‰ terbody. family would have at least one productive lake under River, trout was harvested from August to Octo- territories for each family. In previous times the deer Š‡ „‘”†‡”• ‘ˆ ˆƒ‹Ž› –‡””‹–‘”‹‡• ™‡”‡ ϐ‹” „—– –Š‡‹” ‘–”‘ŽǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‘Ž‘™‡”ƒ‡"Œ¡—ᦡ”” „‡” ™‹–Š ƒ ϐ‹•Š ™‡‹”Ǥ Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Š ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ”˜‡•–‡† hunting territories had also been decided upon in a could be changed through oral agreements. Their ȋƒȌǡ–Š‡‘Ž–•Šƒ†ƒ“—‘–ƒ‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ϐ‹•Š’‡”†ƒ› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‹• ‡–Š‘†Ǥ Œ—Ù––Œ¡—ᦡ”” ƒ† —ÙᦡᦤŒ‡Ž similar fashion. Adult males and the headmen of the borders mostly followed water bodies but also along per family. •‹‹†ƒ• Šƒ† ƒ ‘‘ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ™‡‹” •‹ ‡ –Š‡ ͳͷͲͲ•

20 21 ƒ– ƒ–—ƒ‘•‹ ”ƒ’‹†• ‘ –Š‡ —¤ŽŽŸ ȋ——Ž‘ƒȌ the newly established Soviet structures co-existed. River. Salmon was distributed to the families of the In Jokanga the •‹‹†ƒ owned the lakes and sold community. Salmon was used as well in the payment –Š‡”‹‰Š–•–‘ϐ‹•Š‘ƒŽƒ‡ˆ‘”‘‡›‡ƒ”ƒ–ƒ–‹‡ǤŠ‡ of taxes to the monasteries. Storå estimates that up money generated was used to support the •‹‹†ƒand –‘͸ͷȂͺͲǡͲͲͲ‰‘ˆϐ‹•Š™‘—Ž†„‡ ƒ—‰Š–‘–Š‹•™‡‹”Ǥ take care of community elders. Seine nets were still All of this was destroyed when in 1935–38 the Soviet used by the •‹‹†ƒ• in the 1930s. They were used in Union constructed a power dam on Kallipoga Rap- winter seining between two to three families in com- ‹†•Ǥ‘Ž–•Šƒ˜‡ϐ‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‘—•‹‰ƒ™‡‹”‘–Š‡ ‡” ‹ƒŽϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ —¤ŽŽŸȋ——Ž‘ƒȌ‹˜‡”ƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‹†‘ —‡–• ‘Ž‘˜ȋ‹„‹†ǤȌ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ”ƒ”‡˜‹‡™‹–‘–Š‡ϐ‹•Š- ˆ”‘ ͳͷ͹Ͷ ƒ† ͳ͸ͷ͹Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ —•- ing in the 1800s and early Soviet period. He mentions •‹ƒŽƒ†”‡‰‹•–‡”ˆ”‘ͳͷ͹Ͷǡ–Š‡—¤ŽŽŸȋ——Ž‘ƒȌ –Šƒ––Š‡‹Ž†‹ž‹Šƒ†ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”Žƒ‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰•›•–‡ River rapids have been owned by both the Nuortijärvi –‘–Š‡‘Ž–•ǤŠ‡›ϐ‹•Š‡†‘Žƒ‡•Š—†œŒƒ˜”ǡŒƒ˜”ǡ and Suonikylä Skolts. In 1920, they lost their owner- Kontsesjavr, Sivnjavr, Luvnjavr, Fadeev’s javr, Un- ship of this stretch in the Tartu Peace Treaty of 1920. javr, Korgjavr, Ovdlumbal, Paldos Lumbal, Chorrjavr, There was a system of self-regulation, for exam- Leipjavr, Elchjavr and Chevchesjavr in 1877. Volkov ’Ž‡ ƒ– ‘‘‹ǡ –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ‘˜‡” ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ—–— •ƒŽ‘ǡ ™”‹–‡• –Šƒ– Dz‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ •‡––Ž‡‡–• –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ”- similar to the Skolt system. In October the Kola Sámi eas like the hunting territories were shared between would begin ice seining at their autumn sites. This families. The unit of measurement was called Dz—†Ǧ ended in November when the trip to the winter vil- †ƒ•dz in Notozero Sámi”. A half-unit was ’‹ƒŽǦ—††ƒ•Ǥ A lage was made. At the winter village, people would salmon-share was called “esse” among the Jokanga ϐ‹•Š ˆ‘” ™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Šǡ ’‹‡ ƒ† „—”„‘– ™‹–Š ‡–• —†‡” Sámi. the ice. The practice of —††ƒ• is worth investigating. Sergejeff (in ibid. 2011) discusses the Peäccam Volkov writes that this area consisted of two equal ȋ‡–•ƒ‘Ȍ ‘Ž–•ǯ •ƒŽŽǦ• ƒŽ‡ •ƒŽ‘ ϐ‹•Š‡”› †—”- parts. The head of each family could determine the ‹‰ –Š‡ ͳͻʹͲ• ƒ† ͳͻ͵Ͳ• ‹ ‹ᦡᑉᑉ‡”Œƒ”‰‰ ȋƒŽƒ•–ƒ- use of his half of the territory. Another part was held jasaarento) on the Barents coast. In the spring in reserve. When the son of the family grew up, the ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹•‘Ž–ƒ–‹‘™‘—Ž†•–ƒ”––‘ϐ‹•Šˆ‘” reserve was lost and given to the son. Father and Atlantic salmon with harv or large-meshed sea nets. •‘ ‘—Ž†•–‹ŽŽϐ‹•Š–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹–Š‡•ƒ‡Žƒ‡•›•–‡ Š‡ƒ‹„ƒ•‡ˆ‘”ϐ‹•Š‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•™ƒ•‹ ‹‡”‹‘ though. the Peäccam Fjord. According to Sergejeff the Peäc- Volkov spoke to the Sámi elders in Kildin, Notoze- ‘Ž†™‘Ž˜‡”‹‡–”ƒ’‘Žƒ‡ ƒ””‹Œ¡”˜‹Ǥ ƒ ‘Ž–• Šƒ† ‘˜‡” –‡ ’”‘†— –‹˜‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ƒŽ‘‰ ro and Semiostrov areas about this system. He men- –Š‡ϐŒ‘”†‹–Š‡–‹‡•™Š‡—••‹ƒ• ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†–Š‡ tions that the community provided the —††ƒ•places territory. Each family would occupy one spot. People to the families. If somebody passed away, the territo- 3.2. Indigenous Management, Problems lated by 1900s to the surrounding Finns and Nor- ™‘—Ž† Ž‹˜‡ ‹ –—”ˆ Š—–• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘ƒ•–Ǥ Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ry would become vacant for re-allocation. —††ƒ• in- and Solutions in Modern Times wegians due to a number of assimilative practices spots would be determined through a “lottery” sys- Ž—†‡†ϐ‹•Š‹‰‹Žƒ‡•ƒ†•–”‡ƒ•Ǥ •ƒŽ‘ϐ‹•Š‹‰ As the Russian history of Indigenous peoples in the in those countries. Prior to 1940s the amount of net –‡‡˜‡”›–Š”‡‡–‘ϐ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”••‘–Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆƒ‹- powerful families were given territory in exchange region, such as the Eastern Sámi, is explained in de- ϐ‹•Š‡”›‘–Š‡‡‹†‡”‹˜‡”™ƒ•Ž‘™ǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”•Š‡† Ž‹‡•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•’‘–•ǤŠ‹•ϐ‹•Š‡”›‡†‡†‹ for catch. tail elsewhere (Mustonen and Mustonen 2011), the was used at this time by some North and Inari Sámi 1942 when Darmidon Jefremov was the last Skolt to ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽϐ‹•Š‹‰–‡ Š‹“—‡•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘Ž- aspects of Indigenous governance in modern times Ȃ‹–‡”Ǧ–”‹„ƒŽ ‘ϐŽ‹ –•”‡ƒ‹‡†Ž‘™™Š‡–Š‡‘Ž–• ϐ‹•Š–Š‡”‡—•‹‰–Š‡Šƒ”˜ nets (Ibid.). ov included a communal seine, —Š–. The size of the focus mostly to Norway and Finland. Main reason for resettled here, even though some reindeer disputes The establishment of kolkhozy in the 1930s de- seine could be from 213,40 metres to 426,80 metres this choice of focus is that the Soviet times did not emerged (Aikio 2013). stroyed the ownership of lakes and discouraged tra- long and 2-3 metres tall. In one household there usu- allow much local participation in resource govern- It was in 1940s after the re-settlement of the †‹–‹‘ƒŽ ž‹ ϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ‹‡•‡ ‹’ƒ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ally would be two seines. ƒ‘Ž ȋDzœƒ„‘”dzȌ ϔ‹•Š–”ƒ’• ance inside the command-and-control society. Never- Suonikylä Skolts to Sevettijärvi that the subsistence Soviet system naturally transformed Eastern Sámi ™‡”‡—•‡†ˆ”‘‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–‹‡•ƒ•†ƒ•‹–Š‡•–”‡ƒ•ˆ‘” theless, simultaneously the aspects of a closed soci- economy regarding Atlantic salmon really began. ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǤ Š‡ ‘ƒ† ‡ ‘‘› ’”‘˜‹†‡• •’ƒ™‹‰ϔ‹•Š. Saim ‘nets’ were popular with the yarn ety ’”‡•‡”˜‡† many knowledges of local peoples and Meanwhile the Kvens, or descendants of the Finnish- •‘‡”‡ ‘”†•‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹‰•‹ ‡ͳͻͳ͹ǤŠ‡ͳͻʹ͹•–ƒ–‹•- purchased in Kola town or Ponoi. Nets were boiled practices better than in the “West”. However, such an Karelian settlers on the Norwegian coast, continued 3 tics report that in Kola half of the freshwater catch in alder bark to make them durable and less visible. assessment and analysis of comparisons is beyond the ¡’¡Ž¡—‘––ƒ small seining on the Skoltfoss Rap- ™ƒ• ™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Šǡ ͳʹΨ ’‡” Š ƒ† ͻΨ ’‹‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ‡• Fish spear and lures were also among the tools used. this document. ‹†•Ǥ ”‘ͳͻͶͶ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•–ƒ–‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘ϐŽ‹ –• were owned by families and divided between people. Traditionally the areas of the Neiden watershed in the area wrecked the capacities of Eastern Sámi During the early Soviet period between 1917 and the Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡† „› –Š‡ Œƒ—††Ÿ ‘Ž– ž‹ 3 Käpälänuotta is a special seine and a practice on the rapids, based ’—”‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͳ•ǡ †‹‰‡‘—•ϐ‹•Š‹‰•›•–‡•ƒ† siida. However, these people to a great extent assimi- on the way the Skolts perceived the bears to harvest salmon from the stream. Literally translated, it means ”[bear] paw seine”.

22 23 peoples to exercise their own kind of Indigenous gov- concerns of the capacity of salmon to pass the Skolt- ment option at the time. –Š‡ Ž‘••‡• ‘ˆ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ ernance regarding natural resources. But it did not fossen and argue that majority of the salmon stop In 1999 Finland proposed that “local peoples Ž‘™ƒ‘—–•‘ˆϐ‹•Šǡ‘Ǧ‡š‹•–‡–‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆϐ‹•Š mean the end of Sámi knowledge or actions regard- at this place to wait, opening opportunities for in- knowledge” should be a key source of information •–‘ ‹‰ǡ ’‘‘” ‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ‡“—‹’‡– ƒ† ing their lands. From 1944 to 2000s the Skolts have ”‡ƒ•‡†Šƒ”˜‡•–ƒ•–Š‡ϐ‹•Š”‡•–ǤŠ‹•‡˜‡–‹••—„Œ‡ – regarding the functioning of the ladder (UM 1999: 6). the hydroelectric regulatory impacts in the Inari lake maintained some elements of their village govern- –‘–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ϐŽ‘™‹–Š‡”‹˜‡”–‘‘Ǥ Orell (2012: 16) says that the ladder is an important watershed (Kolttatoimikunta 1973: 34). ance body as well as projected their opinions regard- First explosions on the Skoltfossen, in direct op- aid for the salmon in their migrations. Scientists are ‹‰–Š‡‡‹†‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›–‘•–ƒ–‡„‘†‹‡•‹‘”™ƒ›ƒ† ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•„‘†›ǡ™‡”‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—– monitoring the salmon migration at the ladder using Most importantly, in early 1970s the different zonings Finland. in 1956 (Länsman 2010: 13). In 1999 the govern- video cameras and new technologies (ibid.) for water areas had not been completed in Lapland. Š‡•‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ”‡ϐŽ‡ – –Š‡ ‘Ž– ž‹ ment of Norway stated that these measures “failed In 1973 the Finnish state called together a Com- This allowed some discussion on Š‘™ and to ™Šƒ–‡šǦ governance that ‘–‹—‡† ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡ ‘†‡”‹–› ‘ˆ completely” (Norway 1999). The Käpälä seining on mittee on the Skolt Affairs (kolttatoimikunta). It re- –‡– the Skolt rights to land and water uses could be ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒƒ‰‡‡–. Most visible of these –Š‡‘”™‡‰‹ƒ•‹†‡†‹• ‘–‹—‡†ˆ‘”ϐ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•†—‡–‘ leased its report in 1973 (Kolttatoimikunta 1973: 1). implemented. It is very relevant, from the viewpoint ‹• –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ„‹• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‡‹†‡ the impacts from the explosion, but continued after In this document, far ranging reforms and policies of investigating how the Skolts exercised their rights River following family, clan and collective system, conditions improved in 1961 (ibid. 1999: 2-3). Local were proposed to the lives of the Skolts – including in modern times after 1944, to look more closely to similar to the governance employed in Suonikylä people also in Neiden resisted the construction of the ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡’‘”–•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡- their demands in the context of the 1973 report: ȋ ƒ‡•——‹–‡ŽƒʹͲͲ͵ȌǤŽŽ‹ƒŽŽ‹ʹͲͲ͵ϐ‹ˆ–‡‡ ϐ‹•ŠŽƒ††‡”•–‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡Žƒ†- tween the Skolts and Finnish state is based on exclu- – Š‡ ‘‹––‡‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡•ǡ–Šƒ–ƒ•–Š‡œ‘‹‰ cabins existed. These processes constitute important der, originally conceived to be a three-step piece, was •‹˜‡”‹‰Š–•‘ˆƒ—•‡‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‹‰ǡϐ‹•Š- has not been completed in Inari, Enontekiö building blocks for revitalisation of governance built ϐ‹‹•Š‡†ƒ•ƒ‘‡Ǧ’‹‡ ‡•›•–‡‹Žƒ–‡ͳͻ͸͹ȋ¡•ƒ ing and hunting. “These rights were recognized and and Utsjoki municipalities, land owners have on traditional knowledge and practices. 2010: 13). Compensations from the 1956 were paid agreed on by the Finnish state when the Petsamo „‡‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘†— –DzƒŽŽ‹†•‘ˆϐ‹•Š‡”›dz Natural resources management in the Neiden –‘–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•„‘†›‹‡‹†‡Ǥ region was joined with Finland in 1920” (Kolttatoi- without control. The same situation has watershed is built on science-based expert knowl-  ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ‘‹–‘”‹‰•‡‡•–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡ͳͻ͸͹ mikunta 1973: 1). So juridically, in 1973, the state of been with those people engaged in reindeer edge and participatory measures of local and nation- ladder is functioning. However majority of the salm- ‹Žƒ† ”‡Ǧ ‘ϐ‹”‡† –Š‡ †‹‰‡‘—• ”‹‰Š–• –‘ Žƒ† husbandry. In effect, the time from 1944-1973 ƒŽ •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ Š‡ †‡ϐ‹‹‰ ˆ”ƒ‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‹‹•ŠǦ on accessing the ladder are below three kilos. Larger use the Skolts have. This recognition included the has been therefore a –‡’‘”ƒŽ•’ƒ ‡ where the Norwegian treaty that addresses the river. The treaty ϐ‹•Š–‡†–‘•–‡‡”–‘–Š‡¡’¡Ž¡•‡‹‡•’‘–ǤŠ‡ƒ‹- understanding and acceptance of family- and clan- Skolts to some extent have been able to has been agreed on in the past in 1964, 1978 and in tenance and time of opening of the gateway may also based uses of the lands and waters. Here the focus is ‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡‹”‘™ϐ‹•Š‡”›ƒ†—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ 1984 (Niemelä et al. 2001: 1, Länsman 2010: 13). In ‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆϐ‹•Š’ƒ••‹‰–Š‡Žƒ††‡”Ǥ –‹‡• ‘Ž›‘ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǤŠ‡Žƒ†ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǡŠ—–‹‰ǡŠ‡”†- land in the new context of Neiden area. ‹†ǦʹͲͲͲ• –Š‡ ϐ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹‹•Š ‘ˆŽ‘™™ƒ–‡”–Š‡ϐ‹•Šƒ›Šƒ˜‡–”‘—„Ž‡ϐ‹†‹‰‹–ȋ‹‡- ing and other land uses require their own analysis in –  ‘™‡˜‡”–Š‡”‡’‘”–‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡• •‹†‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‘Ž–ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǡ‘–Œ—•–‡‹†‡ǡ™ƒ•ƒ”‘—† melä 2013). the future. (Kolttatoimikunta 1973: 35) that while Skolts 60,000 € (MMM 2004). There is some economic val- Niemelä and Erkinaro (1999) assessed the im- Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†‹–Š‡‘”›–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘ϐ‹•Š‹ƒŽŽ ue of salmon mainly for the Skolts in Finland. ’ƒ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ‘Œ‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥ ‡ƒ ϐŽ‘™ More comprehensive views and policies were dis- water bodies of their settlement area, the  ‹‡–‹•–• •–—†›‹‰ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” Šƒ† ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† ƒŽ- amounts decreased around 1,6 cubic metres per sec- cussed in the post-WW2 times. The 1973 report ϐ‹•Š‹‰’”‡••—”‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘–Š‡””‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆ ready in 1800s that there is a concern for the amount ‘†ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ–‹’ƒ ––‘ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•—’•–”‡ƒ‹• documented that during the re-location of 1940s the Inari municipality have caused a situation ‘ˆϐ‹•Š‰‘‹‰—’•–”‡ƒ‹‡‹†‡ȋ‹‡‡Ž¡ƒ†”‹- hard to assess due to low number of nets before 1940s. state purchased twenty seines and 1500 nets for the ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘–‡‘—‰Šϐ‹•Šˆ‘”–Š‡‘Ž–•Ǥ aro 1999). Of note is that as these plans to construct a Š‡„›‹†Ǧͳͻ͹Ͳ•–Š‡‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›Šƒ†„‡ ‘‡‘”‡ ‘Ž–•–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡‹”ϐ‹•Š‡”›ȋ‹„‹†Ǥͳͻ͹͵ǣ͸ȌǤ‹–Š‹ – Therefore, in 1973, the Skolts made the ϐ‹•ŠŽƒ††‡”–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•–ƒ”–‡†–‘‡‡”‰‡ǡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ǡ „—– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ • ‹‡–‹ϐ‹  ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡‘Ž–Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ”‹‰Š–•–‘ǣ proposal to the state that a zone of exclusive the Skolts opposed this strongly (ibid. 1999: 1). The Kallojoki river development having impacts to the – ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–™‘”‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ„‹•ƒ† ‘Ž–ϐ‹•Š‡”›™‘—Ž†„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ‹•‹†‡ idea was to “improve” parts of the Skoltfossen with amounts caught. Niemelä and Erkinaro (1999) note •–‘”ƒ‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆϐ‹•ŠǤ ™Š‹ Š‘Ž›–Š‡› ‘—Ž†ϐ‹•Šȋ‘Ž––ƒ–‘‹‹—–ƒ explosives. In 1940s the Norwegian government ini- the concern local people have had regarding this is- – establish boat harbours and drying racks for 1973: 35). tiated a plan for hydroelectric development Gandvik, sue and impact. ϐ‹•Š‹‰‡–•Ǥ – The state responded to this proposal by saying and diversion of river direction on river Kallojoki ͳͻ͸͹–Š‡ϐ‹•ŠŽƒ††‡”Šƒ†„‡‡–Š—• ‘•–”— –‡†Ǥ (Kolttatoimikunta 1973: 12). belonging in to the Neiden watershed (Niemelä et al Its impacts were surveyed for the following forty that: “such an arrangement is not yet possible, as the zoning of water areas has not been 2001: 2, Länsman 2010). This would have impacts on ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ——ƒ‹‡ȋͳͻͻͻȌ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†–Šƒ–‘•–Ž›•ƒŽŽǡ Š‡ ”‡’‘”– ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡• –Šƒ– †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡‘–‡‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡™ƒ–‡”ϐŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹•–”‡ƒǤ one to six kilogram salmon used this ladder even completed and there is resistance from the Sevettijärvi and Neiden areas, the subsistence –Š‡‘–Š‡”Ž‘ ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‡ǡƒ––Š‹•–‹‡Ǥdz Eventually the lakes Garsjöen and Kjerringvatn though Niemelä (2013) has argued recently for the and “wilderness”-based economies of the Skolts have ™‡”‡ †‹˜‡”–‡† –‘ ϐŽ‘™ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ”ƒ‰‡”ϐŒ‘”† ȋ‹„‹†ǤȌǤ ’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡”ϐ‹•Šǡ†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡ϐŽ‘™Ǥ ‹‡- (Kolttatoimikunta 1973: 35, 43, italics by the been preserved there the longest. Fishing is men- ƒ—–Š‘”ȌǤ‘‹––‡‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†–Šƒ–‹–†‘‡•‘– This caused the watershed of Neiden to dimish by tists argued that there is “not enough” information tioned to consist of both main and supplementary two percent. Due to these plans Norway expressed its about the behaviour of salmon as it comes up the possess the sole rights for this kind of a economic activity for the Skolts in 1973 (Kolttatoimi- decision, but ™Š‡–Š‡œ‘‹‰’”‘ ‡‡†•, the willingness to improve the salmon capacity to bypass river (ibid. 1999). On the other hand it has been de- kunta 1973: 34). At the end of 1972 there were 1300 the Skoltfossen Rapids and improve possibilities of termined that bigger salmon can use rapids as before Skolt demands should be taken ‹–‘ƒ nets for ninety families in the region. 180 boats were  ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘. More precisely: “If the Skolts will Finns and Skolts to harvest salmon upstream. (Norway 1999, see also Niemelä 2013). Closure and used. Scientists (Niemelä et al. 2001: 3) have raised Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‡– ϐ‹•Š‡”› ™ƒ• ”ƒ‹•‡† ƒ• ƒ ƒƒ‰‡- ‘–”‡ ‡‹˜‡‡‘—‰Š™ƒ–‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹ According to the state committee views, overall the zoning, then the state could provide, from

24 25 the territories it will receive as a villages, Sevettijärvi and Näätämö should be —Ž–—”ƒŽ ϐ‹•Š‡”› –‘ ‘Ž–• ƒ• ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ ‘–Š‡” ž‹ result of the zoning process, areas for the Salmon stocking has taken place: included as well as the local business ‰”‘—’•Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‹•’Žƒǡ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ ‘- exclusive use of the Skolts” (ibid.). Effective – in 1984 on the river Silisjoki with 50000 community (UM 1998b). ‡”•ǡ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ˆ‘—”’”‘„Ž‡•ǣ management, training and restocking juveniles. a.‘‡–‘—”‹•–ϐ‹•Š‹‰•’‘–•„‡ ‘‡ programmes should be targeted to such areas – In 1985 on the river Silisjoki with 3000 In the negotiations in Oslo in late October 1998 be- overcrowded during the peak of the season if this actualizes. juveniles. tween Norway and Finland, again the Skolts made the ƒ† ‘ϐŽ‹ –•‡š‹•–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”› – –Š‡‡ƒ–‹‡™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡œ‘‹‰‹•‘Ǧ‰‘‹‰, following observations and recommendations (UM ƒ†Ž—”‡ȀϐŽ›Ǧϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ – In 1984 in the lake Sevettijärvi and attached 1998c): the Committee report suggests, an exclusive lake which have a connection to the b. Grayling stocks have been impacted use of waters for the Skolts should be Näätämöjoki river. – On the Finnish side of Neiden the catches are especially on Lower Neiden. investigated to some water bodies in the ˜‡”›Ž‘™ƒ†ϐ‹•Šƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ˆƒ – – On the Norwegian side records indicate c. Many tourist groups occupying same spots settlement area, by using compensatory that spawning territories reside here. for weeks cause environmental degradation ‡ Šƒ‹••–‘’ƒ›ˆ—†•–‘‘–Š‡”ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ salmon stockings on 1960s and 1970s, for ‡šƒ’Ž‡‹ͳͻ͸ͷͶͲͲͲͲϐ‹•Šǡ‘•–Ž›†‡”‹˜‡† – Given the special legislation of Skolts along the river. to allow the Skolts their rights of harvest (ibid. regarding Neiden it is more important tool 35,43). ”‘–Š‡”‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹•Šˆ”‘–Š‡¡’¡Ž¡Ǧ•‡‹‡ d. There is a potential of spreading the salmon ƒ†ϐŒ‘”†ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ȋ‹„‹†ǤȌ –Šƒϐ‹•Š‡”›Žƒ™•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ’ƒ™‹‰•‹–‡• parasite ‰›”‘†ƒ –›Ž—••ƒŽƒ”‹•ƒ•–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰ – Lastly the possibility of renting a harbour and their production should be maximized. equipment comes outside the watershed ƒ†ƒϐ‹•Š‹‰”‹‰Š–•–‘–Š‡‘Ž–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ In 1990s during the negotiations for the management –‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›‘–Š‡ ‹‹•Š•‹†‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ (ibid. 2003). Norwegian side of the border should be improvements between Finland and Norway regard- regulated and reduced too, there is a need to explored (Kolttatoimikunta 1973: 36.) ‹‰‡‹†‡ ‹Žƒ†‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†–Š‡•ƒŽ‘ϐ‹•Šˆƒ”• discuss this option. Also the stocking closure In mid-2000s different state authorities have pro- as a source of concern for the wild salmon stocks (UM ‘–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†’—–•‘”‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰’”‡••—”‡ vided general development recommendations to The Committee report is an important document of 1998). Negotiations for the renewal of this “salmon towards the river. the watershed and tourism (Länsman et al. 2005). different ways of organising Skolt rights within the treaty” were launched in May 1998 when Finland is- ’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘Ž–•ǡ ‹ ʹͲͲͷ ‡ˆ”‡‘ˆˆ ȋʹͲͲͷǣ nation-state of Finland in the post-war period. More sued a statement of concern to Norway for the Nei- As the negotiations proceeded in 1999 Finland raised 70-71) published recommendations of development importantly so, the Skolts, represented by Matti Sver- †‡™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ȋ‹„‹†ǤͳͻͻͺƒȌǤ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘ ‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ϐ‹•Šˆƒ”‹‰‹–Š‡ ‘ˆϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•‹–Š‡‡˜‡––‹Œ¡”˜‹Ȃ‡‹†‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡› loff in the committee, made consistent proposals ϐŒ‘”† Ž‘•‡–‘‡‹†‡ƒ†ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”‹–• Ž‘•—”‡ȋ included: ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘™ †‹‰‡‘—• ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ƒ† In October 1998 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (UM ͳͻͻͻǣ͵ǡ͸ȌǤ‘”™ƒ›‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†–Š‡ – Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹••‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ– harvesting within the system. It seems the Skolts pre- 1998b: 2-4) documented various grievances of local impacts from seals and mergansers to the salmon ˆ‡””‡†–Š‡‹”ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†•›•–‡‡˜‡‹–Š‡‡™ ˆ‘”–Š‡‘Ž–•ƒ†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”‡™ϐ‹•Š‹‰ people, including the Skolts, in preparation for the stocks on the river (UM 1999). Finland proposed cabins is relevant and should be guaranteed. conditions of post-1944 settlement areas over rein- negotiations with Norway in 1999. Several promi- that a “problem-based approach” should be adopted deer herding. ƒ„‹•ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›–‘ nent Skolts from Sevettijärvi expressed their opin- regarding the watershed as opposed to regulatory include additional revenue and incomes. How did the state respond to the problem identi- ions in this hearing. These key issues included, that: framework that was important to Norway. Finland ϐ‹‡†‹ͳͻ͹͵ƒ•ƒDzŽƒ ‘ˆ•–‘ ‹‰•dzǫ‹–Šƒ•–”‘‰ also stressed the rights of the local people as being – Rights to build a cabin should be guaranteed stocking campaign. – income should be guaranteed based on the ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‘ϐ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘• ϐ‹•Š ƒ—‰Š–‘‡‹†‡Ǥ important in the region, guaranteed in international Niemelä et al. (2001: 5) identify that during the treaties and the constitution of Finland. To certain would be received for the actual construction 4 ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒŽϐ‹•Š•–‘ ‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ‡ – Target should be that the salmon will expand degree the state of Norway agreed, saying in 1999 work. was initiated in the Sevettijärvi and Neiden areas. it spawning territories on the upper part of the that “close cooperation of local and border region Š‹• ƒ—•‡†ϐ‹•Š†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†‹’ƒ –•–‘–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–› river. populations is very important” (Norway 1999). This section has reviewed different cases where the ƒ†•‹œ‡•‘ˆϐ‹•Šǡƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡‡†‘ˆͳͻͺͲ• – Prevention of salmon parasites is very As the negotiations wound towards their end in ‘Ž–•Šƒ˜‡‡š‡”–‡†–Š‡‹”˜‹‡™•ƒ†‹†‡ƒ•‘ˆƒϐ‹•Š‡”› all stocking was forbidden to the Neiden watershed. important. 1999, the Sámi Parliament stressed the need to pay management during times of modernity and strong In 1980s the stockings included river Ivalojoki white- – Question should be explored whether special attention to Neiden (UM 1999b). Protective state control over natural resources. In summary ϐ‹•Š–Šƒ–™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽŽƒ‡•‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ disinfected roe could be taken from lake Inari œ‘‡• ˆ‘” ‡‹†‡ ™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ† ‘ ϐ‹•Š ˆƒ”• while each development has been assessed separate- as well as different stocks of char (ibid.). In the 2010s to river Neiden. would be in these regions. ly, consistency built on the strong relationship the seining was done on lake Sevettijärvi to remove large Skolts have with their water bodies through these – Boats arriving from other watersheds need to decades emerges. ™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Š ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘• †‹‹‹•Š‡† ‹ •‹œ‡ ȋ‘™- be disinfected. In early 2000s different community reports (Jefre- change Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 1-2012). – Float planes may also provide a problem. ‘ˆˆʹͲͲͷǣʹ͹Ȍ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•–‘„‡ Still in 1990s the state company Metsähallitus ˜‡”› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ȋ‘˜‡” ͹ͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ‘†— –‡†•–‘ ‹‰•‘ˆ‰”ƒ›Ž‹‰ƒ†™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Š–‘–Š‡ – Negotiations regarding the river and its 2005 inquiry) to all Skolts living in the Neiden area. lakes Sevettijärvi and Kirakkajärvi using roe from the management should involve the local people, In 2003 a proposal was made for a new project em- 4 Reviews of past grievances and suggestions has been summarized Neiden watershed (Niemelä et al. 2001). Small addi- especially on issues to do with restrictions (on phasizing the importance of Neiden watershed to the ‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›ǡ•‡ƒ•‘‘”—„‡”‘ˆ‡–•ȌǤ into the new recommendations of collaborative management in this tional stockings of char have been conducted within Skolts and development of the watershed (Hankesu- report. However, not all speci#c issues have been named, so future the watershed. – On the Finnish side representatives of both unnitelma 2003). It emphasized the importance of negotiations need to review the 1944-2012 concerns in detail.

26 27 as Finns, Komi, Kven, Russians and others feeling especially comprehensive in Finnmark, and many they have been excluded from the process. Old his- stocks are harvested to the extent that their spawn- tories (Mustonen et al. 2010) are being forgotten and ing targets are not met. Several populations in the ‡™ ‘ϐŽ‹ –•ƒ††‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‡‡”‰‡Ǥ ƒƒ”‹˜‡”ƒ”‡‘–Š‡„”‹‘ˆ‡š–‹ –‹‘ǤŠ‹•‡–ϐ‹•Š- —••‹ƒǡƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ǡ‹•‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆϐŽ—šǤ‡ ‹•‹‘•‹ ing is of no economic importance but is done out of Autumn 2012 to close the Russian Association of In- old habits… Norway has failed to comply with inter- digenous Peoples – RAIPON, has severe implications national requirements. The Norwegian Government for the national minorities and Indigenous peoples in may be entitled to destroy its own wild salmon stocks the region even though this closure may prove to be if it so wishes and it certainly seems to be making a temporary. Yet we have included voices and possibili- ˜‡”›‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–Œ‘„‘ˆ†‘‹‰Œ—•––Šƒ–Ǥ—–‹–—•–‘– ties regarding the Ponoi in the context of regional and destroy the stocks of Russia without the consent of local laws on local peoples capacity to be included in the Russian Government. Far from consenting the the reformative management of natural resources as Russians have sent letters of protest.” (NASF 2011a). well as addressing the equity issues emerging from Much of the criticism from NASF deals with the the watershed. salmon harvest methods along the Finnmark coast. –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ• Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’‘ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘– Especially the uses of bound nets [kilenot] and bend a target of this inquiry, such as Berkes and Carlsson nets [krokgarn]. This is evident from a statement (2005) and Berkes (2012) is aware of global change, made 20th October 2011: and regionally the various system changes that it in- “The Norwegian nets used are to a large extent stigates. Yet the Barents region with its Atlantic salm- „‡†‡–•ȋ”‘‰ƒ”Ȍ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‹•‹•ƒϐ‹•Š- on stocks is under great pressure from development, ing method banned in most other places in the world” transportation, aforementioned climatic change and (NASF 2011b). emergence of new regimes of and for governance. ‡ ‘†Ž›   Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† –Š‡ ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ We wish to draw all of these various develop- spring salmon caught in Norwegian waters having ments into a cohesive plan for discussion. We wish impacts to the Kola stocks further east. In early 2012 to propose bold, new and innovative solutions that in a letter NASF warned that: tackle both the more equitable governance structure “In 1994 we warned Norway that this was taking ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡•‡”‹˜‡”•ƒ†ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ƒ†ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡ place and it might be inconsistent with international time address very local and practical steps to im- law. In the last few years, Mr. Andrej A Krainyi, Chair- prove the situation on the ground. In this report we ƒ ‘ˆ —••‹ƒ ƴ• ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‰‡ › ˆ‘” ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǡ Šƒ• ‹Ž‹’ ‡ˆ”‡‘ˆˆϔ‹•Š‹‰‘¡¡–¡Ú”‹˜‡”Ǥ wish not to lay blame on past grievances or problems. complained about these netting operations. He has The space to do that is elsewhere. The purpose of this •‡– •–”‘‰Ž›Ǧ™‘”†‡† ‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ Ž‡––‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ‘”™‡- plan is to seek new solutions in this time of change. gian Government demanding an end to these illegal 3.3. Context For New Solutions for the Norway that date back to 1873. In the 2000s, the activities. The basis of these complaints is that these 2010s states of Finland and Norway have also begun a dia- 3.3.1. International Concerns in the Neiden and Norwegian nets are in violation of the UN Law of the For a number of years representatives of the Eastern logue, with varying degrees of success, with the dif- Ponoi Cases Sea, art. 66. This article gives the country of origin Sámi peoples (Mustonen and Mustonen 2011, Sevet- ferent Sámi nations on questions of cultural, linguis- During the last part of the project, from 2011 to 2013 (Russia in this case) the right to demand that opera- tijärvi Declaration 2011) in many communities have tic and land rights. This discussion is most advanced we followed international discussions regarding the tions like the Finnmark netting be stopped” (NASF felt that their reality and voices are not adequately in Norway, but emerging also in Finland (Mustonen North Atlantic salmon stocks. The Icelandic-based 2012a). heard in management of natural resources. At the ʹͲͳʹƒȌǤ  ͳͻ͹͵ ‹Žƒ† ”‡Ǧ ‘ϐ‹”‡† –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‹- non-governmental organization ‘”–Š–Žƒ–‹ ƒŽǦ NASF based the impact on the fact that: same time, the international participants of the Indig bilities the state inherited from Russia towards the ‘ —† –NASF5 provided materials and statements “These are salmon that would otherwise reach enous Peoples Climate Change Assessment (see Ap- recognition of rights of the Skolts (Kolttatoimikunta on the salmon politics during this period. the Kola rivers to help feed the poverty-stricken rural pendix 1) recognized that “from our diverse but unit- 1973). Simultaneously the Sámi have embraced the Mr. Vigfússon made the position of the organi- communities that live there and try to sustain a vital ed perspectives we conclude that the global climate new international legal tools and frameworks, such zation known in a letter to the Norwegian Standing tourist industry on which they rely.” (NASF 2011). •›•–‡ ‹• ‹ ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ †‡‡’‡‹‰ ”‹•‹•Ǥdz  ‹‡–‹ϐ‹  as the Convention on Biological Diversity Article 8j Committee on Energy and the Environment in late The organization upped the ante in early 2012 and traditional Indigenous knowledge observations and various Arctic initiatives in recognizing their 2011: with a direct accusation to Norway, asking Russia to ‘ϐ‹”–Š‹•–‘„‡–”—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ȋ” –‹ ‘— ‹Ž knowledge, rights and voices. “Norway is now the only remaining country help: 2005, Mustonen and Mustonen 2011). However the discussions on the ground and with ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ‘”–Š –Žƒ–‹  ™‹–Š ƒ •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ– ‹š‡† “Despite this it is not only clear that the Norwe- Š‡–Žƒ–‹ •ƒŽ‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–•–”— –—”‡ϐŽ‘™• state agencies on natural resources management in •–‘ •‡ƒϐ‹•Š‡”›ˆ‘”–Žƒ–‹ •ƒŽ‘ǤŠ‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰‹• gian authorities intend to ignore these warnings but from the bilateral agreements between Finland and this evolving new context have left many locals, such are proposing to increase these netting activities. 5 led by the Icelandic businessman Orri Vigfússon.

28 29 Regarding the Neiden and Ponoi Atlantic salmon swers in trying to address the whole chain of salmon stocks, President of NASF Orri Vigfússon (2011) com- ecosystems, from high seas and coasts to the river

May 2012 Climate Change mented that: ƒ† •’‘”– ϐ‹•Š‡”›Ǥ ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‘‘‹   —•‡• –Š‡ and food scarcity brings DzŠ‡ ˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡ƒƒȀ‡‹†‡†‹•–”‹ –͸Ǧ͹›‡ƒ”• salmon tourism as a positive example of how local more salmon to the Far North ƒ‰‘ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ•™ƒ–‡†–‘ ‘–‹—‡–Š‡‹”‹ŽŽ„—–ˆ‡Ž– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ „‡‡ϐ‹– ˆ”‘ •— Š ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ  –Š‹• ’ƒ”- Kola Finnmark –Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡””‹‰Š–•Š‘Ž†‡”•ƒ†ƒ–‹‘••Š‘—Ž†•–‘’Ǥ ticular topic the empirical evidence in the project dif-

Alta Š‡ •ƒŽ‘ ‹• ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡ ƒ† –”ƒ˜‡Ž• fers from the NASF statements, as the people along Safe areas GREENLAND Norway’s nets violate UNCLOS 66 Industrial fisheries - Nets intercept Salmon returning ‹–‘ –Š‡ Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ ƒ› •–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”• the Ponoi watershed, both Russians, Komi and Sámi, Occasional by-catch of salmon to Russia and Finland *Mixed stock coastal net-fisheries ‹  ƒ› ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ  ˜‡”›‘‡ •ƒ›•Ǣ  ‘Ž› –ƒ‡ ƒ Ž‹–Ǧ identify the salmon tourism to be an equity issue to –Ž‡•‘ ™‹ŽŽ ‘–‹—‡„—–‡˜‡”›‘‡‡Ž•‡—•–•–‘’ǤŠ‹• be tackled. It will be discussed in full below. For the

Ungava †‘‡•‘–™‘”Ǩ‡‡‡†–‘„—‹Ž†—’–Š‡„ƒ•‹ „‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ purposes of management of Neiden and Ponoi stocks,

CANADA ICELAND NORWAY •–‘ “—‹ Ž›ƒ†•–ƒ”–‘™Ǥ˜‡”›‘‡Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡ without analyzing the political positions of NASF, the SWEDEN –‹‡™‡‡‡†–‘Ž‘‘‹–‘Š‘™™‡ ƒŠ‡Ž’–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ role of all-parts of the salmon chain approach to man- FAROE St Lawrence River ISLANDS ’‡‘’Ž‡‡ƒ”‘”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡™‹–Š‘—–‹ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡ agement that the organization pushes for is identical

Listuguj USA Mi’gmaq DENMARK „”‘‘†•–‘ ƒ†–Š‹•™‹ŽŽ“—‹ Ž›„—‹Ž†—’–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡Ǥ –‘™Šƒ–‡”‡•ȋʹͲͳʹȌ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡•ƒ•ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”™‹†‡”

Miramichi ŽŽ›Ž‹ˆ‡ Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Š‡Ž’‹‰•‡–—’’”‘Œ‡ –•‹”—”ƒŽ management range of stocks. GERMANY SCOTLAND ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ’Žƒ• –‘ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ• ‡ƒ” ‘”‡ǡ NASF has a number Maas-Rhein NEWFOUNDLAND ENGLAND of projects in „—‹Ž† —’ ƒ† •–”‡‰–Š‡ –Š‡‹” Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡•Ǥ Šƒ– ƒ„‘—– 3.3.2. Data, Actors and Methods IRELAND European countries WALES –Š‡‘Ž–•‹–Š‡‡‹†‡ƒ”‡ƒǢƒ”‡–Š‡›”‡ƒ†›–‘ƒ†ƒ’– In the following sections B and C, the results from

Salmon farms in the Bay ‘”†‘–Š‡›•‹’Ž‡™ƒ–”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘†‘–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹ǫ the project are discussed. Primary data for the col- of Fundy are wiping out Canadian Salmon. (By Loire-Allier spreading disease and ˆ•‘™‡ƒ›„‡™ƒ•–‹‰‘—”–‹‡Ǥ–Š‡‘‘‹”‹˜‡”ǡ laborative management plan for Neiden and Ponoi sea lice to wild salmon.) Drift nets have been FRANCE operating in the Foyle District. New science Pyrénées- •’‘”– ϔ‹•Š‡”‡ •–‘’’‡† ‹ŽŽ‹‰ •ƒŽ‘ ‘”‡ –Šƒ was collected from 2011 to 2013 in a culturally ap- First Nation Deal formulas for Ireland Atlantiques Gesgapegiapag Indians –™‡–››‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡•ƒ ”‹ϔ‹ ‡†–Š‡‹””‹‰Š––‘ propriate series of events, processes and meetings. Asturias ‹ŽŽ–Š‡ϔ‹•Šǡ–ƒ‡Š‘‡ƒ† ‘•—‡ǤŠ‹•‹•–Š‡‹”‰”‡ƒ– More precisely, for the Ponoi, this involved a series of SPAIN ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘•—’’‘”–‡† ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘ workshops in Lovozero, Murmansk region in (Febru- * Mixed-stock fisheries are salmon netting and catching operations which use deadly and indiscriminating nets and long-lines that kill all • Š‡‡•–‘’”‡•‡”˜‡–Š‡•ƒŽ‘‹–Š‡Š‹‰Š•‡ƒ•ƒ† ary 2012, May 2012, September 2012), oral history salmon irrespective of their origins and destinations. This means that the fish they catch may be from rivers where the salmon population is ƒ‘‰•–ƒ–‹˜‡•‹ ”‡‡Žƒ†ǡ ƒ”‘‡•‡– ǤŠ‘—•ƒ†• documentation along the Ponoi watershed and ad- below safe biological levels or even in peril of extinction. ‘ˆ •‡‹ƒ”• ƒ† ‡‡–‹‰• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ jacent marine communities (Krasnochelye, Kanevka ƒ„‘—– ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ „‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ† •‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹  ‹••—‡•Ǥ and Sosnovka) and crosscutting scholarly analysis —•‹‡••Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž•‡”˜ƒ–•ǡ ƒ•—”‡ǡ™‹ŽŽ™ƒ– of meteorological, ecological and limnological data –‘•‡‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ›‡–ƒ‘–Š‡””‘—†‘ˆ•— Š ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• • ‹‡–‹ϐ‹  ƒ” Š‹˜‡• ƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ- ƒ••‹˜‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz tions in the Murmansk region. Then the limnological Any increase is bound to raise the possibility that 1. Strict quotas for each net licence data was analyzed further in Finland in 2012-2013 all or nearly all the Russian salmon that remain will 2. Delay opening the netting season in all of ‘”‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ   •ƒ™ –Š‡ •–‡’• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ (Tossavainen 2013). be prevented from reaching the coast of the Kola re- Finnmark until 1 July, to allow MSW females Neiden in the following way (Vigfússon 2012): ŽŽ ‹ ƒŽŽ ‘˜‡” ϐ‹ˆ–›ϐ‹˜‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‡”‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† gion. I am also sorry to say that we understand that of Russian origin to return their home water. 1. Reduced netting in the sea (buy-out schemes) and oral histories collected. This was achieved with the PINRO organization in Murmansk has failed in –Š‡‘”™‡‰‹ƒ•’”‹‰‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›„‡–™‡‡ 2. Reduced netting in the river a coordinative work by Yevgenii Kirillov, a Sámi jour- their duty to offer protection for Russian salmon and ͸Ͳƒ†͹ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ‘ƒ”‡‘ˆ—••‹ƒ 3. ‡†— ‡†Šƒ”˜‡•–„›•’‘”–ϐ‹•Š‡”‡„› nalist located in Lovozero, who worked with the Mur- report these illegal activities to the Russian Govern- origin introducing quotas and C&R. mansk Snowchange Coordinator Alexey Kanichev to ment” (NASF 2012b) 3. –‘’ƒŽŽ‡––‹‰‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒϐŒ‘”†Ǥ accomplish the oral history documentation. The lo- 4. –‘’ƒŽŽϐ‹•Š‹‰™‹–Š”‘‰ƒ”ȋ„‡†‡–•Ȍ‹ In conclusion the actions of the NASF bring in a high- cal “Houses of Culture” played an important role in NASF engaged in a high-level dialogue to turn the Finnmark. •–ƒ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘–Š‡•ƒŽ‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•Ǥ collecting the local views from the communities. Ad- salmon issue into a political inquiry between Norway 5. –‘’ƒŽŽ•ƒŽ‘‡–ϐ‹•Š‹‰‹ޔǦƒ”ƒ‰‡” The organization is aggressively challenging nation- ditionally Sergey Philipchenko, locally-known jour- and the Russian Federation in early 2013 (Barents municipality. states of the region, to certain degree with success nalist and co-researcher, travelled to the community Observer 2012). In a private letter, Vigfússon (2012) 6. Kilenot (bagnets) to be the only form of (Barents Observer 2012), to re-negotiate and frame of Krasnochelye in June-July 2012 to document more listed the possible framework for more strict man- netting that may be used. the plans for salmon. Secondly NASF uses interna- in-depth views on how the Ponoi and the salmon is agement of salmon that “potentially the Russians will 7. Introduce new monitoring and policing tional law to challenge Norwegian authorities (viola- Šƒ‰‹‰Ǥ  ‡ –Š‡ ϐ‹‡Ž†™‘” ™ƒ• ‘˜‡”ǡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• propose for the inclusion of the following restrictions measures. tions of article 66 of the Law of the Sea) on their deci- were conducted with the representatives of the re- in the 2013 Salmon Regulations in Norway”. It could 8. ‡•–”‹ –ϐ‹•Šˆƒ”‹‰‹ ‹ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒƒ†•‡– sions of methods of harvest. gional administration in Murmansk and the salmon include: new and stronger environmental checks on ‘”‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘” ‡‹†‡ǡ   •‡‡• –Š‡ ƒ- tourist companies. Archival materials regarding Sámi ϐ‹•Šˆƒ”•Ǥ

30 31 knowledge and Ponoi were employed too. terials. They also took photos of the important sites For Neiden, series of workshops were conducted and events of the season to provide ‘’–‹  Š‹•–‘”‹‡• B. Ponoi River and Watershed between 2011 and 2013. These involved primarily ‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”. Participant observation was used by the Skolt Sámi in Sevettijärvi village and local Kven and Snowchange Co-op and United Nations researchers Tero Mustonen and Alexey Kanichev ‘”™‡‰‹ƒ•‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡‹†‡Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ϐ‹˜‡ involved in the work. The results have been summa- ‘Ž–ϐ‹•Š‡”‡•’‡––Š‡•—‡”ʹͲͳʹ†‘ —‡–‹‰ rized below. Full materials are at the Snowchange •‡˜‡–›Ǧϐ‹˜‡‹Ž‘‡–‡”•–Š‡‘‘‹ϐŽ‘™•‹–Š‡ Sámi knowledge of Neiden, toponymic place names, Co-op oral history archives. Similarly to Ponoi, main This chapter provides an overview of the tundra zone. cosmologies, catch and weather statistics, spawning limnological data was reviewed from public sources Ponoi river watershed. Ecological and sites and other relevant Indigenous knowledge ma- and analyzed into Tossavainen (2013). climatic data has been obtained from public The total difference in height of the Ponoi from river sources at the Murmansk Science Library, •’”‹‰•–‘‘—–Šƒ‡•—’ʹͻʹ‡–”‡•ǢͶͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‹• as well as through interviews and thematic drop is located in the downstream region, where analysis from public sources in the region. eight rapids are situated. “Bolshoi Brevennyi”, large The community socio-ecological analysis is rapids are located twenty-four kilometers away from based on a set of 55 interviews conducted in the mouth. In a distance of two kilometers water falls down here for eleven metres. the summer 2012 and oral history archival Width of the Ponoi in the lower reaches at cer- materials. tain places is more than two hundred metres. Ponoi is considered to be the most potential river for hydroe- 1. Location and Bio-cultural lectric development on the Kola Peninsula. The lower Ponoi which is full of rapids is especially valuable in Information of Watershed this context. Ponoi is the largest river of the Kola Peninsula and There are more than 2400 small rivers and tribu- its total length is about 425 kilometers. It is one of taries all over the Ponoi watershed which vary in size. the four rivers in Murmansk Region that are over two Their total length makes up more than 8000 kilome- 6 hundred kilometers long . (Committee for Industrial ters. The largest tributary of the Ponoi is the Purnach Development, Ecology and Nature Management of ”‹˜‡”Ǥ –ϐŽ‘™•‹–‘–Š‡‘‘‹ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”„ƒ Murmansk Region 2012: 32). at the distance of 75,7 kilometers from river mouth. 3 Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ—ƒŽ ϐŽ‘™ ƒ‡• —’ ͳ͹ͷ  /s. The length of the Purnach is 136 kilometers. Other 2 Watershed territory is around 15467 km (Pru- large tributaries are Melnichnyi, Loperyanka, Tomba, 7 sov 2004). The Ponoi river begins on the western Kolmak, Acheryok, Yokonga, Lebyajyi, Sukhaya, Kine- „”ƒ Š‡•‘ˆ‡‹˜ƒ†ϐŽ‘™•‹–‘–Š‡Š‹–‡‡ƒǤŠ‡ mur, Krivaya, Eljok, Kuksha, Elnjok, Kojnjok and Pes- river basin occupies the central part of the eastern •ƒ”Œ‘ǤŠ‡•‡–‘’‘›•”‡ϐŽ‡ –ƒ”‹ ŠŠ‹•–‘”›‘ˆƒ•–- ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‘Žƒ‡‹•—ŽƒǤ‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡ϐ‹ˆ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ern Sámi language and presence along the watershed Ponoi basin is covered by mixed forest, where conif- as a part of their seasonal rounds. erous trees dominate. Water quality of Ponoi is controlled and tested regularly by the Murmansk Department of the Feder- The Ponoi basin may be divided into three parts: al Hydrometeorological Service8. Measurements are 1. Upstream region (211 kilometers from river ƒ””‹‡†‘—–•‹š–‘–™‡Ž˜‡–‹‡•ƒ›‡ƒ”‘–Š‡ϐ‹ˆ–›Ǧϐ‹˜‡ mouth) consisting mostly of wetland, covered rivers, lakes and tributaries of the Murmansk region. by sparse wood. Administrationally Ponoi is considered to be a 2. Middle course of the river (from 211 to “water object”9 situated on the territory of the Russian hundred kilometers from the mouth) where Federation and the Murmansk region. Key legislative ”‹˜‡”ϐŽ‘™•‹–‘•–‘‡’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ†ˆ‘”•ƒ acts regarding it are approved by the Government of valley. the Russian Federation (Moscow) and the Govern- 3. Downstream, where river cuts into the ment of the Murmansk region. crystalline rocks it forms canyons. For about Government of the Russian Federation passes laws at the federal level. They affect and determine 6 Ponoi is 425,7 km, Varguza is 262, Strel’na is 213 and Iokan’ga is 202,7 km. 8 ƒ–—‘•Š‹‘ˆˆǡƒŽ†‡”‹‡˜‡––‹Œ¡”˜‹ƒ†‡”‘—•–‘‡ȋ”‹‰Š–Ȍ 7 ROSGIDROMET. †‹• —••–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡” Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ ‘—‹–›‹‡’–‡„‡”͸Ͷͷ͸Ǥ Ponoi is therefore the third largest watershed on the Kola Peninsula a$er Kovda river [26000 km2] and Tuuloma river [18000 km2]. 9 A Russian legal term.

32 33 the legal context for all the subjects of the Rus- peninsula is mixed and the municipality of Lovozero 1.1. Ecological and Climate Data (Kanichev 2012a). The Kola Peninsula has three seas sian Federation (of which the Murmansk region is a lobbied to have rights recognized also for the Komi The ecological situation of Ponoi, given it is not often surrounding it and about half of coast adjoins with subject). Simultaneously, subjects can pass their own who feel the Kola Peninsula to be their “little home- ”‡˜‹‡™‡†‹‰Ž‹•Šǡ‹•’”‡•‡–‡†ϐ‹”•––Š”‘—‰Š•—- non-freezing Barents Sea. The forming of coastal laws at regional level in order to interpret an imple- land” (ibid. 2013: 11). maries from Russian data (Kanichev 2012a, 2012c). ƒ”‡ƒϐŽ‘™‹•‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡’”‘š‹‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‡ƒ•Ǥ mentation of federal laws. The lobbying produced regional results, also Then a cross-reference analysis is given from interna- Considering the geographical position and climate of Population-wise the residents of the Ponoi water- recognizing lifestyle of reindeer herding as a status tional experts (Tossavainen 2013). the Kola Peninsula it may be supposed that atmos- shed are predominantly ethnically Komi, descendants for subsistence rights. However, in the 2000s some According to the reports from ROSGIDROMET pheric conditions play a dominant role in the forming of various Sámi peoples, Ponor and Russian. There laws on the federal level have allowed the Sámi to es- it is typical of Ponoi to have high concentrations of of hydro-chemical regimes of river waters (Kanichev are a few individuals with Nenets heritage. Fryer and tablish the “kin-based enterprises” or obschinas, as Iron-Fe, Copper-Cu and organic substances. Exceed- 2012a: 1-2). Lehtinen (2013: 11) identify the legal implications opposed to Komi, a fact that continues to be an issue ingly high concentrations of Fe are observed during Southern seaside of the Kola Peninsula is affected of the regional-federal level rights and identity poli- also along the Ponoi (Fryer and Lehtinen 2013). In re- the periods of winter and summer low water, when to some degree by the White Sea which freezes dur- tics. According to them, the Sámi were awarded the cent years the “Pomor” people, or descendants of the catchment comes primarily from groundwater. Dur- ing wintertime. As a result, relational amounts of SO4/ federal and international status of “indigenous peo- Russian sea-faring traders who occupied the coastal ing the period of spring melt higher than normal ac- Cl in surface-slope waters are a little higher (0.40 – ples” and rights associated with them. The Provincial areas of Murmansk, have reasserted their identities cumulation of organic substances can be observed. 1.00) than on the north side of the Peninsula (ibid.). Šƒ”–‡”‘ˆͳͻͻ͹‹—”ƒ•”‡‰‹‘”‡Ǧƒˆϐ‹”‡†–Š‹• (see more on Komi and Pomor identities at Shabayev Committee for Industrial Development, Ecology and Hardness of water on the Kola Peninsula ranges (ibid. 10). However Fryer and Lehtinen (2013) argue and Sharapov 2011). Nature Management of Murmansk Region (2012: 32) from 0.03 to 1.20 mg-eq, surface waters refer to cat- that the ethnic composition of many villages on the ‘ϐ‹”•–Š‹•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ–‘‘‹‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”- egory of very soft waters. The least hardness (from ized by high levels of iron, copper and organic sub- 0.09 to 0.38 mg-eq/l) is observed in the river-water stances. All samples collected in 2011 showed the †—”‹‰•’”‹‰ϐŽ‘‘†‹‰’‡ƒǤ—”‹‰Ž‘™™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž levels of iron and manganese above legally required period water hardness increases from 0.14-1.20 mg- maximum. eq/l during wintertime to 0.12-0.86 mg-eq/l in sum- Kanichev (2012a, 2012c) reviewed a large body mertime. Water hardness is small during the whole of materials from state and regional archives and year in the central parts of the Peninsula (0.03-0.23 ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† • ‹‡–‹ϐ‹  •‘—” ‡• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ƒ‹ –”‡†• mg-eq/l) (ibid.). and aspects of water quality on the Ponoi watershed. Further limnological analysis was done by Tossavain- 1.1.1. Ecological situation on the Ponoi River en (2013). During the Period 1976-2011 Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡”‹‰ –Š‡ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹‹•–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ‡–ƒŽ compound of the river-waters of the Kola Peninsula ions such as copper, ferrum-iron, manganese and refers to period of 1938-1940. During Second World phenols in its unpolluted river-water. Higher concen- War the hydro-chemical observations were discon- trations of these metals are observed during low wa- tinued. They resumed only in 1945 on the Kola River ter period, when river is fed by underground waters.

‘‹–•‘ˆ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ™ƒ–‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ”‘—†–Š‡—”ƒ•”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹ƒ–”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥ

34 35 X 1980: According to observations near X 2002: Usually the Ponoi river is known for higher  
 

  

  


 
 

Krasnochelye village, the Ponoi was polluted by background concentration of metals. Concentrations   
 


 
 

 
 

  
  oil products (7 MPC), nickel (>7 MPC), phenols (2 of ferrum, copper and manganese exceeded MPC in MPC). Higher concentrations of zinc have been also all samples. Concentrations of ferrum are supposed observed. to be stably higher with its peaks during winter X 1981: According to observations near and summer low water period when river is fed 


' 

  "
# Krasnochelye village, the Ponoi was polluted by by underground waters, with high concentrations   oil products (2 MPC). Moreover, chloro-organic of ferrum. Concentrations of ferrum varied from pesticides were observed. 0.43 to 1.04 mg/l, that exceeded 4-10 times MPC. +  "
  *"**+ X 1982: Water quality on the Ponoi river changed Concentration of manganese reached 4 MPC. Waters ,     % to worse concerning concentrations of oil products, with high concentrations of copper entered the river

- -   *"*/ phenols and heavy metals. Concentration of oil during intensive snow melting; its concentrations 4 products increased from 0.10 mg/l to 0.18 mg/l (3.6 varied from 1 to 6 mg/l. Concentrations of organic . .   *"/ $ MPC), phenols – from 0.009 mg/l to 0.019 mg/l. matter were not high. According to biochemical / -   .*"* Concentrations of ferrum, copper, nickel, cobalt oxygen demand (BOD5), concentration of organic $ 0 ,   *"*2 exceeded 2-4 times MPC. In addition to this, chloro- matter didn’t exceed MPC, but chemical oxygen 1    *"+ organic pesticides have been found. demand (COD) exceeded MPC in three samples of 6. X 1983: According to observations near In May concentration of organic matters (according 2  !$  .*"* Krasnochelye village, the Ponoi river was polluted by to COD) made up 26.7 mg/l. A factor of complexity oil products as before (0.27 mg/l). ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘”‡ƒ Š‡†ͳ͸Ǥ͸Ψ 3 4 !$  +,*"*  X Data between 1983-1996 could not been X 2004: Higher concentrations of metals have been +*    *"*+ obtained for this study. observed on the Ponoi river. ++    *"**+ X 1997: River-water was considered to be with X 2005: Higher background concentration of +,    *"*+ low levels of mineralisation with stable oxygen metals have been observed on the Ponoi river. +- 
    *"*/ content. Higher concentrations of phenols, ferrum Concentrations of ferrum, copper and manganese +.    *"*+ and copper were observed; their concentrations increase during winter and summer low water +/ $   *"*/ exceeded 5, 4 and 2 times MPC respectively. period, when river is fed by underground waters. ,$ According to one sample, concentration of X 2006: Higher concentrations of ferrum, copper +0 !$  +**"* . manganese exceeded 3 times MPC. Concentration of and organic substances are typical for the Ponoi +1 $ !$  -**"* suspended matters varied from 1 to 8 mg/l. river. The highest concentration of ferrum has been +2    % X 1998: The Ponoi was considered to be low observed during winter and summer low water mineralized with stable oxygenous content. period, when river is fed by underground waters. % 


!
 

 
 



  Concentrations of ferrum, copper and phenols were Higher concentrations of organic substances have higher than MPC; values were 14.6 MPC, 16 MPC, 9 been observed during during spring freshet. 

& 
& MPC respectively. Some samples showed that there X 2007: Higher concentrations of ferrum had been higher concentrations of nickel and oil and copper are typical for the Ponoi river; its products. concentrations varied from 1 to 2 MPC. X 2000: Concentrations of ferrum, copper and X 2008: Higher concentrations of ferrum, copper manganese exceeded MPC in all samples. Some and organic substances are typical for the Ponoi According to Kanichev (2012a) the following annual near Krasnochelye village, the Ponoi was polluted by samples showed higher concentrations of zinc, river. Concentrations of ferrum and copper exceeded observations have been made along the river between oil products (6.4 MPC) and ferrum (1.2 MPC). nickel and mercury. Concentrations of ferrum varied MPC in all samples. 1976-2011: X 1978: According to observations near from 2 to 8 MPC, and reached maximum value in X 2010: Higher concentrations of ferrum, copper X 1976: According to observations near Ponoi Krasnochelye village there were higher March and August during low water period. The and organic substances are typical for the Ponoi village, the Ponoi river was polluted by suspended concentrations of copper (8 MPC), zinc (1.6 MPC), highest concentration of copper (8 MPC) has been river. Concentrations of ferrum and copper exceeded substances (213 mg/l) and ferrum (3.7 times the phenol (up to 2 MPC). ‘„•‡”˜‡†‹ —‡ǡ†—”‹‰ϐŽ‘‘†‹‰’‡”‹‘†Ǥ ‹‰Š‡” MPC in all samples. maximum permissible concentration, MPC). X 1979: According to observations near concentrations of manganese have been observed X 2011: Higher concentrations of ferrum, copper X 1977: According to observations near Ponoi Krasnochelye village, the Ponoi was polluted by oil †—”‹‰ϐŽ‘‘†‹‰’‡”‹‘†ȋƒ›Ǣ —‡Ȍǡ†—”‹‰ƒ—–—Ǧ and organic substances are typical for the Ponoi village, concentrations of ferrum makes up 2.3 MPC, products (13 MPC), phenols (11 MPC), zinc (2 MPC) winter low water period (October). A factor of river. Concentrations of ferrum and manganese higher concentrations of suspended substances are and chloro-organic pesticides. complexity pollution have increased this year and exceeded MPC in all samples. (Kanichev 2012a: 5-7) also observed (18 mg/l). According to observations ‡“—ƒŽ‡†ʹʹΨǤ

36 37 In order to improve cross-referencing of water data 1965-1970 are within normal international both from domestic sources and from international perimeters. (Tossavainen 2013). experts a further statistical analysis was carried out in Finland in the winter 2012-2013 (Tossavainen In conclusion from the international review of 2013). Results have been summarized below: measurements, Tossavainen (2013) argues that: A. 2002-2007 observations of levels of iron A. The available statistics from Ponoi 1965- (300-1040 µg/l) are typical of a water-body 2012 are excellent in terms of a range of in the forested taiga ecosystem. 1997-2000 analysis, but the sampling phases start to be levels are slightly higher (600-4380 µg/l). irregular at the beginning of 1980s. Sampling As the pH levels are above 5,5 there are no positions have been located at the villages ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‹’ƒ –•–‘ϐ‹•Šˆ”‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡” of Krasnochelye, Kanevka and Ponoi (now a levels of iron. discontinued, abandoned settlement). B. 2002-2007 observations of levels of copper B. Based on the intensive sampling until (1-6 µg/l) are low. Usually median level 1983, the Ponoi river water quality was of copper is around 10 µg/l. There is some quite good with occasional peaks of iron inconsistency with the level of measurements levels. This is explained by natural conditions for 1997-2000, which point to levels of 2-16 in the watershed and soils. As the pH levels µg/l of copper. If the measurements are mg/l, have been above 5,5, there are no or little then the water quality would be poor. Most ‹’ƒ –•–‘ϐ‹•ŠǤ likely the indicative unit is µg. C. Between 1979-1983 the occasional records C. 1978-1998 phenol levels on Ponoi have been of high levels of oil, and extremely high levels small (2-19 µg/l). Analytical methods need of nickel and mercury stand out. an international harmonization to make D. Some of the statistics derive from the lasting conclusions. Soviet times. Certain caution with the D. Regarding mercury and nickel, there is a statistical materials need to be employed, peak in 1980 and 1983 in these substances. but overall these are the main trends in Nickel was reported to be at 73 µg/l, –Š‡”‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ• ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒ† exceeding international safe levels limnological recommendations that can be momentarily. As well the high peak of derived from the materials. For example the mercury in 1980 and 1983, 300 µg/l and 80 residual amounts of oil, phenols and metals µg/l respectively, again exceed international in the wider lake-like parts of Ponoi need to safety levels. be explored. (Tossavainen 2013). E. Organic matter, causing eutrophication, was recorded to be 1-213 µg/l between 1976- 1.1.1.1. Salmon and Other Fish of Ponoi 2000. Further analysis is needed to Prusov (2004) gives a throughout biological over- harmonize sampling methods between view of the situation of Atlantic salmon stocks on Po- Russia and Finland. Mainly the river health ‘‹‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›Ǥ ‘”†‹‰ points to an oligotrophic situation. Some to him (Prusov 2004:1): “The Ponoi river is one of levels of phosphate phosphor were the few salmon rivers of Europe, where there is still occasionally quite high at 97 µg/l. stable and genetically clean population of the Atlan- F. Potassium permagnate levels between tic salmon (salmo salar) with groups of summer and 1965-1970 were between 2-15,2 mg/l, but autumn spawning which include tens thousand of again further analysis is needed on and an •’‡ ‹‡•Ǥdz ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”›ˆ‘”–Š‡ international harmonization to make lasting salmon was stopped around 1994 with the rise of the conclusions. salmon tourism. G. Levels of Chloride (0-21,1 mg/l), Calcium Commercial harvests had begun in the 1500s when (0,2-14,4 mg/l), Magnesium (0,1-5,8 the Russian Orthodox Church became involved in the mg/l) and Sulphate (0,8-10,3 mg/l) between region. Prusov (2004) provides an overview of the Š‡•‡’Š‘–‘•„›‹ŠŽƒˆ”‘–Š‡ͷ;ͶͶ••Š‘™†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Žƒ†• ƒ’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†Ǥ

38 39 commercial harvest: - Cisco (coregonus lavaretus L.) If we investigate historical records of how local peo- It should be noted that the institution that provides - In the middle of 17th century 10000 – 37000 - Grayling (thymallus thymallus L.) ple have perceived the post-Soviet space and salmon the licence does in many ways violate our rights. Now- ‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ǡƒ‹‹••—‡• ƒ„‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡- ƒ†ƒ›•ǡ‹–ǯ••–”‹ –Ž›ˆ‘”„‹††‡–‘ϐ‹•Š™‹–Šƒ‡–ǤŠ‹• salmon have been caught in the river. - Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus L.) th th ment by a Sámi man from Krasnochelye in 2003: †‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡ž‹’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡ϐ‹•Š‡†™‹–Š - In the end of 19 – beginning 20 Century - Pike (esox lucius L.) 40000 – 60000 salmons have been caught in nets and other traditional equipment for centuries -‡” Šȋ’‡” ƒϐŽ—˜‹ƒ–‹Ž‹•ǤȌ the river. In the Soviet period the Sámi were deprived of the and always followed generally known rules and spe- - Roach (rutilus rutilus L.) ”‹‰Š––‘ϐ‹•Š•ƒŽ‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‘™ ‘•—’–‹‘‹ˆ–Š‡› ‹ƒŽ’‡”‹‘†•ˆ‘”ϐ‹•Š‹‰‹‘”†‡”–‘•ƒ˜‡•ƒŽ‘„ƒ„› - During 1920 – 1960 catches varied very much, - Ide (leuciscus idus L.) †‹†ǯ–™‘”ƒ––Š‡ϐ‹•Šȋ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡•Ȍˆƒ”•Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ϐ‹•ŠǤ—”ƒ”›„˜‘†ȋ–Š‡—”ƒ• ‹•Š‹‰ƒ†ƒ- at average of sixty tons (18800 salmons). the whole coastal area was controlled and ruled by ter Department) alters rules and periods for salmon - Minnow (phoxinus phoxinus L.) - In 1960 there was the largest catch of salmon – the military and the salmon was considered state ϐ‹•Š‹‰‡ƒ”Ž›‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ†„‡‡ϐ‹–‘ˆ 41830 individuals (108.6 tons). - Burbot (lota lota L.) property. In 1990 started a rapid and pervasive de- ˆ‘”‡‹‰ –‘—”‹•– ϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ ͳͻͻͷ –Š‡ ‹- - According to salmon’s weight, maximal catch - Banstickle (gasterosteus aculeatus L.). ˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–‘—”‹•–•’‘”–ϐ‹•Š‹‰‘ˆ•ƒŽ‘‘–Š‡ Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‡˜ƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‘—Ž†ϐ‹•Š•ƒŽ‘‘ was in 1955 – 121.5 tons (28060 individuals). ‘Žƒ ‡‹•—ŽƒǤ ’‘”– ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ’• ™‡”‡ „—‹Ž– ˆ‘” the Ponoi River at a length of 60 kilometres without - ––Š‡•‡ƒϐ‹•Š‹‰‰”‘—†••‹–—ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‘‘‹ Additionally according to Prusov (2004: 3) “There is this purpose. In 1995, there were more than 100 of ƒ›–‹‡Ž‹‹–Ǥ ʹͲͲͲ–Š‡›™‡”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ϐ‹•Š‘ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ”‡ƒǡ–™‡–›–‘•‘ˆ•ƒŽ‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ some amount of humpback salmon (l. oncorhynchus these camps. At the moment there are about 60, all the same river but only at a length of 10 kilometres  ƒ—‰Š–ƒ—ƒŽŽ›Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ϐ‹š‡†Ž‹‹–‘ˆ gorbuscha) which goes in the river for spawning. Ac- enjoying support of local potentially corruptible of- and only on its left side, for a period of max. 6 hours catch (sixty tons) in 1987 for coastal salmon cording to literature data, on the Ponoi may be also ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ǤŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ƒ’•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡„—‹Ž–™‹–Š‘—––ƒ- with a maximum catch of 1 salmon and 1 other type ϐ‹•Š‹‰‘–Š‡Š‹–‡‡ƒǡƒ„‘—–ʹͲΨˆ”‘–Š‡ nelma (l. stenodus leucichthys) and char (l. salvelinus ing into account the interests of the local population ‘ˆϐ‹•ŠǤ ʹͲͲͳƒ‘–Š‡”ϐ‹•Š‹‰•’‘”– ƒ’™ƒ•„—‹Ž– total catch have been caught in the river. alpinus).” and violating hugely the Indigenous People’s right in that area and the part of the river allowed for our ”—•‘˜ ȋʹͲͲͶȌ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡• –™‘ †‹•–‹ – ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ - In 1990s the salmon tourism took around to the land. For example, the cooperative ‘Reindeer ϐ‹•Š‹‰•Š”ƒ–‘ͷǤ—••‹ƒ‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ- Atlantic salmon that come to Ponoi. Summer group 5000-10000 salmon on the river with increases herder’ (Olenivod in Krasnoshchel’e) had a special Ž›ǡˆ‘”–Š‡„‡‡ϐ‹–‘ˆ–‘—”‹•– ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ„—‹Ž– ƒ’• ȋͳ͸ΨȌ ƒ””‹˜‡• ‹ —‡Ǧ —Ž› ƒ† •’ƒ™ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ —- in early 2000s up to 20000. •‹–‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡› ‘—Ž†ϐ‹•Šƒ––Š‡”‹˜‡”‘‘‹ƒ†ͳʹ on reindeer pastures and thus destroyed the tracks –—Ǥ ‡ ‘† ‰”‘—’ ȋͺͶΨȌ ‘ˆ ƒ””‹˜‹‰ ϐ‹•Š •’‡†• •‡ –‹‘•Ȁœ‘‡•‹–Š‡•‡ƒˆ‘”•ƒŽ‘ϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ ͳͻͻͷ of their natural seasonal migration. In summer they the winter in the estuary or downstream, spends the ”—•‘˜ ȋʹͲͲͶǣ ͵Ȍ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡• –Š‡ ‹ Š–›‘ˆƒ—ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ we were deprived of the special river site and of 8 sec- use helicopters and disperse reindeer herds without summer on the river and spawns the following Au- river to consist of: –‹‘•‘ˆ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡•‡ƒ•ƒŽ‘ϐ‹•Š‹‰†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‡ consulting the reindeer herders on their routes for tumn. Salmon moved both up- and downstream. The ϐ‹•Š‹‰•’‘”––‘—”‹•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–™‡Šƒ˜‡Ž‘•–ƒ„‘—– reindeer drift. They also use powerful motorboats in - Atlantic salmon (salmo salar L.) ϐ‹•Š•’‡†•—•—ƒŽŽ›‘‡–‘–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ–•‡ƒ„‡ˆ‘”‡ 10 million roubles per year. All this was carried out the areas of salmon spawning-grounds without any - Bulltrout (salmo trutta L.) returning. without taking into account our interests and with special permission although many parts of the Ponoi -Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Šȋ ‘”‡‰‘—•ƒŽ„—ŽƒǤȌ gross violation of our rights. At the moment there ex- River are considered restricted areas and are equal ‹•––Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–›’‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ‘Ǧϐ‹•Š‹‰ǣ –‘ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ•ƒ –—ƒ”›ǤŠ‡•’‘”–•ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ’•Šƒ˜‡ 1. ‹ ‡•‡†•ƒŽ‘Ǧϐ‹•Š‹‰ˆ‘”ϐ‹•Š‹‰ been built, with gross violation of the laws of the Rus- ”—•‘˜ȋ͸ͶͶͺȌ’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–ƒ„Ž‡‘–Š‡•‹œ‡ƒ†™‡‹‰Š– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • cooperative societies (the Murmansk Fishing sian Federation concerning Indigenous Peoples and ȋΰȌ‘ˆ•ƒŽ‘’”‘†— ‡”•‘–Š‡‘‘‹†—”‹‰ͷͿ;ͷǦ͸ͶͶ͹Ǥ and Water Department, ‘Murmanrybvod’ without the agreement of local settlers. When we ad- †‹•–”‹„—–‡–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰“—‘–ƒ–‘–Š‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ dressed ourselves to the state and local authorities Race 1SW 2SW Length, cm Weigh, kg Length, cm
Weight, kg 
•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Šϐ‹•Š‹‰ȌǤ with this subject, we got as reply only that the tourist Autumn 57.4 ± 4.43
2.3 ± 0.58 74.4 ± 6.23 5.2 ± 1.36 Summer 50.6 ± 3.70 1.5 ± 0.36   

68.3 ± 5.11 

3.7 ± 0.94   

 

2. ’‘”–•Ȁ–‘—”‹•ϐ‹•Š‹‰ˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡‹‰–‘—”‹•–• companies had been given an interim permission for (principle: catch and - let go). „—‹Ž†‹‰ϐ‹•Š‹‰•’‘”–• ƒ’•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”–Š‡‘•–‹–—- 












3. For local population living in the districts of tion of the Russian Federation doesn’t have an article  












the Kola Peninsula (principle: one can take which could make that legal. As conclusion I would –Š‡ ƒ– ŠŠ‘‡ǡ–Š‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ϐ‹•Š‹‰’‡”‹‘†‹• like to say that the rights of the Sámi people exist 6 hours). ‘Ž›‘’ƒ’‡”ǤŠ‡’”‹‘”‹–›‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰–‘—”‹•†‡ϐ‹‡• According to research results from Prusov (2004: ˜‹˜ƒŽ”ƒ–‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒϐ‹•Š™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•Œ—•– ‘‡ˆ”‘ƒ all the decisions made and the interests of the local ͺǦͻȌ •—”˜‹˜ƒŽ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ϐ‹•Š ‹ –Š‡ ƒ– ŠǦƒ†Ǧ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ sea to river… Such factors as period of catching, water Let us look closer at the third type: population and the Sámi people are not taken into ac- ‡–Š‘†‹•—’–‘ͺͲǦͻͲΨǡ™‹–Š†‡ƒ–Š”ƒ–‡†‡’‡†‹‰ temperature and period of salmon being in the fresh – a licence for a Sámi costs 40 roubles; count. (Mustonen and Mustonen 2011: 115) on “water temperature, period of being in the water ™ƒ–‡”„‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ– Š‹‰ǡ†‘ǯ– ƒ—•‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹ϐŽ—- – licence for those living in the area/district „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ƒ– Š‹‰ǡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ƒ– Š‹‰ ƒ† ‹–• ence on salmon’s survival on the Ponoi river accord- costs 150 roubles; trapped position, place of hooking and type of dam- ‹‰–‘‡š‹•–‹‰–›’‡•‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ‘–Šƒ–ǡ‹–ƒ›„‡ ‘- ages. It was shown that salmon’s survival rate after cluded that salmon’s death rate on the Ponoi doesn’t – licence for those living in the Kola Region being caught and released reduces rapidly if water ‡š ‡‡† ͳͲΨ †—”‹‰ ƒ– Š‹‰ „› Dz ƒ– Š ƒ† ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡dz costs 250 roubles. –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‡š ‡‡†•ʹͲ ͲǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡϐ‹•Šǡ •’‡– ƒ method.” long time in the river, is known to have better sur-

40 41  ˆ—ŽŽ ”‡˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒŽ ϐ‹•Š‡”› ƒŽ‘‰ ‘‘‹ ˆ”‘ Š‹•- 1.1.3. Protected Areas Along Ponoi and Adjacent torical times to present cannot be given here. Some Regions pre-Soviet practices are reported in Mustonen and In the context of Areas of Nature Protection regarding Mustonen (2011: 40). If the collaborative manage- Ponoi, the following have been established (Commit- ment plan proceeds in the coming years, these and tee for Industrial Development, Ecology and Nature other archival materials will form an important base- Management of Murmansk Region 2012: 95, 106, line of past events. The long quote above from 2003 107): also positions the voices from 2012 into an interest- 1. State Natural Biological (Fish) Reserve and ing dialogue – a decade has passed, and many of the ‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡•‡”˜‡‘ˆ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ ‡ issues remain the same in the villages. Ponoisksii It has been established by the Decree of the 1.1.2. Industrial Activities on the Watershed and Government of Murmansk Region No284-PP in the Kyanite Deposits 05.08.2002 with earlier decisions in place from According to reports from the Committee of Industri- 22.04.1981. Area is 98 600 hectares, and it is situated al Development, Ecology and Nature Management of at the territory of Lovozero district. The territory the Murmansk region (2012) there are no industrial includes 234 kilometers of Ponoi River, from the activities on the watershed of the Ponoi river. Mostly mouth to the former village Chalmny-Varre/Ivanovka. this is because the Ponoi region is considered to be Borders and regime of the reserve were set by the hard to reach and scarcely populated. In the Rus- Decree of the Government of Murmansk Region sian Federation there are no kyanite deposits which No 413-PP/13 from 27.10.2005. This reserve was are in use. Those kyanite deposits that are known to established to study, use, and preserve habitat and have been explored are located on the Kola Peninsula ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘”‘—–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ϐŽ‘”ƒƒ†ˆƒ—ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ (‡‹˜•ƒ›ƒ •˜‹–ƒ, more than twenty deposits) and a At the territory of Ponoiskii Fish and Zoological deposit Hizovaara in Republic of Karelia. Reserves there is a monitoring of nesting diurnal The Keiv Kyanite slates of the Murmansk region birds of prey by the inspectors of the reserves. The are the largest concentrations of kyanite in the world following protected species exist at the Ponoi River (sparsely andalusite). Productive slates are consid- Basin: ered to be slates with thickness of 80–150 metres, Fish: Atlantic salmon, Brown trout (kumzha), Ide with a length of 140 kilometers. Mineral compound (iaz). ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •Žƒ–‡• ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ ›ƒ‹–‡ ȋ͵ͲȂͶͲΨǡ Birds: White-tailed eagle, Peregrine falcon, •‘‡–‹‡• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘• ƒ› „‡ ˆ”‘ ͳͲǦͳͷΨ –‘ ͹ͷǦ Osprey, Merlin, Gyrfalcon, Whooper swan, ͺͲΨȌǡ—• ‘˜‹–‡ǡ—ƒ”–œǡ–ƒ—”‘Ž‹–‡Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•ƒŽ•‘ Barnacle goose, Common crane. Amazon stone and Zircon occur here. Mammals: Wolverine, Arctic fox and wild On the whole twenty-nine Kyanite deposits have reindeer. „‡‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†ǡϐ‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‡”‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†ƒ„‘—–ˆ‘”–› 2. Forest Nature Monument - Junipers at years ago. This collection of resources is called “the Magazinmusiur height Keivskaya group”. The total ore reserves are esti- This natural monument is situated 50 kilometers mated to consist of about four billion tons of ore. The to the north from the village Krasnochelye between most explored places are ‘˜ƒ›ƒŠ——”—”–ƒǡŠ‡”˜—”Ǧ rivers Yokanga and Sukhaia. Juniper cluster is situated –ƒǡ ›ƒ’›•ŠǦƒ— ƒ† ƒ˜—”–ƒ. Concentrates of Ky- at the top of Magazinmusius height. Its height reaches anite have been obtained with the following content 1.2 meters. This cluster is unique for the Murmansk of Al2O3ǣͷͷǡ͵Ψǡƒ–‘—–’—–͵ʹǡ͹Ψǡƒ–‡š–”ƒ –‹‘͸͹ǡ͹ΨǤ Region. Area of this monument is 3 000 ha. Generally speaking, there is information that content 3. Nature-historical monument - Petroglyphs of Al2O3ƒ›ƒ‡—’–‘ͷ͹ǦͷͺΨǡƒ†•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› near the village Chalmny-Varre the content of harmful impurities is small (no more At the southern bank of Ponoi, close to the –ŠƒͳΨ‘ˆˆ‡””—‘š‹†‡•ƒ†ƒŽƒŽ‹ȌǤ waterline, near the former village Chalmny-Varre (Ivanovka), 45 kilometers downstream from the village of Krasnochelye is situated a spread group of six rocks with ancient Sámi petroglyphs. Area is 1 ha. ‘ ƒ”–ˆ”‘ŠƒŽ‡Ǧƒ””‡Ȁ ˜ƒ‘˜ƒǤ

42 43 ‘‘ ”ƒ‡ Š‘‘’‡”•™ƒ

‘Ž˜‡”‹‡

Š‹–‡Ǧ–ƒ‹Ž‡†‡ƒ‰Ž‡Ǥ ›”ˆƒŽ ‘ •’”‡›

44 45 1.1.4. Weather and Climate in the Region and and 2010 were the warmest in the last twenty years perature occurs. Abatement gradient of water tem- ture decreases rapidly: in the end of the month it may Along the Ponoi and are among three warmest springs since 1936. perature is considered to be 4-50C. Average water be close to zero. Monthly average water temperature Regarding climate, the Committee for Industrial De- Summer 2011 was warm, 1.4 degree above the norm. temperature near Ponoi and Krasnochelye makes up is considered to be 1.8-1.40C. During the following velopment, Ecology and Nature Management of Mur- Autumn was the warmest since the beginning of respectively 6.9 and 7.30C. (ibid.). water temperature decreasing below zero water mansk Region (2012: 41-43) states that in 2011 the measurements in 1936, 2.6 degrees above the norm In October air temperature keeps decreasing overcooling may be observed and forming of the river average temperature at the Kola Peninsula was two (ibid. 2012). passing below zero. Simultaneously, water tempera- ice (Kanichev 2012c). degrees higher than the norm. The year was one of More precisely regarding Ponoi, to characterize ϐ‹˜‡ ™ƒ”‡•– ›‡ƒ”• •‹ ‡ –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•—”‡- thermal regime of the Ponoi river, water temperature ments in 1936 (with the warmest year being 1938 – data of many years in the area of hydrometric sta- 2.8 degrees above the norm). tions near Krasnochelye (290.5 km from the mouth) In 2011 the largest negative deviation was in and Ponoi village (12.7 km) have been used (Kan- February (5 degrees below the norm), the largest ichev 2012c: 1). positive deviation was in December (7.3 degrees The Ponoi is the most powerful river of the Kola above the norm). Average precipitation was normal. Peninsula according to its water content. But in spite However, Southwest of the region had precipitation of its large length and catchment basin, it is not very above the norm, while Northeast precipitation was deep; during summertime depth doesn’t exceed 5-6 below the norm. July was the wettest month with 140 meters. In addition to this, because of high stream Ψ ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‡’–‡„‡” ™ƒ• turbulence, heat penetration into the water masses of –Š‡†”‹‡•–™‹–Š‘Ž›ͷʹΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ȋƒ‹ Š‡˜ the river it goes fast, causing similar water tempera- 2012c). tures on vertical of watercourse (ibid.). Winter 2010-2011 was the coldest in the last In the following table there is data of average twelve years. Average winter temperature was 0.9 de- weekly air and water temperatures from May to Oc- grees below the norm. Spring 2011 (as well as spring tober on the Ponoi river (1950), according to hydro- ˜‡”ƒ‰‡™‡‡Ž›™ƒ–‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹”‹˜‡” 2010) was 2.9 degrees above the norm. Springs 2011 metric station near Krasnochelye. ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘Š›†”‘‡–”‹ •–ƒ–‹‘•‡ƒ” ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡ƒ†‘‘‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•†—”‹‰ͷͿ͹ͼǦͷͿͻͷ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†„›ƒ‹ Š‡˜͸Ͷͷ͸ƒǡ Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‡ ƒ†‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ†ƒ‹”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘–Š‡‘‘‹”‹˜‡” ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‡ƒ””ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡͷͿͻͶǤ Thermal regime of the Ponoi in its downstream is in- river mouth (ibid.). Month’s
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 IX
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ϐŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡•‡ƒǡ™Š‹ Š‹•Ž‹‡ƒƒ ——Žƒ–‘”‘ˆ The freeze-up is observed almost at the whole week Water Air Water Air Water Air Water Air Water Air Water Air First
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2.9
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Autumn water temperature near Ponoi village is a lit- Process of continuous stable ice-formation starts as
tle higher rather than near Krasnochelye, about, 0.4- •‘‘ ƒ• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˆƒŽŽ• „‡Ž‘™ œ‡”‘Ǥ —– ϐ‹ƒŽ ’‡- 0.60C. (ibid.) riods of river freezing are different for some parts ‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ –†‡’‡†•‘ϐŽ‘™˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– 1.1.5. The Ponoi Freeze-Up and Ice Break parts of the river and tributaries (ibid.). Ice cover on the rivers of Kola Peninsula lasts about Thermal and ice regimes of tributaries differ from The changing of average weekly water temperature observed 17.06.1943 (23.20) near Krasnochelye and six to seven months a year. Thermal condition of air the Ponoi ones, so that natural process of the Ponoi of the river near Krasnochelye and Ponoi villages dur- 1.08.1938 (25.00) near Ponoi. The next changes in masses, mainly in atmospheric surface layer, deter- freezing may change. For example, near Krasnoche- ‹‰‹ ‡Ǧˆ”‡‡’‡”‹‘†‹••Š‘™‘–Š‡ϐ‹‰—”‡ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ—”- water temperature may be considered as stable con- mines the freeze- and ice-breakups (Kanichev 2012c). lye freezing-up occurs 30th October, but near Kanevka ing springtime (May and June) the water temperature †‹–‹‘‹–Š‡ϐ‹”•–ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Šƒ†‹–•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ Because of length of the river (425.7 km) winter village freezing-over occurs a little later, because of increases due to development of spring atmospheric abatement in the second half. Monthly average long- regime of the Ponoi during periods of debacle, freez- nearest tributary – Yokanga river –it occurs 20th No- processes with a high of about 12-140C in June. (ibid.). term water temperature in August was 12.60C near ing-over and ice-forming has different features, de- vember. Average freeze-up near Ponoi village is 14th In July temperature keeps rising gradually to its Krasnochelye and 12.50C near Ponoi village (ibid.). pending on the river part, climatic conditions of the November, considering that it has varied between maximum in the middle of the month. During period In September rapid air cooling may be observed, basin, geomorphology of the area and features of the 25th October and 27th December (Kanichev 2012c). of many years the maximum water temperature was •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ– †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” –‡-

46 47 From the beginning of freeze-up period ice cover ‹‰ƒ‹”–”ƒˆϐ‹ ȋ’Žƒ‡‘”Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”ȌǤ‡––Ž‡‡–‹••‹–—- of the Ponoi river gradually increases and it achieves ated on the both banks of the river Yokonga before it its maximum in the middle of April. According to ϐŽ‘™•‹–‘‘‘‹Ǥ survey data maximal measurements of ice cover for long-term period have been observed near Krasno- chelye and Kanevka villages 73 centimeters and near Ponoi village 104 centimeters (ibid.) ‹–‡”•‡ƒ•‘‘ˆͳͻͶͲȀͶͳ‹•‘ˆ•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ ‡Ǥ ”‘•–• †—”‹‰ –Šƒ– •‡ƒ•‘ ‡š ‡‡†• •–ƒ†ƒ”†• „› Ͷ͹ΨǤ  - cording to data of long-term observations, an average duration of freeze-up period of the Ponoi river near Krasnochelye village made up 195 days and near Po- noi village 182 days. Beginning of spring ice-drifting and ice break-up is expected to be all the length of the river and it oc- curs 14-17th May. River becomes ice-free usually in the second half of May, around 20th-23rd May. Pro- cess of spring ice-drifting at upstream and middle course of the river doesn’t have a high intensity and it usually occurs without ice blockage phenomena. At the downstream of the river, near Ponoi village, spring ice-drifting occurs intensively enough and it is accompanied by strong ice blockage, causing high water level (ibid.). According to long-term data, average duration of ice-drifting period along the river is different; it in- creases towards mouth and makes up from three days (Krasnochelye) to eight days (Ponoi village). Minimal duration of ice-drifting period doesn’t exceed 1-2 days. The longest duration of ice-drifting period for Š‹•ƒ’‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Š‡Žƒ†—•‡ƒ†•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ’ƒ•–—”‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‡˜ƒ„”‹‰ƒ†‡•Ǥ long-term period (19 days) has been observed near Š‡‡˜‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹†‡‡”›‡ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ”‡†‘–Š‡ƒ’ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š™‹–‡””‘ƒ†•Ǥ Ponoi village in 1941 (ibid.).

1.2. Cultural Zones and Communities of Ponoi In this part the different communities of Komi, Sámi, Russian, Pomor and other peoples along the Ponoi watershed are introduced. Their socio-economic ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™•ƒ”‡„”‹‡ϐŽ›†‹• —••‡†Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ- tions have been included from the community of Sos- novka on the White Sea coast as the local people have been and still are to some extent engaged in a coastal ƒ†ƒ”‹–‹‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•Ǥ

1.2.1. Kanevka Kanevka is a settlement in Lovozero municipal dis- trict of Murmansk region, it is the fourth largest set- tlement of the Lovozero district. Population consists of 67 inhabitants (according to 2010 census). Con- ”ƒ†‘–Š‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‘‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‰”‘—’‹ ‘‹Šƒ†‹ ”ƒˆ–•‹”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡Ǥ ‘‹”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›‹”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡Ǥ nection with other settlements is only possible by us- ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡ƒ†‘˜‘œ‡”‘†‹•–”‹ –Ǥ Š‡›™‹•Š‡†–‘”‡ƒ‹ƒ‘›‘—•Ǥ

48 49 Main enterprise of settlement is an agricultural Such high price made owners of private reindeer to reindeer cooperative “Olenevod”. Nowadays this co- start slaughtering their reindeer on a mass scale. If ‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆƒ ‡••‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†ϐ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‹••—‡• several years ago the number of private reindeer was because of its long distance from satellite depart- about 2500 heads, today the number is not exceeding ments of the cooperative and high costs for trans- 600 heads, this is despite the fact that acting herders porting goods. Fishing, hunting, mushroom and berry (who work at the collective farm) are permitted to gathering are of great importance for the local inhab- have up to twelve private reindeer without payment. itants. Ecological tourism has been developed in the Total number of reindeer is estimated to be around community to a certain degree. Land allocations near 9500 in 2012. Nowadays there are corrals at Semi- the settlement are in the hands of foreign salmon ostrovie and Panteleyka. In 2011 a slaughter-house tourist companies. was built in Krasnoshelye. In 2012 a slaughter-house is being built at the mouth of Lumbovka river (Phil- 1.2.2. Krasnochelye lipchenko 2012: 3). Krasnochelye is the main village along the river. It These days agricultural cooperative “Olenevod” Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ƒ’‘’—Žƒ”’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ†‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡† has excluded from its structure the mechanization in the upper reaches of the Ponoi. Close to the town park (formerly called “tractors park”). A long time –Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰„ƒ•‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡˜‹•‹–‡†„›ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ago the dairy farm was closed too. Nowadays there ƒ††‘‡•–‹ ϐ‹•Š‡”‡–‘—”‹•–•Ǥ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ‡• are only four cows in Krasnoshelye. They cannot pro- up 432 inhabitants according to 2010 census. Dis- vide even one percent of the needs of Krasnoshelye tance between Krasnochelye and Lovozero is 150 kil- inhabitants for milk products. The main problem is ometers. Settlement is not connected by roads with lack of fodder; to import mixed fodder from Lovozero ‘–Š‡” •‡––Ž‡‡–•Ǣ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘Ž› ƒ‹” –”ƒˆϐ‹  „‡–™‡‡ is very expensive (Phillipchenko 2012: 3). them. It is situated on the northern bank of the Ponoi Some villagers expressed their views on the food river. security in the community: Dz ™‹–‡”‹–‹•‘–ƒ’”‘„Ǧ The main enterprise of settlement is an agri- Ž‡Ǥ ˜‡”›„‘†› Šƒ• ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡• ƒ† ƒ ‰‘ –‘ „—› ˆ‘‘† cultural reindeer Cooperative “Olenevod”. Fishing, –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ—–‹•—‡”‹–‹•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡” hunting, mushroom and berry gathering are of great ‘‡•ƒ†‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹••‘Ž†‘—–‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ‘—Œ—•– importance for the local inhabitants. There is a nurs- ‰‡–™Šƒ–›‘—ƒƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘’”‹˜ƒ–‡•Š‘’•–Šƒ– ‡”› • Š‘‘ŽȀ‹†‡”‰ƒ”–‡ǡ • Š‘‘Žǡ •Š‘’ǡ ’‘•–Ǧ‘ˆϐ‹ ‡ǡ Š‡Ž’Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡–Š‡•Š‘’”—„›ƒ‡˜•ǯ‹• Š‡ƒ’‡” weather station and fur farm in the settlement. –Šƒ–Š‡—‹ ‹’ƒŽ•Š‘’Ǥƒ‡ƒ•ƒŽŽ„‘––Ž‡‘ˆ˜‘†ƒǤ  In 2012 some local people called their situation ƒ‡˜•ǯ•Š‘’‹–‹•ͽͻ”‘—„Ž‡•ƒ†‹–Š‡—‹ ‹’ƒŽ•Š‘’ Š‹•ƒ’‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡•–Š‡”ƒ•‘•Š Š‡Žǯ‡”‡‹†‡‡”–‡””‹–‘”‹‡•ƒ†•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ—•‡‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͷͿͿͶ•ǤŠ‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Dz‡—’Š‘”‹ dz – thus residents describe the state of agri- ‹–‹•Ϳͻ”‘—„Ž‡•Ǥ†–ƒ‡•ƒ—•ƒ‰‡•ǡ‹ƒ‡˜•ǯ•Š‘’–Š‡› ‘„• Š‹›‘” †‹‰‡‘—•Ǧ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ‘—‹–‹‡••‹ ‡͸ͶͶ͸Šƒ• Šƒ‰‡†–Š‡Žƒ†—•‡‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‡––Š‡Dz‡‘”› cultural cooperative “Olenevod” because of appoint- ƒ”‡͸ͻͶǦ͸;Ͷ”‘—„Ž‡•ƒ†‹–Š‡—‹ ‹’ƒŽ•Š‘’–Š‡”‡‹• ‘ˆ‡‹dz‘Ǧ’‹•–Š‡ƒ‹”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ƒ†‡ƒ•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘ŽƒǤ ment of the new director Andrey Kokarovich Reyzvih ‘–Š‹‰ Š‡ƒ’‡”–Šƒ͹ͶͶ”‘—„Ž‡•ǤŠ‡—‹ ‹’ƒŽ•Š‘’ - one of the richest businessmen of the Murmansk re- ‹•˜‡”›‡š’‡•‹˜‡Ǥ †‘‘–—†‡”•–ƒ†™Š›ǡ–Š‡›†‘‘– gion. Mr. Reyzvih invested 29 million rubles in 2011, ’ƒ›–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–•Ǥƒ‡„”ƒ†•ǤŠ‡’‡‘’Ž‡ settlement even though some people return to it dur- proximate age of rock carvings has been estimated at saving “Olenevod” from bankruptcy, and now he ‰‘–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹™‹–‡”ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†–Š‡›„”‹‰‘Ž›–Š‘•‡ ing the open water season. It is located from Kras- 2000 years BC. One of these stones is kept at the Local ™ƒ–•–‘”‡–—”–Š‹•‹˜‡•–‡–™‹–Šƒ’”‘ϐ‹–ȋŠ‹ŽŽ‹’- –Š‹‰•–Šƒ–†‘‘–’‡”‹•Šˆ”‘ˆ”‘•–ȂϔŽ‘—”ǡ•—‰ƒ”ǡ‡– Ǥ noshelye downstream on the Ponoi, at distance of 60 History Museum in Lovozero. chenko 2012: 3). However not all residents celebrate ‰‰•ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘•–ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ—–•‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡› kilometers. Nowadays about ten houses still exist in the com- this turn of events, as is evident in the words of one of ƒ”‡‘ˆ’‘‘”“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥdz(Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral On the northern stony slope of the mountain with munity. Ivanovka was founded by the arriving Komi the prominent pensioners of the village:Dz‘™‹–‹•–Š‡ History Tape 2012-8) Sámi toponym DzŠƒŽ›Ǧƒ””‡dz (Eyes of the forest) people in the early 1900s. Indigenous Sámi inhabit- –‹‡‘ˆ‘Ž‹‰ƒ” Š•™Š‘ ‘‡•™‹–Š„ƒ‰•‘ˆ‘‡›ǤŠ‡ There are around 45-50 students in the village several houses of the settlement still exist. Nobody ants, keeping their nomadic lifestyle, had some settle- Š‡”†•‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ–‡”‡‹†‡‡”•™‡”‡†‡•–”‘›‡†ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘Ž› school and 20 children in the kindergarten. Plans has been living here for twenty years, but in the sum- ments near Ivanovka. The common name of those vil- ͼͶͶ”‡‹†‡‡”Ž‡ˆ–ˆ”‘͸ͻͶͶ”‡‹†‡‡”ǤŽ‘•–‘–Š‹‰ have been made to construct new school. Villagers mer some pensioners and old people visit this place lages was Kamenskie. ‹›ƒ›ƒ ƒ‡ƒǡ ‡–›ƒ›ƒ ‹•Ž‡ˆ–ǤƒŽƒ”‹‡•ƒ”‡‘–’ƒ‹†Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnoche- have observed that many of the buildings in the com- ™‹–Š–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ†‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰‘ˆ„‡””‹‡• ƒ‡ƒǡ‡”Š›ƒ›ƒƒ‡ƒ are the known place lye Oral History Tape 2012-1). munity are in disrepair. Lack of medical services re- and mushrooms and sheep grazing. When winter names in Russian, but besides these places, wherever The new director has decided to charge a fee of mains also a constant talk in the village. comes they return to Krasnochelye. ž‹’‡‘’Ž‡ϐ‹•Š‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡•‘‡•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰- owners of private reindeer for pasturing reindeer in This settlement became famous in the 1970s es and campsites. Unfortunately nowadays no build- collective-farm herds. This service fee is from 1,000 1.2.3. Ivanovka (Chalmny-Varre) when archeologists from Leningrad described unique ings of those villages remain. rubles to 2,000 rubles per one reindeer per month. Chalmny-Varre/Ivanovka is mostly an abandoned •–‘‡•™‹–Šž‹”‘ ƒ”–ˆ‘”–Š‡ϐ‹”•––‹‡ǤŠ‡ƒ’-

50 51 ‹‡™•‘ˆ–Š‡ŠƒŽ‡Ǧƒ””‡ȀŠƒŽ›Ǧƒ””‡ȋ—•‡† ‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž›Ȍ ‡‡–‡”›ǡ•—‡””‡•‹†‡–•ƒ† „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǤŠ‡–‘’Ž‡ˆ–‹ƒ‰‡Šƒ•„‡‡–ƒ‡„› ‹ŠŽƒ‹Žƒ–‡ͷ;ͶͶ•ƒ†–‘’”‹‰Š–‹͸ͶͶͼǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‘’–‹ Žƒ†—•‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘•Ǥ

52 53 1.2.4. Ponoi 1.2.6. Indigenous Peoples Along Ponoi terials, picking wild plants (ibid. 2012). The Gover- ment of Murmansk Region was formed. The decree Ponoi is an abandoned settlement. It is situated on The Sámi have the status of “indigenous peoples” in ment of the region provides political programmes to of the Government of Murmansk Region No 138-PP the southern bank of the Ponoi river near the riv- Murmansk Region, according to the Federal Decree support the local Sámi and other minorities such as from 06.04.2010 outlines the procedure for the ‡”‘—–Š™Š‡”‡‹– ϐŽ‘™•‹–‘–Š‡Š‹–‡‡ƒ ȋ‡Ž‘›‡ of the Government of the Russian Federation No536- the Komi (ibid. 2012: 64-67): Council formation. 11th February 2011 a new Coun- More). Nowadays there are no inhabitants in the set- p –Š‡†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–‘ˆ †‹‰‡‘—•ƒŽŽǦ—Ǧ “A special attention was paid to the work of the ‹Ž™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–‡”‘ˆ‘ˆϐ‹ ‡‘ˆ tlement even though it is visited seasonally by some „‡”‡†‡‘’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Šǡ‹„‡”‹ƒƒ†–Š‡ ƒ”ƒ•– Council of the Representatives of Indigenous Small –Š‡ϐ‹”•–‘— ‹ŽǤʹͶthƒ” ŠʹͲͳͳ–Š‡ϐ‹”•–‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ locals. ‘ˆ–Š‡—••‹ƒ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ issued 17.04.2006 and the Peoples of the North by the Government of Mur- the second Council that was formed according to the chapter 21 of the —”ƒ•‡‰‹‘Šƒ”–‡” (Commit- mansk Region. This collective consultative body Decree of the Government of Murmansk Region No 1.2.5. Sosnovka tee for Industrial Development, Ecology and Nature by the Government of Murmansk Region was es- 100-PP from 14.03.2011 took place. Four meetings Konstantinov (1997) says that the reforms of 1991- Management of Murmansk Region 2012: 64-67). The tablished as required by the federal law No 82 FZ – of the Council took place in 2011. Following issues 1992 hit Sosnovka hard. Isolation resulted from the Komi have successfully lobbied for some regional passed 30.04.1999  –Š‡ —ƒ”ƒ–‡‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‰Š–• were discussed: interaction of the Council with com- ”ƒ•Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‹‡–‹‘Ǥ ‡ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†–Šƒ– rights, but the unclear legal context continues (Fryer ‘ˆ †‹‰‡‘—•ƒŽŽǦ—„‡”‡†‡‘’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡—••‹ƒ mercial land and natural resources users at the tradi- local people resisted the idea of a private reindeer and Lehtinen 2013). ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ and by the law of the Murmansk Region tional Sámi territories; northern reindeer herding of herding already then. Poaching emerged quickly to No984-01-ZMO, passed 30.06.2008  –Š‡ –ƒ–‡ indigenous peoples of Murmansk Region and realiza- be a real problem for food security, especially due The Decree of the Government of the Russian Fed- —’’‘”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹‰‡‘—• ƒŽŽǦ—„‡”‡† ‡‘’Ž‡• –‹‘‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ†Š—–‹‰”‹‰Š–•‘ˆ‹†‹‰‡‘—•’‡‘- to military taking their toll on the herds. In 1990s eration No631-p  –Š‡ †‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”–Š ‘ˆ —”ƒ• ‡‰‹‘ –Šƒ– ”ƒ –‹ ‡ ”ƒǦ ples. The Council has also passed a decision on how the head of Sosnovka had positioned the future of ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡•‹†‡ ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”• ‘ˆ  ‘‘‹   –‹˜‹–‹‡•. The Council to divide main responsibilities among its members: the community to depend on “a reversal to hunting/  ‘‘‹  –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹‰‡‘—•ƒŽŽǦ—„‡”‡† was established to defend rights and lawful interest publishing of Sámi-related books; provision of rein- gathering with a core support” from the collective ‡‘’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆ–Š‡—••‹ƒ ‡†‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‹•– of the indigenous small people of the North of Mur- deer herders with trips to health resorts; participa- enterprises (Konstantinov 1997). Then the number ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ  ‘‘‹   –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹‰‡‘—• mansk Region, the Sámi. According to the decree of tion of indigenous communities in nature protection of Sosnovka reindeer were estimated to be around ƒŽŽǦ—„‡”‡†‡‘’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆ–Š‡—••‹ƒ ‡†‡”ƒǦ the Government of Murmansk Region No 57-PP from activities, celebration of the International Day of in- 8,000 animals. Wild deer mixed with the herd. Eth- –‹‘, issued 08.05.2009, establishes following munic- 11.02.2009 the Council of the Representatives of In- digenous Peoples of the World, amongst others.” nic composition of the herding brigade was primarily ipalities as areas of traditional residence and tradi- digenous Small Peoples of the North by the Govern- Komi-Pomor individuals (ibid.) tional economic activities of indigenous people in the Konstantinov (1997) reported that in mid-1990s Murmansk Region: this herding brigade was assembled on a kin-ship 1. Kovdorskii District (raion) principle, much like the Sámi obschinas from the 2. Kol’skii District 2000s (Mustonen and Mustonen 2011). Salmon 3. Lovozerskii District catches from this time were sold to Archangelsk 4. Terskii District traders who arrived with sail boats from the opposite (Committee for Industrial Development, shores of the White Sea. Salmon was purchased at Ecology and Nature Management of the time at 40,000 RUB (8 USD) a kilo (Konstantinov Murmansk Region 2012: 64-67) 1997). In 2012-2013 the community of Sosnovka the According to the census there were 1599 Sami in social situation continues to be dire. Population Murmansk Region in 2010 (ibid. 2012: 64-67). Com- ‹• †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ǡ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ƒ‹”’Žƒ‡• •–‹ŽŽ ϐŽ› –‘ mittee for Industrial Development, Ecology and Na- the village occasionally. A branch of agricultural ture Management of Murmansk Region Report 2012 cooperative, SPKH Olenevod operates in the village. ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡•–Šƒ–DzŠ‡ž‹Ž‹˜‡‘–Š‡Žƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ- Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’‘•–‘ˆϐ‹ ‡ǡ†‹‡•‡Ž‡Ž‡ –”‹ •–ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‹„”ƒ”›ǡ cestors; they identify themselves as a special ethnic shop and buildings for administration. Population is group and preserve their traditional way of living. around twenty-thirty people, occasionally dipping Most of Sami live in rural areas and work in agricul- down to eighteen individuals in the wintertime. It tural industry and in ethnic communities (obschi- used to be around a hundred in the 1990s. Ethnically nas).” the villagers consider themselves primarily to be Traditional economic activities of Sami in the Pomors, descendants of Russian maritime traders of —”ƒ• ‡‰‹‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ǣ ”‡‹†‡‡” Š‡”†‹‰ǡ ϐ‹•Š- the region. Locals grow potatoes and vegetables for ing in inland lakes and rivers of the Kola Peninsula their own use. and in the Barents and White Seas, hunting, the con- struction of traditional houses, making of traditional —Ž‹ƒ”–‹‡˜ƒǡƒ™‘”‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—‹–›‘ˆ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡Ǥ clothes and instruments, as well as other crafts that involve processing of skins, furs, bones and other ma-

54 55 ‡•‹†‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‘‘‹™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†Ǥ

‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‡”•™‹–Š‡”‰‡›Š‹ŽŽ‹’ Š‡‘ ƒƒ”ƒƒ–”‡Š‹ƒǡƒ”‹ƒƒ‡˜ƒ ƒ†ƒŽ‡–‹ƒƒ”ƒ˜‹ƒ

‹‘Žƒ›”–‹‡˜ ‰ƒϔ‹ƒ‘ Š‡˜ƒ ƒŽ‡–‹ƒ‡”‡–‹‡˜ƒ ƒ•‹Ž‹‡”‡–‹‡˜

‘ Š‡˜ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡‡–‹‰‹Ž‹„”ƒ”› ‡”‰‡›Š‹ŽŽ‹’ Š‡‘™‹–ŠŽ‡•ƒ†”‡”‡–‹‡˜ Š‡ ‘—•‡‘ˆ—Ž–—”‡‹”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡

56 57 2. Results and Observations From –‘ „‡ ‘ˆˆ‡†‡†ǤǤǤ Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡‹†‡‡” ‹• „‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡• ƒ† ƒŽŽ –Š‘•‡ ’‘ƒ Š‡”• ‘‡ Š‡”‡ †‡•–”‘›‡† „› ’‘ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ”‡‹†‡‡” Šƒ• ‡˜‡™‹–Š‘—––Š‡”‘ƒ†Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ‹•—‡”–Š‡”‘ƒ† the Project Work ‰”‘™ Ž‡••Ǥ  ”‡‡„‡” –Šƒ– ™Š‡ ™‡ —•‡† –‘ ‰‘ –‘ ‹•‘”‡‡‡†‡†„—––‘—”‹•–•ƒ”‡ ‘‹‰„›Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”•Ǥ –—†”ƒ‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡ͷͿ;Ͷ•Ǧ‡ƒ”Ž›ͷͿͿͶ•–Š‡Š‡”†•™‡”‡ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡’Ž‡–›‘ˆ–‘—”‹•–•‹•—‡”ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ‘ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡  –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ƒ‹ ϐ‹†‹‰• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽŽ›Žƒ”‰‡ǡ •’‡ƒƒ„‘—––Š‡ϔ‹”•–Š‡”†ǡ–Š‡Š‡”†‘ˆ ”‘ƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡„—‹Ž–‹–‹•‰‘‘†ǡ„—–‹ˆ‹–‹•‘–ǡ‹–‹•ƒŽ•‘‰‘‘†Ǥ community workshops and interviews are ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡ǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡ƒ”‘—†‡‹‰Š––Š‘—•ƒ†”‡‹Ǧ ‡ŽŽǡ–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ’”‘„ƒ„Ž›„—‹Ž†–Š‹•”‘ƒ†•‘‘‡”‘”Žƒ–‡” described. Findings focus on the results †‡‡”Ǥ ”‡‡„‡”–Š‡›„”‘—‰Š––Š‡ƒ†™‡™‡––‘ ˆ‘”Š–‘ ƒ’”‘Œ‡ –‘”–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡‹˜›„—––Š‡‘’‹Ǧ of the visits to Krasnochelye, Kanevka •‡‡–Š‡Š‡”†Ǥ‘— Ž‘•‡›‘—”‡›‡•ƒ†–Š‡”‡‹†‡‡”Œ—•– ‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–••Š‘—Ž†„‡–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ ‘—– and Sosnovka communities. Additionally ‰‘ƒ†‰‘ƒ†‰‘Ǥ—–‘™–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ‡™‡””‡‹†‡‡” –Š”‘—‰Š”‡ˆ‡”‡†—‘”–Š”‘—‰Š‘–Š‡”‡ƒ•Ǥdz (Snow- ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ–‡ŽŽ›‘—™Š›Ǥ –Š‡ͷͿͿͶ•–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ change Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012-8). –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒŽ‘ –‘—”‹•– ϐ‹•Š‹‰ •‘˜Š‘œ™ƒ• ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†–Š‡›†‘—„Ž‡†–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ’ŽƒǤ 56-year old reindeer herder who has now retired, companies and authorities are explored. Š‡›‹ŽŽ‡†–™‹ ‡ƒ•ƒ›”‡‹†‡‡”ƒ•’Žƒ‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ would like to see no road to Krasnochelye: DzŠ‡”‘ƒ† ™ƒ••— Šƒ‘—– ”›ƒ‘‰–Š‡”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‡”•–Šƒ– ™ƒ•†‹• —••‡†ƒ”‘—†–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘„—–•‹ ‡–Š‡ 2.1. Krasnochelye Š‡”†•ƒ”‡†‡•–”‘›‡†Ǥ›Š—•„ƒ†™Š‘™ƒ•–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ ™‡Š‡ƒ”†‘–Š‹‰Ǥ”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘•–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡–Š‹–Šƒ– First community workshops regarding Krasnoche- –Š‡„”‹‰ƒ†‡™ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–Ǥ ‡’”‘‘–‡†ƒ–‡’‘”ƒ”› –Š‡”‘ƒ†‹•‘–‡‡†‡†Š‡”‡Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnoche- lye took place between 26th June and 3rd July 2012. „ƒˆ‘”•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‘ˆ”‡‹†‡‡”Ǥ –™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ™Š‡‹–”‹‹ lye Oral History Tape 2012-11) Co-researcher Sergey Phillipchenko coordinated ˆƒƒ•‹‡˜‹ Šƒ–”‡Š‹™ƒ•ƒ†‹”‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡•‘˜Š‘œǤ On the other hand Komi woman in her 50s feels ƒ† ‘†— –‡† ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹‡Ž†™‘”Ǥ Š‡ ϐ‹”•– —––Š‡„ƒ™ƒ•‡˜‡”‹–”‘†— ‡†ǤŠ‡›ƒ•‡†–‘„ƒ positively about the road: DzŠ‡›ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ•—•ƒ„‘—– survey of Krasnochelye inhabitants was done selec- •Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‹‰ ˆ‘” ϔ‹˜‡ ‘” ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ”• •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‘ƒ†ƒ†‡˜‡”›„‘†›ƒ•™‡”•–Šƒ–™‡†‘‘–‡‡† tively, by preliminary arrangement with respondents. –Š‡Š‡”†™‘—Ž†”‡ ‘˜‡”‹–•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥdz (Snowchange –Š‡”‘ƒ†Ǥ –Š‹‹–™‘—Ž†„‡‘”‡ ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆ™‡‰‡– Respondents could choose any convenient time and Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012-5) –Š‡”‘ƒ†Ǥ‘— ƒŒ—•–•‹–ƒ††”‹˜‡Ǥ‡™‘—Ž†‘–†‡Ǧ place for interview. Interviews were held in such According to her the situation in the reindeer ’‡†‘Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”•Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral places as a library, a cultural center, administration, herding is still functional, it has not totally collapsed: History Tape 2012-5) and at private homes of respondents. All in all 28 Dz‹ Š‡ ‹• ‹ –—†”ƒ „—– ”‡‹†‡‡” ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ– ‰”ƒ•• ƒ† Also a 60-year-old woman from the village would ’‡‘’Ž‡–‘‘’ƒ”–‹–Š‹•ϐ‹”•–”‘—†‘ˆ†‘ —‡–ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡‹” Ž‹‡ —•Š”‘‘• ƒ Ž‘–Ǥ ‡‹†‡‡” –”ƒ˜‡Ž –‘™ƒ”†• like to see a road: Dz  –Š‹ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‡”‡ (Phillipchenko 2012: 2). As one of them commented: ”‡‹ŠƒǤ ‡”†‡”• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ™‘”‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ”‘ƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ƒˆ”ƒ‹† ‘ˆ ’‘ƒ ŠǦ Dz –‹•‰”‡ƒ––Šƒ–•— Š•–—†›‹•†‘‡Š‡”‡„—––Š‡’”‘„Ǧ Ϳ–Š„”‹‰ƒ†‡ˆ”‘‘˜‘œ‡”‘‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡ͷ•–ǡ͹”†ƒ† Š‡„‡ŽŽ‘ˆ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡Ǥ ‡”• ‘‹‰Š‡”‡Ǥ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ǡ‹–†‘‡•‘–”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ––‡” Ž‡‹•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Šƒ–™‡†‘‘–‘™ƒ•™‡”• –Š‡Ϳ–Š„”‹‰ƒ†‡•—•‡†–‘™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǤŠ‹•›‡ƒ”–Š‡Ϳ–Š ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ”‘ƒ†‘”‘–Ǥ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘ –‘‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ‡ƒ”‡‘– —”‹‘—•ȏ‡‘—‰ŠȐǨdz „”‹‰ƒ†‡Šƒ•„‡‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†Ǥ •’‡ƒƒ„‘—–ͷ•–ƒ†͹”† ƒ›Š‹Ǧ–‡ Š˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ȏ•‘™‘„‹Ž‡•ƒ†‘–ŠǦ The oldest of respondents was eighty-seven „”‹‰ƒ†‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘™–Š‡›™‘”„‡––‡”ǣ›Š—•„ƒ† ƒ› ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” –Šƒ–Ǥ” (Snowchange Krasnochelye ‡”•Ȑ–Šƒ–’‘ƒ Š‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘—•‡Š‡Ž‹Ǧ years old, the youngest twenty-eight years. People ƒ†›•‘—•‡†–‘™‘”–Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡ Oral History Tape 2012-13) ‘’–‡”•ˆ‘”Š—–‹‰Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡„—›‹‰ƒŽŽǦ–‡””ƒ‹˜‡Š‹Ǧ of different occupations expressed their viewpoints ”‡‹†‡‡”ƒ•™‡ŽŽ„—––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ —–‘™–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ Ž‡•Ǥ‘–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘ƒ†™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡ƒ„ƒ””‹‡”ˆ‘” to the interview questions. Each respondent before ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ”‡‹†‡‡” „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‡™ ”—Ž‡• ™‡”‡ ‹–”‘†— ‡†Ǥ 2.1.1. Social Issues and Infrastructure ’‘ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–•ǡ–Š‡”‘ƒ†‹‰Š–„‡Ǧ interview was acquainted with greeting text of ‘™–Š‡Ž‹‹–‘ˆ’”‹˜ƒ–‡”‡‹†‡‡”‹••‹šǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ› One of the more prominent topics for decades has ‘‡—•‡ˆ—ŽǢ‹–‹‰Š–†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–•Ǥ scientists from Finland (Snowchange). Š—•„ƒ†‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡•‹š”‡‹†‡‡”ˆ”‡‡‘ˆ Šƒ”‰‡ been the debate regarding construction of a road to ‘—Šƒ˜‡•‡‡Š‘™‡š’‡•‹˜‡ˆ‘‘†‹•Š‡”‡ǡ‹ ‘’ƒ”‹Ǧ During the Soviet times besides reindeer- ƒ•ƒ’‡•‹‘‡”Ǥ ˆ›‘—Šƒ˜‡‘”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ–›‘—Šƒ˜‡ the village. 55-year-old man made the following ob- •‘–‘‘˜‘œ‡”‘Ǥ –™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘–”ƒ˜‡Žˆ”‘–Š‡ husbandry, there were construction brigades at –‘’ƒ›ͷ͸ͶͶ”‘—„Ž‡•’‡””‡‹†‡‡”’‡”‘–ŠǤ –‹•˜‡”› servation connecting the road to environmental con- ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ †‘‘–‘™Š‘™–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒǦ the collective-farm (sovkhoz) “Pamyat Lenina” ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ǤŠ‘•‡ǡ™Š‘†‹†‘–™‘”‹”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‹‰ǡ ditions: Dz–•‘‡’‘‹––Š‡”‘ƒ†‹†‡ƒ™ƒ•†‹• —••‡†ƒ† –‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–•‘ƒ›”‡•‹†‡–• (“Remembrance of Lenin”), as well as every season ’ƒ›͸ͺͶͶ”‘—„Ž‡•’‡”‘–ŠdzǤ (Snowchange Krasno- –Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–„‡ ƒ—•‡•–”ƒ‰‡”• ‹”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡ǥŠ‘™‹ŽŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡–Š‡„—•ƒ†™Š‘ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ „”‹‰ƒ†‡• chelye Oral History Tape 2012-5) ™‘—Ž† ‘‡Š‡”‡Ǥ‘™–Š‡”‡‹•‘•–”‘‰ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ƒ„‘—– ™‹ŽŽ’ƒ›ˆ‘”ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘ƒ†ǫ—–ƒ–’”‡•‡–ǡ (Phillipchenko 2012: 2). The reindeer herding crisis is The “euphoria” created by the new management ‹–ƒ‘‰Ž‘ ƒŽ•Ǥ ˆ‹–™‹ŽŽƒ’’‡ƒ”ǡ‹–‹•ϔ‹‡ǡ‹ˆ‘–ǡƒŽ•‘ –Š‡”‘ƒ†‹•ƒ‡ ‡••‹–›Ǥ ˆ–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ”‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ triggering responses from the villagers, such as from has not convinced all residents. They feel traditional ϔ‹‡Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ”ƒ‹†–Šƒ–‹ˆ”‘ƒ†™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘•–”— –‡† „‡ƒ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›–”ƒ•‹••‹‘Ž‹‡ƒŽ‘‰‹–Ǥ‘‹–‹•ƒŽŽ a man in his 50s: DzŠ‡›•Š‘—Ž†‹–”‘†— ‡’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘ occupancies, such as reindeer herding will be under ‹–™‹ŽŽ„”‹‰’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘–‘–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”•›•–‡•Ǥ ‘” –‹‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥƒ›„‡–Š‡”‘ƒ†™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’–‘ —– ‘•–• ˆ‘”•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‘ˆ”‡‹†‡‡”ˆ‘”•‘‡–‹‡Ǥ” (Snowchange threat as is evident in the words of a 60-year-old man ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ’Žƒ–‹— ™ƒ• ”‡ ‡–Ž› ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ˆ‘”ˆ—‡Ž–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‡‡†–‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ ‘•–•ƒ† Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012-4) In this way from the village: Dz ‘”‡–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–‹••—‡‹• ȏ ‡†‘”‘˜ƒǦƒ•‹‡–—†”ƒȐƒ†™Š‘‘™•™Š‡”‡–Š‡ „‡‡ϔ‹–•Ǥ Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ Š‡ƒ’‡”ǣ –Š‡ —””‡– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ the herds of reindeer could be rebuilt. ”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‹‰Ǥƒ™•ƒ”‡™”‘‰ǡ–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘™‘—Ž†‰‘Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral ™Š‡ˆ—‡Žˆ‘”†‹‡•‡Ž‹•†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†Š‡”‡‘”ƒ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› The idea of a prohibition has been presented al- ‡™‘™‡”‹•™”‘‰Ǥ ‹•†”‡ƒ‹•–‘†‡•–”‘›’”‹˜ƒ–‡ History Tape 2012-1). –”ƒ•‹••‹‘ Ž‹‡ǫdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral ready in 1990s. A respected pensioner and a wife of ‘™‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ”‡‹†‡‡”Ǥ ”‘„ƒ„Ž› ‹– ‹• ‘‹‰ –‘ –Šƒ– 70-year-old woman, a pensioner, also agrees: History Tape 2012-9) a reindeer herder, a Komi woman in her 50s, made ȏŠ—–‹‰ ‰”‘—†• ˆ‘” –‘—”‹•–•Ȑ Ȃ ƒ •ƒˆƒ”‹Ǥ ‘—‰ ’‡‘Ǧ Dz‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ǡ –Š‡ ”‘ƒ† †‘‡• ‘– ƒ––‡”Ǥ ˜‡”›„‘†› Šƒ• the following statement: Dz‡ŽŽǡ †‘‘–™ƒ–ƒ›„‘†› ’Ž‡†‘‘–™ƒ––‘„‡ ‘‡”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‡”•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡• –Šƒ– †‘ ‘– ‡‡† –Š‡ ”‘ƒ†Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ’Ž‡–›

58 59 Another issue surfaced during the community in- ƒˆ–‡”‡„„Ǥ –‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–‘Dz–‘‰‘–‘•‘”–‹‰‘—–dzȏ’‘‡Šƒ–ǯ ‹ƒƒ”œ—‰ƒ–‘‘˜‘œ‡”‘†‹•–”‹ ––”ƒ˜‡Ž–‡•ǡ‹ˆ‘–Š—Ǧ terviews. A 58-year-old man said that there was a rail- ƒ’‡”‡„‘”—ȐǤ‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‰‘‡•ƒ™ƒ›ƒ†ϔ‹•Š‹•Ž‡ˆ–‹ †”‡†• ‘ˆ •‘™‘„‹Ž‡• ™‹–Š –‘—”‹•–• ƒ† Š—–‡”•ǡ ƒ† road construction from Apatity to Gremikha: DzŠ‡”‡ ƒ„‘šǤŠ‡•‡‹‡ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒ„‘šƒ†•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡†™‹‰• ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ ’‘ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹• ‘– ‹•ƒ‘—‡–ƒ–—Ž‹Œ‘‹Ǥ –‹•ƒŠ‹‰Š™‘‘†‡•–ƒ–—‡ ȏ”›Ž‹ƒȐǤ‘—•‡†–‘Œ‘‡Ȃ ˆ™‡‰‡–‘ϔ‹•Š ™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ˜‡ ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡–‘ ‘’”‡Š‡†–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡ǡ‘– ƒ†ƒˆ‡ ‡ƒ”‘—†‹–Ǥ‘„‘†›–ƒ‡• ƒ”‡‘ˆ‹–„—–‹– ›‘— ‹ ƒ „‘š ƒ• „ƒ‹–ǯǤ  ™ƒ• •‘ ƒˆ”ƒ‹†Ǥdz (Snowchange –‘‡–‹‘‹–•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•–‘’–Š‡†‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ—‹“—‡ Šƒ••—”˜‹˜‡†‘‹–•‘™Ǥ –Š‹‹–‹•ƒ‘—‡––‘–Š‡ Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012-8) ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥdz Most of people who live in vil- ‰—ƒ”†•ǤŠ‡”‘ƒ†™ƒ•„—‹Ž–„›’”‹•‘‡”•Ǥ †‘‘––Š‹ ‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻͻͲ•–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”›‹–Š‡˜‹Ž- lages like Krasnochelye agree with such description –Šƒ––Š‡›™‘—Ž†‡”‡ –ƒ‘—‡––‘’”‹•‘‡”•Ǥ”‘„Ǧ lage was closed: Dz”‘—† –Š‡ ͷͿͿͶ•Ǥ Š‡› •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– (Phillipchenko 2012: 4). ƒ„Ž›‹– ‘‡‘”ƒ–‡•–Š‘•‡•‘Ž†‹‡”•–Šƒ–‰—ƒ”†‡†–Š‡ ϔ‹•Š‹‰ †‘‡• ‘– „”‹‰ ’”‘ϔ‹–Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ› ’”‹•‘‡”•Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›ˆ”‘’ƒ–‹–›–‘ ”‡‹ŠƒǤ ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘’ǤŠ‡›Œ—•–†‹†‘–ƒŽŽ‘™–Š‡ 2.1.3. Observations About the Ponoi and the – ™‡– ˆ”‘  –‹ƒ„”ǯ•‹‹ ƒ† ’ƒ••‡† ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› •‘˜Š‘œ–‘ϔ‹•ŠǤ –™ƒ•˜‡”›†‹ˆϔ‹ —Ž–Ǥ ”‡‡„‡”–Šƒ– Salmon ͼͶ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•– ˆ”‘ ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡Ǥdz (Snow- ƒ–”‡‹Š‹–”‹‡†–‘‰‡–’‡”‹••‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡•‘˜Š‘œ–‘ During the June observations, the following discovery change Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012-10) ϔ‹•Š‹Žƒ‡•ƒ†”‹˜‡”•„—–‹˜ƒ‹Ǥ‘ǡ –Š‹–Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ was made:Dz‘‘‹”‹˜‡”Ž‘•‡•‹–••ƒŽ‘•Š‘ƒŽ„‡ ƒ—•‡ The question of local jobs and opportunities for ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‘Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral His- ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‡”‘—• ’‘ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† –‘—”‹•– ƒ’•Ǥdz (Phil- the young people rests partly with the positive de- –‘”›ƒ’‡ʹͲͳʹǦͷȌŠ‹•‡†‡†–Š‡•ƒŽ‡‘ˆϐ‹•Š–‘–Š‡ lipchenko 2012: 4). Overall a Komi female pensioner ˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ  ™‘ƒ community residents. After that the various subsist- in the village commented on the salmon: Dz—––Š‡”‡ in her 50s explained the situation of her son: Dz  ƒ ‡ ‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǡŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ†‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽǡ•–ƒ”–‡†–‘‡‡”‰‡Ǥ ‹•Ž‡••ϔ‹•Š‘‘‘‹ǤŠ‹•›‡ƒ”͸Ͷͷ͸–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ˜‡”› Œ—•–•ƒ›–Šƒ–™Š‡›‡Ž†‡”•‘–”‹‡†–‘‰‡–ƒŒ‘„‹ ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ •—„•‹•–‡ ‡ ϐ‹•Šǡ ‹– ‹• „‡‹‰ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† †‹ˆϔ‹ —Ž– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š •ƒŽ‘ ‹ ‘‘‹Ǥ › Š—•„ƒ† –Š‡•‘˜Š‘œƒ•ƒϔ‹•ŠǦ–‡ Š‹ ‹ƒȏŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‘ by Krasnochelye residents by themselves. There are –‡ŽŽ•–Šƒ––Š‡–‘—”‹•– ƒ’•—•‡„‘ƒ–•™‹–ŠŒ‡–Ǧ‘–‘”•Ǥ ϔ‹•Š’”‘ ‡••‹‰ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†‹†—•–”›ȐȂ‹–™ƒ•ƒ”‘—†ϔ‹˜‡ ‘Ž‘‰‡”ϐ‹•Š‹‰„”‹‰ƒ†‡•™Š‹ Šƒ™Š‹Ž‡ƒ‰‘ ƒ—‰Š– ƒŽ‘Žƒ›•‡‰‰•—†‡”•–‘‡•„—–Œ‡–•Œ—•–™ƒ•Š‹–‘—–ǡ ›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ǦŠ‡™ƒ•–‘Ž†–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡•‘‡„‘†›‡Ž•‡ †‘œ‡•‘ˆ–‘•‘ˆ•‡ƒǡŽƒ‡ƒ†”‹˜‡”ϐ‹•ŠǤ‡•‹†‡–• •— ‹–‹ǤŠ‡”‡‹••‘Ž‹––Ž‡•ƒŽ‘ƒ†‹–‹••‘•ƒŽŽ ˆ‘”–Šƒ–’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ—–‘™™‡•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‡‹–Š‡” provide themselves, their relatives and friends with ‹ •‹œ‡Ǥ ˜‡”›„‘†› ™Š‘ –‘‘ Ž‹ ‡ ‡ ˆ‘” •ƒŽ‘ –Š‹• ƒϔ‹•ŠǦ–‡ Š‹ ‹ƒ‘ƒϔ‹•Š—‹–‹–Š‡•‘˜Š‘œǤ›•‘ ϐ‹•ŠǢ•‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡›–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒŽŽˆ‡‡ǤŽ‹ ‡•‡ˆ‘”ƒ ›‡ƒ” ‘’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘ϔ‹•ŠǤƒŽ‘™ƒ• †—”‹‰Š‹••–—†‹‡•ƒ––Š‡ ‹‰Š‡”ƒ”‹–‹‡ Š‘‘Ž™ƒ• salmon costs 150 rubles. A man who caught a salmon ‡˜‡”ϔ‹•Š‡†‹•— Šƒ‘—–ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•„ƒˆ‘” ˜‡”›‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽϔ‹•ŠȂ™Šƒ– ‘–Š‡Ž‹ ‡•‡ǡ—•–ϐ‹ŽŽ‘—–•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’ƒ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ† •ƒŽ‘ϔ‹•Š‹‰ǡƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ• ”‡‡„‡”›•‡Žˆˆ”‘› ‹† ‘ˆ ƒ‡† ϔ‹•Š ›‘— ƒ ƒ‡ǡ ‡– Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ †—”Ǧ bring it to the local administration indicating the Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral History ‹‰ –Š‡ –‹‡ Š‡ Šƒ† –Š‹• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ •‘‡ ™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆƒϐ‹•ŠȋŠ‹ŽŽ‹’ Š‡‘ʹͲͳʹǣ͵ȌǤ Tape 2012-4) ’‘™‡”•–”—‰‰Ž‡•ƒ†“—ƒ””‡Ž•™‹–Š‹–Š‡•‘˜Š‘œǤ †‘ ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ ’‡”‹–• –‘ ϐ‹•Š ƒ– –Š‡ Žƒ‡• ƒ† ”‹˜‡”• Many local inhabitants refuse to buy licenses, but ‘–‘™™Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•ƒ„‘—–ǡ †‘‘–™ƒ––‘‹•Ž‡ƒ† (including nets) are not often issued, but locals face ‰‘ϐ‹•Š‹‰Œ—•–ƒ•–Š‡›†‹†„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ—›‹‰ƒŽ‹ ‡•‡ǡƒ ›‘—„—––Š‡”‡™‡”‡•‘‡’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ ‡™ƒ•‘–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ no problems with that because regulatory authori- ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•‘„Ž‹‰‡†–‘ϐ‹ŽŽ‘—–•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’ƒ- ‘˜‹ ‡–Š‡•‘˜Š‘œƒƒ‰‡”•Ǥ‘™Š‡‹•‹–Š‡”›Ǥ ties these violations by local inhabitants. Regulatory per form and bring it to the local administration. Not ‘—‘™ǡ–Š‹•–‡””‹–‘”›‡‡†••‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‹†‡ƒ•ǡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‘’”‡Š‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ‡˜‡”›ϐ‹•Š‡”ƒ™ƒ–•–‘†‘‹–Ǥ –Š‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’ƒ’‡” ‘–‘Ž›™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–ŠƒŽ‹––Ž‡ laws for inhabitants of such small and remote places ˆ‘”ƒϐ‹•Š‡”ƒŠƒ•–‘™”‹–‡–Š‡™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ‡˜‡”›ϐ‹•Š ‡‰‹‡‹–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒ†•ȏ•ƒ‹†Žƒ—‰Š‹‰Ȑǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡›™‹ŽŽ must be adjusted in special way (Phillipchenko 2012: he caught, as well as he must write the time and place ϔ‹†™ƒ›•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‘—”‡ ‘‘›ƒ†‘–‘Ž›–‘ƒ• 3-4). ™Š‡”‡ Š‡ ƒ—‰Š– –Š‡ ϐ‹•ŠǤ ‹•Š‹‰ ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ Ž‹ ‡•‡ ˆ‘”•—’’‘”–ƒ†•—„•‹†‹‡•Ǥ†–Š‡”‡™‡”‡•— Šƒ –‹˜‡ In conversation with a 55-year-old employee of ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ „‹‰ ϐ‹‡ǡ „—– –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ• ‹”‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒŽŽ ›‘—‰’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘–”‹‡†–‘†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰„—–‹–†‹†‘– agricultural cooperative “Olenevod” evidence of bar- themselves “poachers” and continue to take that risk ™‘”Ǥ†‘™Š‡‹•‹–Š‡”›ƒ†™‘—Ž†‘–”‡–—” baric attitude to nature by tourists emerged. One of ȋŠ‹ŽŽ‹’ Š‡‘ʹͲͳʹǣͶȌǤ—”‹‰™‹–‡”Ž‘ ƒŽ•ϐ‹•Šƒ– –‘Š‹•ˆ‘”‡”’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ‡ŽŽǡ †‘‘–™ƒ––‘ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡‘” his friends, former director of collective-farm (sovk- rivers and lakes which are situated nearby, such as •Š‘™ϔ‹‰‡”•ƒ–•‘‡„‘†›„—– –Š‹–Šƒ––Š‡› ‘—Ž† hoz) which is situated near Varzuga, is very con- Medvezhye lake and Churozero lake. Or as an older Šƒ˜‡ •–ƒ”–‡† •‘‡ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡ ‰”‘™‹‰ „—•‹‡•• Š‡”‡ cerned with the attitude to nature these days, that’s man from the village said: Dz˜‡”›„‘†›Œ—•–ϔ‹•Š‡•Š‘™ ‘”•‘‡ ƒ––Ž‡ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye what he writes in his letter: –Š‡›™ƒ–Ǥ‘„‘†›™‘—Ž† Š‡ ™Šƒ–›‘—ϔ‹•Š‹™‹Ǧ Oral History Tape 2012-4) DzǤǤǤ ǯ˜‡”›™‘””‹‡†ƒ„‘—–›•‘˜Š‘œǤǤǤƒŽ›—Ǧ –‡”Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral History Tape œŠ› Šƒ• †‘‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ –Š‹‰• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ 2012-1) 2.1.2. Subsistence Fishery in Krasnochelye „—– –Š‹™‡Šƒ˜‡Ž‘•–‡˜‡‘”‡Ǥ ˆ™‡ ‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡ So the poaching has many social dimensions A woman in her 70s remembers the collective econ- ƒ– Š‡• ‘ˆ •ƒŽ‘ ‹ –Š‡ ͷͿ;Ͷ• ȋͷͻͶ –‘• ’‡” ›‡ƒ”Ȍǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ‘‘‹Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ† –Š‡ ‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ ”‡‰—Žƒ- omy of the Soviet times at the mouth of the river on –Š‡‹͸Ͷͷͷ™‡”‡ ƒ—‰Š–‘Ž›‡Ž‡˜‡–‘•ǤŠ‡• ƒŽ‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”Ž‘ ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•†‘‘–‡‡––Š‡•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ the coast:DzŠ‡ ™ƒ•ƒ Š‹Ž† —•‡†–‘‰‘™‹–Š› ‘ˆ ’‘ƒ Š‹‰ –‘‘ —‹ƒ‰‹ƒ„Ž‡ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘•Ǥ  –Š‡ needs of the people. Simultaneously poaching in- ‘–Š‡”–‘ Š‡ ‘—”•‡‹‡‹–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ –™ƒ•†—”‹‰ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡”•› ‘ƒ•–ƒ‹ƒŽ••— Š Ž—†‡• ™‹Ž†ǡ — ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† Š—–‹‰ ƒ† ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ’”ƒ - –Š‡•‘˜Š‘œ–‹‡Ǥ‘™ƒ•–ƒ‹‰—•–‘ Š‡ –Š‡•‡‹‡ ƒ•‡Žǡ”‡‹†‡‡”Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘•– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›„‡‡†‡•–”‘›‡†Ǥ tices by people arriving outside the community and ‹‡™•‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡‹—‰—•–͸ͶͶͼǤ

60 61 the region. Use of satellite navigation and motorized made the following observation: DzƒŽ‘ǡ„›–Š‡™ƒ›ǡ vehicles has opened up the terrain to these poachers. Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡•ƒŽŽ‡”Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡•ƒ›–Šƒ–‹–‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡ϔ‹•Š Lastly many locals observe the presence and behavior ‹• ƒ—‰Š–ƒ†–Š‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†„ƒ ‹–‘–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ of salmon tourists to be a form of poaching with a lot ƒ”‡™‘—†•–Šƒ–ϔ‹•Š ƒ‘–ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡ ‘˜‡”ˆ”‘Ǥdz(Snow- of equity issues as voices, practices and knowledge change Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012-2) is not heard. Or as one of the locals said: Dz ‰‘ϔ‹•Š‹‰ In her observation the sustainability of the catch- ƒ†—†‡” —””‡–”—Ž‡• ƒƒ’‘ƒ Š‡”ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ and-release practice is challenged. Arguments and ™‹–‡”ϔ‹•Š‹‰™‹–Š”‘†Ǥ•ˆ‘”‡–ϔ‹•Š‹‰‹–‹•‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽǤ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹’ƒ – ƒ—•‡•–Š‡ϐ‹•Š Š‡ ϔ‹•Š‹‰ ‹•’‡ –‹‘ †‘‡• ‘– ’‡”•‡ —–‡ —• ˆ‘” ‡– to perish later, once it has been released back to the ϔ‹•Š‹‰„—–‹–‹••–‹ŽŽ‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽƒ†›‘—‡˜‡”‘™™Š‡ river. –Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡™‹ŽŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ‘ǡ™‡ƒ”‡ƒŽŽƒ––Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘ Others are not sure of the change in salmon, as ‘ˆ–Š‹‡˜‡•ƒ†’‘ƒ Š‡”•ǤŠ‡›Œ—•––”ƒ‹—•–‘„‡–Š‹‡˜‡• one 50-year-old woman says: Dz‘ ƒŽ ”‡•‹†‡–• •ƒ› ƒ† ’‘ƒ Š‡”•Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral His- –Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ„‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–ƒ•–‡Ǥ †‘‘–ˆ‡‡Ž‹–ǡ  tory Tape 2012-13) ϔ‹†‹–ƒ•–ƒ•–›ƒ•„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ Šƒ˜‡‘–‹ ‡†–Šƒ–’‹‡ˆ”‘ ‘ ƒŽ•‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡•ƒŽ‘ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•–‘„‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‡”Š‡Ǧƒ‡•‘‡ ‹• — Š „‡––‡” –Šƒ ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” at Acha, Ryaboga, Pournach, Pacha and Lebyazhja ’Žƒ ‡•Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral History rivers. No one can tell the precise number of tour- Tape 2012-2) ist camps, but people believe there are at least ten An Elder, a woman in her 70s feels the salmon camps at Ponoi River and its tributaries (Phillipchen- ƒ’•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Šƒ˜‡‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡†–Š‡ϐ‹•Šǣ ko 2012: 4). The impact from the tourist industry has Dzƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–ƒ‹‰‹–‘ƒ ‘—–ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡›Ž‡–ϔ‹•Š„ƒ  become visible along Ponoi. A 50-year-old man has –‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡ϔ‹•Š’”‘„ƒ„Ž›™‹ŽŽ†‹‡‹ƒ› ƒ•‡ƒ† made the following observation: DzŠ‘•‡–‘—”‹•–•ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ϔ‹•Š ƒˆ–‡” –Šƒ– †‘‡• ‘– ‰‘ Š‡”‡ –‘ Žƒ› ‡‰‰•Ǥ ‹•Š •‡‡ ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥ ˜‡ ‹ •‘‡ ’Žƒ ‡• ™Š‡”‡ ƒŽ‘•– Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡•ƒŽŽ‡”Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral ‘„‘†›‡˜‡”˜‹•‹–•›‘— ƒ•‡‡–”ƒ ‡•ǣ›‘—‰–”‡‡•™‹–Š History Tape 2012-8) ‹‡™•‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡‹—‰—•–͸ͶͶͼǤ ”‹’’‡†„ƒ”„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒŠ‡ƒ˜›˜‡Š‹ Ž‡†”‘˜‡‘˜‡”–Š‡Ǥ Observations regarding water quality and the – ‘—Ž† „‡ –‘—”‹•–•Ǣ ‹– ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ’‘ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ ˜‡”›Ǧ river were made by a Komi woman in her 50s: Dz –Šƒ• „‘†›Šƒ• ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•›‘— ƒ‘–‰‡–Ž‘•–ƒ†–Š‡› „‡ ‘‡‘”‡„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽǤ –Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡•ŠƒŽŽ‘™‡”ǤŠ‹• ™‡”‡‘„‹‰’”‘„Ž‡•Ž‹‡†–‘•— Š’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡”‡ •‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‡–•‡ –‹‘•Ǥdz (Snowchange Œ—•–‰‘‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡‘–Š‡‹”‘™Ǥ –‹•†‹ˆϔ‹ —Ž––‘ ƒ– Š ›‡ƒ”™‡‡˜‡†‹†‘–‰‡–Š‹‰Š™ƒ–‡”‹•’”‹‰Ǥ‡†‘ ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‘‡’”‘„Ž‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012-11) –Š‡Ǥdz(Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral History Tape ‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ™ƒ•–‡Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasno- ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•’‡‘’Ž‡™‘—Ž† ‘‡–‘ ‘’Žƒ‹Ǥ—–‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ The rights of the local Sámi to establish obschi- 2012-4) chelye Oral History Tape 2012-5) Ž‘ ƒŽ•™ƒ–•— Š’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–‘„‡‘ˆϔ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†Ǥ nas or the kin-based tribal communities also create Local people have memories of the campsites –‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Š‡”‡ƒ†–Š‡›‡‡†‹–Ǥ†  doubt and uncertainty in the local non-Sámi resi- from the 1980s: Dz  ™ƒ• ›•‡Žˆ ƒ– ‡„‹ƒœŠƒǤ  Ž‹‡† 2.1.4. Indigenous and Minority Rights to Fish in –Š‹ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡› •‘‡–‹‡• ϔ‹•Š ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ Ž‹Ǧ dents: Dz‘‡ –‹‡ ƒ‰‘ ™‡ Š‡ƒ”† –Šƒ– –Š‡› ™‡”‡ †‹‰Ǧ –Š‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”‹•™‹†‡”–Š‡”‡–ŠƒŠ‡”‡Ǥ –‹• Krasnochelye ‹–•ƒ†•‡ŽŽ•‘‡ϔ‹•Š–‘–Š‡‹”‡‹‰Š„‘—”•Ǥ –‹•‰‘‘†ˆ‘” ‰‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰‡ƒ” ˜ƒ‘˜ƒƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†„‡ Ž‘•‡”–‘ƒ‡˜ƒǤŠ‡”‹˜‡”‹•‡˜‡™‹†‡”‹ƒ‡˜ƒǤ In the context of minorities and Indigenous peoples ϔ‹•Š‡”ƒƒ†‰‘‘†ˆ‘”–Š‘•‡™Š‘„—›‹–Ǥ‡•Š‘—Ž† ƒ‹Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘—‹–›ǤŠ‡™‡Š‡ƒ”†–Šƒ––Š‡›’—– Š‡™‡™‡”‡‘•‘‘ŽǦ‡„‡”•™‡—•‡†–‘‰‘–‘ ƒ†–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ—‹ ‹- Œ—•–’”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡ˆ‘”•— Š’”ƒ –‹ ‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ϔ‹† ƒˆ‡ ‡—’–‘’”‘–‡ –”‡‹†‡‡”ƒ––Š‡Žƒ†–Šƒ–™ƒ•ƒ•Ǧ ƒ‡˜ƒǤ‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡”‡™‹–Š ‘ ‡”–•Ǥ –™ƒ•‹ pality Julia Artieva, acting legislation of Murmansk –Š‡™ƒ›•–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›Ǥdz (Snow- •‹‰‡†–‘–Š‡Ǥ—–ƒˆ–‡”–Šƒ–™‡Š‡ƒ”†‘–Š‹‰Ǥ  ƒ –Š‡ͷͿ;Ͷ•Ǥ‡™‡”‡–Š‡”‡ƒ–•—„„‘–‹ǡ Š‘’’‡†™‘‘† region doesn’t assign any special rights or permits to change Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012-2) Œ—•––‡ŽŽ–Šƒ––Š‘•‡™Š‘™‘”‹–Š‹• ‘—‹–›ƒ”‡‘– –Š‡”‡ ƒ† Š‡Ž’‡† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ ƒ‡˜ƒǤdz (Snowchange ž‹‘”‘‹’‡‘’Ž‡–‘†‘–Š‡‡–ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ–”‹˜‡”• Ethnic divisions regarding rights are also divisive –Š‡ ‘•– Šƒ”†Ǧ™‘”‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‘—† Š‡”‡ ƒ†  †‘ Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012-4) and lakes. But it is expected that in months to come, between the Sámi and the Komi, who has some local ‘––Š‹–Šƒ––Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ•— ‡•••–‘”›Ǥ –Š‹–Šƒ– A respected 56-year-old reindeer herder remem- some changes will be done in the legislation, so that status as a national minority but do not possess the –Š‡›‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡•‘‡–Š‹‰Œ—•–‘’ƒ’‡”Ǥ ”‡‡„‡” bers sites along the Ponoi and human uses of them: indigenous peoples as well as inhabitants of remote †‹‰‡‘—• Ž‡‰ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ  ‘‹ ™‘ƒ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† ”‡ ‡–Ž› –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ •–‘”› •‘‡™Š‡”‡ Ž‘•‡” –‘ —”Ǧ DzŠ‡”‡‹••— Šƒ”‹˜‡”ǡ—Ž‹Œ‘Ǥ –‹•ƒ”‘—†ͼͶ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•™‹ŽŽ‰‡–•— Šƒ”‹‰Š––‘ϐ‹•Š™‹–Š‡–•ǤŠ‡”‡ this case: Dz Šƒ˜‡Š‡ƒ”†–Šƒ–ž‹ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ȏ–‘Šƒ˜‡ ƒ•ƒ„‘—–ƒ ‘—‹–›–Šƒ–Šƒ†ƒ›”‡‹†‡‡”„—– ˆ”‘Š‡”‡Ǥ –‹•ƒ”‘—†;Ͷ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ were a lot of petitions from inhabitants of Krasnoche- ‡–•ȐǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘–Š‹‰ˆ‘”‘‹Ǥ ˆ‹–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘Ž›‘’ƒ’‡”Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral His- Ž‹‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ƒ’ ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ –‡ Š‹ ‹ƒ• lye to the local municipality and Murmansk Regional ƒŽŽ‘™‡†™‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡—•‡†–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›Ǥdz(Snow- tory Tape 2012-2) –Š‡”‡Ǥ—Ž‹Œ‘‰‘‡•–‘ƒŠƒ”ƒ‹ƒ”‹˜‡”ƒ†ƒŠƒ”ƒ‹ƒ Duma (parliament) with request to let local do the change Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012-5) ”‹˜‡” Œ‘‹• ‘‘‹Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral ‡–•ϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡Š‘’‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹”’‡–‹–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡ 56-year-old Komi herder observed that some 2.1.5. Environmental and Weather Change in History Tape 2012-11) A communication specialist heard by authorities (Phillipchenko 2012: 4). ”‡ˆ‘”•Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›ǣ Krasnochelye Diomkin used to live there. 35-year-old municipal female worker positions Dz‘™‹–‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ƒ–Š—”‘œ‡”‘ƒ†—”ƒ ŠŽƒ‡ǤŠ‡ According to local residents weather changes are Š‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š ”‡ƒ‹• ƒ ’‘’—Žƒ” –‘’‹  the case clearly: Dz‡‘’Ž‡Œ—•–ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”ϔ‹•Š‹‰‘ ’‡”‹••‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡—–‹Ž‡™‡ƒ”ǡ—–‹ŽŠ‡””‹‰•–ƒ”–• very visible. Winters have become warmer. If in the amongst the villagers. Woman in her mid-thirties –Š‡‹”‘™ǤŠ‡›ϔ‹•Šˆ‘”–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ’–‘‘™–Š‡”‡ ‘‹‰–‘Žƒ›‡‰‰•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘–Š‡ past blood-sucking insects activated after 20th June,

62 63 starting with the mosquitoes, and then later in July- to act even before mosquitoes. Mushrooms grow up ͸†—‰—•–‘ƒ‹– Ž‹ƒƒ›ǤŽ›–‘ Š‡ ǡ›‘— ‘—Ž† ƒϔ‹•Š‡”ƒǤŠ‡›ϔ‹•Š‡†ƒ––Š‡Žƒ‡‡• Šƒ‘‡Ǥ‡ August appeared midges (gnats). Now blood-sucking much faster. Salmon has become much smaller in size ‘–›‡–’‹ ‹–Ǥ†Ž‹‰‘„‡””›™ƒ•’‹ ‡†‘Ž›ƒˆ–‡” †‹† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ž‹Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ‡™ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǡ ‘Ž› ͿͶ ›‡ƒ”• insects appear considerably earlier. This year (2012) (Phillipchenko 2012: 4). ͷ•– ‡’–‡„‡”Ǥ † ‘™ ›‘— ƒ ’‹  Ž‹‰‘„‡””› ƒŽǦ ‘Ž†Ǥ –Š‹–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘‡–‹‘‹‰‘ˆ–Š‹•’Žƒ ‡—–‹Ž for example, mosquitoes appeared in the beginning A Komi woman in her 50s has observed weather ”‡ƒ†› ‹ —‰—•–Ǥ † Ž‘—†„‡””› ‹• ƒŽ‘•– ‘˜‡””‹’‡ ͷͿ͸Ͷ•Ǥ” (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral History Tape of June; the strange fact is that midges (gnats) started change. She is able to trace her observations through ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹–Š‡‹†Ǧ —Ž›Ǥ‘ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥdz 2012-5) the subsistence and reindeer economy events: Dzƒ”Ǧ (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral History Tape 2012- Ž‹‡”–Š‡”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‡”•Šƒ†•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ 8) 2.2. Kanevka ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘†ƒ›ȋͽ–Š‘˜‡„‡”ȌǤ –‘„‡”Ȃ‘˜‡„‡” Š‡ •ƒŽŽ •‡––Ž‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‡˜ƒ ‹• ƒ ϐŽ›Ǧ‹ ‘—- –Š‡”‡™‡”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ˆ”‘•–•ƒ†–Š‡›„”‘—‰Š–”‡‹†‡‡”ˆ‘” 2.1.6. Cultural Heritage in the Village and nity along the Ponoi. It is located 200 kilometers from •Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‹‰ǤŠ‡•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”ƒ†Žƒ–‡”Ǥ–’”‡Ǧ Connections with Chalme-Varre Krasnochelye by boat. This means a 6-8 hour ride •‡––Š‡› ƒ‘–•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‡˜‡‹‡ ‡„‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡ The survival of Ter and Yokanga Sámi languages re- along the river. During winter around 50-60 people ‹–‹•–‘‘™ƒ”Ǥ ”‡‡„‡”–Šƒ–™Š‡ ƒ””‹‡†‹ͷͿ;͸ mains a vocal topic, following the death of the last stay in the village and in the summer around 100 –Š‡›—•‡†–‘ϔ‹‹•Š•Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‹‰„›–Š‡‡™‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡ speaker of the Akkala Sámi language in 2003. The sit- people. In 1994 113 people used to reside in Kanevka. ‹–™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”ǣ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡ ‡„”—ƒ”›Ǥ–’”‡•‡––Š‡›ϔ‹‹•Š uation in the Eastern Kola villages seems to be hope- The oldest resident of Kanevka is a woman who ‘Ž›‹ƒ” ŠǤ –‹•˜‡”›„ƒ†Ǥ”‡‰ƒ–”‡‹†‡‡”ƒŽ•‘‰‡– less in this context, as is described by a 55-year-old was born in 1929. Her uncles founded the village in •Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‡†Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ”‡‹†‡‡”—•‡†–‘ ‘‡‹‘˜‡Ǧ man: Dz˜‡–Š‡Žƒ–‡‡Ž†‡”•Š‡”‡†‹†‘–•’‡ƒ–Š‡•‡†‹ƒǦ 1923 according to her: DzŠ‡”‡™ƒ•‘Ž›ƒ•‹Ž‹‹ƒ‡˜ǡ „‡”ƒ†–Š‡‰‘„ƒ –‘–—†”ƒǤ‘™–Š‡›„”‹‰–Š‡ Ž‡ –•Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral History Tape Ž‡•‡‹ƒ‡˜ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡„”‘–Š‡”•‘ˆ›‘–Š‡”Ǥ‡”‰‡‹ Žƒ–‡”ƒ†”‡‹†‡‡””‡–—”–‘–—†”ƒ‹ƒ” ŠǤ‡ŽŽǡ‹ 2012-1) A 50-year-old Komi woman agrees: Dz ”ƒ•Ǧ ƒ‡˜ǡˆƒƒ•‹‹ƒ‡˜ƒ†‰‘”ƒ‡˜Ǥ ‹˜‡„”‘–Š‡”•Ǥ ƒ” Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ Ž‘•‡–‘”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡ǡƒ”‘—†͹Ͷ ‘ Š‡Ž›‡ ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘‡Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ‹Ž› ‡ „”‘–Š‡” Ž‹˜‡† ‹ —„‘˜ƒ ƒ† Š‡”‡ ‹ ƒ‡˜ƒ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ‹ ƒ› –Š‡› ‰‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” –‘ –—Ǧ ‘‹Š‡”‡Ǥ†–Š‘•‡ž‹™Š‘Ž‹˜‡Š‡”‡–Š‡›ƒŽŽ•’‡ƒ –Š‡”‡™‡”‡–Š”‡‡„”‘–Š‡”•Ǥ†‰‘”ƒ‡˜Ž‹˜‡†‹‘Ǧ †”ƒǤ  —‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡‰”ƒœ‹‰Ǥ‹–‡” ‘‹Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral History Tape ‘‹ƒ†‹ƒ‡˜ƒǤ ™ƒ•„‘”™Š‡›’ƒ”‡–•™‡”‡ ‘‡•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ ƒ›–Š‡”‡—•‡†–‘„‡ˆ”‘•–••–‹ŽŽǤ ”‡Ǧ 2012-5) ƒ™ƒ›„—––Š‡›„”‘—‰Š–‡Š‡”‡™Š‡ ™ƒ•ƒ„ƒ„›Ǥ‘ ‡„‡”™Š‡™‡ƒ””‹‡† ™ƒ••‡‡‹‰›Š—•„ƒ†‘ˆˆ During our community documentation we spoke ‹–‹•ƒŽ‘•––Šƒ– ™ƒ•„‘”Š‡”‡Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanev- ‹ƒ›ƒ† ™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ™‡ƒ”‹‰ƒˆ—”Ǧ ‘ƒ–Ǥ‘™ƒ†ƒ›• with one Sámi who could speak his native Eastern ka Oral History Tape 2012-1). ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆƒ›  ƒƒŽ”‡ƒ†›’Žƒ–˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡• dialect. He is a pensioner in the village of Krasnoche- Another elderly man remembered the Kanevs ‹ƒ‰”‡‡ǦŠ‘—•‡Ǥ•ˆ‘”’‘–ƒ–‘‹–‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡Ȃ–Š‡„‡Ǧ lye. Toponyms of Ponoi and different reindeer termi- too: DzŠ‡› ™‡”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ › — Ž‡• ˆ”‘ › ‘–ŠǦ ‰‹‹‰‘ˆ —‡„—–•‘‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›’Žƒ–’‘–ƒ–‘‡•ƒ––Š‡ nologies of Sámi language were taped. These materi- ‡”ǯ• •‹†‡Ǥ › ‘–Š‡”ǯ• ˆƒ–Š‡” ™ƒ• –Š‡‹” „”‘–Š‡” ƒ† ‡†‘ˆƒ›Ǥ ”‡‡„‡”™‡—•‡†–‘•™‹‘”‡‹–Š‡ als await future analysis. He spoke of his family roots Š‡‘˜‡†Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡ˆ”‘—‘˜ƒǤdz ”‹˜‡”–Šƒ Š‹Ž†”‡†‘‘™Ǥ‡””‹‡•†‡’‡†‘–Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ in Chalme-Varre: Dz›‰”ƒ†’ƒ”‡–•Ž‹˜‡†ƒ–‘ƒǯ‰ƒ (Snowchange Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-8). –—•‡†–‘„‡–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ‡†‹†‘–’‹ •‘ƒ›„‡”Ǧ ƒ†—•‡†–‘˜‹•‹–—•Š‡”‡ˆ”‘–‹‡–‘–‹‡ǡ‹ŠƒŽ‡Ǧ Following the arrival of the Kanevs, the Chuprovs ar- ”‹‡•ƒ•‹–‹•†‘‡‘™Ǥ‡—•‡†–‘’‹ „‡””‹‡•‘Ž›ˆ‘” ƒ””‡Ǥ Š‡› ™‡”‡ ƒŽŽ ”‡‹†‡‡” Š‡”†‡”•Ǥ  ™ƒ• „‘” ‹ rived: DzŠ—’”‘˜ǡ‘—”‰”ƒ†ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ ƒ‡Ǥ ‡™ƒ••‡ ‘† ‘—”•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡’‹ ˆ‘”™Š‘Ž‡Ǧ•ƒŽ‡ –—†”ƒ ‡ƒ” ‘ƒǯ‰ƒǤ Š‡› •Š‘—Ž† ‘– ’”‡•• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥˆ–‡”–Šƒ–‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡•‡––Ž‡†Š‡”‡ƒ† ’—” Šƒ•‡”•Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‘‘–™ƒ‹–—–‹Ž–Š‡„‡””‹‡• •‘— ŠǤŠ‡›•Š‘—Ž†‘––ƒ‡‘‡›ˆ”‘Š‡”†‡”••‘ ‹ͷͿ͹Ͷƒ‘ŽŠ‘œ™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanev- ƒ”‡ ”‹’‡ ‡‘—‰ŠǤdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral –Šƒ––Š‡Š‡”†‡”•™‘—Ž†•–ƒ›ƒ––Š‡•‘˜Š‘œǤ–Š‡”™‹•‡ ka Oral History Tape 2012-4). History Tape 2012-5) –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ „ƒ†Ǥdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye A man born in the Lovozero tundra in 1928 re- ‘–Š‡”Ž†‡”‹Š‡”͹Ͳ•”‡ϐŽ‡ –‡†‘–Š‡‡š’‡”‹- Oral History Tape 2012-7) members the time during the war in the village: ences since 1940s. She has seen some cycles in the Many of the former residents of Ivanovka/ Dz – ™ƒ•ϔ‹‡Ǥ Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ •‘˜Š‘œƒ•‡†‘– way the weather warms and cools: Šƒ˜‡Ž‹˜‡†Š‡”‡ Chalme-Varre live now in Krasnochelye. Connections –‘–ƒ‡‡–‘–Š‡ƒ”›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›‡‡†‡†’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ ˆ‘”ͽͶ›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ—–™Š‘‘™•Ǥ ”‡Ǧ are maintained with the former dwelling site, espe- ™‘”Š‡”‡Ǥ‡ ƒ””‹‡†Šƒ›ǡƒ†‡˜‡‹‹ȏ„‹” Š„—†Ž‡•Ȑ ‡„‡”–Š‡”‡™‡”‡•‘‡‡š–”‡‡•‹››‘—–Šƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ cially in the summer. A Komi woman in her 50s origi- Š‡”‡™‡”‡ ‘™•Š‡”‡ƒ––Šƒ––‹‡ƒ†Š‘”•‡•–‘‘Ǥ – Š‡ ™‘”‡†‹ƒ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡š’‡†‹–‹‘‘—”–‡ Š‹Ǧ nally from Ivanovka discussed her memories of that ™ƒ• ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ •‘˜Š‘œǤ  –‘–ƒŽ –Š‡ ”‡‹†‡‡” Š‡”† ™ƒ• ƒŽ™‘”‡”ˆ”‘œ‡–‘†‡ƒ–Š‹ —Ž›ǤŠ‡™Š‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› place: Dz‡Œ—•–‘™–Šƒ–™‡ƒ”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ ƒ”‘—†͸ͶͶͶƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ†™‡Šƒ† –Š‹–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”Ǧ ™‘”‡†ƒ––Š‡’‘•–‘ˆϔ‹ ‡™‡Šƒ†ƒ•—‡”™Š‡–Š‡ ™‡‡‡’ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‘˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡ ‡–Š‡”†•Ǥˆ–‡”–Šƒ– „‡‰ƒ™‘”‹‰™‹–Š”‡‹†‡‡”ƒ• ”‹˜‡” ‘—Ž†‘–‘’‡ˆ‘”•— ŠŽ‘‰–‹‡Ǥ†–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ ™Š‡ ™ƒ•–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•‘Ž†Ǥ—– ™ƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•˜‹•‹–‹‰ ƒ”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‡”Ǥ‡”‘†‡‹”‡‹†‡‡”•Ž‡†•–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ ˜‡”›Š‘–•—‡”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ‘‹–‹•†‹ˆϔ‹ —Ž––‘•ƒ›Ǥ –‹• –Š‡’Žƒ ‡™‹–Š›‰”ƒ†‘–Š‡”Ǥ ™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹• Š‘‘Ž ‘—”ƒȏ•‘™ƒ Š‹‡•ȐǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡”‡‹†‡‡””ƒ ‡• „‡––‡”–‘ƒ••‘‡‘–Š‡”‘Ž†’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ‹†‰‡‘”ƒŽŽ› ƒ†™‡—•‡†–‘‰‘„›„‘ƒ––‘ ˜ƒ‘˜ƒǤŠ‡›ȏ–Š‡‘Ž† ‹•Ž‡†•ƒ–‘‘‹”‹˜‡”Ǥ –‘‘’ƒ”–‹–Š‡ǤŠ‡•Š‘”– ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ‹ —‰—•– ƒ† –Š‹• ›‡ƒ” ‹– ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ȑ –‡ŽŽ Š‘™ –Š‡› Ž‹˜‡† –Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡› –‘Ž† –Šƒ– ‹ ”ƒ ‡™ƒ•ͷǤͻ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral ‘•“—‹–‘•Ǥ ™ƒ••‘•—”’”‹•‡†™Š‡ ™ƒ•„‹––‡ƒ––Š‡ ˜ƒ‘˜ƒ –Š‡› —•‡† –‘ ‰”‘™ ƒ› ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ǣ ƒ””‘–ǡ History Tape 2012-5). „‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ —‡Ǥ‡””‹‡•ƒ”‡”‹’‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ ”‡‡„‡” –—”‹’•ǡ ƒ„„ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡›—•‡†–‘‰”‘™ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–‹‘ŽŠ‘œ In 1960s several festivities existed in the village: ™Š‡ ™ƒ•ƒ Š‹Ž†™‡—•‡†–‘ Š‡  Ž‘—†„‡””›‘Ž›‘ ƒ†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ›‰”ƒ†ˆƒ–Š‡”™‘”‡†ƒŽŽŠ‹•Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ• ‹‡™•‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡‹—‰—•–͸ͶͶͼǤ Dz‡ Šƒ† ƒ ‹•Š‡”ƒ †ƒ›ǡ ƒ ƒ› ‘ˆ ‘—–Š ™Š‡ ™‡ǡ

64 65 ›‘—‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ™‡– ˆ‘” ƒ ’‹ ‹ ǡ —’•–”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‘‘‹Ǥ closed down. Two elderly brothers from the commu- Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆϔ‹•Š‹‰‹•’‡ –‹‘‡˜‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ϔ‹•Š‘‡ ‹–›”‡ϐŽ‡ ––Š‘•‡–‹‡•‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹‰ǣDzŠ‡”‡™ƒ•‘ŽŠ‘œ ϔ‹•Šˆ‘”•‘—’ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ• ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ‘”–Š™‹–Š”‡‹†‡‡” ‡˜‡”ǡƒǮ‹ŽŽ‹‘‡”ǯǤŠ‡›—•‡†–‘ ƒ– Š—’–‘ͼͺ–‘•‘ˆ ”ƒ ‡Ǥ – ™ƒ• ‡˜‡”› ›‡ƒ”Ǥ  –‘‘ ’ƒ”– ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ† ™‘ •ƒŽ‘‹‰‘‘†›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘–‹–Š‡•‡ƒ„—–‹–Š‡‘‘‹ •‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥƒ ‡•™‡”‡ƒŽ‘‰‘‘‹ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•͸͸ͶͶ ”‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡ϔ‹•Š‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ†ƒ›ƒ†–Š‡‡š–†ƒ›–Š‡› ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡ –Šƒ ͻͶͶ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ „—•‹”‘˜ƒǤ ™‡”‡‘’‡‹‰ƒ‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡ϔ‹•Š–‘‰‡––‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ‘™ Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•Ž‡‹–•ƒ™Š‡„Ž‹›™‡”‡ƒ†‡ȋ‹– –Š‡”‡‹•‘•— Š‘ŽŠ‘œǤ ‰—‡••–Š‡›Œ—•–‹ŽŽ‡†ƒŽŽϔ‹•ŠǤ ‹•ƒƒŽŽǦ—••‹ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ™‹–‡”ȌǤ‘ ƒŽ• Š‡”‡ƒ”‡’‘ƒ Š‡”•Ǣ™‹–ŠŒ‡–Ǧ‘–‘”•–Š‡›†‡•–”‘›‡‰‰•Ǥ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†–Š‡•‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤDz(Snowchange Kanevka Oral Š‡›™ƒ•Š‹–‘—–‘ˆ•ƒˆ‡’Žƒ ‡•Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanevka History Tape 2012-4). Oral History Tape 2012-7). A man born in 1959 also remembers these festivi- Now there are two brigades for reindeer herding ties:Dzƒ•Ž‡‹–•ƒǡ”‡‹†‡‡””ƒ ‡Ǥ—”‹‰ƒ•Ž‡‹–•ƒ™‡ ‹–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǤŠ‡ϐ‹”•–„”‹‰ƒ†‡Šƒ•–™‘Š‡”†‡”•ǡ ƒŽŽ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†ƒ–ƒ‡˜ƒ•“—ƒ”‡‡ƒ”–Š‡‡–”›–‘–Š‡ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† Šƒ• ϐ‹˜‡ Š‡”†‡”•Ǥ Š‡ Š‡ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ „”‹- ‘Ž†•Š‘’ǤŠ‡‘”‰ƒ‹•‡”•‘”†‡”‡†‹ ‡Ǧ ”‡ƒƒ†„‡‡” gades is Nikolai Anatol’evich Terent’ev. ‹„ƒ””‡Ž•Ǥ†‡˜‡”›„‘†›™ƒ•„—›‹‰ƒ•— Šƒ•–Š‡› ™ƒ–ǤŠ‡ ™ƒ••ƒŽŽ ™ƒ• ‘‹‰™‹–Š•Ž‡†‰‡•Ǥ  2.2.1. Fisheries, Salmon and Salmon Tourism in —•‡†–‘‰‹˜‡”‹†‡™‹–Š›”‡‹†‡‡”•Ž‡†‰‡•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡ Kanevka ’ƒ‹†‡™‹–Š‹ ‡Ǧ ”‡ƒǤ‘ǡƒ––Š‡‡†–Š‡•Ž‡†‰‡™ƒ• The oldest person in the village, born in 1920s, has ˆ—ŽŽ‘ˆ‹ ‡Ǧ ”‡ƒǤ‡‹†‡‡””ƒ ‡™ƒ•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ–‘‘‹Ǥ paid attention to the salmon. Her observations por- –‘‘’ƒ”–‹–Š‡ƒ•ƒ Š‹Ž†ƒ†Žƒ–‡”ƒ•ƒ†—Ž–Ǥ –™ƒ• –”ƒ› ‘ ‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ϐ‹•ŠǣDz ‹•ŠŠƒ•†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ‘Ǧ „‡––‡”„‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥ‘™–Š‡”‡‹•‘‘‡›ƒ†›‘—ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ ’Ž‡–‡Ž›Ǥ ––ƒ‡•›‡ƒ”•ˆ‘”ϔ‹•Š–‘‰”‘™Ǥ–ϔ‹”•–‹‹ƒ„‘Ǧ –Š‡–‹‡ƒ–™‘”Ǥ –™ƒ•‡˜‡™‘”•‡–‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘†—”Ǧ ‰ƒ–Š‡›—•‡†–‘ ƒ– Šƒ”‘—†ƒŠ—†”‡†ϔ‹•Šƒ†ƒ›Ǥˆ ‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–‹‡™‡™‡”‡‘–’ƒ‹†ƒ–ƒŽŽǤDz ‘—”•‡ǡϔ‹•Š†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡–‹‡–‘‰”‘™ǤŠ‡”‡—•‡†–‘ (Snowchange Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-6). „‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆϔ‹•ŠŠ‡”‡Ǥ†–Š‡•‘˜Š‘œϔ‹•Š‡†ƒŽ‘––‘ˆ—ŽǦ ͳͻ͹ͺ–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰„”‹‰ƒ†‡‹–Š‡‘‘‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ϔ‹ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ’ŽƒǤdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral His- was diminished, and towards 1990s it was totally tory Tape 2012-1).

ƒ‡˜ƒ‹‹†Ǧ͸ͶͶͶ•Ǥ

Starting from the mouth of Ponoi the salmon –‘—”‹•– ƒ’ƒ–‹ƒ„‘‰ƒ™ƒ••‡–ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘ camps are operating at Ponoi, Purnach, Riaboga, up- –ƒ‡•‡‹‡‘ˆˆǤŠ‡ϔ‹”•– ƒ’™ƒ•ƒ–ƒ Šƒǡ ”‡‡„‡” stream of Purnach, Acha and plans have been made „‡ ƒ—•‡ Šƒ˜‡™‘”‡†–Š‡”‡Ǥ –™ƒ•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹ͷͿͿͶ –‘‘’‡ƒ‡™‘‡‹‘ŽƒǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ϐ‹˜‡ ƒ’• ‘” ͷͿͿͷ „› ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ‡–‡”•„—”‰ ‡‘„ǯ‹ƒ–ƒ‹ƒ ”‹Ǧ from the delta to Kanevka. Upstream from Kanevka ”‘†ƒ‘’ƒ›ǤŠ‡–Š‡ ƒ’•™‡”‡Œ—•–„‡‰‹‹‰ there are Pacha, Porog, Lebiazhka and Sukhaia. Rela- –Š‡‹”„—•‹‡••–Š‡›’”‘˜‹†‡†•‘‡ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ—–‘™ tionship with the salmon tourist companies has de- ‹–‹•ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral History Tape teriorated according to the Elder: Dz –‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›„ƒ†Ǥ‡ 2012-8). ‰‡–‘ˆ”‡‡†‘ǤŠ‡›‰‹˜‡—•‘–Š‹‰ǤŠ‡›ϔ‹”•–’”‘Ǧ ‡Ž†‡”Ž›Žƒ†›”‡‡„‡”‡†–Š‡‘˜‹‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›ƒ– ‹•‡†ǤŠ‡–Š‡›™‡”‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‹ƒ„‘‰ƒ–Š‡›’”‘‹•‡† the mouth of the river: Dz‘ŽŠ‘œ•‡‹‡—•‡†–‘„‡ƒ– –‘ „—‹Ž† ‡‹‰Š–ǦϔŽ‘‘” „—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ ‹ ‡ –Š‡ ’”‘‹•‡ –‡ ‘‘‹ǡƒ––Š‡‘—–Šǡ™Š‡”‡–Š‡•‡ƒ„‡‰‹•Ǥ –‹•ƒ„‹‰‡–Ǥ ›‡ƒ”•’ƒ••‡†ƒ†‘–Š‹‰Šƒ’’‡‡†Ǥ‘™–Š‡›™ƒ–‡† –Šƒ•‰ƒ–‡•ƒ†ϔ‹•Š‰‡–•‹‹–Ǥ‡—•‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡•‘˜Ǧ –‘„—‹Ž†•‘‡‘ˆϔ‹ ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanevka Š‘œƒ†–Š‡›Šƒ†‘ŽŠ‘œǤ‘•‘˜ƒƒŽ•‘—•‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ Oral History Tape 2012-1) ‘ŽŠ‘œ„—–™‡Šƒ†•‘˜Š‘œǤ„ƒ‘ŽŠ‘œǡ ‘ƒǯ‰ƒ ‘Ž†‡”ƒ”‡‡„‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹”•– ‘ŽŠ‘œ—•‡†–‘„‡Ǥ—–™‡™‡”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† salmon camps in the region: DzǥƒŽ‘ϔ‹•Š‹‰„”‹‰ƒ†‡Ǥ ‹–‘ ƒ •‘˜Š‘œǤdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral History ‡”‹ƒŽ’Š‘–‘‘ˆƒ‡˜ƒ‹‹†Ǧ͸ͶͶͶ•Ǥ –™ƒ• Ž‘•‡††‘™‘–‹ͷͿͽ;„—–‹ͷͿͿͶ•™Š‡–Š‡ Tape 2012-1).

66 67 A man born in 1959 made the connection be- ‡‰‰• Ȃ  Šƒǡ —‰ƒǯ‰ƒǡ —”ƒ ŠǤ  –Š‘•‡ ”‹˜‡”• –Š‡ ‹• ‹• ‘– ‡‡†‡† Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘ ƒŽ ”‡•‹†‡–• ‰‡– ‘–Š‹‰ ™‘†‡”ƒ™ƒ›ƒ††‘‘–’ƒ›•ƒŽƒ”‹‡•–‘’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ‘™ tween the Ponoi seining and the contemporary salm- ϔ‹•Š‹‰‹•’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡”‘‘”•‡˜‡†‹†‘–”‹‰ ˆ”‘‹–Ǥ —•–‘’’‘•‹–‡ǡ–Š‡›Œ—•–Ž‹‹–—•Ǥ‡‰—›–‘Ž† ‹–‹•‘”‡†‹ˆϔ‹ —Ž––‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –Š‡”†•„ƒ Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡”Š‡”†• on camps: DzŠ‡ ϔ‹•Š‹‰ „”‹‰ƒ†‡ ™ƒ• ϔ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ– –‘‹ƒ „‡ŽŽ•ȋ Š—” Š„‡ŽŽ•ˆ‘”•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ȍ™Š‡ϔ‹•Š™‡––‘Žƒ› —•–Šƒ–ǣǮ›‘— ƒƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘‡–‘›„ƒ•‡ǯǤŠ‡”‡™‡ ƒ† Š‡”†‹‰ ‰”‘—†• ™‡”‡ ‘”‡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†Ǥ Š‘•‡ ƒ––Š‡‘—–Š‘ˆ‘‘‹ȏƒ•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ”‹˜‡”ˆ‘”•‡‹‡ϔ‹•ŠǦ ‡‰‰•Ǥ†‘™’‡‘’Ž‡™ƒ‡—’™Š‡–Š‡›‰‘™‹–Š–Š‡‹” ™‹ŽŽ‰‡–ͷͶͶͶ”‘—„Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ›–‘’ƒ›ˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ›ǫ –‹• –‘—”‹•– ƒ’•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡Šƒ’‡”‹‰ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ ’‡”•‘Ǧ ‹‰ȐǤ ƒ•‡ƒ•‘–Š‡›—•‡†–‘‰‡–ƒ”‘—†ͼͻǦͽͶ–‘•‘ˆ Œ‡–Ǧ‘–‘”•ǤŠ‡Œ‡–Ǧ‘–‘”•‹ϔŽ—‡ ‡‡‰‰•‹–Š‡™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ’”‘Š‹„‹–‡† –‘ ϔ‹•Š —’Ǧ•–”‡ƒǤ Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ƒ ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡‡˜‡”‰‘–ƒ›Š‡Ž’Ǥƒ›„‡•‘‡–‹‡ƒ‰‘–Š‡› ϔ‹•ŠǤ––Šƒ––‹‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆϔ‹•Š‹ƒ‡˜ƒƒ† Š‡”‡‹•— ŠŽ‡••ϔ‹•Š‘™Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡› Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–Ž‘Ǧ Š‡ Ǧ’‘‹––Šƒ–†‘‡•‘–Ž‡–—•‰‘–Š‡”‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡ ‰‘–•‘‡„‘†›–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒŽ‹ˆ–„›Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ ‡˜‡”›„‘†› ‘—Ž†ϔ‹•Šƒ•— Šƒ•–Š‡›™ƒ–Ǥ‘™–Š‘•‡ ƒŽ•†‡•–”‘›ϔ‹•Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘„—––Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆϔ‹•Š ‹•ƒ‰‘‘†ϔ‹•Š‹‰ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–•Œ—•–Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‹•‘–Š‹‰‰‘‘†ˆ‘”•‘˜Š‘œˆ”‘–Š‡Ǥdz(Snowchange –‘—”‹•– ƒ’• Ž‘•‡†•— Š•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹ ‘‡ˆ‘”•‘˜Š‘œǤ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘Ž›ƒˆ–‡”–‘—”‹•– ƒ’•™‡”‡•‡–‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ –Š‹ Ž‹‹–‡† ƒ”‡ƒ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ˆ‘” ϔ‹•Š‹‰ „—– ‹– ‹• ‘– ƒ ‰‘‘† Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-3). ‘‹ƒ‹• Ž‘•‡†„—––Š‡”‡‹•‘–ϔ‹•Š‹–Š‡”‹˜‡”‡‹–Š‡”Ǥ –Šƒ–ϔ‹•ŠŒ—•–†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡–‹‡–‘‰”‘™Ǥ –‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ ϔ‹•Š‹‰ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡•‡„ƒ•‡•ƒ™ƒ›Ǥƒ•‡• They also feel that there are no rights for the local †™‡ƒ”‡‘–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ϔ‹•Šdz (Snowchange Kanevka Œ‡–Ǧ‘–‘”•Ǣ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ ƒ– Š‹‰ϔ‹•Šƒ† ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ– ’Žƒ ‡• ™‡”‡ ”‡‹†‡‡” —•‡† –‘ ”‘•• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•Ǥ ‹ ‡ ‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ž‘- Oral History Tape 2012-6). Ž‡––‹‰‹–„ƒ –‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ –™‹ŽŽ‘–•—”˜‹˜‡Ǥ‡†‘‘– –Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ–ϔ‹”•–”‡‹†‡‡”™‡”‡ ‘‹‰‘—–ƒ†™‡”‡ cal people does not meet their needs and subsistence Similarly an elderly woman, born in 1934 com- ‘™™Šƒ––Š‡›†‘‹–Š‘•‡ ƒ’•Ǥƒ›„‡•‘‡„‘†› ™ƒ‹–‹‰™Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽ‰‘ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ‘™–Š‡›•–‘’’‡† ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹•†‹• ‘–‹—‡†ǣDzŠ‡”‡‹•ƒŽ‘•–‘ϔ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ‡ mented on the salmon tourism: Dz –Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡™‘”•‡Ǥ †‘‡•ϔ‹•Šƒ†Ž‡–ϔ‹•Š‰‘Ǥ—–‘–Š‡” ƒ’•‹‰Š–ƒ‡ ‘‹‰ƒ–ƒŽŽǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡•–Š‡”‡ƒ†’‡‘Ǧ †‘‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ›”‹‰Š–•ǤŠƒ–‹†‘ˆ”‹‰Š–•™‡ ƒ–ƒŽ –ϔ‹”•––Š‡›–‘‘—•–Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡›–”ƒ•’‘”–—•„›Š‡Ž‹ ‘’Ǧ •ƒŽ–‡† ϔ‹•ŠǤ Š‡ ϔ‹•Š‹‰ ‹•’‡ –‹‘ †‘‡• ‘– ‘–”‘Ž ’Ž‡Ǥ‡•ǡ–Š‡›’—•Š—•Šƒ”†Š‡”‡Ǥ›„”‘–Š‡” ”‹‡†™Š‡ ƒ„‘—–ǫŠ‡ϔ‹•Š‹‰‹•ƒŽ‘•–‘˜‡”–Šƒ–‘Ž›‘™–Š‡› –‡”„—–ƒˆ–‡”•‘‡–‹‡‹–™ƒ•ƒŽŽƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ‘–Š‹‰‹• –Š‡ ˆ‘” •‘‡ ”‡ƒ•‘Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral –Š‡•‡„ƒ•‡• ƒ‡Ǥ ‡–‘Ž†–Šƒ–™‡™‡”‡‘–†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†‹ ‹••—‡Ž‹ ‡ ‡•ˆ‘”—•Ǥ ƒŽˆ•—‡”‹•‘˜‡”ƒ†‘Ž›‘™ †‘‡ˆ‘”—•Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral History Tape History Tape 2012-3) ™ƒ”„—––Š‡›–‘‘™‹–Š —‹‰‡••ǤŠ‡›‘ —’›–Š‹• –Š‡›„‡‰ƒ‹••—‹‰–Š‡Ž‹ ‡ ‡•Ǥ†–Š‡•‡Ž‹ ‡ ‡•ƒ”‡ 2012-2). A man born in 1959 agrees with this observation: ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡›•‡––‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š•‘‡Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡– ‘Ž›ˆ”‘•‹š–‘–™‡Ž˜‡‘ǯ Ž‘ Ǥ –‡ƒ•–Šƒ–†—”‹‰–Š‡ Š‡ Šƒ• ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‡† ‘ –Š‡ —””‡– ’‡”‹–• ˆ‘” Ž‘- Dz –Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡”‡ƒŽŽ›„ƒ†Ǥ‡ƒ”‡‘–ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ϔ‹•ŠǤ ™Š‘™ƒ•ϔ‹•Š‹‰ǤŠ‡›†‘‘–”‡•’‡ –—•Ǥdz (Snowchange †ƒ›™‡†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡”‹‰Š––‘‰‘–‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ—””‹‰Š–• cal residents too. According to her the way licences Š‡”‡‹•‘–ϔ‹•Šƒ†–Š‡›„Žƒ‡Ž‘ ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Šƒ–Ǥ—–‹ Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-2). ƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ˜‹‘Žƒ–‡†Ǥ ‡ ƒ”‡ †‹•–—”„‹‰ –Š‡‹” Ž‹‡–•Ǥ ƒ”‡‹••—‡††‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡•Ž‘ ƒŽ•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ƒ• ƒ ‹‡––‹‡•™Š‡•ƒŽ‘™ƒ•‰‘‹‰—’•–”‡ƒ–‘Žƒ›  ‘Ž†‡” ƒ ”‡‡„‡”• –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”› ƒ– –Š‡ ˜‹Ž- Š‡›ϔ‹•Šƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›—–‹Ž•‹šƒ†‘Ž›ƒˆ–‡”–Šƒ–™‡ –Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–•ǣ ‡‰‰•–Š‡›‡˜‡†‹†‘–”‹‰ Š—” Š„‡ŽŽ•ƒ†‘™–Š‡› lage: Dzƒ”Ž‹‡”–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‰”ƒ›Ž‹‰ȋŠƒ”‹—•Ȍƒ† ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ϔ‹•ŠǤ—–‹”‡ƒŽ‹–›–Š‡›†‹•–—”„—•‘”‡Ǥ Dz – ‘•–•ͷͻͶ”—„Ž‡•Ǥ‘’‡•‹‘‡”•ǨŠ‡›™‡”‡‘–‰‹˜Ǧ —•‡Œ‡–Ǧ„‘ƒ–•ǤŠ‡›—•‡–Š‡‹•ŠƒŽŽ‘™™ƒ–‡”•ǡƒ–‘Ž› ’‡‘’Ž‡ϔ‹•Š‡†‹–Œ—•–‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ—–‘™–Š‡ ‡ƒ”‡‘––‘„‡„Žƒ‡†–Šƒ–™‡Ž‹˜‡Š‡”‡ǡ„›–Šƒ–”‹˜‡” ‹‰Ž‹ ‡ ‡™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ϔ‹•Šǡƒ••‘‘ƒ•ϔ‹•Š†‹•ƒ’Ǧ ͷͻǦ͸Ͷ ‡–‹‡–‡”•†‡‡’ǤŽŽ‡‰‰•‰‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‘•‡Œ‡–•Ǥ —„‡”‘ˆϔ‹•ŠŠƒ•†”‘’’‡†‹Žƒ•––™‘›‡ƒ”•Ǥdz(Snow- ƒ†™‡†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡‘–Š‡”’Žƒ ‡•–‘ϔ‹•ŠǤ˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹• ’‡ƒ”‡†–Š‡›„‡‰ƒ•‡ŽŽ‹‰Ž‹ ‡ ‡•Ǥ‘ǡ›‘—–ƒ‡Ž‹ ‡ ‡ ”‘™Š‡”‡ϔ‹•Š™‘—Ž†ƒ’’‡ƒ”ǫŠ‡”‡‹•‘Ž›•ƒŽŽϔ‹•Š change Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-8). •‘ˆƒ”ˆ”‘Š‡”‡Ǥ‘— ƒ‰‡––Š‡”‡‘Ž›„›Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”‘” ƒ†‰‡–‘–Š‹‰Ǥ‘ †‘‘–‰‘ϔ‹•Š‹‰ƒ–ƒŽŽǤŠ›†‹† Š‡”‡ǢŽƒ”‰‡ϔ‹•Š†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ’•†—”‹‰Žƒ›Ǧ According to these older people in Kanevka, the ƒŽŽǦ–‡””ƒ‹˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•Ǥ—–‘–‡˜‡”›„‘†›Šƒ•ƒŽŽǦ–‡””ƒ‹Ǧ –Š‡›ƒ‡•‘–Šƒ–™Š‡ϔ‹•Š™ƒ•‰‘‹‰–Š‡›†‹†‘–•‡ŽŽ ‹‰‡‰‰•’‡”‹‘†–Š‡ϔ‹•Š‹‰ƒ‰‡ ›†‹†‘–ƒŽŽ‘™—•–‘ salmon tourism has excluded them from the river, ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡Žƒ‡•„—–ˆƒ”ǤͺͶǦͼͶ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• Ž‹ ‡ ‡•ǫ‘ǡ™‡Œ—•–•‹–ƒ†Ž‘‘ƒ––Š‡”‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ• —•‡ ‡˜‡ •‹’Ž‡ ‘–‘” „‘ƒ–•Ǥdz(Snowchange Kanevka up to a point where the companies are using check- ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ–Š—•‹ƒ•–•ϔ‹•ŠŠƒ”‹—•ȋ‰”ƒ›Ž‹‰ȌŠ‡”‡ǤŠ‘•‡ ‡˜‡”•— Š–Š‹‰Š‡”‡–Šƒ–‘„‘†› ƒ– Š‡•ƒ›–Š‹‰Ǥ ˆ Oral History Tape 2012-6) points. Suggestions are made that these bases should ™Š‘ƒ”‡‘––‘‘Žƒœ›ƒ†ƒ”‡‘–ƒˆ”ƒ‹†‘ˆˆ”‘•–ǤŠ‡› ›‘—–ƒ‡‹–ˆ”‘ͼ’‹–‹•˜ƒŽ‹†—–‹Ž‹†‹‰Š–Ǥ† Elderly brothers from Kanevka identify similarly be removed as they are “occupying” the homelands •‹–Š‡”‡‘‘‘‹ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ƒ–‘—–Š•‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‡””‹˜‡”• ™Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ’‘‹– ‘™ ‹ ƒ—–— ™Š‡ ‹– ‹• •‘ †ƒ”ǡ ™‹–Š–Š‡‡“—‹–›‹••—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ϐ‹•Š‡”›Ǥ˜‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥƒ„‘”‹ͳͻͷͻ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†–Š‡ Ž‹‡ƒ ŠƒǤŠ‡› ƒ– Šƒ‹Ž›Šƒ”‹—•„—–ƒŽ•‘™Š‹–‡Ǧ ϔ‹•Š ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‹–‡ ‹ †ƒ”‡••Ǥ ‘—™‹ŽŽ ƒ– Š ‘–Š‹‰Ǥ ‹‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–‹‡•–Š‡‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ’‡”‹–•™‡”‡‘–’‘’—Žƒ” ‘—ƒŽ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ‰”‘—†•ǡ „—– ‡˜‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹- ϔ‹•Šˆ”‘–‹‡–‘–‹‡ǡ„—”„‘–ǡ’‡” ŠǤ ˆ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ‘– ‘„‘†›‹•‰‘‹‰ϔ‹•Š‹‰‘™ƒ†ƒ›•Ǥ‡Šƒ˜‡‘”‹‰Š–•Ǥ amongst the local people: Dz‡†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ›–Š‹‰Ǥ ties have moved in: Dzȏ‘ ƒŽ•ϔ‹•ŠȐˆ”‘‘–ƒǯ‰ƒͷǤͻ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ϔ‹•Š Š‡”‡ ™‡ ™‘—Ž† ‘– ‡‡† –Š‹• •ƒŽ‘ Š‡–Š‡•‡–‘—”‹•–„ƒ•‡•™‡”‡•‡––Š‡›„‡‰ƒ•‡ŽŽ‹‰ Š‡› •“—‡‡œ‡† —• ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ •‹†‡•Ǥ ‹•Š‹‰ ™ƒ• ƒŽ™ƒ›• –‘–™‘‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ‘Ǥ –‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒŽŽ‘™‡†ˆ”‘‘ŽǦ •‘— ŠǤ ˆ  ‘—Ž†‰‡–’‹‡ ™‘—Ž†— Š„‡––‡”’”‡ˆ‡” Ž‹ ‡ ‡•Ǥ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ —‡™Š‡ϔ‹•Š†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡› ’”‘Š‹„‹–‡† –‘ —•Ǥ ‡ ™‡”‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ’‘ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† ϔ‹•ŠǦ ƒǡ•‘‹–‹•ϔ‹˜‡–‘•‹š‹Ž‘‡–‡”•—’–‘ƒ‡˜ƒƒ† •Ǧ ’‹‡Ǥ—– Šƒ˜‡‰”‘™„›‘‘‹ƒ†  ƒ‘–Ž‹˜‡™‹–ŠǦ „‡‰ƒ•‡ŽŽ‹‰Ž‹ ‡ ‡•‘Ž›•–ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘ͼ’ǤŠƒ– ‹‰‹•’‡ –‹‘—•‡†–‘ ƒ– Š—•ƒ†ϔ‹‡—•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ Žƒ†•Ǥ’–‘Žƒ”‰‡ƒŠƒ”‘˜•‹‹ •Žƒ†Ǥ ‡”‡™‡ ƒϔ‹•Š ‘—–•ƒŽ‘Ǥ‡ŽŽǡ ”‡‡„‡”–Šƒ–‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡƒ†ƒ›„‡ ƒ ›‘— ƒ– Š ƒ– –Šƒ– –‹‡ǫ ‘–Š‹‰Ǥdz (Snowchange ›‘—•‡†–‘„‡ ƒ—‰Š–ƒ†‘–Š‡”™‘‡ƒ”‘—† •ƒŽ‘™‹–ŠŽ‹ ‡ ‡•Ǥ—–‡˜‡–Š‡™‡ƒ”‡•‘‡–‹‡• ‘™ƒ•™‡ŽŽǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‡”•‹–—Ǧ Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-2). Š‡”‡Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ„‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ‡ƒŽ‘•–†‘ ’”‡˜‡–‡†ˆ”‘†‘‹‰‹–ǤŠ‡›‡˜‡ ƒŽŽ–Š‘—‰Š †”ƒ–‘’—–‡–•‹Žƒ‡•Ǥ—–‘–‹Š‡”‡Ǥdz (Snowchange Others agree on the problems of licensing: “They ‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ›–‡””‹–‘”›ǤŠ‡›†‘‘–Ž‡–—•–‘‰‘†‘™Ǧ ™‡ƒ”‡–Š‡‘•–’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž‹Š‡”‡Ǥ‘–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-3). just sell us the licences only when it suits their needs” •–”‡ƒ ƒˆ–‡”  Š‡”‹‘ǡ „‡Š‹† ‘Žƒ ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ •‘ǡ ϔ‹•Š‹‰‹•˜‡”›„ƒ†‹Š‡”‡Ǥ‡ƒ”‡”‡’”‡••‡†Š‡”‡Ǥ‡ The salmon companies have caused also changes (Snowchange Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-5).. –Š‡”‡‹•ǡ•‡ —”‹–›–Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡› ‘‡ˆ”‘–‘—”‹•– Šƒ˜‡ •ƒŽŽ •ƒŽƒ”‹‡• ƒ† ƒŽ‘•– ƒŽŽ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› to other local practices according to the couple: Dz‡Ǧ The 79-old woman has made the following observa- „ƒ•‡•ˆ‘”ϔ‹•Š‹‰–Š‡”‡ƒ††‘‘–Ž‡–—•Ž‘ ƒŽ•Ǥ•‹ˆ™‡ ’ƒ•‹‘‡”•Ǥ‡„—›Ž‹ ‡ ‡ƒ†”‡–—”Š‘‡™‹–Š‘ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘—”‹•– ƒ’• –Š‡› ’”‘Š‹„‹– —• –‘ ϔŽ‘ƒ– tion about the impact of salmon tourism on the riv- ƒ”‡•–‡ƒŽ‹‰ǤŠ‡›†‘‘–Ž‡–—•ƒ––Š‡‹”–‡””‹–‘”›ǤŠ‡› ϔ‹•ŠǤdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012- ™‘‘†ˆ‘” ‘•–”— –‹‘‘”ˆ‘”ϔ‹”‡„›–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ‡‡‡† er: DzƒŽ‘Žƒ›•‡‰‰•‹•ŠƒŽŽ‘™™ƒ–‡”•ƒ†Œ‡–‘–‘” †‘ ‘– Ž‡– –Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘— ƒ ‰‡– ‘Ž› –‘ ‡‡˜‘‹ǡ ‹ ‘ŽǦ 6). –‘ƒ•ˆ‘”’‡”‹••‹‘Ǥ †‘‘–—†‡”•–ƒ†™Š›Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡” •–”‡ƒ• †‡•–”‘› –Š‡ ƒ˜‹ƒ”Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanevka ƒ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•‡ —”‹–›’‘‹–‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”Ǥdz(Snowchange A couple, a man and a wife who moved to Kanevka –Š‡›™‡”‡ϔŽ‘ƒ–‹‰™‘‘†ƒ†–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆϔ‹•Š™ƒ• Oral History Tape 2012-2). Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-7) in 1978 from Ponoi, when that settlement was closed ‘– †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Šƒ–Ǥ ƒ”Ž‹‡” –Š‡› ϔŽ‘ƒ–‡† ™‘‘† A couple living in Kanevka has made a similar ŽŽǦ•‡ƒ•‘ •—„•‹•–‡ ‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”› Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ”—- permanently, agrees with the overall feeling that the —–‹Ž ‘‘‹ ˆ”‘ ‡„‹ƒœŠƒǤ Š‡ –Š‡› „—‹Ž– –Š‡ ˜‹ŽǦ observation. Additionally the camps seem to be be- cial food source for the local people, as a 79-year old ƒ’•Šƒ˜‡ ƒ—•‡†–”‘—„Ž‡ǤŠ‡›ϐ‹•Šˆ‘”•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ Žƒ‰‡‘‘‹–Š‡›–‘‘ ‘•–”— –‹‘™‘‘†ˆ”‘ƒ”‘—† yond inspections by the authorities, perhaps due to ™‘ƒƒ†Š‡”’ƒ”–‡””‡ϐŽ‡ –‡†ǣDzŠ‡”‡™ƒ•™‹–‡” seven kilometers upriver from Kanevka but now this ƒ‡˜ƒƒ†‡„‹ƒœŠƒǤdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral the position in society and the revenue they gener- ϔ‹•Š‹‰‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǣ’‹‡ƒ†Šƒ”‹—•ȋ‰”ƒ›Ž‹‰Ȍƒ†”‡†ϔ‹•Š zone too has become forbidden: Dz –Š‹–Šƒ–’‘ƒ ŠǦ History Tape 2012-3). ate: DzŠ‡› ϔ‹•Š ‹ •ƒŽŽ ”‹˜‡”• ™Š‡”‡ ϔ‹•Š ‰‘‡• –‘ Žƒ› •‘‡–‹‡•Ǥ ‘™ –Š‡”‡ ‹• Ž‡•• ƒ† Ž‡•• ϔ‹•ŠǤ Š‹• –‘—”Ǧ ‡”•ƒ”‡Ž‡••ƒ –‹˜‡‘™Ǥ •‘˜Š‘œ–Š‡›Œ—•–Ž‡–”‡‹†‡‡”

68 69 ‹‡™•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›‘ˆ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡Ǥ

‘ ƒŽŠ‘—•‡‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ

‘ ƒŽ Š—” Š‹•„‡‹‰„—‹Ž† ‹†‡”‰ƒ”–‡

70 71  ƒǡ „‘” ‹ ͳͻͷ͹ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† –Šƒ– •‘‡ Šƒ˜‡ ϔ‹•Š‹‰ ‹ ‘—” „Ž‘‘†Ǥ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”ƒ‹•‡† ™‹–Š (Snowchange Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-5). 1939, pensioner, agrees that the overall context in the ϐ‹•Š ƒ’•Šƒ˜‡Š‡Ž’‡†–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ•‹–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ϔ‹•ŠǤ‡Ž‘˜‡•ƒŽ‘Ǥ‡†‘‘–‘™ƒ›‘–Š‡”ϔ‹•ŠǤdz Tourist hunting around the community has re- community is not to be celebrated: Dz –‹•‘–•‘‰‘‘†Ǥdz and other means too. However he mistrusts the (Snowchange Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-6). sulted in declines for the wild animals, as the visi- (Snowchange Sosnovka Oral History Tape 2012-9) scientists in close proximity to state power, and tors rarely distinguish between the stocks: DzŠ‡›„—› On the other hand not all people feel negatively; an has concerns for the impacts to the river, especially 2.2.2. Weather and Environmental Change in Š—–‹‰ Ž‹ ‡ ‡• ˆ‘” ™‹Ž† ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‹ ™‹–‡” „—– –Š‡› older man feels the situation is acceptable: dz –‹•‰‘‘†Ǥ from fuel discharges: Dz‡ŽŽǡ  Šƒ ƒ† ƒ Šƒ ƒ’• Kanevka †‘‘–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡™‹Ž†ƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ  ƒ •ƒ–‹•ϔ‹‡†Ǥdz (Snowchange Sosnovka Oral History Š‡Ž’ •‘‡–‹‡•Ǥ ‹ƒ„‘‰ƒ ƒ’ †‘‡• ‘– Š‡Ž’ ƒ– ƒŽŽǤ Local people had observed change in climate and Š‡› ƒŽŽƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡™‹Ž†ǤŠ‡”‡—•‡†–‘„‡ƒ›‘‘•‡Ǥ Tape 2012-8)  ‹‡–‹•–• •ƒ› –Šƒ– –Š‡› †‘ ‘– Šƒ” ϔ‹•Š „—– Ž‘ ƒŽ• weather too. A man born in 1934 has made the fol- ‘‡–‹‡•  ‘—Ž† •‡‡ —’ –‘ ‡Ž‡˜‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹ ƒ †ƒ›Ǥ •–‘ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǡƒ͵ʹǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†ƒŽ‡‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ –Š‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡› †‘Ǥ Š‡‹” Œ‡–Ǧ‘–‘”• ™ƒ•Š ϔ‹•Š ‡‰‰• lowing observations: Dz – „‡ ƒ‡ ‘Ž†‡”Ǥ Ž‘—†„‡””› Š‡›—•‡†–‘ ‘‡–‘–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ‘™–Š‡›ƒ”‡”ƒ”‡Ǥ – commented that: Dz‡ŽŽǡŽƒ•––™‘›‡ƒ”•–Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘ ƒ™ƒ›ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘„—”•‘— Š‰ƒ•‘Ž‹‡Š‡”‡ƒ†™Š‡”‡ †‘‡•‘–‰”‘™™‡ŽŽ‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”ǤŠ‹•›‡ƒ”•‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹•–‡””‹„Ž‡–Šƒ–Š—–‡”•Œ—•–Š—–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡™‹–Š‘—– ’‡”‹••‹‘•Ǥ ‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ’‡”‹••‹‘• ƒ† ›‘— †‘‡•‹–‰‘ǫ –ƒŽŽ‰‘‡•–‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡›„—”ƒŽ‘•– ™‡––‘ Š‡ Ȃ‹–ƒŽŽ†”‹‡†‘—–„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘ ƒ› ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„‘–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽ•ƒ†•–”ƒ‰‡”•Ǥ˜‡”›Ǧ ‘—Ž†„—›–Š‡ǤŠ‹•›‡ƒ”–Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘’‡”‹••‹‘•Ǥdz ͸ͶͶ –‘• ‘ˆ ‰ƒ•‘Ž‹‡Ǥ Š‡  ™ƒ• ›‘—‰ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ”ƒ‹•Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡”›‘— ‘—Ž†•‡‡”‡‹†‡‡”‡˜‡‡ƒ”–Š‡˜‹ŽǦ „‘†›‹•Œ—•– ”ƒœ›ƒ„‘—–‘‡›ǣ–Š‡›†‘‘–‡ƒ––Š‡ (Snowchange Sosnovka Oral History Tape 2012-1). ‘ ’‘ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ ™‡”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– „—– ‘™ –Š‡”‡ ‹• Žƒ‰‡Ǥ‘™™Š‡›‘—‰‘–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•––‘’‹ „‡””‹‡•ƒ† „—–Š—––‘•‡ŽŽǤŠ‡›Š—–‘‘•‡ǡ”‡‹†‡‡”Ǥ ™‹–‡”  –Š‡ ‘ƒ•– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ϐ‹•Š ˆ‘” ƒ˜ƒ‰ƒǡ ƒ ‘†Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ’‘ƒ Š‹‰ ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral —•Š”‘‘•›‘—†‘‘–•‡‡ƒ›”‡‹†‡‡”Ǥdz (Snowchange –Š‡”‡ƒ”‡’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘‹‰™‹–Š•‘™‘„‹Ž‡•ǤŽ‡–›‘ˆ marine species: Dz‘‡–‹‡• ™Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ‰ƒ ‹• ‘‹‰ History Tape 2012-4). Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-2). –Š‘•‡ǤŠ‡›Œ—•–—•‡ ƒ††‘‘–‡‡†Ž‘ ƒŽ‰—‹†‡•Ǥ ƒ†–Š‡•‡ƒ‹•ˆ”‘œ‡–Š‡›ϔ‹•Šˆ‘”ƒ˜ƒ‰ƒ™‹–Šƒ”‘†Ǥdz Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ Two elderly brothers from the community are ‡ ‡–Ž›–Š‡”‡™‡”‡•‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ”‘–Ǥ‡–‡”•„—”‰ (Snowchange Sosnovka Oral History Tape 2012-3) †‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘‹•ƒ†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž–‹••—‡‹–Š‡”‡‘–‡™‹Ž†‡”‡•• certain that the weather has changed. They agree ‘ ˆ‘”‡‹‰Ǧƒ†‡ •‘™‘„‹Ž‡•Ǥ” (Snowchange Kanev- ‘ƒ Š‹‰”‡ƒ‹•ƒ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ„—–ƒ‰ƒ‹–Š‡†‡ϐ‹- villages of Kola. Two elderly brothers in the community that the summers have become colder: Dzƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒˆ–‡” ka Oral History Tape 2012-7) nitions of it and local practices are sometimes at odds. ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ‘–‡š– –Š”‘—‰Š •—„•‹•–‡ ‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”›ǣ ͽ–Š‘˜‡„‡”•‘™™ƒ•‘–Š‡‰”‘—†ƒ†™‡Šƒ† ‘”Ǧ ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒŽŽ‹•†‘‡–‘–”›–‘’”‡˜‡––Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹Ž- Dzƒ”Ž‹‡” ›‘— ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ϔ‹‡† ‡˜‡ ˆ‘” ”‘†•ǡ Ž‡– ”ƒŽ‘ˆ”‡‹†‡‡”Ǥ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•‡˜‡‹‡ ‡„‡”–Š‡”‡‹•‘ 2.3. Sosnovka and Adjacent Marine Areas legal harvesting practices. But as elsewhere in the Lo- ƒŽ‘‡ˆ‘”‡–•Ǥ‡™‡”‡ϔ‹‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ†‡˜‡‘”‡•‘ •‘™ƒ†ƒŽŽ”‹˜‡”•ƒ”‡‘’‡Ǥ‡ ƒ‘–‰ƒ–Š‡””‡‹Ǧ There are very few private reindeer in Sosnovka, but ˜‘œ‡”‘”ƒ‹‘ǡ•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ•‘—” ‡ ‘™Ǥ†™‡‡‡†‡†–‘Ž‹˜‡•‘‡Š‘™•‘™‡’‘ƒ Š‡†Ǥ› †‡‡”•ˆ‘” ‘—–‹‰ƒ•–Š‡”‡‹•‘•‘™ƒ†–Š‡”‡‹†‡‡” the cooperative herd is still there. The head-manager of food for the locals in Sosnovka as is explained by ‘–Š‡”Šƒ†‹‡ Š‹Ž†”‡ƒ†ˆƒ–Š‡”™ƒ•‹–—†”ƒǡ•‘ ƒ‘–„‡™‹–Š‘—–™ƒ–‡”Ǥ—‡”•ƒ”‡ ‘Ž†‡”Ǥdz (Snow- of the village is Pavel Vasilievich Vaganov who also a pensioner lady: Dz‡ ƒ”‡ ‰‹˜‡ ’‡”‹••‹‘ ˆ‘” ϔ‹•ŠǦ —•‡†–‘‰‘™‹–Š›‘–Š‡”ϔ‹•Š‹‰™Š‡ ™ƒ•–™‡Ž˜‡ change Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-7). works as the brigadeer for the reindeer herders. The ‹‰ˆ‘”‘™ˆ‘‘†•—’’Ž›Ǥ‘— ƒ‘–„—›ϔ‹•Š‘”‡ƒ– ›‡ƒ” ‘Ž†Ǥ ‘—”–‡‡ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ˆ”‘ Š‡”‡ –‘ Ž†‡ǯ‰ƒǤ An elderly man also has noticed weather chang- herd is in summertime close to the sea and in winter ‹•Š‘’•ǡ–Š‡›†‘‘–„”‹‰‹–Š‡”‡Ǥdz (Snowchange Sos- ƒ”Ž‹‡”–Š‡”‡™ƒ••‘— Šϔ‹•ŠǤ‡—•‡†–‘‰‘–‘•‘‡ es: Dz –Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡™ƒ”‡”ƒ†–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‹•Œ—’‹‰Ǥ inland. Corral site for the community is remembered novka Oral History Tape 2012-3) Another older lady, ”‹˜‡”ƒ†‹–Ž‘‘‡†ƒŽ‹˜‡Ǧ•‘— Šϔ‹•ŠǤ‘—Œ—•–‰‡–ƒ  Šƒ† •‘‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•Ǥ ‘” ƒ‡˜ƒ ƒ•  ”‡‡Ǧ by some herders in Krasnochelye: Dz – —•‡† –‘ –ƒ‡ „‘” ‹ ͳͻͷʹǡ ‘ϐ‹”• –Š‹• ™‹–Š •–”‘‰ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ” •ƒŽ‘‡˜‡”›–‹‡›‘—–Š”‡™ƒϔ‹•Š‹‰”‘†‹Ǥ‡†‹† „‡”–Š‡‘”ƒŽƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ’”‡••—”‡™ƒ•ͽ͹ͻȂͽͼͶǤ  ’Žƒ ‡ Ž‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒǤ Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ˜›Ǥ Š‡”‡ message: Dz‡†‘ϔ‹•Š‹‰ˆ‘”‘™ˆ‘‘†Ǥdz (Snowchange ‘–‡‡†•‘— Šƒ•™‡ ‘—Ž†‰‡––Š‡Ǥ†‘™–Š‡”‡ –Š‹‹–™ƒ•–Š”‡‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘–Š‡’”‡••—”‡††”‘’’‡†ƒ• —•‡†–‘„‡ƒ–‘‹ƒǦ•‡‹‡–Š‡”‡Ǥ‘™–Š‡”‡‹•‘’‘‹– Sosnovka Oral History Tape 2012-7) ‹•‘–— Šϔ‹•ŠǤ‡‰‘—’–‘ Š‡”‹‘ǡ—’–‘‘‰‘ǯƒǤ Ž‘™ ƒ• ͽͷͷǤ ƒ•– ›‡ƒ” ȏ͸ͶͷͷȐ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ”ƒ‹• ‹ ‘Ǧ –‘ ‰‡– ”‡‹†‡‡” –‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒ ˆ‘” •Žƒ—‰Š–‡”Ǥ ‘— •‡‡ǡ ™‡ An Elder in the village, born in 1939, points the —–‹‘‰‘ǯƒ–Š‡”‡‹•‘–— Šϔ‹•Š‘™ƒ•‹–—•‡† ˜‘œ‡”‘„—–‹ƒ‡˜ƒ‘‡‘–Š™ƒ••‘Š‘–ǤŽŽ”ƒ‹ —•‡†–‘‘”†‡”ƒ•Š‹’ƒ†‹–™‘—Ž†–ƒ‡”‡‹†‡‡”‡ƒ– ϐ‹‰‡”–‘™ƒ”†• ‡†‡”ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†’”‘‹•‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ –‘„‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•Ž†‡ǯ‰ƒ—’•–”‡ƒ„—––Š‡”‡‹•‘ϔ‹•Š ™‡– ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ —•Ǥ  ƒ‡˜ƒ ‹• ‹– ‘ˆ–‡ Š‘––‡” ‹ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡Ǥ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡›„”‹‰ ‘–„‡‡‡’–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǣDz—–‹•ƒ‹†Ž‘‰ –Š‡”‡Ǥ ƒƒǯ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡‹•Šƒ”‹—•ȋ‰”ƒ›Ž‹‰ȌǤŠ‡”‡ •—‡”ƒ† ‘Ž†‡”‹™‹–‡”ǤDz (Snowchange Kanevka ”‡‹†‡‡” –‘ „‡ •Žƒ—‰Š–‡”‡† ‹ Š‡”‡Ǥ ‡ ›‡ƒ” –Š‡› –‹‡ƒ‰‘–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘Ž‹˜‡‡ƒ””‹˜‡”•ǡ•ƒŽŽǦ—Ǧ ‹•ϔ‹•Š‹‹ƒ„ƒ‰ƒ„—––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ„ƒ•‡‘™–Šƒ–Š‘•–• Oral History Tape 2012-8). —•‡† ƒ‡˜ƒ ‘””ƒŽǤ Š‡ ‡ƒ– ™ƒ• –”ƒ•’‘”–‡† –‘ „‡”‡†’‡‘’Ž‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡‰‹˜‡ϔ‹•Š‹‰’‡”‹••‹‘•Ǥ—– ”‹ Š’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‡”‹ ƒ•Ǥ‘ǡ‘™–Š‡›’—–•‡ —”‹–› A man born in 1959 made an interesting obser- ”‡‹ŠƒǤdz (Snowchange Krasnochelye Oral History –Š‡›•–‹ŽŽ†‘‘–ƒŽŽ‘™—•ȏ‡‘—‰Š“—‘–ƒ‘”’‡”‹–•ȐǤdz ƒ”‘—†–Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡›„‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ•‹‰•ǡƒ•‹ˆ‹–‹•–Š‡‹”Žƒ† ˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–ϐ‹”‡•ǣDzŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘”‡ϔ‹”‡•ƒŽ‘‰”‹˜‡”•Ǥ Tape 2012-12) (Snowchange Sosnovka Oral History Tape 2012-9) ƒ† –Š‡‹” ”‹˜‡”Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral History –Š‡”™‹•‡‹–‹•†‹ˆϔ‹ —Ž––‘•ƒ›Ǥ‘‡•—‡”•ƒ”‡ ‘Ž† One of the older women in the settlement ex- The role of subsistence also in other natural Tape 2012-7). ƒ† •‘‡ ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› Š‘–Ǥdz (Snowchange Kanevka Oral plains the situation today: Dz—” ”‡‰‹‘ Šƒ• ƒŽ™ƒ›• products becomes evident in her observations re- On the other hand, another Elder from the village History Tape 2012-6). „‡‡‰‡––‹‰•—„•‹†‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‡–”‡Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡”‹–™ƒ• garding berries: Dz ƒƒ’‡•‹‘‡”•‘ ’‹ „‡””‹‡•ƒ† agrees with the need for nature conservation: Dz ‡”‡‹ A 54-year old man has made an observation — Š„‡––‡”™‹–Šˆ‘‘†•—’’Ž›ǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡™ƒ•™‡ŽŽǦ —•Š”‘‘•Ǥ –†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ‘‡›‡ƒ” ƒ„‡ —••‹ƒ‹–‹•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ϔ‹•Š‹‰™‹–Š‘—–Ž‹ ‡ ‡•Ǣ about reindeer in Kanevka. According to him the wild ‘”‰ƒ‹•‡†ǣ†‘ –‘”•ˆ”‘‘˜‘œ‡”‘—•‡†–‘ ‘‡”‡‰—Ǧ ˜‡”›‰‘‘†ˆ‘”„‡””‹‡•ǡ•‘‡›‡ƒ” ƒ„‡™‹–Š‘„‡””‹‡• ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ƒŽŽϔ‹•Š™‹ŽŽ–‘–ƒŽŽ›†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡”‡•Š‘—Ž† reindeer in the area have caused reindeer to start Žƒ”Ž›Š‡”‡Ǥ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•™‡‡˜‡†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒˆ‡Ž†•Š‡” ƒ–ƒŽŽ„—–‹–‹•”ƒ”‡Ǥ  ƒ‘–•ƒ›— Šƒ„‘—–ϔ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ – „‡•‘‡Ž‹‹–•‹—••‹ƒǡ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ϔ‹•Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ migrating with them: “ƒ”Ž‹‡””‡‹†‡‡”™‡”‡Š‡”‡„—– ȏ‡†‹ ƒŽ ™‘”‡” ™‹–Š “—ƒŽ‹ϔ‹ ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ †‘ Ǧ ‹•†‹ˆϔ‹ —Ž––‘•ƒ›ƒ„‘—–ϔ‹•Š‹ˆ›‘— ƒϔ‹•Š‘Ž›™‹–Š‹ „‡ †‡•–”‘›‡†Ǥ ‘‘‹ ‹• ‡‘—‰Š ˆ‘” ‡Ǥdz (Snowchange ‘™–Š‡›‹‰”ƒ–‡†™‹–Š™‹Ž†”‡‹†‡‡”•–‘ƒƒ’Žƒ† –‘”ƒ†ƒ—”•‡Ȑ‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǤŽƒ‡•ƒ”‡˜‡”›•‡Ž†‘ǡ ‰‹˜‡Ž‹‹–•Ǥ—–‹–Ž‘‘•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ Kanevka Oral History Tape 2012-8). ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•†‹•–—”„‡†Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡”‡ ‘Ž›‘ ‡ƒ‘–ŠǤ –‹•‘–‡‘—‰ŠǤ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•Š‹’ ‡‡– “—‘–ƒ•Ǥdz (Snowchange Sosnovka Oral History  ƒ ‹ Š‹• ϐ‹ˆ–‹‡• •—‡† —’ –Š‡ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰• ‘ˆ ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•Š‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”•ϔŽ›‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡™‹–Š–‘—”‹•–• ‘‡•‘ ‡ƒ‘–ŠǡƒŽ•‘‘–‡‘—‰ŠǤ‡†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡ Tape 2012-3) the local people regarding the salmon: DzƒŽŽ”‹˜‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ‹‰ ’Š‘–‘•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ Š‡Ž’ ˆ”‘ ȏ–Š‡ ƒ›‘–Š‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–Š‡”‡Ǥ‘™”‡‹†‡‡”Š‡”†‹‰‹•–Š‡ Salmon tourism has no role on the coastal set- ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ‡‰‰ǦŽƒ›‹‰ ‰”‘—†•Ǥ ‘„‘†› ‹• •ƒŽ‘ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ȐǤ‡‹†‡‡”ƒ”‡ƒˆ”ƒ‹†‘ˆŠ‡Ž‹ ‘’–‡”• ƒ‹‘ —’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡™‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡•‘‡ tlement of Sosnovka. People on the other hand ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ϔ‹•Š–Š‡”‡ǡ‘–‡˜‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•Ǥ—––Š‡›—•‡ –Šƒ–ƒ”‡ϔ‹‰Š–‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡–‹‡ƒ”‘—†Š‡”‡ǤŠƒ–‹•™Š› “—‘–ƒ ˆ‘” ϔ‹•Š‹‰ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ †‘ ϔ‹•Š‹‰Ǥdz (Snowchange have heard of the experiences along Ponoi, and  Šƒ ˆ‘” ”ƒˆ–‹‰Ǥ ‡ ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘ †‘ –Šƒ–Ǥ ‡ ”‡‹†‡‡” Šƒ˜‡ Ž‡ˆ– –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ ‡‹†‡‡” ‡‡† •‹Ž‡ ‡Ǥdz Sosnovka Oral History Tape 2012-3). A man born in ”‡ϐŽ‡ – ‘ –Š‡ǣ Dz— ‹Ž› ˆ‘” —•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ›‡– ‘‡

72 73 ȏ•ƒŽ‘ –‘—”‹•– ƒ’• Š‡”‡ȐǤdz (Snowchange Sosnov- ‹–—•‡†–‘„‡ƒŠ‘Ž›’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”ž‹Ǥ –‹•ƒ”‘—†–Š‹”–› ka Oral History Tape 2012-3) A man born in 1971 ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‹–Š‡–—†”ƒˆ”‘Š‡”‡„—––Š‡”‡‹•‘–Š‹‰ agrees: Dz ‡”‡‹‘•‘˜ƒ‘„‘†›‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰–‘—”Ǧ ‡Ž•‡Ǥ‘„‘†›Š‡”‡•’‡ƒ•ž‹‘”‘‹Ǥdz(Snowchange ‹•ǤŠƒ ‘†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–Ǥdz (Snowchange Sosnovka Oral Sosnovka Oral History Tape 2012-3) A woman in her History Tape 2012-6) ͸Ͳ• ‘ϐ‹”•–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǣDzŠ‡›ƒŽŽ†‹‡†‘—–ǤŽŽ‘Ž† The special rights for the Komi and Sámi for net ž‹ƒ†‘‹’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‹‡†‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥdz ϐ‹•Š‡”›”‡ ‡‹˜‡•‘‡•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘–Š‡‘Ž†‡”‰‡‡”ƒ- (Snowchange Sosnovka Oral History Tape 2012-7). tion in the village, as is evident in the words of a per- son born in 1939: DzŠ‡›•Š‘—Ž†ƒŽŽ‘™‹–ȏ–Š‡‡–ϐ‹•Š- 2.4. Salmon Companies ery for Indigenous peoples] „—––Š‡›†‘‘–Ǥdz(Snow- According to the Committee for Industrial Develop- change Sosnovka Oral History Tape 2012-7) Here it ment, Ecology and Nature Management of Murmansk may be of relevance that across Murmansk, Archan- Region (2012: 32-33) the following species of the gelsk and Komi regions the discussions of role and •ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ”‡ϐ‹•Š‡†‹—”ƒ•”‡‰‹‘‹†—•- scope of rights for the Pomors as Indigenous peoples, trially or as a hobby: the Sámi is being debated and contested, so people 1. Atlantic salmon (semga) in Sosnovka, due to their heritage as mainly Pomors, 2. Pink salmon (gorbusha) may feel attached to the larger context of these rights 3. Coregonus (sig) and support them also for others. 4. Brown trout (kumzha) People on the coast have noticed some changes in 5. Char or salvelinus (golets). the weather. 32-year-old man positioned the shift in winds as a priority observation, but feels the yearly In general in most of rivers of Kola Peninsula that › Ž‡• †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ• ‘’’‘•‡† –‘ †‡ϐ‹‡ ϐŽ‘™ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‡–• ƒ† Š‹–‡ ‡ƒ• –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• Š—ƒ ‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡ǣ Dz–”‘‰ ™‹†•Ǥ ‘˜‡„‡” ƒ† ‡Ǧ are preserved to guarantee a stable population of ‡„‡”Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡™ƒ”‡”Ǥ‹–‡”‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ˜‡Ǧ –Žƒ–‹ •ƒŽ‘Ǥ— Š•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ϐ‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽ ”›–Š‹‰ †‡’‡†• ‘ –Š‡ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ› „› –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ–—”‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ’‘Ž‹ › ƒ† ƒ”–‹ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ ˜ƒ”›•‹‰‹ϔ‹ ƒ–Ž››‡ƒ”–‘›‡ƒ”Ǥdz (Snowchange Sosnov- ”‡’”‘†— –‹‘ȋƒ”–‹ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›Ǧ‰”‘™ϐ‹•Š‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‹–‘ ka Oral History Tape 2012-1). water) (ibid 2012). ƒ„‘”‹ͳͻ͸͸Šƒ••‡‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŽ‘••‘ˆϐ‹•Š ‹ ‡ͳͻͺͺ–Š‡ϐ‹•Š’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ–‘Žƒ‡‹•—ŽƒŠƒ• and animals: “Š‡”‡‹•Ž‡••ϔ‹•Šƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•„—–„‡””‹‡• been following theDz•ƒŽŽ•–‡’•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šdz. The deci- ƒ†—•Š”‘‘•ƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥdz (Snowchange Sosnov- •‹‘•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐ‹•Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ka Oral History Tape 2012-5). in individual rivers. There was no industrial salmon Some locals do not agree with this assessment. A ϐ‹•Š‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ”‡–•„ƒ•‹‹ʹͲͳͳǤŠ‡•ƒ‡›‡ƒ” ‡”‹ƒŽ˜‹‡™•‘ˆ man born in 1971 has noticed a difference in berries: ʹ͸ʹͷ͸–‘•‘ˆϐ‹•Š™ƒ• ƒ—‰Š–ƒ–•‡‹‡••‹–—ƒ–‡†‡ƒ” ‘•‘˜ƒǤ DzŠ‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ˆ‡™‡” „‡””‹‡• ˆ‘” •—”‡Ǥdz (Snowchange Sos- the shoreline at the White Sea and at Varguza basin. novka Oral History Tape 2012-4). Feeling the same, a ͵ͲͶͲ͹ –‘• ‘ˆ ϐ‹•Š ™ƒ• ƒ—‰Š– ˆ‘” •’‘”– ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ– woman born in 1952 said that: Dzˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ Š‹–‡‡ƒƒ†ƒ”‡–•„ƒ•‹•Ǥ ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ† Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ‹–‡”‹• ‘Ž†‡”ƒ†•—‡”‹• ‘Ž†‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ‘—–‡† –‘ ͲǤ͵ͳͻ –‘•Ǥ ͳǤͳͻ͸ ƒ”‡‘–•‘ƒ›„‡””‹‡•Ǥdz (Snowchange Sosnovka Oral tons was caught for reproduction purposes. 6.263 History Tape 2012-7). tons of salmon was caught as part of the measures The cultural landscape and heritage of Sosnovka to support of traditional economic activities and life- remains within the memory of local residents. They style of indigenous population in the White Sea area. ’‘•‹–‹‘–Š‡‘Ž†‡”ž‹’Žƒ ‡ƒ‡•–‘„‡”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒŽ‘ •’ƒ™‹‰ „‡‰‹• ƒ– –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ™‡‡ ‘ˆ ƒ› of the land use and occupancy of this indigenous (ibid. 2012: 32-33). people of the region. The concept of Dz‡‹†dz as a sa- Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› –™‡–› •’‘”– ϐ‹•Š‡”- cred Sámi location, place or an object is still known ies companies on the territory of Murmansk region, about. However today nobody speaks the language ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰•’‘”–‹‰ϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ in the community anymore. Role and locations of sa- Approximately 100 of 144 “water objects” are partly cred places are still being discussed in the village, as in ownership of these companies; about 78 of them is evident from words of one of the pensioners in the are salmon rivers. community: Dz Šƒ˜‡Š‡ƒ”†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‡‹†‘—–ƒ‹Ǣ Catching salmon is the most developed type of

74 75 •’‘”–‹‰ ϐ‹•Š‡”› ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ ‘” ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‡‹‰Š–- (Kanichev 2012b). It was founded in 1998, thus it has ‡‡›‡ƒ”•ǡϐ‹•Š‹‰ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‘Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘˜‹†‡†‘ been successfully working more than twelve years as the most attractive salmon rivers such as Ponoi, Var- on the international and Russian tourist markets. By zino, Rynda, Harlovka, Yokanga, Varzuga, Umba and paying close attention to the activities of this com- ‘ŽƒǤ ‹‰ŠŽ›Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹‰–‘—”- pany we can see the mechanisms of the other salmon ‹• ȋ™‹–Š ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͵Ͳ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ „ƒ•‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ tourist enteprises too. ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ȍ’”‘˜‹†‡•ϐ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ›‰‘‘†”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ––Š‡ •ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ‘™ƒ†ƒ›•ƒ•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ Main activity of the company is the organization of •ƒŽ‘”‹˜‡”•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰–‘—”- –‘—”‹•– ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ‘‘‹ ”‹˜‡”ǤŽŽ –Š‡‹” •‡”˜‹ ‡• ism, which are far away from settlements but are pro- ƒ”‡ ‡”–‹ϐ‹‡†Ǥ ‹ ‡ ʹͲͲ͵ ƒ ƒ—ƒŽ ‹•’‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆ ductive too. their activity has been held. Here is the list of issues ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒƒ–‡—” ƒ† •’‘”–‹‰ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ‹• which are checked: ƒ– ŠǦƒ†Ǧ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡ ƒ—‰Š–ϐ‹•Š‹•”‡–—”‡†„ƒ –‘ 1. Tourist activity; the river. Some areas do not require this method. At 2. Food service; •ƒŽ‘ ‘’ƒ›ϐ‹•Š‹‰œ‘‡•ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒϐ‹•Š™‹–Š 3. Hotel service (Kanichev 2012b: 1). a –‘—”‹•–˜‘— Š‡” (a document acknowledging conclu- sion of an agreement of compensating service in the ‘—”‹•–ϐ‹•Š‹‰ •‡ƒ•‘ •–ƒ”–• ‹ –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ ƒ› ƒ† ϐ‹‡Ž†‘ˆƒƒ–‡—”ƒ†•’‘”–‹‰ϐ‹•Š‹‰ȌǤ lasts till the beginning of October. A company has These tourist services, including activity in the camps on the Ponoi river and its tributaries: Acher- ϐ‹‡Ž†‘ˆƒƒ–‡—”ƒ†•’‘”–‹‰ϐ‹•Š‹‰ǡƒ”‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—– jok river and Pacha river. As a rule, a group of tourists in compliance with the requirements of federal laws are met at the Murmansk regional airport and taken “About Fishing” and “About tourist activity in the Rus- to the Ponoi by helicopter. Usually tour lasts for seven sian Federation” (article 24 of the ‡†‡”ƒŽ ƒ™  days. A company has three tourist camps: camp “Pa- ‹•Š‹‰ƒ†”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡•‘—” Ǧ cha”, camp “Acha” and camp “Porog”. Camps have all ‡• No 166-FZ, issued 20.12.2004). the conditions for tourist accommodation: comfort- able wooden houses with electric heater, sauna and ‡‡”ƒŽŽ› •’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ –‘—”‹•– ϐ‹•Š‹‰ shower (Kanichev 2012b). works the following: Fishing is carried out by “catch and release” 1. •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ϐ‹•Š‹‰œ‘‡‘’‡•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‡–Š‘†Ǥ—”‹‰ϐ‹”•–ϐ‹˜‡™‡‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ•’‘”–•ϐ‹•Š‡”›ǤŠ‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ‹•Š‡”‹‡• of catch is high enough. During this time cisco also Department organizes a competitive tender comes with salmon, but nevertheless, correlation of ‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆϔ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ’•‹‘Žƒ‹͸Ͷͷ͸Ǥ for giving a contract regarding this area. •ƒŽŽȀŽƒ”‰‡ϐ‹•ŠȌ‹•ͳǣʹǤ—–ƒ•™ƒ–‡”ƒ†ƒ‹”ƒ”‡‘– Fishing tourist companies apply there. A still warm enough, water level often changes that company, who wins the tender obtains a right ƒ—•‡••‘‡’”‘„Ž‡•ˆ‘”•— ‡••ˆ—Žϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ –Š‡ –‘ϐ‹•Š™ƒ–‡”„‹‘Ǧ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ––Š‹•ϐ‹•Š‹‰œ‘‡ middle of the season are the warmest weather and ™‹–Š‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰•’‘”–‹‰ϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ best catches. At these period water level decreases 2. After that, company constructs infrastructure •‘–Šƒ–ϐ‹•Š‹‰„›ˆ‘”†‹‰‘”ˆ”‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”„ƒ„‡- necessary for organization of amateur and comes much easier and interesting. In the end of June, •’‘”–‹‰ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ––Š‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰œ‘‡Ǥ ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ‡™ϐ‹•Š•–ƒ”–•™Š‹ Š‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡ 3. ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹–‹œ‡•™Š‘™ƒ––‘ϐ‹•Š‰‘–‘–Š‡ ƒ ƒ”‡” ˆ‘” •—‡”Ǥ—”‹‰ –Š‹• ’‡”‹‘† Žƒ”‰‡ ϐ‹•Š company and agree on the compensating †‘‹ƒ–‡Ǥ ƒ—–—–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ϐ‹•Š ‘‡•Ǥ––Š‹• •‡”˜‹ ‡•‹–Š‡ϐ‹‡Ž†‘ˆƒƒ–‡—”ƒ†•’‘”–‹‰ period, salmon dominate (Kanichev 2012b). ϐ‹•Š‹‰ȋ’ƒ›‹‰‘‡›ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ȌǤŠ—•–Š‡ To investigate the health of salmon stocks the compa- citizen gets a tourist voucher with a license. ny carries out assessment of catches (to avoid over- ˆ–‡”–Šƒ––Š‡–‘—”‹•–‹•–ƒ‡–‘–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‘ȌǤ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡›’”‡’ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– zone by helicopter. reports for Russian state authorities. As for relationship with indigenous peoples, here —”‹‰–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ϐ‹‡Ž†™‘”‹ʹͲͳʹ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• the situation is complex enough. According to the of various companies were met. One deep interview workers of the company, Sámi people often try to was conducted with the company “Silver of the Ponoi” ’‘ƒ ŠǤ–ϐ‹”•–ƒ ‘’ƒ›–”‹‡†–‘ϐ‹†ƒ ‘’”‘‹•‡ •’‘”–ϔ‹•Š‹‰‰—‹†‡‘–Š‡‘‘‹”‹˜‡”Ǥ

76 77 by negotiating with Sámi people and giving them spe- the Murmansk region (Sámi, Komi, Nenets, Kareli- River either, which is unusual for this river. ϐ‹•Š’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǢŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹‰™‹–Š ‹ƒŽŽ‹ ‡•‡•™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ„‡‡ϐ‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡Ǥ ans) and other groups of population, whose lifestyle The water bodies of Murmansk Region have, as ϐ‹•Š‹‰ “—‘–ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ‘ „‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǣ ‘‹- Sámi people have taken these licenses and resold and culture include traditional nature management, ƒ ”—Ž‡ Ž‘™ ϐ‹•Š ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ƒ”‡ †‘‹ƒ–‡† „› –‘”‹‰ƒ†’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘‹–”‘†— ‡ Šƒ‰‡•–‘ϐ‹•Š‹‰ them to other people. However according to docu- Šƒ˜‡ ’”‹‘”‹–› ”‹‰Š–• ˆ‘” ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ –‡””‹–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘Ž†™ƒ–‡” ϐ‹•Š •— Š ƒ• ‘”‡‰‘—•ǡ •ƒŽ‘ ƒ† ‘† quotas; rapid measures to compensate any damage ments of the company, owners of these licenses are their traditional inhabitation and activity. families. Fish reproduction in most of bodies of water to water ecosystems (ibid. 2012). Sámi people. Citizens who are recognized as “Indigenous peo- that are situated far from industrial objects depends In 2011 48,2 tons of salmon was reserved for According to the spokesperson sometimes Sámi ’Ž‡•dz ƒ”‡ ’‡”‹––‡† –‘ ϐ‹•Š ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘- primarily on hydro-meteorological conditions, avail- •’‘”– ϐ‹•Š‹‰ǡ ͵ͲǡͶͳ –‘• ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡† “—‘–ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Œ—•– ’‘ƒ Š ‘ –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ –‡””‹–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘- •—’–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ƒ —•‡ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ‡–• ƒ† •‡‹‡• ‹ ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆˆ‘‘†ǡƒ†–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ•’ƒ™‹‰ϐ‹•ŠǤ  were used. In addition, 73,92 tons of coregonus (sig), pany. To avoid it a company has had to hire a guard to such places, where it is allowed to use special “per- the water bodies that are situated in the vicinity of vendace (riapushka), brown trout (kumzha), pike, protect their territories from poaching. If there was sonal permissions” (the cost of this permissions may ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‡–”‡•–Š‡•–”— –—”‡‘ˆϐ‹•Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹• perch, burbot (nalim), roach (plotva), ide (iaz) and no company on the Ponoi, Sámi people would have be reduced due to privileges, given to indigenous affected by the easy access of the people. grayling (kharius) were reserved for organized hob- ϐ‹•Š‡†ƒ›ϐ‹•Š‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž† ƒ—•‡†‘˜‡”- people). The responsible body is the Department of Regional authorities suggest that in order to „›ƒ†•’‘”–ϐ‹•Š‹‰ǤŠ‡•’‘”–ϐ‹•Š‹‰–‘‘’Žƒ ‡ƒ– ϐ‹•Š‹‰Ǥ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›‹•–”›‹‰–‘ƒϐ‹† Fishing Control Authority. ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡ ƒ •–ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š ’‘’—Žƒ- ʹ͹Žƒ‡•ƒ†ͳͶ•ƒŽ‘”‹˜‡”•Ǥʹͺǡʹʹ–‘•‘ˆϐ‹•Š™ƒ• a compromise. For instance, recently the company Regionally according to Committee for Industrial –‹‘•ǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ƒ”‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǣ ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡– ƒ—‰Š–‘”͵ͺǤʹΨ‘ˆ”‡•‡”˜‡†“—‘–ƒȋ‹„‹†ǤʹͲͳʹȌǤ offered Sámi people to sell tourists their products Development, Ecology and Nature Management of (souvenirs, goods etc). So far no attempts have been —”ƒ• ‡‰‹‘ ȋʹͲͳʹǣ ͵ʹǦ͵͵Ȍ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ϐ‹•ŠǦ ‘—–- ƒ†‡ „› ž‹ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ  •–”—‰‰Ž‡ „‡–™‡‡ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ ing traps are set in Tuloma and Kola rivers (the Bar- tourist company and Sámi people still exists (Kan- ents Sea basin) and Umba, Varguza and Kitsa (the ichev 2012b). White Sea basin) for monitoring purposes. As for management recommendations and health For 2012 in the rivers of the White Sea basin of salmon stocks workers of the companies say that ȋƒ”‰—œƒǡ ‹–•ƒ ƒ† „ƒȌ –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• the Ponoi needs to be guarded well. As too many dominated by the 2006 generation. There was also a strangers come on the Ponoi, much rubbish appears ƒ••”‡–—”‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ʹͲͲͷƒ†ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ‘ϐ‹•Š in the river after their “rest”. It leads to bad water that comes for a second spawning was registered at quality in the river and deterioration of salmon. In the Umba River for last year. conclusion, as for plans for future “Silver of the Po- ‘ ƒ”–‹ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ ”‡’”‘†— –‹‘ –‡ Š‹“—‡ ‹• —•‡† ƒ– noi” says that they will focus not only on salmon but ƒ”‰—œƒ ƒ† ‹–•ƒǤ  ƒ”–‹ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ ”‡’”‘†— –‹‘ —‹– ‘–Š‡”ϐ‹•Š‡•–‘‘Ǣˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡‰”ƒ›Ž‹‰ǡ’‡” Šǡ’‹‡Ǥ - functions at the river Umba. Farmed salmon ac- cording to workers of the company, in future they will counted for 1.6 per cent of the migrating population organize so-called “family tours”(Kanichev 2012b: 2). in Umba while around 10.72 per cent of the popula- –‹‘‘ˆ•ƒŽ‘‹•ϐ‹•Š‡†‹„ƒǤ –‹•™‘””‹•‘‡–Šƒ– 2.5. Regional Authorities and Fish the salmon population of Umba has been dropping Monitoring drastically in the last two decades. The same trend ƒ–‡—”ƒ†•’‘”–‹‰ϐ‹•Š‹‰‹•’‡”‹––‡†–‘ƒŽŽ ‹–‹- ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‡†‹ʹͲͳͳƒ•™‡ŽŽǣ–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆϐ‹•Š”‡–—”• zens (including foreigners) in the water objects which ™‡”‡ — Š Ž‘™‡” –Šƒ Ž‹‹–•Ǥ Š‡ „ƒ ƒ”–‹ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ are suitable for that purpose in the Murmansk region reproduction unit is not able to restore the salmon on the assumption that tourist has a passport and a population to its former size. According to authori- license, given by the Department of Fishing Control ties more measures to protect the population are Authority. needed (ibid. 2012). Special attention should be paid These Departments are the state bodies which –‘ƒ•–”‹ –”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ†”‹˜‡”’”‘–‡ –‹‘Ǥ are responsible for protection, control and manage- In 2011 at the Barents basin of Kola Peninsula 70 ment of water resources. In the Murmansk region per cent of all migrants consisted of the generations •— Š ˆ— –‹‘ ‹• ˆ—Žϐ‹ŽŽ‡† „› –Š‡ —”ƒ• ‡’ƒ”–- 2005-2006. At the basin of the Nizhnetulomskoe wa- ment for Protection, Reproduction of Fish Supplies ter-reservoir there is also high return of the genera- and Fishery Management (MURMANRYBVOD) and tion 2004 (more than 20 per cent). There was more ‹–•ϐ‹•Š‹‰‹•’‡ –‘”ƒ–‡•Ǥ‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ϐ‹•Š ƒ– ‘Žƒ ƒ† ‹œŠ‡–—Ž‘•‘‡ ™ƒ–‡”Ǧ”‡•‡”˜‘‹” catch limits and production measures (minimum size than usual (ibid. 2012). ‘ˆϐ‹•Š™Š‹ Šƒ”‡’‡”‹––‡†–‘„‡–ƒ‡Ȍƒ”‡—•‡†Ǥ It is illustrative that no second spawning was reg-  ‘”†‹‰–‘Dz—Ž‡•‘ˆƒƒ–‡—”ƒ†•’‘”–‹‰ϐ‹•Š- istered at the river Umba during the last two decades. There was no second spawning registered in the Kola ing in the Murmansk region” indigenous peoples of ‡ŽŽ‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡Ǥ

78 79 ‹‡™•‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‘ˆ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡ƒ†ƒ‹”’‘”–Ǥ

‘ ƒŽƒ‹”’‘”–

80 81 3. Recommendations for Ponoi should be placed on questions of local and Indig- be dismantled and agreements reached as a part t
Various different rights exist and legal implica- enous concerns as well as conservation needs. A ‘ˆƒ ‘ϐŽ‹ –”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‘—•‡”œ‘‡•ƒ† tions are not harmonized. Watershed permanent ban on mining and hydroelectricity mutual respect. t
Different styles of river use by salmon companies The development of collaborative manage- would make sure the river has the capacity to re- t
Workshops should be held in Krasnochelye, lead to impacts to salmon spawning sites and roe. ment structures for Ponoi watershed oper- main a well-productive salmon stream. Kanevka and Sosnovka to explain science results ate in the context of todays Russia. Some Risks if not implemented: and TEK results: Local people feel excluded from D. Cultural Recommendations steps can be advanced, but the following t
ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ‘•–‘ •ǡŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ†ϐ‹•ŠŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹• the information and development of the river. only based on science, large portions of the wa- Therefore culturally appropriate workshops Proposed actions: discussions should be seen as a view, a road tershed will be dismissed. Secondly equity issues should be held along the river to make sure all t
Mapping of Place Names in Pomor, Sámi and map, towards future. Realistic development and traditional knowledge, in some cases Indig- local people are involved. Komi: This mapping should be initiated as soon of a functioning watershed management enous knowledge will be ignored. t
‡˜‹‡™‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•–‘ϐ‹•ŠǣŠ‡”‡‹• ‘ˆ—•‹‘ as possible. It will provide crucial information of t
If an international plan is not developed, pres- and mismanagement regarding Indigenous Sámi habitats, past land uses and cultural heritage of built both on Komi and Sámi as well as salm- the region. on tourist needs will take years. sures and drivers will mount to impact the river, ”‹‰Š–•ǡ‘‹”‹‰Š–•ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•–‘Šƒ”˜‡•–ϐ‹•ŠǤ most urgent of which will be impacts of climate These rights should be reviewed and harmonized. t
Promotion of Pomor, Sámi and Komi culture change, mining and hydroelectricity. This will prevent “poaching” by local people and along the river: Using signs, posters, brochures Overall Prusov (2004) provides extensive manage- the real poaching too. and other means the visitors can immerse them- ment recommendations for Ponoi: “without a doubt, Impact from motor boats on salmon spawning selves in the rich cultural heritage of the region the most stable resources management is a situation B. A Call of Parties to Develop Ponoi t
sites and roe should be investigated: Oral history and invisible histories become more visible. when intervention in natural habitat and processes Proposed actions: interviews identify this to be a relevant topic in t
Using models from other parts of Russian North, of natural reproduction of population is maximally t
If a Plan is installed to develop Ponoi watershed all communities and harvest areas along the river. a new national park with cultural harvest should reduced. In that case risks of negative changes are re- in a sustainable manner, a call of parties should Therefore a science and TEK-based survey into be discussed: Here a workshop on the Kolyma ex- †— ‡†–‘‹‹—Ž‡˜‡Žǡ•‘–Šƒ–”‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽϐ‹•Š‹‰ǡ be initiated from the regional and federal cent- –Š‹•–‘’‹ •Š‘—Ž†„‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†Ǥ ’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘—Ž†„‡‡ϐ‹––Š‡‘‘‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ based on “catch and release” method, may exploit a ers: This call should be directed towards local vil- Risks if not implemented: Risks if not implemented: •–‘ ǡ ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ”‡ƒŽŽ›Dz™‹Ž†dzϐ‹•Šǡ–Š‡‹”“—ƒ–‹–›‹• lages, including Sosnovka, as well as Sámi, Komi Equity issues continue to persist and local t
Many knowledge holders in the villages will grow maximal for certain habitat. This method of manage- and Pomor organisations and salmon tourist t
“poaching” continues. old and die, taking their knowledge with them. ‡–ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ • ‹‡–‹ϐ‹  ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒš‹- companies. Regional and federal agencies will Impacts to salmon stocks continue without coor- Then information on past issues is lost forever. mally provides saving of “wild” nature of population play a prominent role too. t
dination efforts. t
Mapping of place names will expose the large and ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽ„‡‡ϐ‹–•‘ˆ•–‘ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ- t
Past damages to the river and key habitats should t
Checkpoints along the river continue to cause varied cultural history of the river. Otherwise it tion.“ be mapped to co-incide with this call of parties: will be seen only as a “river” without histories. These include the industrial legacies from the So- hardships to local populations and create inse- curity. t
If no new conservation mechanisms are installed Based on the work in the communities along Ponoi viet times which are visible in the water quality Information on how the river is doing remains with appropriate cultural mechanisms, the pre- during our project, we wish to bring the following data and other impacts. t
only in regional and federal centers, and local sent-day problems continue to persist. steps into the discussion as a basis for future man- Risks if not implemented: people do not hear results of science. agement options: t
Local people continue to be excluded from the development of the river. A. International Concerns t
Past impacts to the river will remain to be Proposed actions: known only to sectoral specialists and not con- sidered in the management. t
A comprehensive review of salmon stocks from the whole chain of habitats from high seas to up- per Ponoi should be installed: In 2013 in addition Ǥ‘ϐŽ‹ –‡•‘Ž—–‹‘”‘ ‡••ˆ‘”‘‘‹ to these traditional knowledge results expressed Proposed actions: here, the KolArctic science project will issue ma- t
Š‡ ”‡’‘”– Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† ƒ ‡“—‹–› ’”‘„Ž‡ jor new scholarly information about the salmon between local and Indigenous harvest and the stocks in the region. Following Prusov (2004), “outside” salmon tourist companies: There is an they together with the TEK observations and ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‡‡†‘ˆƒ ‘ϐŽ‹ –”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘’”‘ ‡•• NASF concerns should be taken as a basis of de- „‡–™‡‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ†–Š‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒ- velopment of the watershed. tion of problems. t
A Ponoi watershed-based international plan t
Number and role of salmon tourist “checkpoints”: should be created as a basis of future work: This The instalment of “checkpoints” with guards in plan should include federal and regional commit- some parts of the river has caused perceptions of ments towards the watershed. Special attention exclusive uses of river. These checkpoints should

82 83  ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ‘‹–‘”‹‰‘ˆ‡‹†‡”‹˜‡”Šƒ•–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ central Ž‘’‘Ž‘ pond on river Silisjoki, marked with C. Näätämö Watershed in throughout the 1900s. Since 1980s results on the stones (Länsman 2010: 14). Finnish side have been digitalized and are publicly available. We have used the latest results from the Finland and Norway water measurements to summarize current trends 2. Results and Observations From and issues between 2010-2012 (Tossavainen 2013): the Project Work In this chapter the results of the work in Nei- mer 2011 and 2012. Seining spots and their locations t
Alkanity of Neiden is between 0,12-0,231 mmol/l, were investigated with interviews and all in all in den are explained together with an overview which indicates a very good buffering capacity. The work results presented here derive from ʹͲͳͳͶͳ͹‹Ž‘‰”ƒ•‘ˆϐ‹•Š™‡”‡ ƒ—‰Š–™‹–Š•‡‹‡•ǡ of the watershed and policy recommenda- t
pH of the water ranges from 6,74 to 7,25 with an totally new method of Indigenous and community ‘•–‘ˆ™Š‹ Š™ƒ••ƒŽŽ™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Šȋ‹„‹†ǤʹͲͳʹǣʹȌǤ tions. average of pH 7,01, almost neutral. engagement of environmental monitoring in Sámi t
Levels of Calcium (1,9-3,5 mg/l), Magnesium ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‹Žƒ†Ǥ ˜‡” –Š‡ •—‡” ʹͲͳʹ ϐ‹˜‡ǡ 1.1. Ecological and Climate Data (0,6-1,0 mg/l), Iron (72-220 µg/l), Aluminium •‘‡–‹‡••‹š‘Ž–ž‹ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ǡ‘•–‘ˆ™Š‘ 1. Biocultural Information on the Regarding the River (19-45 µg/l) are very low and harmless to are also reindeer herders were hired, based on Watershed The Neiden river begins on the lake Iijärvi on the ˜ƒ”‹‘—•„‡–Š‘•ƒ†ϐ‹•ŠǤ community review and choices, to: The Näätämö/Neiden watershed is home today to ‹‹•Š•‹†‡ƒ†ϐŽ‘™•‹–‘–Š‡‡‹†‡ Œ‘”†‘–Š‡ t
Total amounts of Phospor (2-27 µg/l), Phospate t
conduct interviews with other Sámi in Skolt Skolt Sámi, Kven, Finnish and Norwegian residents. Norwegian side. Watershed total area is 2962 square phosphor (1-10 µg/l) and Nitrogen (160-240 language about the salmon, place names and The full multi-layered histories of the river cannot be kilometers (Niemelä et al. 2001: 2). On the Finnish ρ‰ȀŽȌ ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› Ž‘™ ƒ† ƒ”‘—† ͵ͲǦͶͲ Ψ ‘ˆ environmental change. expressed adequately here. However the Skolt Sámi •‹†‡–Š‡”‹˜‡”ϐŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͷͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ national averages. Levels of oxygen is very high t
Record their observations with digital cameras. are considered to be the †‹‰‡‘—•’‡‘’Ž‡• of the riv- On lake Iijärvi water level is 193 meters above the sea, and humus, organic matter are also far below Š‹•’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‡š ‹–‹‰‡™ϐ‹‡Ž†‘ˆDz‘’–‹  er, even though the modern-day population of Sámi ƒ†ƒ––Š‡ϐŒ‘”†ͳ͵Ͳ‡–‡”•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡•‡ƒǤ—”‹‰‹–• national averages. Š‹•–‘”‹‡•dz•‘‡‘ˆ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡ ƒ—‰Š–Dz‘ϐ‹ŽdzǤ ƒ”‡–Š‡†‡• ‡†ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‘•‡‘Ž–•™Š‘Šƒ†–‘ϐŽ‡‡ course the river forms lakes such as Kaarttilompolo, Such a practice has future methodological Suonikylä traditional territories in 1944. The original Vuodasluobal and Opukasjärvi. Overall the following conclusions can be drawn from implications. Näätämö Skolt tribe has, for the most part, assimi- the data: t
Record their catches and provide catch statistics lated with the surrounding populations in late 1800s Š‡ϐ‹•Š‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”‹ Ž—†‡ȋŽƒ–‹ƒ‡•‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•Ȍǣ t
Quality of water measurement data is excellent. from other users. onwards. – Atlantic salmon (salmo salar) ‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ† ‡”–‹ϐ‹‡†Ǥ t
To keep a weather diary, including monitoring of Water quality indicators of Neiden are an The Kven are a national minority on the Norwe- – Lake trout (salmo trutta) t
water levels and winds. gian part of Neiden. They are ethnic Finns, many of excellent level. The variation of water quality To map crucial spawning sites, lost spawning Sea trout (salmo trutta trutta) t
which still speak the language. Kvens are the descend- – between 2010-2012 is quite modest, indicating sites, family- and clan-use territories, and ants of a Finnish population that moved to Varanger – Grayling (thymallus thymallus) no sudden changes. other culturally relevant sites on maps to be area in the 1800s from Karelia, Sodankylä, Kittilä and – Northern pike (esox lucius) t
To summarize the water quality of Neiden digitalized. Kainuu areas. In addition to these peoples along the –Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Šȋ ‘”‡‰‘—•Žƒ˜ƒ”‡–—••’ǤȌǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ watershed is premium with low human impacts. t
To participate and organize community watershed there are local Finns, Norwegians, Inari stocks that migrate to the Barents Sea, 40 (Tossavainen 2013). workshops in the villages to expand the range of Sámi and North Sámi peoples. kilometers from the river. observations in cooperation with other Sámi. Niemelä et al. (2001: 1) conclude that the growth of Norwegian part of Neiden belongs into the Syd- – Arctic Char (salvelinus alpinus) t
To cross-reference impacts of river change to Varanger municipality, Finnmark Province. The Finn- salmon juveniles in the Neiden river is slow and life reindeer herding. Burbot (lota lota) ish part of Neiden belongs into the Inari municipality, – › Ž‡• Ž‘‰ǡ •‘ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ –• ‘ˆ ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• –ƒ‡ ƒ Ž‘‰ located in the Province of Lapland. Some tributaries –‡” Šȋ’‡” ƒϐŽ—˜‹ƒ–‹•Ȍ –‹‡–‘ƒ‹ˆ‡•––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ›˜‹‡™‡†ƒŽŽ Additional oral history materials were used to offer are located in the municipality of Utsjoki. The Neiden – Pike (esox lucius) spawning of salmon in Neiden is natural and stock- baselines from the Skolt Sámi traditional knowledge Fjord in the Barents Sea has a status of a “national – Three-spined stickleback (gasterosteus aculeatus) ing has been forbidden by law. Total area of salmons digital database that was developed during this pro- in the Neiden watershed is 220 kilometers long, with ϐŒ‘”†dz‹‘”™ƒ›ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ””‹‡• ‡”–ƒ‹Žƒ†—•‡’”‡ˆ- – Nine-spined stickelback (pungitius pungitius) ject. New interviews were conducted also with the erences and guidelines. The Sevettijärvi, Näätämö ͳͳͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‘ˆƒϐ‹•Š‡”›ȋ‹‡‡Ž¡‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͳǣ͵ȌǤ ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‘”• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ Common minnow (phoxinus phoxinus) and adjacent habitat zones belong into the “Skolt – Longest migratory distance of a salmon is from the ™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡˜‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‡‹‡‹†‡Ǥ Sámi” territories in Finland, which are subject to the – Ž‘—†‡”ȋ’Žƒ–‹ Š–Š›•ϐŽ‡•—•Ȍȋ„‡Ž‘™‘Ž–ˆ‘••‡Ȍ river mouth to Tsiegnalisjärvi lake. With the main corpus of oral history materials span- special Skolt legislation. – Occasional visitors include escapee pink  ‹‡–‹•–•Šƒ˜‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•’ƒ™‹‰ ning dozens of pages of text, the main observations The management report for the Skolt territories salmon from the Russian side, which are locations of the salmon along the watershed (Nie- have been summarized here. The database oral his- ȋʹͲͳʹǣ ʹȌ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡• –Š‡ Žƒ‡ ‡˜‡––‹Œ¡”˜‹ ƒ• Šƒ˜‹‰ spawning on the river, are caught, as well as melä et al. 2001: 3). In the Finnish-Norwegian treaty tory materials and digital maps form a crucial source ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•ŠǤ Š‹• ‹• †—‡ –‘ Žƒ”‰‡ •–‘ ‹‰• ‘ˆ European eel, European river lamprey. ‘‡‹†‡–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆϐ‹•Š‡”›‹•†‡ϐ‹‡†–‘ ‘˜‡”–Š‡ of future information of the river for the Skolts and ™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Š–‘–Š‡•‡™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•‹ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ƒ†ͳͻͺͲ• (Tossavainen 2013, Niemelä et al. 2001: 4) “whole range of salmon migration” (Länsman 2010: other local peoples, and will be shared in the com- (ibid.). State representatives from Metsähallitus com- 14-15). More precisely now on the Finnish side the ing years as the collaborative management proceeds pany provided means for seining on the lake in sum- •ƒŽ‘ ϐ‹•Š‹‰ œ‘‡ ‡†• ƒ– Žƒ‡ ‹Œ¡”˜‹ ƒ† ‘ –Š‡ along the river.

84 85 Š‹•ƒ’Šƒ•„‡‡ ’”‘†— ‡†„›–Š‡‘Ž– ž‹ƒ’’‹‰–Š‡‹” ‘™”‹˜‡”—•‡ ƒ†•’ƒ™‹‰ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ„‹ƒ† ϔ‹•Š‹‰Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‘™‡† –”ƒ‹Ž•ƒ†‘–Š‡” ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž– Žƒ†—•‡ǤŠ‡ • ƒŽ‡ƒ††‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ’Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ Šƒ‰‡†–‘’”‡˜‡– •’‡ ‹ϔ‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ† ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡ ‘‹‰’—„Ž‹ Ǥ Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒ’ ‘–ƒ‹• ‘˜‡”Žƒ’•‹•’ƒ™‹‰ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š • ‹‡–‹ϔ‹ †ƒ–ƒȋ‹ ‹‡‡Ž¡͸ͶͶͷȌǡ‹– ’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡”•Š‡† ”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘—‹–› ˜‹‡™’‘‹–ǡ‘ˆ™Š‹ Š ‘•–—”‰‡–ƒ”‡ –Š‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ •ƒŽ‘ •’ƒ™‹‰Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‹†‡–‹ϔ‹‡•–Š‡ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Žƒ†ƒ† ™ƒ–‡”—•‡• „›–Š‡‘Ž–•ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ

86 87 BOX - Insect observations as indicators of changing climate

Jaakko Pohjoismäki (University of Eastern Finland) and Tero Mustonen (Snowchange Cooperative)

Insect communities can response rapidly to changes in local climatic conditions, providing a sensitive indicator of climate change (Saarinen et al. 2003, ‹Ž•‘ƒ†ƒ Ž‡ƒʹͲͳͳȌǤ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡„—––‡”ϐŽ‹‡• and moths, have witnessed an impressive expansion of southern species in the expense of montane and boreo alpine species all over Europe. In Finland, „—––‡”ϐŽ›ƒ†‘–Š•’‡ ‹‡••— Š’ƒ”ƒ–—”ƒ‹Ž‹ƒ and ƒ–‘ ƒŽƒˆ—Ž‹‡ƒ have expanded their range over 500 kilometers north in the last two decades (Hyönteistietokanta 2013).

In the project work the Skolt Sámi reindeer herders ƒ†ϐ‹•Š‡”‡™‡”‡‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Š†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ƒ‡”ƒ• –‘†‘ —‡––Š‡‹”‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•†—”‹‰–Š‡ϐ‹‡Ž† season. First of all the strange or new observations are easily recorded in this way and the people can ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‘–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ ‘”ƒ–—”ƒŽ sciences, this has advantages too. Some conspicuous Žƒ”‰‡‹•‡ –•ǡ•— Šƒ•„—––‡”ϐŽ‹‡•ƒ†•‘‡„‡‡–Ž‡• can be reliably monitored also by non-specialists, ‘—‘‘•Š‹‘ˆˆƒ†‡‹Œ‘ ‡‘†‘”‘ˆˆǡ‘Ž–ž‹ϔ‹•Š‡”‡ƒ–ϔ‹•Š ƒ’Ǥ enabling their use in local information collecting.

2.1. Skolt Sámi Fishery in Finland kilogram range. Some individuals took over An example of such is the observation of Potosia  ‘”†‹‰–‘‘•–”‡ ‡–‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ˆ‘”ʹͲͳʹ ͳ͵Ͳϐ‹•Šǡ„—–ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ‘Ž– ƒ– Š‡•™‡”‡ cuprea scarabaeid beetle by Näätämö reindeer Ͷǡ͵ –‘• ‘ˆ •ƒŽ‘ ™‡”‡ ϐ‹•Š‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‹‹•Š •‹†‡ ϐ‹˜‡–‘ϐ‹ˆ–‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒŽ‘Ǥ herders (see photo of the beetle) documented in ‘ˆ ‡‹†‡ ȋ ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘ˆϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‹•- t
Local people, Finns took around 255 salmon the Summer 2012. This is the northernmost record tics, forty local families harvested the river with nets. ™‹–Š‡–•Ǥ‹‰‰‡•–ϐ‹•Š™‡”‡ƒ”‘—†•‡˜‡–‡‡ of this large beetle species in the Nordic countries. Š‡› ƒ—‰Š– ͵ͲͲͲ ‹Ž‘• ‘ˆ ϐ‹•ŠǤ ‘—”‹•–• ƒ—‰Š– ƒ’- ‹Ž‘‰”ƒ•Š‹•‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›Ž‹ ‡•‡‹•„ƒ•‡† Similarly, local people are key observers of ’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳʹͲͲ‹Ž‘•‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹ʹͲͳʹ™‹–Šƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ on the municipal residence in the territory of ϐŽ— –—ƒ–‹‘•‹‹•‡ –’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘••— Šƒ•‘—–„”‡ƒ• 680 tourists (YLE 2013). All in all 10, 6 tons of salm- Inari. of aphids (see photo of aphids) or defoliating looper on were caught on Neiden watershed in 2012 (YLE t
˜‡”ƒŽŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‹ Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ϐ‹•Š moth larvae (see photo of the birch trees). 2013). This was a record high. •‹œ‡•Šƒ˜‡‰‘‡†‘™‹ʹͲͳʹǡϐ‹•Šƒ”‡‘– as round anymore and the small salmon, –‹––‹, During 2012-2013 a local investigation into the has increased in numbers. ȋ‘’Ž‡ˆ–Ȍƒ’Š‹†•ǡȋ–‘’”‹‰Š–Ȍ„‡‡–Ž‡Ǥ amount of salmon harvested by local people and the (Skolt Catch Statistics 2012). ȋ‹††Ž‡ƒ†„‘––‘Ȍƒƒ‰‡•–‘„‹” Š Skolts was made. During the season 2012: –”‡‡• ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡Ž‘‘’‡”‘–ŠŽƒ”˜ƒ‡Ǥ t
Skolts took 443 salmon with nets and angling ‘‡‹†‡Ǥ‹‰‰‡•–ϐ‹•Š™‡”‡ƒ”‘—†•‡˜‡- –‡‡‹Ž‘‰”ƒ•ǡ™‹–Š•‡˜‡”ƒŽϐ‹•Š‹–Š‡–‡

88 89 2.1.1. Views from the Skolt Village Council tinpaistama, Opukasjärven Köngäs and Saunakoski. ƒ’‡ʹͲͳʹǦ͵ȌǤ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Š‡•–ƒ”–‡†–‘ϐŽ›Ǧϐ‹•Š‹Š‹• Š‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡•Š”‹’Ǥdz (Snowchange Se- In 2011 the current chief of the Skolts Veikko Feo- Climate change is real, and weather conditions mid-20s. vettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-3) doroff (Saa’mi Nue’tt 2011) raised concerns that the Šƒ˜‡„‡‡˜‡”›•–”ƒ‰‡‘˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–ϐ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ—- ”‡•’‡ –‡†ϐ‹•Š‡”ƒ‘ˆ͸͸Ǧ›‡ƒ”•Ǧ‘Ž†•ƒ‹†–Šƒ– Skolts had regarding the Atlantic salmon. Main obser- tumn has been very warm. There are heavy rains Dz Šƒ˜‡ϔ‹•Š‡†‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”•‹ ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡  ƒ”‡‡„‡”Ǥ 2.1.2.1. Skolt Fishery After the Relocation vations included: with a lot of water, and it is raining all the time. ›ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡˆ”‘™Š‘ Ž‡ƒ”‡†ǡ™ƒ•ƒ‡–Š—•‹ƒ•–‹  1947-1980 t
The future of smolts needs to be secured. Collaborative management of the salmon stocks ϔ‹•Š‡”ƒ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‹ ‡–•ƒ‘ –‹‡• ȏ’”‹‘” –‘ ͷͿͺͺȐdzǤ Above the responses of the Eastern Sámi to the ad- The mine Syd-Varanger Gruve AS operating would be good. Skolt Sámi opinions should be heard (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-5) ministration of the Neiden in modern times were ex- ƒ†”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰†‹• Šƒ”‰‡•–‘–Š‡‘ϐŒ‘”† more. Now the Skolts can participate in the monitor- Skolts as the Indigenous peoples have their opin- ’Ž‘”‡†Ǥ –Š‹••‡ –‹‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǧ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• impacts the smolts on their way to the ‹‰ǡ ϐ‹•Š‡”› ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ‡‡–‹‰• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‘˜- ions on the development of the whole river. They and memories between 1947 and 1980s are shared. ‘ ‡ƒǤ•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒϐŽ‘ ͳ͹Ͳ͹ ernment through participation. Skolts have imposed recognize equity issues and problems with their rela-  •–”‘‰ ϐ‹•Š‡”› ˆ‘” –Š‡ •ƒŽ‘ ‡š‹•–‡† ˆ”‘ Žƒ–‡ chemical and the four million tons of mining ƒ•‡ŽˆǦ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ƒ†˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›•–‘’•–‘•ƒŽ‘ϐ‹•Š- tionship of management and administration of the re- 1940s, when Skolts arrived to the Sevettijärvi area, to ™ƒ•–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†–‘–Š‡ϐŒ‘”†‡‡†–‘ ery themselves. ‰‹‘Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘‡‘Ž–ϐ‹•Š‡”ƒǡ͸ʹǦ›‡ƒ”•Ǧ‘Ž†ǡ ͳͻͺͲ•Ǥ‘Ž–•‘™–Š‡„‡•–ϐ‹•Š™‡”‡ ƒ—‰Š–‹–Š‡ be addressed and researched. The Skolts have ‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž†‹ Ž—†‡–Šƒ––‘—”‹•–ϐ‹•Š- the Dz‘Ž–•†‘‘–’‘••‡••ƒ›•’‡ ‹ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•–‘–Š‡ϔ‹•ŠǦ older times right after the Midsummer through to called for a total end of discharges to the sea ery should be more regulated too, now it cannot be ‡”›ƒŽ‘‰‡‹†‡dz (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral His- ‹†Ǧ —Ž›™Š‡–Š‡ϐ‹•Š ƒ‡—’–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ ‘”†‹‰ from the mine. –‘— Š‡†‘ǤŠ‡”‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›–ƒ”‰‡–•ˆ‘” tory Tape 2012-1). Anybody despite their ethnicity –‘–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‡–Š‡•‡•ƒŽ‘™‡”‡Dz Ž‡ƒdzǡ‡ƒ‹‰ t
‡ŽˆǦ‹’‘•‡†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”› –Š‡ Ž‘•—”‡•Ǥ‘Ž–ϐ‹•Š‡”›™‹–Š‹–• —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• living in the villages of Sevettijärvi and Näätämö has –Š‡ϐŽ‡•Š™ƒ•”‡†ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ȋ‘™ Šƒ‰‡‡˜‡––‹- include in Norway over sixty centimeter and toponyms should be taken more seriously in Nei- the rights to harvest with nets. Formerly the Skolts järvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). Towards August the female salmon which are released back to the den river. had these rights to themselves. Some Skolts prefer to ϐ‹•Š™‡–Dz„Žƒ dzˆ”‘•’ƒ™‹‰ǡ‹ͳͻ͹Ͳ•–Š‹•–‘‘ river starting 1st August, an end of the tourist Mapping of Neiden river use could be done, but ϐ‹•Š‘Ž›™‹–Š”‘†•Ǥ‘•–Ž›‘Ž†‡”’‡‘’Ž‡ϐ‹•Š™‹–Š‡–•Ǥ place around 10th September (Snowchange Sevet- ϐ‹•Š‡”›•–ƒ”–‹‰ͳͷth August, and a quota for only for internal use. Again there are concerns that Another older Skolt says that: Dz‡ •Š‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ tijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). Skolts would end them. come from the Syd-Varanger Gruv. How it will impact ƒ Žƒ”‰‡” •ƒ› –‘ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒdz –Š‡‹”ϐ‹•Š‡”›ʹͲth August. t
The Finnish self-regulatory measures include –Š‡•ƒŽ‘ǫ‘Ž–•–”ƒ˜‡Ž Ž‘•‡–‘–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‹–‡ (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-2). Other seasonal subsistence activities happened ‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›•–ƒ”–‹‰ͳͲth August and on their way to the ocean. A concern that remains is The Skolts have a number of their own views for the ‹ ”Š›–Š• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”› —–‹Ž ͳͻͺͲ•Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ lures from 20th August as well as catch-free that there are also international, such as Indian, Rus- †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹•ŠǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹ them go on today too. These included collection of days and release of female salmon over sixty sian and Norwegian companies operating in the re- –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹  ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡’‘”–Ǥ Š‡”‡ Šƒ›ǡ „‡””›Ǧ’‹ ‹‰ǡ ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ Žƒ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡- centimeters. (Saa’mi Nue’tt 2011). gion, will they adhere to environmental standards. is a fear that if the net permits are surrendered, the vettijärvi region. Around thirty years ago the salmon ‘Ž–•™‹ŽŽ„‡‘˜‡””—ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”ϐ‹•Š- ϐ‹•Š‡”›ˆ‘”–Š‡‘Ž–•™ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡”›†ƒ›†‹- During the community workshops in 2012 Chief Veik- 2.1.2. Oral Histories and Observations of Salmon eries, relationships and occupancy of the river will be ‡–•ƒ†–Šƒ–‹•™Š›–Š‡•ƒŽ‘™ƒ•ϐ‹•Š‡†Ǥ‘™™‹–Š ‘ ‡‘†‘”‘ˆˆ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†Š‹•˜‹‡™•Ǥ ‡‹•ƒƒ –‹˜‡ϐ‹•Š- from the Skolt Fishermen 2012 pushed aside (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History some employment opportunities, freezers and shops erman along the river himself and will be the head of —”‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ϐ‹‡Ž† •‡ƒ•‘ ʹͲͳʹ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •ƒŽŽ Tape 2012-4). The rights to harvest are connected –Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‘™ƒ”†• —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†•—„- the Skolt people until 2014. He said that the salmon workshops were organised in the communities of only with old land ownership titles. sistence catch (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History •—‡” ʹͲͳʹ ™ƒ• ‰‘‘† ƒ† –Š‡ •–‘ • ϐŽ— –—ƒ–‡Ǥ Näätämö and Sevettijärvi to discuss Skolt observa- The Skolts have a total, holistic view of their river Tape 2012-1). Management is currently achieved through negotia- tions of salmon and the river. Additional existing ƒ†–Š‡ϐ‹•ŠǤŠ‹•„‡ ‘‡•‡˜‹†‡–‹–Š‡ ‘‡–• ‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ†™ƒ–‡”•†‡ϐ‹‡†–Š‡ tions with the Norwegian partners. It is important to traditional knowledge and oral histories were in- of a younger Skolt when he makes the connections of human activities during 1947-1980. Skolts exported keep the salmon for its survival. Skolt village council, corporated into a database run by the Saa’mi Nue’tt changes in high seas to the salmon: Dz –Š‡Žƒ•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ their clan- and family-based use of land and terri- kyläkokous has agreement with Finland and Norway cultural organisation. Secondly visits to the river and •—‡”–Š‡‡–ϔ‹•Š‡”› ‘—Ž†„‡”‡†— ‡†Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ tory to the Näätämö river watershed, distributing to monitor the salmon stocks. ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ϐ‹‡Ž† –”‹’• ™‡”‡ –ƒ‡ „› –Š‡ ϐ‹˜‡Ǧ•‹š ‡› ‹– ‘—Ž†‡†ƒ™‡‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–‘•–‘’–Š‡Šƒ”˜‡•–‘ˆ•’ƒ™Ǧ cabin sites, netting areas and other uses accordingly. ‡‘†‘”‘ˆˆ•ƒ‹†–Šƒ––Š‡‘”™‡‰‹ƒ•‡ƒϐ‹•Š‡”›‹• knowledge holders. A large corpus of oral and optic ‹‰•ƒŽ‘Ǥ—–‹–‹••‘Ž‘‰–Š‡ Šƒ‹ȏ‘ˆ‡˜‡–•Ȑǡ™Š‡ Š‹•‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆŽƒ‡•–‘‘ǤŠ‹•Žƒ‡ϐ‹•Š‡”› causing damages to salmon and therefore there is a histories as well as mapping of spawning sites, old –Š‡•ƒŽ‘„‡‰‹•–Š‡‹”Œ‘—”‡›‘–Š‡–Žƒ–‹  ‘ƒ•–Ǥ in the 1950s lasted for whole summer with seasonal need for a plan for salmon from the sea to upper parts spawning sites, cultural and occupancy sites was car- Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ Šƒ‹‘ˆŠƒ”˜‡•–ǡ migration to the various family- and clan-controlled of the river. Discussions on the local level are good - ”‹‡†‘—–Ǥ –Š‹••‡ –‹‘–Š‡ƒ‹ϐ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘”ƒŽ ‘–Œ—•–Š‡”‡‹–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡ƒ‡–•‹–Š‡„‹‰ cabins along the Sevettijärvi watershed, especially on there is a good contact with the Kven in the Neiden histories are reported. ™ƒ–‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š–Š‡ϔ‹•Š ‘‡•Ȃ‹ Ž—†‹‰†”‹ˆ– Lake Opukasjärvi. A 62-yearl-old Skolt remembers village and the Käpälä seiners. However there is no Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™‹–Š ‡–•ǡϔ‹•Š–”ƒ’•ǡ‘”†‹ƒ”›‡–•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡–”ƒ™Ž‹‰–‘‘ how he spent his summers with his Grandmother ‘–ƒ – ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‡ƒ ϐ‹•Š‡”›ǡ‘Ž› ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ the river since birth as is evident from the words of a — Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘‘†‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ‘ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰•ƒŽŽ‡”ϔ‹•Š and then, once Autumn arrived, he would continue the scientists in Norway. Some changes are needed 41-year-old Skolt: Dz •–ƒ”–‡†–‘ ‘‡–‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”™‹–Š ƒ†–Š‡•Š”‹’ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘–‡‘—‰Šˆ‘‘†Ž‡ˆ–ˆ‘”–Š‡ –Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›™‹–ŠŠ‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”—–‹Ž–Š‡•’ƒ™‹‰–‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ϐ‹•Š‡”› ‹ ‘”™ƒ›ǡ ’‘••‹„Ž› Ž‘•—”‡•Ǥ › ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ  †‘ ‘– ”‡‡„‡” Š‘™ ›‘—‰  ™ƒ•Ǥ —– •ƒŽ‘ǤŠƒ–‹•™Š›‹–‹•‘”‡Ž‡ƒ‘™ǤŠ‡‹‰”ƒ„ ‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Šǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ”‘—†Žƒ‡‘Ž—•Œ¡”˜‹ —””‡–Ž› –Š‡ ‡– ϐ‹•Š‡”› ‹• ‰‘‘† ƒ† ‡‘—‰Š ™‹–Š –Š‡›•ƒ› –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†‘–‘’‘ˆŠ‹•„ƒ ’ƒ Ǥ ‡Œ‘›‡† ȏ‹–”‘†— ‡†„›–Š‡—••‹ƒ•‘–Š‡ƒ”‡–• ‘ƒ•–ˆ”‘ (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). three nets per person. Change to this system would ›•‡ŽˆǤ—”‹‰–Š‡†ƒ›• ϔ‹•Š‡†™‹–Šƒ”‘†Ǥ Ž‡ƒ”‡† –Š‡ƒ ‹ϔ‹ Ȑ‡ƒ–•ƒŽŽ–Š‹‰•‘–Š‡•‡ƒϔŽ‘‘”ǤŠ”‹’Šƒ• ͸͸Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†‘Ž–ƒϐ‹”Ž›•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Dz‡˜‡”›„‘†› „‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ–•‘—” ‡‘ˆ ‘ϐŽ‹ –Ǥ‘—”‹•–ϐ‹•Š‡”›Šƒ•„‡‡ –‘ϔ‹•Š™‹–Š‡–•ˆ”‘›ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡ›— Ž‡ƒ†•‘‡ „‡‡Šƒ”˜‡•–‡†ˆ‘”†‡ ƒ†‡•Ǥ‘™–Š‡•ƒŽ‘‹•‘”‡ ϔ‹•Š‡•–Š‡‹”‘™•’‘–•ƒŽ‘‰”‹˜‡”Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ ™‹ŽŽ •–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ„—–•‘‡”‡‰‹‘•ƒ”‡‘˜‡”ϐ‹•Š‡†•— Šƒ•‘- ‘–Š‡” ž‹dz (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History ™Š‹–‡ǡ‹–‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”ˆ—ŽŽ›”‡†Ǥ –—•‡†–‘„‡‘”‡”‡†Ǥ ‰‡–Ž‘•–‹ˆ ‰‘–‘Žƒ‡ ‹Œ¡”˜‹ǡ‹–‹•ƒ•–”ƒ‰‡’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥdz

90 91 (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-5) by the amounts of salt used. If salmon is salted on (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-2). ƒ›‘”‡Ǥ‘‡ƒ†‹Ž–ƒ”‡—•‡†ǤŠ‡‘Ž†‡”ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ A set of new toponymic place names since 1947 ƒ‰‹˜‡†ƒ›ǡ–Š‡ϐ‹•Š ƒ—‰Š–ƒ†•ƒŽ–‡†ϐ‹”•–‡‡†•–‘ Today the contemporary Skolts position their role remember how in their childhood the intestines of has emerged along the river as a result of the the ar- be stored separately from the ones caught later in ƒ••—„•‹•–‡ ‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡•ƒŽ‘‹••–‹ŽŽƒ•‘—” ‡ ™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Š ƒ† –”‘—– ™‡”‡ „‘‹Ž‡† –‘‘ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž–•ǤŠ‡›”‡ϐŽ‡ ––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘™‡”•Š‹’•ǡ the day (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape of food and has importance in their lives (Snow- head and bones (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral His- trails, good catch sites, spawning locations and other 2012-2). change Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-2). As one tory Tape 2012-2). When the salmon is caught, blood events in the Skolt Sámi society and harvest along the Many of the Skolts in the older generation pre- younger Skolt says: Dz –‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•—Ǧ is let and the roe taken, as blood ruins it. Head is not river. One toponym is for example in Finnish “Riitaki- served the notion of distributing their catches com- ‡”ǡ™‡‡‡†–‘‰‘–‘‘—”ϔ‹•Š‡”›dz (Snowchange Sevet- ”‡‘˜‡†ƒ†‹•‡ƒ–‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡ϐ‹•Šƒ•™‡ŽŽ vi” – a stone of arguments (Snowchange Sevettijärvi munally, whether it was a butchered reindeer or the tijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-3). An older Skolt born ƒ•–Š‡„‘‡•Ǥ˜‡‘•ƒŽŽ‡”ϐ‹•Š™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ϐ‹Ž±†–Š‡ Oral History Tape 2012-4). On this spot some people salmon, to make sure that everybody got their part. in 1947 says: Dz ––Š‡”‡‹•‘•ƒŽ‘™‡”—‘—–‘ˆˆ‘‘†Ǥdz head and bones are boiled. The broth is used too, of- argued who can put their nets there. The place names (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1) (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-5) ten with a piece of bread. (Snowchange Sevettijärvi have not been made public in this report as they are This practice came to its end around 1970s. Most parts of the salmon are still used – only the Oral History Tape 2012-2). communally and family-owned. The concept of “luck” was discussed: a personal intestines are left and sometimes the liver is not used One of the powerful optic histories, relayed here ‰‹ˆ–™‹–Š–Š‡ϐ‹•Šǡ ƒ– Š‹‰„‹”†•‘”Šƒ†Ž‹‰”‡‹†‡‡” using oral history has to do with an account of a that has been given, and is then recognized by the spawning moment of a salmon witnessed by an older others in the community. Behind this issue lie deep Skolt: DzȏƒŽ‘ Š‘‘•‡•Ȑƒ•ƒ†›‘”ƒ‰”ƒ˜‡Ž„‘––‘ cultural and ancestral laws and traditions of con- ˆ‘”•’ƒ™‹‰Ǥ Šƒ˜‡•‡‡™Š‡–Š‡›•™‹ƒ”‘—††—”Ǧ nections to the land according to families, clans and ‹‰ –Š‡ •’ƒ™‹‰Ǥ ˆ –Š‡”‡ ‹• Ž‘™ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ›‘— ƒ •‡‡ individuals. Space here does to allow to explore this ‹–Ǥ—”‹‰ϔŽ‘‘†•›‘— ƒ‘–ǤŠ‡”‡‡‡†•–‘„‡•‘‡ theme more (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History ϔŽ‘™ǡ‹– ƒ‘–„‡ƒ•–‹ŽŽ™ƒ–‡”ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡•’‘–™Š‹ Š Tape 2012-1). Other Sámi nations have also this no- –Š‡› Š‘‘•‡ǤŠ‡›‘˜‡‹ǡ‘‡ϔ‹•Šƒ–ƒ–‹‡Ǥ –†‘‡• tion, including the North Sámi. ‘––ƒ‡–‘‘Ž‘‰ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘•’ƒ™‹‘‡’Žƒ ‡Ǥ Most importantly, according to tradition, the riv- ‹”•––Š‡„‹‰‘Œƒ‘ȏƒŽ‡•ƒŽ‘Ȑ ‘‡•ǤŠ‡–Š‡ˆ‡Ǧ er provides, gives the salmon that is caught. There- ƒŽ‡ϔ‹•Š•–ƒ”–•–‘•™‹‹Ǥ‹‰ϔ‹•Š•’ƒ™ϔ‹”•–ǤŽ‘™Ž› fore the Skolts have a responsibility for the river and –Š‡›Šƒ˜‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†–Š‡”‹˜‡”—’Ǥ–Š‡”•–ƒ‡–Š‡‹”–‹‡ǡ its health. Or as a 41-year-old man says: Dz‘— ƒ‘– ‘‡ Žƒ–‡”Ǥ – †‡’‡†• ™Š‡ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‡–‡”‡† –Š‡ — ƒ”‘—†‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ‹˜‡”—•‡†–‘„‡•ƒ ”‡†„‡Ǧ ”‹˜‡”Ǥdz (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape ˆ‘”‡Ǥ ‘— ‡‡†‡† –‘ –Šƒ Š‡”ǡ ‹ˆ ›‘— ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† •‘‡Ǧ 2012-2) –Š‹‰Ǥdz (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž–• –Š‡ ϐŽ‘‘†• „”‹‰ — ŠǦ 2012-3) needed new sands to the spawning spots, renewing –Š‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹ Ž—†‡†–Šƒ– and maintaining them. Ice carries bigger rocks which you should not show the individual catch, or brag reshape the stream too. The river changes every year ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ϐ‹•ŠǤ ‡”› •–”‹ – ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ a little bit, but the main spots stay (Snowchange Se- laws were followed up until 1980s (Snowchange vettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-5). A younger Skolt Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1) Such laws in- makes the comment that:Dz‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒŽ‘ƒ””‹˜‡ cluded that one could not speak aloud anything nega- ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†—”‹‰–Š‡‹ ‡ ‘˜‡”’‡”‹‘†ǡ‘–Š‡”• ‘‡ƒ•Žƒ–‡ tive along the river. You cannot shout or yell. Nature ƒ•‹—‰—•–Ǥ‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘‹–‹•–Š‡ has its own dignity that needs to be respected. Skolt •ƒŽŽ‡” ϔ‹•Š –Šƒ– ƒ””‹˜‡Ǥ ƒŽ‡ ϔ‹•Š ‘‡• ϔ‹”•–ǡ –”ƒ˜‡ŽǦ Žƒ™• •ƒ‹† ›‘— ƒ‘– ϐ‹•Š ƒ– ‹‰Š–ǡ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ‡‡†• Ž‹‰ ‹ ‹†•– ‘ˆ ‹ ‡ –‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •’ƒ™‹‰Ǥ ‡ Ž‹‡• to rest (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”ƒ›‘–Š•ǡ’”‡’ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡•’ƒ™Ǥ ‡ 2012-2). Many Skolts cannot understand the tourists ‹ŽŽ•–Š‡„—”„‘–ǡƒ†™Š‡–Š‡•ƒŽŽ•ƒŽ‘ ‘‡•ǡŠ‡ ™Š‘ϐ‹•Š–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹‰Š–•Ǥ †”‹˜‡•–Š‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘‘Ǥ ‡‹•’ƒ–”‘ŽŽ‹‰Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǡƒ‹‰ Older Skolts are still remembering and try to use •—”‡ƒŽŽ‹•ƒŽ”‹‰Š–Ǥdz (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral His- the Indigenous governance systems of letting wa- tory Tape 2012-3) ters “rest”, and not to overharvest. If there was more The salmon was preserved salted prior to spawn- ϐ‹•Šƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡›™‡”‡–ƒ‡ǡ„—–‹ˆ–Š‡•–‘ •™‡”‡ ing in the Autumn. If spawned salmons would have down, no harvests took place (Snowchange Sevetti- been used, their roe was the only tasty part according järvi Oral History Tape 2012-2). They have witnessed ȋ‘’ȌŠ‹–‡ϔ‹•Š ƒ—‰Š–„› ‹Ž‹’ ‡ˆ”‡‘ˆˆǤ to the Skolts (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History that other users of the river do not follow these laws. ȋ‘––‘ȌƒŽ‡•ƒŽ‘Šƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ Tape 2012-1). While salting allowed the salmon to ˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•Ž‹––Ž‡•ƒŽ‘‘”‘–Š‡”ϐ‹•ŠǡƒŽŽ‹•–ƒ‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ Š‘‘‘‹–•Ž‘™‡”Œƒ™™Š‹Ž‡ be harvested through the winter, taste was affected as a principle. This is against the strict law of the river –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰–‘•’ƒ™‹‰‰”‘—†•Ǥ

92 93 ƒ‡‘–‹’ƒ‹•–ƒƒǤ ƒ—Žƒ ‡‘†‘”‘ˆˆŠ‘Ž†•–™‘„Žƒ –‹––‹ǡ‘”•ƒŽŽ•ƒŽ‘ ƒ—‰Š–‹—‡”͸Ͷͷ͸Ǥ

94 95 2.1.2.2. Weather Change and Knowledge Along ƒ•Žƒ‡—”—Œ¡”˜‹™‡”‡•–‹ŽŽ‘’‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡† ‹ Ž—†‹‰•‘™ƒ†•Ž‡‡–•Š‘™‡”•ǡƒ†‘‹•‡ –•ϐŽ›Ǥ ‘–Š‡”ϐ‹•Š‡”ƒ”‡’‘”–•™‹†•ˆ‘”–Š‡ Näätämö in 2012 reindeer herding and uses of routes (Snowchange Se- This means there is no food for the birds and the eggs morning, which are “extremely cold”. Many members of the Skolt Sámi community keep a vettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). do not hatch properly. (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral – 9th August: Very low water, then on 22nd record of weather events. As a communal weather ob- This was the third bad winter in terms of ice cov- History Tape 2012-1). This has been observed since September the water levels had increased to 41 servation, the statistics of Satu and Jouni Moshnikoff ‡”‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”Ǥ’”‹‰ϐŽ‘‘†‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”™ƒ••–”‘‰Ǥ 2006. Especially ptarmigan has been hit hard. centimeters above the measurement level with were reviewed during our community work. Several Skolts are aware that the high levels of water also in- A 62-year-old Skolt man has heard a powerful a strong change in a month. new and relevant events indicate a change since 2000 ϐŽ—‡ ‡†–Š‡¡’¡Ž¡—‘––ƒ seining on the Neiden side experience from the Russian Sámi:Dz ˆ‡‡Ž–Šƒ––Š‡™‹ŽǦ –‘™ ‘˜‡”Šƒ•ϐŽ— –—ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡ʹͺƒ†ͻͲ on the weather in the region. The Sámi also make as- of the river (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Ž‘™’–ƒ”‹‰ƒ•–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–‹–‹•‘—•‡–‘•–ƒ›Š‡”‡ centimeters in the village of Sevettijärvi in the sociations between the weather, celestial objects and Tape 2012-1). ƒ›Ž‘‰‡”ƒ†–”›–‘‡•–Ǥž‹ƒˆ”‘–Š‡—•Ǧ 2000s. events in nature. While the space does not allow a full •‹ƒ•‹†‡–‘Ž†—•–Šƒ–Š‡™ƒ•‹–Š‡—–—„›ƒϔŒ‘”†Ǥ (Skolt Sámi Weather Records 2012). publication of these materials at this time we wish to ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‘—•ƒ†• ‘ˆ ™‹ŽŽ‘™ ’–ƒ”‹‰ƒ• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† ‘ present some selected examples from these observa- –Š‹•ϔŒ‘”†ƒ†–Š‡›–‘‘‘ˆˆƒ†ϔŽ‡™–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡” –‹  2.1.2.3. Observations of Environmental Change tions:  ‡ƒǢ–‘™Š‡”‡ǡŠ‡†‹†‘–‘™Ǥ—–‹–‹•‡˜‹†‡––Šƒ– Along Näätämö in 2012 – 20th January 2000: - 38 degrees cold with a ƒ™‹ŽŽ‘™’–ƒ”‹‰ƒ ƒ‘–ϔŽ›ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒƒ†‘œ‡ There is no forestry around village of Sevettijärvi but lunar eclipse in the morning. ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•‹–™ƒ•–Š‡‹” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡•—‹ ‹†‡ǤŽŽ‘ˆ some exist in the community of Kaamanen, which – January 2001: Plus degrees in January with –Š‡ϔŽ‡™–‘‡• ƒ’‡Š—‰‡”Š‡”‡ǤŠ‹•ƒ‘–Š‡—•Ǧ belongs to the head waters of the river. This brings real strong winds •‹ƒ•‹†‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Š‡™‹–ŠŠ‹•„‹‘ —Žƒ”•ƒŽŽ–Š‡™ƒ› nutrients and affects the river according to the Skolts Š‡ ‘—Ž†•‡‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‘–Š‡‘Žƒ‡‹•—ŽƒǤ†–Š‡”‡ (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). – January 2002: Plus degrees in January with –Š‡›™‡–ǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘™‹ŽŽ‘™’–ƒ”‹‰ƒ–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” real strong winds Skolts have renewed some high land marshes (Œ¡¡) –Šƒ–ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ”‘—†͸ͶͶͽǤ –™ƒ•ƒ•–”ƒ‰‡‡˜‡–ƒ• which have been dammed by the local border patrols. – January 2003: 25 degrees shifts in ™‹ŽŽ‘™ ’–ƒ”‹‰ƒ• ‡˜‡” ϔŽ› ‘˜‡” –Š‡ •‡ƒǡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘ temperatures from -5 to – 30 C in short time Š‹• Šƒ• Š‡Ž’‡† ‹ ƒ– Š‡– ‘ˆ —–”‹‡–• ϐŽ‘™‹‰ Žƒ†Ǥ – ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ ™‹ŽŽ‘™ ’–ƒ”‹‰ƒ•Ǥdz (Snow- into the river. (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History th th – 18 to 20 January 2005: Plus 1 C change Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). Tape 2012-1) – January 2006: Rains and plus degrees One of the main observations of change that the – January 2007, 2008, 2010, 2013: Plus 1 C with —”‹‰•—‡”ʹͲͳʹƒŽŽ‘Ž–ϐ‹•Š‡”‡™‡”‡ƒ•‡† Ž‘ ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ –‘—”‹• ϐ‹•Š‡”› January 2010 plus 5 C to keep weather and wind diaries. The following sig- since 1950s. It impacts the river and adjacent ar- ”‘ ƒ†–Š‡•–‹ ‹–Š‡¡¡–¡Ú”‹˜‡”–Šƒ–‹•—•‡† ‹ϐ‹ ƒ– ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ƒ†‡ „› –Š‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‡ƒ•Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ””‹˜‡† ™‹–Š ϐŽ‘ƒ– ’Žƒ‡• ƒ† Ž‡ˆ– Žƒ”‰‡ – January 2012: Strongest high pressures in 40 „›–Š‡‘Ž–•–‘‘‹–‘”–Š‡™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ the season: years, - 27 C amounts of garbage along the river. (Snowchange Se- – 26th-28th June: Strong northern winds, very – Same plus degrees C for February in 2000, vettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1) Especially plastic  ‘Ž†Ǥ‘ϐ‹•ŠǤ‘’‡‘’Ž‡‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”‡‹–Š‡”Ǥ materials were totally alien to the Skolts in the 1950s 2003, 2004, 2005 with strong winds Summer 2012 was also quite strange, there was – 9th – 11th July: A lot of mosquitoes. Fish ƒ†ͳͻ͸Ͳ•ƒ†™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ϐ‹”•––‹‡ˆ”‘ no warmth at all. Dry summers have been the norm – Plus degrees for March 2001-2003, in 2005: swimming in the middle course of the river. the trash litter. plus 7 C, in 2010-11 strong winds for several years along the river. Water levels were th In 2000s it is also the Skolts who have trashed the low and the Skolts feel during these summers the – 11 July: Real strong winds. – Summers 2000-2012: Powerful new winds vicinity of the river. The old moral codes of keeping käpälä seining took more salmon than would have – 16th July: Strong sunshine with a big have arrived. nature clean and undisturbed are being lost (Snow- been necessary. When the water levels are good, the thunderstorm in the evening, water levels – Many water bodies stay open for the winter, or change Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). A salmon can reach the proper up-stream spawning ”‡ƒŽŽ›Ž‘™Ǥ‘ϐ‹”‡†„›–™‘ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ǤŽŽ can open up in January as it is so warm. 62-year-old Skolt man feels that the Skolts have be- sites (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape salmon hiding because of thunderstorm. come like the rest of the people in Finland, making – Migratory birds: Now many songbirds stay in ʹͲͳʹǦͳȌǤ ‘‡ ‘Ž–• ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† –Š‡ •‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ th – 17 July: Strong winds from the North. Rains. the same mistakes along the river, and not paying at- the village for the winter, as it is warmer, they salmon directly at the seine as a factor causing over- A pike was caught on the rapids! Historical day! tention anymore (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral His- do not migrate. (Moshnikoff 2013). Šƒ”˜‡•–ǡƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘‘Ž›—•‹‰–Š‡ϐ‹•Šˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†Ǥ It has not been caught on the rapids before. tory Tape 2012-1) › Ž‡•‘ˆϐŽ‘‘†‹‰ƒ†™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž Šƒ‰‡ƒ”‡’ƒ”– th – 19 July: Strong north winds continue. Š‹•‹•”‡ϐŽ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›Ǥ –Š‡”—Ž‡•‘ˆ Then oral histories of weather were collected. Year of the big cycles of the river according to the Skolts. – 24th July: Water levels get lower and lower, the river it says 50 meter zones are to be left around 2012 was unusual because the Neiden river was freed But the weather has become too warm (Snowchange with a 10 centimeter drop from the previous ‡–•Ǥ‘™’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ϐŽ‹‡•ƒ†Ž—”‡• from ice early (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). Flowering of measurement. next to the nets out of envy (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Tape 2012-1). It took place in May, about two weeks the berries has not succeeded due to the unexpected th Oral History Tape 2012-1). before usual ice breakup. Ice cover was quite thin be- frosts many years in a row. Same observation is true – 26 July: ‘•–¡‹, a Thunder louse was seen ͸ʹǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†‘Ž–ƒ†‡ϐ‹‡•Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ –™‡‡ʹͲͳͳǦʹͲͳʹ™‹–‡”Ǥ• ‘ϐ‹”‡†„›–Š‡‘•Š- also regarding mushrooms. They have been hard hit. today and there was thunder later in the day. ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣDzŠ‡ ™ƒ•ƒŽ‹––Ž‡„‘› ”‡Ǧ nikoff weather diary too, in January 2012 some of the Biggest impacts have been observed with birds Mink running along the river, seagulls, and ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡—”‰‡–‘ϔ‹•ŠǤ ƒŽ•‘Šƒ”˜‡•–„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•‘—” water bodies were still open, and it was stated by the due to the weather change. When the eggs are laid frogs. ˆ‘‘†ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ ‘‹‰–‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǡ reindeer herders of Sevetti that big open waters such to the nests, several years in a row, cold spells arrive, – 8th August: Strong westernly winds in gusts.

96 97 ˆ‘”‘—”˜‹•‹–Ǥ ˆ‘”‡”–‹‡•‹–™ƒ•‘—”•—”˜‹˜ƒŽǡ‘—” ‡Šƒ•„‡‡ϐ‹•Š‹‰‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”•‹ ‡ͳͲǦ›‡ƒ”•Ǧ‘Ž†ǡƒ– ˆ‘‘†•‘—” ‡Ǥ ™ƒ•–ƒ—‰Š–„››ˆƒ–Š‡”ƒ†‰”ƒ†‘–ŠǦ ϐ‹”•–™‹–Š‡–•™‹–ŠŠ‹•‰”ƒ†ˆƒ–Š‡”Ǥ˜‡”ƒŽŽ–Š‡ϐ‹•Š ‡”–‘†‘ƒŽ™ƒ›••‘‡–Š‹‰ǡ‡˜‡” ‘‡‹˜ƒ‹Ǥ ‡”‡‘ in the 2012 seasonDz™‡”‡‘–ƒ•‰‘‘†ƒ•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•–Š‡ –Š‡”‹˜‡”™‡ ƒ– Šϔ‹•Šǡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –„‡””‹‡•ǡŠ—–ˆ‘”’–ƒ”‹Ǧ ϔ‹•Š‹••ƒŽŽ‡”ǡ‹–•‡‡•–Š‡›†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡‡‘—‰Š–‘‡ƒ–dz ‰ƒƒ†–Š‡™‡–ƒ‡–Š‡Š‘‡Ǥdz (Snowchange Se- (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-2). vettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). Š‹• ‹• ‘ϐ‹”‡† „› ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ ͶͳǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ Skolts feel that despite the many changes they old Skolt. He says that Dz–Š‡•ƒŽŽ•ƒŽ‘ƒ”‡•ƒŽŽ‡” •–‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ϐ‹•Š •–‘ • Š‡”‡Ǥ ŽŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘™Ǥ Š‡› —•‡† –‘ „‡ „‹‰‰‡”Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ Ž‡•• „‹‰ ϔ‹•Š been directed therefore to prevent further damages ƒ”‘—† –‘‘Ǥ ‹Ž– ϔ‹•Š —•‡† –‘ „‡ –Š‡ „‹‰‰‡•– „‡ˆ‘”‡Ǥdz and on the other hand, prepare for the further warm- (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012- ing. 3) He continues to say that Dz Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘‘–‹ ‡†–Š‡ •ƒŽ‘‹•‘”‡•‘ˆ–‘™Ǥ –‹•‘–•‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ†•–”‘‰ ƒ•„‡ˆ‘”‡ǤŠ‡›‘—„‘‹Ž–Š‡ϔ‹•Š–Š‡ϔŽ‡•Š‰‘‡••‘ˆ–‹ ƒ ‡™ ™ƒ›Ǥ ‘”‡ ™Š‹–‡ –Š‡ •ƒŽ‘ǡ ‘”‡ •‘ˆ– ϔŽ‡•ŠǤdz (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-3). But in general the 2012 was a strong salmon year in amounts as a Skolt born in 1947 says: DzŠ‡”‡Šƒ•‘– „‡‡ƒ•ƒ›ϔ‹•Š‹›–‹‡Ǥdz (Snowchange Sevetti- järvi Oral History Tape 2012-5) Some of the tributaries of Näätämö River have smaller salmon, such as the river Silisjoki, where ac- cording to the Skolts the salmon is smaller (Snow- change Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). They ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‘ƒ–‡Ž› ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹Ž‹•Œ‘‹•ƒŽ‘ƒ•Dz—”‘ϐ‹•ŠdzǤ Tributary Kuosnajoki used to be a spawning stream but is no longer. Silisjoki is a very crucial spawning tributary and year 2012 was a very good one (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape Ž‘—†„‡””›’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ ‹Ž‹’ ‡ˆ”‡‘ˆˆǤ 2012-1). River Vainosjoki has been Dz•’‘‹Ž‡†dz according to a 62-year-old Skolt (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral 2.1.2.4. Salmon in Näätämö River History Tape 2012-1). The stream and the associated Skolts have observed that the river course and the trout lakes have been lost, and no young salmon come water levels have stayed fairly intact in the recent from there anymore. Also trout has stopped spawn- years. The changes on the river that have been ob- ing there. The lake was dredged and this impacted served were due to human uses. The summer 2012 –Š‡ ϐ‹•Šǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ ‰”ƒ›Ž‹‰ •’ƒ™‹‰ •‹–‡•Ǥ ‘Ž–• was especially cold. According to them, if salmon feel the Vainos area could be restored with proper re- reaches the upper parts of the river, and spawns, then stocking activities. Lake Vainosjärvi was famous for it returns successfully to the river (Snowchange Se- its graylings. (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History vettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-1). Tape 2012-1). The activities in Vainos have affected Šƒ‰‡• •–ƒ”– ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š ›‡ƒ” ™Š‡ –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š Kirakkajärvi lake and lake Sevettijärvi. Similar obser- return to their natal streams. Salmon dwarfs. An vations have been raised regarding Kuosnijoki river. older Skolt in his 50s observed that 2012: DzŠƒ†‡•’‡Ǧ Dregding there was done to improve boat access and ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ›•ƒŽŽ•ƒŽ‘dz (Snowchange Sevettijärvi this may have damaged salmon spawning areas. Oral History Tape 2012-2). According to him, since Lake Opukasjärvi has increased growth of wa- ȋ‘’Ž‡ˆ–Ȍƒ„‹‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž–•‘”‹˜‡”‹Ž‹•Œ‘‹Ǥ Š‹• Š‹Ž†Š‘‘† ‹ ͳͻͷͲ• –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š Šƒ˜‡ „‡ ‘‡ •ƒŽŽ- ter plants compared to 1960s. Skolts think the hu- ȋ‘––‘Ž‡ˆ–ȌŠ‡‘’–‹ Š‹•–‘”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž–•’”‘˜‹†‡† er, they used to be DzŽ‘‰‡”ǡ–Š‡ titti [small returning man urine has caused eutrophication on the river. A ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ•ƒŽ‘ salmon] —•‡† –‘ „‡ ͷǡͻ ‹Ž‘•ǡ ‘™ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ͷ ‹Ž‘ ‹ 62-year-old Skolt man remembers that during his ‹–Š‡•—‡”͸Ͷͷ͸Ǥ ™‡‹‰Š–ǤŽ•‘–Š‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ϔ‹•Š†‘‹ƒ–‡†‹–Š‘•‡†ƒ›•dzǤ childhood in the 1950s there were no water plants at ȋ‘’”‹‰Š–ƒ†„‘––‘ȌǤ•ƒ† ƒ’•‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž–• (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-2) all on the lake (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History ™Š‘–‘‘’ƒ”–‹–Š‡ †‹‰‡‘—•‘™Ž‡†‰‡”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ

98 99 ȋ‘’Ž‡ˆ–Ȍ„‹‰”‘ ‘–Š‡¡¡–¡Ú”‹˜‡”–Šƒ––Š‡•ƒŽ‘„›’ƒ••‘–Š‡‹”™ƒ›—’•–”‡ƒǤ ȋ‘––‘ǡ’ƒ‰‡ͷͶͶƒ†ͷͶͷȌƒŽ‘ ƒ—‰Š–‘‡–•ƒ†ϔ‹Ž±†Ǥ

100 101 Tape 2012-1). Preventive measures such as seining ’‘‹•‘Ǥ Š‡› †‘ ‘– Ž‡ƒ –Š‡ ȏ†‹• Šƒ”‰‡Ȑǡ –Š‡› Œ—•– tion is good with the Finnish Game and Fish Research the 2000s for salmon. On the Norwegian side there and clearing of these waterplants should be initiated †—’–Š‡‹”•Š‹––‘–Š‡•‡ƒǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ‘—–•—•–„‡ Institute and Metsähallitus, state forestry and land ƒ”‡ ‘ ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ‘ϐŽ‹ –•Ǥ ‡– ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ ‘—Ž† ‘- as a counteraction. †‘—„Ž‡™Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡’‡”‹–•ˆ‘”Ǥdz(Snowchange Se- management agency, as well as the Skolt Sámi. 40 ki- sider cutting their season shorter in Finland. Lake Sevettijärvi is no longer a spawning area. vettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-2) los of salmon is enough for one year per person. There are natural stocks of pike and grayling. The associated Kuosnajoki cannot be accessed and The permits for Käpälä seining are given by the ‘‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ‰‘ ‹ –Š‡ •’”‹‰ ƒ› ’‹‡ ϐ‹•Š ™‡”‡ the former spawning sites have been covered with 2.2. Local Fishery in Neiden village, Fiskefelleskap, and they have decided there is no net caught to manage the numbers. In older times there mud. Dregding took place there too. On river Kallojo- Finnmark, Norway ϐ‹•Š‡”›‘–Š‡‘”™‡‰‹ƒ•‹†‡Ǥ]‹˜‹”˜‘Žƒƒ†‡–Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡†ƒ‡–ϐ‹•Š‡”›ˆ‘”’‹‡•‹–Š‡•’”‹‰ǡ„—–ƒ•‹– ki the Norwegians created a hydroelectric powersta- Statistics indicate that the local Käpälä seine pro- current Käpälä seine, he passed away in 2011. There has stopped, now pike numbers are up. –‹‘™Š‹ Šƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘Ž–•ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†™ƒ–‡”ϐŽ‘™ duced 800 kilograms of salmon on the Norwegian is one Käpälä seine in use and one in reserve. Width Sea trout is doing well. Biggest grayling has been there (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape side. Tourists and locals caught with rod around ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹‡‹•ϐ‹˜‡Ǧ•‹š‡–”‡•ƒ†Ž‡‰–Š‹•ͳǡͺͲ‡- 2,5 kilos in the summer 2012. Sea trout enters the 2012-1). Scientists have determined these impacts in ͷͷͲͲ‹Ž‘•‘ˆϐ‹•Š‹ʹͲͳʹȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤŽŽ‹ƒŽŽ͸ǡ͵ tres, both lower and upper ends of the net are pulled Neiden river later than salmon. One wish for im- 2001 to be “estimated to be very little” (Niemelä et al. tons were caught on the Norwegian side. while seining. It exists only in Neiden. Rights to use ’”‘˜‡‡–‹•–Šƒ–•‡ƒ–”‘—– ‘—Ž†„‡ϐ‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”Ž‘‰‡” 2001: 2). The hydroelectric company Varangerkraft Karl-Magnus Arvola, born 1957, works in Cus- Käpälä require permanent residence and land own- period in the autumn. has the obligation to annual investigations of impacts toms at the Finnish-Norwegian Border and is the ‡”•Š‹’™‹–Šƒ‹‹—‘ˆϐ‹˜‡Š‡ –ƒ”‡•‹‡‹†‡Ǥ Regarding the management of the river, Neiden to the salmon from this tributary. Head of the Local Fiskefelleskap, Association of Nei- There are not many young people involved in the needs to be removed from the same administration Catch-and-release methods, so prominent on Po- den Fishermen. Family Arvola arrived in the region ϐ‹•Š‡”›ǤͻͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘—”‹•–•™Š‘ ‘‡–‘‡‹†‡ƒ”‡ as Tana, because of the disagreements there. Neiden noi, trigger opinions from the Skolts. In the following in 1840s. Gradmother of Karl-Magnus’s mother ar- ‹•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘––‘‘ƒ›ϐ‹•Š‹‰–‘—”‹•–•ǡ„—––Š‡ could have its own negotiations between Norway and oral history the core Skolt relationship and ways of rived from Kittilä, Finland, from the Sodankylä area. ƒ”‡ƒ”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹•–‘‘•ƒŽŽǡ Finland. FFS can make rules more strict if needed. „‡‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒŽ‘‡‡”‰‡•ǤͶͳǦ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†ϐ‹•Š‡”- He belongs into national minority of Kvens in Norway –‘‘ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†Ǥ –Ž‘‘•Ž‹‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ϐ‹•Š-  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‡‹†‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ man says: Dz †‘‘–Ž‹‡‹–ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ –‹•‘–‰‘‘†–Šƒ–ƒŽǦ whose language has the status of a “minority lan- ing there due to this. Around 3000 permits for tour- Sámi special rights needs to be explained carefully ”‡ƒ†›–‹”‡†ϔ‹•Šƒ”‡ˆ—”–Š‡”™‘”‘—–Ǥ‹–Š†‹”–›Šƒ†• guage”. ists are sold every year. and in a through out manner. They may have rights to ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡Šƒ†Ž‹‰–Š‡ǡƒ†‹–Š‡™‘”•– ƒ•‡–Š‡ There are approximately 270 residents of Neiden,  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ǡ ʹͲͳʹ ™ƒ• ƒ ϐ‹•Šǡ„—–‹– ƒ‘–”‡’Žƒ ‡‘–Š‡”Ž‘ ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡•ǯ”‹‰Š–• •ƒŽ‘„‹–‡•ƒ‘–Š‡”ϔŽ›ǡƒ†‰‡–•‡˜‡‘”‡™‘”‘—–Ǥ –Š‡”‹˜‡”ϐŽ‘™•ʹͲ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‘–Š‡‘”™‡‰‹ƒ•‹†‡Ǥ good salmon year, whole catch was around 6300 ki- ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›ǡ•‘‹–•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡‘Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‹•Š ƒ†‹‡ˆ”‘‹–Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ”‹‰Š–ˆ‘” ƒ– Š‹‰‰”ƒ›Ž‹‰ Käpälä seining involves about 41-42 people in the or- los, with a thousand kilos from käpälä-seining. There Sámi. In Neiden the Skolts and their descendants are ‘”’‹‡ǡ„—–‘–ˆ‘”•ƒŽ‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‡•‹‘ˆ–Š‡ϔ‹•Š‹•†ƒǦ ganisation Neiden-Elvas Fiskefelleskap. It has an an- were many small salmon, around two kilos. Big salm- directly involved in the Fiskefelleskap activities, also ƒ‰‡†ǡ‹– ƒ‰‡–†‹•‡ƒ•‡•‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ǥ –†‘‡•‘–Ž‹˜‡ nual budget of 1,3 million Norwegian Kroner. Approx- on were released back to the river for spawning, the in leadership positions, and there have been no con- –Šƒ– Ž‘‰Ǥ ‹ –—”‡• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ –ƒ‡ǡ ƒ† ‹– ‡ƒ• –Š‡ imately 10,000 kroner is given annually per member. biggest salmon caught ever has been around twenty ϐŽ‹ –•Ǥ‘Ž–•‹‡‹†‡ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ ϔ‹•Š ƒ‘–‰‡–‡‘—‰Š‘š›‰‡ǤŠ‡•ƒŽ‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž•ƒ –’ƒ›•ˆ‘”–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”› ‘–”‘Žǡƒ†ʹͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—†• ‹Ž‘•ǡƒŽ•‘–Š‹•›‡ƒ”ƒ–™‡–›‹Ž‘ϐ‹•Š™ƒ•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† development of the rules for the river. Käpälä seining Ž‘‰†‹•–ƒ ‡–‘’‡”ˆ‘”‹–•‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ––ƒ•Ȃ–‘ derived from the permits go to the state. ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •‡‹‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ϐ‹•Š Š‡Ž’• –Š‡ would have been lost without the other local people •’ƒ™Ǥ‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–†‹•–—”„–Š‡™‹–Š•— Š–Š‹‰•‘ Local observations regarding the river included •’ƒ™‹‰Ǥ–Š‡”ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ƒ–ƒ‡–™‘„‹‰•ƒŽ‘‘” than Sámi. Finnmark Law does not apply in Neiden. –Š‡‹”Œ‘—”‡›Ǥ‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰–Šƒ–”‡ƒŽŽ›‰‡–•‡‹•–Šƒ– ϐŽ‘‘†‹‰ ƒ† Š‹‰Š Ž‡˜‡Ž ™ƒ–‡” Žƒ•–‡† ƒ Ž‘‰ –‹‡ ‹ four small salmon per day. It may be that a transfer to Impacts from Murmansk region contain a dan- ’‡‘’Ž‡‰‘™‹–Š–Š‡‹”Ž‘‰™ƒ†‹‰„‘‘–•–‘–Š‡‹††Ž‡ 2012, with normal water levels for summer were –‡–‘ϐ‹ˆ–‡‡ϐ‹•Š’‡”•‡ƒ•‘•›•–‡‹•–‘„‡‡š’‡ –‡†Ǥ ger of atomic explosion on Kola Peninsula. Effects ‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‡ƒǤŠ‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡Ǯ•Ž‹‡•ǯƒ†ƒ†ƒŽ‰ƒ‡ reached at the end of July. Ice breakup was normal at ‡‹†‡ ‘’‹‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ ‹‹•Š ‡– ϐ‹•Š‡”› ‹- from the Novaya Zemlya explosions may have caused ˆ”‘–Š‡„‘––‘Ǥ –•Š‘—Ž†„‡ˆ‘”„‹††‡–‘–ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ˆ›‘— the end of May, and then waters started to rise. Usual cluded that researchers have said the smolt produc- cancer. The mine in Kirkenes (Syd Varanger Gruv) Šƒ˜‡›‘—”‡–•‘—–ǡƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡™ƒ†‹‰—’•–”‡ƒǡ freeze up is in November, when the permanent night tion is better on the Norwegian side of Neiden, there ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†•‘‡–‘š‹•‹–‘–Š‡ϐŒ‘”†‹ͳͻͻ͸ƒ†‹–‹• ›‘—” ‡–• ‰‡– †‹”–›Ǥ Š‡› †‘ ‘– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ ͻͶǦ‡–‡” frosts arrive. It is hard to say whether climate has re- ‹•ƒ™‹•Š–‘Šƒ˜‡‘”‡•’ƒ™‹‰ϐ‹•Š‘–Š‡ ‹‹•Š —‘™Š‘™†‘–Š‡•‡•—„•–ƒ ‡•–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹–Š‡ϐŒ‘”† œ‘‹‰”—Ž‡ȏ†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡‡–•ƒ†ƒ‰Ž‹‰•’‘–•ȐǤdz ally changed. It may be that it is warmer, there is more side. In 2012 one escapee salmon from the farms was ecosystem and food chains. Neiden however is away (Snowchange Sevettijärvi Oral History Tape 2012-3) ƒŽ‰ƒ‡Ǥƒ–‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡‘”‡—††›‹–Š‡ϐŒ‘”†Ǥ caught. Others were “Neiden” stock, characteristi- from the Kirkenes mine and direct impacts. Accord-  –‡”• ‘ˆ Š‘™ –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” You can still drink the water of Neiden, the village cally long and slender. Otherwise there were very lit- ing to Arvola “we need to trust the authorities that observations, of note in this material is that in the takes their water from the river. End of August was tle escapees. Some have been caught just outside the they know what they are doing”. ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ž‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –ƒ’‡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ very good in terms of weather conditions. There was Neiden Fjord. There is some sea lice on salmon, but There is a plan for railroad from Finland to speak of the salmon using the third person singular a lot of rain and wind in the early summer, stronger there was more in 1960s. Scale samples are delivered Kirkenes perhaps also to Nikel. In Ristivuono Fjord pronoun, as if they would speak of a person. The in- winds than before to RKTL and authorities in Norway. plans are made also for oil terminal. Arvola feels that terconnected relationship manifests in this way. Käpälä seining began 16th July 2012, which was •–‘–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”›–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—––‡’”‘- “we cannot conserve nature in all areas, we need jobs ‘Ž–ϐ‹•Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘ ‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡›†Ǧƒ”- later than usual, usually it begins in 1st July. 30 people ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‡‹‘”™ƒ›™‹–Š”‘‰ƒ”‡–•ǡ–Š‡ too”. anger Gruv mine located in Kirkenes. The mine can were involved in the season 2012. Some stakeholders ‘’‡•‡ƒ•‘‘ˆϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•Šƒ•„‡‡ —–‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•Ǥ Relationship with researchers has been mixed. In discharge its waters to the sea. As one experienced as they are getting older they hire a helping hand to Œ‘”†ϐ‹•Š‡”›Šƒ†„‡‡“—‹–‡‰‘‘†‹–Š‡”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”• earlier times results were not released to local people. older Skolt said: Dz  ƒ •—”‡ ‹– ‹’ƒ –• –Š‡ •ƒŽ‘Ǥ  the seining. Annual catch is around 1000 kilograms, ƒ†‹–‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‘”™‡‰‹ƒƒ†˜‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‡Ǥ Now things are better, especially with RKTL and Nor- Šƒ˜‡‘–Š‡ƒ”†™Šƒ––Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”••ƒ›Ǥ †‘‘–‘™ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ϐ‹˜‡ ‰”‘—’• ’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰ –Š‹• •‡‹‹‰ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ʹͲͲͲ•–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹‡‹†‡Šƒ•ϐŽ— –—ƒ–‡† ™ƒ›Ǥ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡•‹–Š‡• ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ ™Šƒ–’‘‹•‘•‹–‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ǡ„—–ˆ‘”•—”‡‹–‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ around 200 kilos are given to each group. Coopera- around 1000 kilos. There has not been a bad year in what can be saved, will be saved on Neiden. Role of

102 103 The river parts are: the sea to the upper reaches of Neiden. 1. Silisjoki watershed C. Indigenous knowledge of the Skolts and tradi- 2. Upper reaches of Neiden river west of lake tional local knowledge of the Kvens, Norwegians Opukasjärvi and Finns along the river should be recognized as a 3. Lake Opukasjärvi crucial source of information about environmental 4. Zone between lake Opukasjärvi and the health and situation with the salmon and associated Norwegian-Finnish border watershed. 5. Norwegian part of Neiden, including in D.  ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š–Šƒ–‹• ‘†— –‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ •‘‡’ƒ”–•–Š‡†‡Ž–ƒ‘ˆ‡‹†‡ƒ†–Š‡ϐŒ‘”† watershed should include culturally-appropriate dis- ecosystem semination workshops in the local communities in local languages to make sure the information about  •Š‘”– –Š‡ ϐ‹‡Ž† •‡ƒ•‘ ʹͲͳʹ ™ƒ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– the river is shared and seen by all parties. time an occasion when the Skolt Sámi were able to share their observations, opinions and management E.‘—”‹•–ϐ‹•Š‡”›ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”‹˜‡”•Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡- Žƒ Ǧ–Š”‘ƒ–‡†‘‘ȋ ƒ˜‹ƒƒ” –‹ ƒȌ choices for the watershed in a meaningful way. The searched though-out in terms of the impacts it has. local people in Neiden, on the other hand, have had F. Visibility of Skolt Sámi heritage, oral histories, more experience in sharing their observations for the relationship with the river and culture should be ϐ‹•Š‡”›™‹–Š• ‹‡–‹•–•Ǥ widely promoted along the watershed for example with information boards, brochures and other public To summarize, based on the Indigenous and local materials. knowledge observations, workshops, database archi- G. Additionally it is proposed that smaller manage- ˜ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†• ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ †ƒ–ƒ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–‡’•–‘ ment steps will be initiated immediately to improve start implementing collaborative management along the environmental health of the salmon and the the Neiden: watershed. These are not replacing the former steps A. A formal call of parties should be instituted as of prevention of spread of salmon diseases and so on, a welcoming step towards a collaborative manage- rather new measures to be implemented over the ‘”‘”ƒ– ment by the nationstates Finland and Norway. These 2013-2015 period: parties should include: -„—”„‘–ƒ†’‹‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡† - Skolt Sámi as the Indigenous peoples of the on selected sites, including lower Neiden watershed and lake Opukasjärvi to limit the number of researchers is very important in managing the river. ‡”‰ƒ•‡” Observations about birds include that there used - Kven and other local representatives from the ’”‡†ƒ–‘”›ϐ‹•ŠǤŠ‹••Š‘—Ž†‹ Ž—†‡„‘–Š™‹–‡” to be more Arctic Terns in the village. Now sea gulls Neiden Fiskefelleskap ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹ƒ” Šƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘’‡•‡ƒ•‘‡–ƒ† are more plenty, especially smaller ones. They have ϐ‹•Š–”ƒ’ϐ‹•Š‡”›Ǥ 3. Recommendations for the Neiden - Government of Finland and appropriate specialized in catching smolts. Gulls are protected representatives from state organizations - Joint review of the salmon spawning sites during nesting times so they impact on the salmon. Watershed both from Indigenous knowledge and science - Government of Norway and appropriate Mergansers also catch a lot of salmon. Loon and red- should lead to a systematic and well-executed representatives from state organizations throated loon are more common in upstream waters. 3.1. Introduction for Neiden renewal of those sites that have been lost, and Mink has appeared and some trapping for it has The collaborative management suggestions here are - Local business representatives preservation of those sites that are well-known. taken place. Seals reside in the delta of Neiden, some- based on a number of actions and recommendations - Civil society members - A state-sponsored network of dry toilets along times coming up to Skoltefossen Rapids. Norwegian that view the river in parts. Secondly the actions B. A Conference should be held at the earliest pos- the main tourist routes of the river should be law allows shooting seals in a salmon river. In the have been positioned in administrative levels. What sible date after the call has been accepted by all par- installed to prevent urine and human feces lower part of Neiden there is a nature protection area, follows needs to be coordinated and harmonized ties to start formulating the elements of the collabo- from entering the stream. with the existing and past policies of the watershed.10 where there is no hunting at all. Finnmarkes Fylke rative management of the Neiden watershed with - A full review of the impacts of the Sydvaranger gives a conservation method for 500 meters from a common aim of creating a new resource use and 10 We have not identi#ed speci#c, existing concerns, such as the guide- Gruv mine on the migratory salmon. the mouth of the river towards inland. Seals have in- lines to prevent the spreading of the gyrodactylus salaries. All such poli- management body. This Conference should investi- creased. There can be over 50 residing at the mouth, cies need to be kept and maintained (for example in Länsman 2010) gate the role and scope of international Indigenous they can be counted from the ice, easy to observe. when appropriate. "ese recommendations #rst and foremost tackle commitments that Norway and Finland have, as well King crab has not impacted on salmon. the collaborative management of the river and should be reviewed in as including the concerns voiced by the international parallel with existing legislation and guidelines from Finland and Nor- way and to prepare for the future obligations of Indigenous rights and non-govermental organization such as NASF on ad- responsibilities, such as ILO 169 and CBD Article 8j. dressing all steps of the life-cycle of the salmon, from

104 105 A. River-wide and International provided to support the local businesses and Atlantic salmon. Management Priorities ‘—–•‹†‡”•™Š‘™‹•Š–‘ϐ‹•Š‘‡‹†‡‘–Š‡ t
Priorize recommendations from the interna- Norwegian side. –‹‘ƒŽ• ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‘Ž” –‹ –‘„‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† In the following the steps proposed are t
A license for sea trout harvest in Finland and in December 2013: This scholarly process will Norway provide totally new information on genetical explored in detail and contrasted with t
A new “eco-license” for harvest of pike in Fin- and biological diversity of the Barents salmon associated risks if not implemented. land and Norway: As a totally new system of a Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Ǥ –™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡’”‘ˆ‘—†• ‹‡–‹ϐ‹  ‘•‡- licensing, tourists will have also the option of “—‡ ‡•ˆ‘”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǤŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ͳǤ‡•‡–ƒ†”‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒŽŽϐ‹•Š‹‰Ž‹ ‡ ‡•ˆ‘” choosing, on special parts of the river and des- science-based results are needed in the col- the river ignated spots, to harvest pike. This green/eco laborative management. It is also needed to take Proposed action: In order to protect the future license is for free, and will require new monitor- the science results into the Neiden watershed development of the salmon stocks and answer to the ing measures. It should be marketed as a pos- villages to lay audiences and stakeholders in —Ž–‹’Ž‡ †”‹˜‡”• ‹ϐŽ—‡ ‹‰ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ Ž‹ ‡•‹‰ sibility for the outside anglers to contribute to culturally appropriate workshops. ˆ‘” –Š‡ ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ ‹ ‡•‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ the well-being of the salmon and trout habitats t
Investigate using multi-disciplinary methods given, but a quota system is taken into use. This quota ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”‹˜‡”„›Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰’”‡†ƒ–‘”ϐ‹•Š–Šƒ– the full impact of Syd-Varanger mining opera- and amounts of licenses are to be reviewed every ‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡•‘Ž–•ǡƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹•• tions to the Neiden stocks and their migrations: year according to the collaborative management ˆ‘” Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘„›”‡‘˜‹‰ϐ‹•Š–Šƒ– Local people, both Sámi and others have raised council recommendations based on both science succeeds in warmer waters and expands their this concern already in the 1990s, and their and Indigenous/traditional knowledge. Closures and range as Neiden warms. demands have not been answered. As the smolts minimum sizes of harvests will be jointly agreed on travel through the marine areas impacted by too, in accordance with Finnish and Norwegian law. Risks if not implemented: this mine, past and present impacts need to be New system of licences will include, as a minimum: t
‘ ƒŽ‡‡”‰‹‰ ‘ϐŽ‹ –•„‡–™‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ϐ‹•Š- explored. t
‘Ž–ž‹Ž‹ ‡•‡•ˆ‘”‡–•ǣ ‘”†‡”–‘ˆ—Žϐ‹Ž eries will grow. t
Return to the Finnish concerns from 1990s: In existing and upcoming commitments and rights t
International and national commitments, such 1990s when the negotiations were conducted in the context of Article 8j of the Convention on as Sami rights and CBD issues will not be taken between Norway and Finland, there was a ques- Biological Diversity, overall development of Sámi seriously in management. tion regarding future of salmon farming along rights and land use documentation and cultural t
Erosion of Sámi and local Kven and other cul- –Š‡‡‹†‡ϐŒ‘”†ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹• ‘—Ž†„‡ —•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǡƒ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹  ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ‘Ž–‡– tural heritage as living practices die out. ‹†‡ϐ‹‹–‡Ž›†‡Žƒ›‡†‘”ˆ‘”„‹††‡Ǥ‘Ž‹ ›‘’–‹‘• ϐ‹•Š‡”›Ž‹ ‡ ‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹•–ƒŽŽ‡†Ǥ‘••‹„Ž‡‘ ƒ- t
If no quota system is issued, results are unbal- towards this goal should be priorized. sional seining permits will be issued as needed. ƒ ‡†ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡–‘—”‹•–‹’ƒ –•ƒ”‡‘– t
’ƒ –‘ˆ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”›–‘–Š‡ t
Local resident net licenses: In accordance with limited at all, but local impacts are, thus further- Neiden stocks: There is a need of a new engage- Finnish law and rights provided by the munici- ‹‰–Š‡•‹‡”‹‰ ‘ϐŽ‹ –Ǥ ment with the coastal non-Indigenous profes- pality residence in Inari, local people living in t
Local and Indigenous knowledge removed from •‹‘ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‡™Š‘•–‹ŽŽŠƒ”˜‡•–•ƒŽ‘‹–Š‡ the watershed territory will be provided with management. ‡‹†‡ϐŒ‘”†ƒ†ƒ†Œƒ ‡–”‡‰‹‘Ǥƒ’’‹‰‘ˆ licenses to harvest on the river with nets. t
—„‡”‘ˆ’‹‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”’”‡†ƒ–‘”›ϐ‹•Š™‹ŽŽ their harvest locations, marine uses, and catch t
Local angling rights: Angling licences for the continue to expand their ranges. statistics contributes to the overall picture. Sec- local people will be provided in accordance ‘†Ž›ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ‰‹‰ϐ‹•Š‡”‡ ƒ””› —Ž- with the Finnish law and rights provided by the A2. Investigate Watershed and International –—”ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ϐŒ‘”†•‘‘”ƒŽŠ‹•- municipality residence in Inari. Priorities (from High Seas to upper reaches of tory interviews should be launched with them to t
A special license will be created for the cultural Neiden) document their observations and opinions. harvest of ¡’¡Ž¡-seine on the Norwegian side Proposed actions: t
Investigation of Skolt Sámi coastal harvest of Neiden. t
Identify and respond to recommendations from sites, place-names and sacred sites along the t
Ž‹ ‡•‡ˆ‘”–‘—”‹•–•ƒŽ‘ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹ ‹Žƒ†ǣ the international non-governmental organisa- ‡‹†‡ϐŒ‘”†ǣŠ‹Ž‡•‘‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ- Subject to TEK and science recommendations, tions such as the North Atlantic Salmon Fund: tions (Mustonen and Mustonen 2011) contain amounts and numbers of licenses will be provid- ‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ƒ†‡–Š‘†• Ž‘•‡ preliminary investigations of Š‘™ƒ†™Š‡”‡ the ed to support the local businesses and outsiders –‘‡‹†‡ϐŒ‘”†ƒ†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ‹ƒ” ‘ƒ•– Skolt Sámi in historical times have occupied the ™Š‘™‹•Š–‘ϐ‹•Š‘‡‹†‡‘–Š‡ ‹‹•Š•‹†‡Ǥ and what does it imply for Neiden, harmonize ‡‹†‡ϐŒ‘”†ǡƒˆ—ŽŽƒ†’”‘’‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‹–‹ƒ- t
Ž‹ ‡•‡ˆ‘”–‘—”‹•–•ƒŽ‘ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹‘”™ƒ›ǣ practices with the International Law of the Sea tive including the Skolts as a primary partners is Subject to TEK and science recommenda- article 66, investigate transferability of manage- ȋ‘’Ȍ‹˜‡”¡¡–¡Úƒ†‹–•ƒŽ‰ƒ‡•‡‡ˆ”‘—†‡”™ƒ–‡”Ǥ needed. tions, amounts and numbers of licenses will be ment practices from other parts of the range of ȋ‘––‘Ȍ‡” Šƒ†’‹‡‰ƒ–Š‡”ˆ‘”•’ƒ™‹‰Ǥ

106 107 t
Summarization of above actions which will con- this should be done in a careful and science- watershed on especially heavy use areas. A sys- tribute to the on-going co-management. based way. tem of dry toilets which are emptied at the end Risks if not implemented: A4. Communications and Land Use Decisions of the season or in those times when needed t
Policies will only target sectoral and local ac- Proposed actions: would stimulate “green” thinking and lessen tions and not the whole chain of salmon habitats. t
A wide range of partners applies for European such impacts. t
Science recommendations will be lost in policy. Union Life Funds to initiate watershed restora- t
Science recommendations will not be under- tion and protection project: While Neiden water- Risks if not implemented: stood in local communities. shed remains in almost pristine condition, some t
Watershed restoration stops. Climate adaptation t
Salmon seen only as a resource, not as a source parts need renewal and land use management, becomes harder. Focus is lost. of culture, practices, languages, land use, handi- such as the salmon spawning site restorations t
Mapping of Skolt and local land uses are known crafts and so on. and other local actions. European Union Life only to a handful of scholars but river users, t
‘ϐŽ‹ –•„‡–™‡‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ™ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ funding policy could allow for a multi-million administrations and policy makers do not pos- legislations will continue. watershed restoration project to implement sess enough knowledge of the situation on the t
‘ϐŽ‹ –•„‡–™‡‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‡ƒ†‘–Š‡” these recommendations and collaborative man- ground, leading to bad policies. groups will continue. agement tools. t
Balance and need of conservation and uses of t
Impacts from industrial land uses will be seen t
The total land use on the Neiden watershed the river is not reached. Instead old, new and only through narrow impact assessments and should be mapped: A mapping of this scale ‡‡”‰‹‰ ‘ϐŽ‹ –• ‘–‹—‡Ǥ not as a chain of impacts. should include all existing and future conserva- t
Human impacts to the river continue uncon- t
Salmon farming with its problems will move to tion zones, erämaa-status zones, modern-day trolled. –Š‡‡‹†‡ϐŒ‘”†Ǥ Skolt Sámi land uses and cabins, and review of t
Overall understanding of accumulative impacts spawning sites both from Indigenous and sci- B. Collaborative Management and will not emerge. ence perspectives. This mapping would be then Recommendations to the Different River used to plan future steps in the region. Parts A3. Revisit Stocking Policy t
Simultaneously with the mapping, policy Proposed actions: process should be initiated on innovative, far t
Investigate possibilities and threats associated reaching and cross-border actions to make sure Here proposed actions focus on very practical with using watershed-based roe to renew stocks „‘–Š–Š‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›ƒ†–Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒ”‡’”‘–‡ –‡†ƒ† and hands-on approach, instead of big macro of grayling and salmon, and other species as rights respected: This will include investigating policies. Majority of these recommendations needed: A ban on stocking can continue, but in a permanent ban on roads, bridges, infrastruc- require very little funds. those parts of the watershed where grayling ture and further hydroelectricity. Plans for a and salmon stocks have been lost, the role of re- new Neiden cross-border National Park should Parts 1-2: Upper Reaches stocking may be relevant, if the roe or juveniles be initiated. However, this park should be based Proposed actions: are Neiden-born and –bred. The Ministry of on totally new set of collaborative management t
Ecological restoration of spawning sites: Using Agriculture and Forestry has issued a ban on principles and rights for the local and Indig- ȋ‘’Ȍ”›‹‰’‹‡Ǥ TEK and science, “lost” and damaged salmon stockings to all waterways that lead to Barents enous peoples to continue their harvest. Estab- ȋ‘––‘Ȍ‘‡†’‡” ŠǤ •’ƒ™‹‰•‹–‡•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ǡƒ†‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ- Sea, but pilot stockings may be considered as lishment of permanent collaborative council, tion with local people, all sites are restored. described here. that meets three times a year, is needed. t
Along the Silisjoki tributary a set of burbot and t
Provide an account of the Silisjoki tributary t
A set of posters and signs should be installed pike harvest is installed: By providing perma- stockings on the Norwegian side: According to around heavy tourist use areas: These signs ‡–”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘Ž‘ ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‡ǡ’”‡†ƒ–‘”›ϐ‹•Š local oral histories on the Finnish side of Neiden, explain the roots and modern day situation of such as burbot and pike are harvested in the up- there is an obervation that Norwegian authori- Kven and Skolt Sámi culture, the use of trails by ’‡”Ž‘’‘Ž‘’‘†•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡•‡ϐ‹•Š ties have restocked salmon at the upper parts of different Skolt families and concept of tradition- are to be used by the Skolt handicrafts people Silisjoki river. The records and implications of al ownership and management, and role of place and as a subsistence food source. Fishery in- this actions should be explored. names and cultural heritage of the region (as cludes nets and hooks. Careful harvest statistics proposed also in Länsman et al. 2005, but with and TEK observations are needed to ensure that Risks if not implemented: stronger emphasis on the Indigenous culture of ’‹‡ƒ†„—”„‘–‹•‘–ϐ‹•Š‡†‘—–ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ t
Stocks of grayling in some parts of the water- the region). role in the ecosystem too. shed will be lost. t
Dry toilets should be installed in heavy use ar- t
 ”‡ƒ•‡†‡”‘•‹‘•‹–‡•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ǣ‹˜‡” t
Watershed-based stocking may contribute posi- eas on the Finnish side: Human feces and urine change and course alterations due to erosion of tively to renewal of salmon spawning. However, can contribute to the euthrophication of the riverbanks should be mapped.

108 109 t
Impacts from the forestry towards Kaamanen Risks if not implemented: Part 5: Norwegian Side of Neiden from Border to t
Role of seal harvest: Using science and local and its role should be investigated. t
Past ecosystem alterations will remain unknown. Sea including coasts knowledge, the role and capacity to harvest Risks if not implemented: t
Burbot and pike continue to impact salmon Proposed actions: seals in a limited way may be considered if their t
Past ecosystem alterations will remain unknown. productivity. t
In addition to the proposed steps on the Finnish impacts to the salmon stocks are proven to be t
Burbot and pike continue to impact salmon t
Waterplant growth will continue unchecked. •‹†‡ǡ–Š‡‡•–—ƒ”›ƒ†ϐŒ‘”†•Š‘—Ž†„‡†‡ Žƒ”‡† relevant. productivity. t
Human waste impacts will continue. as a salmon farming-free zone permanently: t
•–ƒŽŽ‡–‘ˆ–‘—”‹•–ϐ‹•Š‡”›ˆ‘”–Š‡’‹‡ǣŠ‹• t
Sites of erosion will continue to be unmonitored. t
Spawning site restoration remains only as a plan, This minimizes the risks of diseases and other will be seen as a new concept which may trigger t
Long-range impacts from forestry continue with no practical results. ‹’ƒ –•ˆ”‘–Š‡ϐ‹•Šˆƒ”•–‘–Š‘•‡‡‹†‡ •‘‡”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ–ϐ‹”•–ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‹•Dzˆ”‡‡ uninvestigated. t
Seining sites and knowledge of them will be lost. •ƒŽ‘™Š‹ Š–”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡ϐŒ‘”† license” needs to be carefully promoted and is considered to be a “national spot” in Norway introduced. Part 3: Lake Opukasjärvi Part 4: Finnish Side of Neiden from Opukasjärvi •‘–Š‹•ƒ –•ƒ•ƒ’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡•–ƒ–—•ˆ‘”–Š‡ϐ‹•Š t
Role of Kven culture in the harvest and history Proposed actions: to Border ˆƒ”•ǡ„—–”‘Ž‡ƒ†‹’ƒ –•‘ˆƒ†Œƒ ‡–ϐŒ‘”†• to be portrayed in signs. t
Ecological restoration of spawning sites: Using Proposed actions: ™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ϐ‹•Šˆƒ”•‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”–‘’‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡Ǥ TEK and science, “lost” and damaged salmon t
Ecological restoration of spawning sites: Using t
The hydroelectric operations on the river Kallo- Risks if not implemented: •’ƒ™‹‰•‹–‡•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ǡƒ†‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ- TEK and science, “lost” and damaged salmon joki by the Varangerkraft power company cause t
Burbot and pike continue to impact salmon tion with local people, all sites are restored. •’ƒ™‹‰•‹–‡•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ǡƒ†‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ- impacts to the river. These should be clearly productivity. t
Along the lake burbot and pike harvest is in- tion with local people, all sites are restored. investigated, especially the water level changes t
Seal impacts may be unchecked. stalled: By providing permanent resources to lo- t
Along the Finnish part of Neiden a set of burbot to the salmon migrations. Such an investigation t
No clear information available on the impact ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‡ǡ’”‡†ƒ–‘”›ϐ‹•Š•— Šƒ•„—”„‘–ƒ† and pike harvest is installed: By providing per- should include both TEK and science observa- from the Kallojoki hydroelectric station t the ’‹‡ƒ”‡Šƒ”˜‡•–‡†‘–Š‡Žƒ‡ǤŠ‡•‡ϐ‹•Šƒ”‡–‘ ƒ‡–”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘Ž‘ ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‡ǡ’”‡†ƒ–‘”› tions. Financial compensations may be needed river. be used by the Skolt handicrafts people and as a ϐ‹•Š•— Šƒ•„—”„‘–ƒ†’‹‡ƒ”‡Šƒ”˜‡•–‡†‹–Š‡ too. t
Kven histories and culture remains marginalized subsistence food source. Fishery includes nets upper lompolo ponds and other areas. These in relationship to the river. and hooks. Careful harvest statistics and TEK ϐ‹•Šƒ”‡–‘„‡—•‡†„›–Š‡‘Ž–Šƒ†‹ ”ƒˆ–• observations are needed to ensure that pike and people and as a subsistence food source. Fishery „—”„‘–‹•‘–ϐ‹•Š‡†‘—–ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ includes nets and hooks. Careful harvest statis- ecosystem too. The “green” license can be used tics and TEK observations are needed to ensure to stimulate tourist harvest and use of pike. –Šƒ–’‹‡ƒ†„—”„‘–‹•‘–ϐ‹•Š‡†‘—–ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ t
Various areas where waterplants have started to a role in the ecosystem too. ‰”‘™‘”‡ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›•Š‘—Ž†„‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ǣ‡- t
Dry toilets to be installed along the lake: In moval of these plants may be an action to slow heavy-use areas with trails and tourist uses, a lake ecosystem change. system of dry toilets should be installed to con- t
Dry toilets to be installed along the lake: In trol human waste impact to the river. heavy-use areas with trails and tourist uses t
Skolt trails, place names and cultural knowledge close to the lake, a system of dry toilets should should be shown in multiple languages along be installed to control human waste impact to the river: This action allows the rich cultural the lake. history and Skolt relationship with the river to t
A pilot site for a salmon spawning area: In 2013 receive wide range of readers and provide fur- a pilot site for restoration of a salmon spawn- ther information of these topics. Brochures can ing spot should be chosen and restored. Lake be produced too. Opukasjärvi provides an interesting and easily- accessible site for this work. This would provide Risks if not implemented: valuable information on success levels and pos- t
Past ecosystem alterations will remain unknown. sibilities of expanding this methodology to other t
Burbot and pike continue to impact salmon parts of watershed and results could be seen productivity. already in 2014. t
Human waste impacts will continue. t
Renewed seining: Seining along the lake Opu- t
Skolt Sámi culture and relationship with the kasjärvi may provide crucial new information on river will continue to be marginalised with no •–‘ •ƒ†Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆϐ‹•ŠǤ information about the whole cultural complex.

ƒ‡’—ƒ•Œ¡”˜‹Ǥ

110 111 D. Conclusions for the Ponoi and Näätämö E. References

River Collaborative Management Plan Web Materials

The Barents area and its peoples and ecosys- region. A set of community workshops will Barents Observer. Russia Escalates Salmon Dispute. Fryer, Paul and Lehtinen, Ari. Iz’vatas and the Diaspora Available online at http://barentsobserver.com/en/ Space of Humans and Non-Humans in the Russian North. tems are undergoing a historical shift. New be organized throughout 2013 and 2014 to nature/russia-escalates-salmon-dispute-05-11, cited 9th Acta Borealia: A Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Societies, management, new respect and new under- allow proper dissemination and distribution February 2013. DOI: 10.1080/08003831.2013.770629, 2013. standings of multiple drivers affecting the of the materials to the local peoples, authori- Sámi Nu’ett. Lohiseminaari Neidenissä. Available online Gaski, Harald. The Son of the Sun is Dead – A land and the sea need to be understood, if the ties, media and governments. Authors are at Š––’ǣȀȀ‘††ƒœǤž‹—‡––Ǥϐ‹ȀʹͲͳͳȀͲͷȀͳ͹ȀŽ‘Š‹•‡‹ƒƒ”‹Ǧ Commemoration of Nils-Aslak Valkeapää. In a book Dana, survival of both living communities and spe- very thankful to the sponsors, Sámi, Kven, neidenissa, cited 9th February 2013. Kathleen Osgood. ÁILLOHAŠ THE SHAMAN-POET AND HIS cies is the target. This report has reviewed Russian, Pomor, Norwegian and Finnish par- GOVADAS-IMAGE DRUM. Oulu: University of Oulu Press, YLE. Näätämöjoen saaliit kasvoivat. Available online 2003. ‘”ƒŽ Š‹•–‘”‹‡•ǡ • ‹‡–‹ϐ‹  ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ’‘Ž‹- ticipants in the workshops and other events at Š––’ǣȀȀ›Ž‡Ǥϐ‹Ȁ——–‹•‡–Ȁƒƒ–ƒ‘Œ‘‡̴Ž‘Š‹•ƒƒŽ‹‹–̴ cy recommendations from a vast range of which took place. Only by working together kasvoivat/6452959, cited 9th February 2013. Haruchi, Sergei, Sohlberg, Sune, Sulyandziga, Paul. sources to offer collaborative management we can achieve real results to address the The Conservation Value of Sacred Sites of the Indigenous Books and Articles Peoples of the Arctic: A Case Study in Northern Russia – tools for the Neiden and Ponoi rivers, two changes, which are now underway and will Report on the State of Sacred Sites and Sanctuaries. CAFF of the crucial Atlantic salmon streams in the affect us all. Arctic Council. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, 2005. Technical Report 11, 2002. Available at http://www.acia.uaf.edu, cited 9th February 2013. Helander, Elina. Sámi Subsistence Activities: Spatial Aspects and Structuration. Acta Borealia, 2: 7–25, 1999. Berkes, Fikret. Sacred Ecology – Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management. Philadelphia: Howitt, Richard. Rethinking Resource Management: Taylor & Francis, 1999. Justice, Sustainability and Indigenous Peoples. London: Routledge, 2001. Berkes, F. 2012. Implementing ecosystem-based ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǣ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘””‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǫ ‹•Šƒ† ‹•Š‡”‹‡• Hyönteistietokanta 2013: Finnish entomological 13: 465-476. database, Hyönteistietokanta. Available at http:// Š›‘–‡‹•‡–ǤŽ—‘—•Ǥϐ‹Ȁ‹•‡ –•Ȁƒ‹Ȁ–ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǤŠ–l, Carlsson, Lars and Berkes, Fikret. Co-management: accessed 15.03.2013. Concepts and Methodological Implications. Journal of Environmental Management 75, 2005: 65-76. Jefremoff, Irja. Kolttasaamelaiset nyt – Tutkimus kotoutetun Kansan elämäntilanteesta uuden Committee for Industrial Development, Ecology and vuosituhannen alussa. Jyväskylä: Gummerus, 2005. Nature-use of Murmansk Region. Doklad o Sostoianii i ob Okhrane Okruzhaiushchei Sredy Murmanskoi Oblasti (a). Kanichev, Alexey. Hydrochemical Characteristics of v 2011 godu (‡’‘”–‘–Š‡–ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‡”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ the River-waters Over the Kola Peninsula during 1965- ˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ—”ƒ•‡‰‹‘‹͸Ͷͷͷ- In Russian), ͳͻ͹ͲǤ ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ‡’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‘™ Šƒ‰‡‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ Murmansk, OOO Rostservis, 2012. Murmansk, 2012. Available from the Snowchange Cooperative, Finland. Environmental Impact Review Board. Co-management (b). Kanichev, Alexey. Report on Sport Fishing Companies in the Western Arctic and Yukon North Slope. Inuvialuit ‘ˆ—”ƒ•‡‰‹‘Ǥ ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ‡’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‘™ Šƒ‰‡ Settlement Region: Joint Secretariat, 2013. Available Cooperative. Murmansk, 2012. Available from the online at http://www.eirb.ca/resources/co-management. Snowchange Cooperative, Finland. html, cited 8th February 2013. (c). Kanichev, Alexey. Thermal Regime of the Ponoi ‹˜‡”Ǥ ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ‡’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‘™ Šƒ‰‡‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ Ettlinger, Nancy. Governmentality as Epistemology. Murmansk, 2012. Available from the Snowchange Annals of Association of American Geographers, 2011. Cooperative, Finland. 101(3), 2011. Kolttatoimikunnan mietintö. Helsinki: Foucault, Michel. Tiedon arkeologia [ǯƒ” Š±‘Ž‘‰‹‡†— Komiteanmietintö, 1973. ƒ’‹†•‘ˆ‹—Ú‰¡•Ǥ •ƒ˜‘‹”]. Tampere: Vastapaino, 2005.

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114 115 We alert that recent treaties such as the United proposed adaptation and mitigation solutions and F. Appendix: The Sevettijärvi Declaration Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peo- should serve as the international minimum stand- ples (UNDRIP) establishes international minimum ƒ”†•ˆ‘””‡•’‡ –ǡ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ†ˆ—Žϐ‹ŽŽ‡–‘ˆ‹†‹‰- •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•’‡ –ǡ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ†ˆ—Žϐ‹Ž‡– enous peoples’ rights. Through respecting rights, we 2011 of indigenous peoples’ rights. Indigenous knowledge can build indigenous responses to climate change On 25-30 September 2011, representatives of indig- rights of indigenous peoples, such as the right to free, systems are recognized as based on the distinctive based upon traditional knowledge and the voices of enous peoples’ local assessments carried out in China, prior and informed consent. Impacts are severe in spiritual relationship that indigenous peoples have youth, women and Elders. Ecuador, Finland, India, North America, Panama, Peru mountain ecosystems, such as in the Peruvian Andes, with their territories, and should be respected and Recognising that indigenous women are being and Thailand under the Indigenous Peoples Biocul- where the ecological range of native potatoes and considered in climate change assessments and devel- impacted differently and more by climate change, tural Climate Change Assessment (IPCCA) initiative other crops are shifting, leading to species extinc- opment of adaptation and mitigation responses. This we promote a gendered approach that seeks climate met in the community of Sevettijärvi, located in the tions and endangering the food security and culture  ‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘„Ž‹‰‡• ƒŽŽ  • ‹‡–‹ϐ‹  ƒ† –‡ Š‹- justice for the most vulnerable. We call upon all gov- boreal forest of North East Finland. of the Quechua peoples. cal bodies, such as the IPCC, to appropriately include ernments to implement the Declaration and hold all The meeting was hosted by the Skolt Sámi Na- Across the world, indigenous peoples’ crops and indigenous knowledge in assessment reports of cli- international institutions accountable for its full im- tion and Snowchange Cooperative. IPCCA members agricultural cycles, the basis of their food security, mate change, such as the upcoming Fifth Assessment plementation in climate change adaptation and miti- •Šƒ”‡† ‡‡”‰‡– ϐ‹†‹‰• ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ••‡••- are similarly disrupted, such as millets and pulses Report. gation projects. ments and discussed adaptation and mitigation op- of the hilly forest based Adivasis in India and maize We strongly reject false solutions such as REDD/ tions for indigenous peoples, integration of biocultur- and rice of indigenous peoples of the mountain re- We therefore: REDD+, which threaten our livelihoods and adaptive al dimensions in assessments, and approaches and ‰‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘—–ŠǦ‡•– Š‹ƒ ƒ† Šƒ‹Žƒ†Ǥ  ƒ ‹ϐ‹  Call upon the IPCC to include an independent chapter strategies, and note that the Declaration’s founding strategies for addressing climate justice. As a result, North America the loss and warming of freshwater on indigenous knowledge written and developed by principle of Free Prior and Informed Consent should recommendations for future actions were developed. •›•–‡•ƒ†‘ ‡ƒƒ ‹†‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹•†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡•—Ž–‹‰ indigenous peoples. The chapter should provide an be the baseline for any mitigation or adaptation in- From our diverse but united perspectives we in increased loss of cultural and ecological keystone assessment of how climate change affects indigenous tervention within indigenous communities and ter- conclude that the global climate system is in a state species, especially the salmon. Climate change is also livelihoods and rights, in view of developing adaptive ritories. Unlike REDD/REDD+, forest tenure and of deepening crisis. We salute the work of United Na- resulting in the re-emergence of life-threatening dis- strategies based on indigenous peoples spiritual, cul- governance by indigenous peoples has been proven tions Framework Convention on Climate Change’s In- eases such as Malaria and Dengue. Our Elders and tural and ecological values. to reduce illegal logging and creates economic ben- tergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and spiritual leaders tell us that the world as it is, will Request the United Nations Permanent Forum on ‡ϐ‹–•ˆ”‘•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡•–—•‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••–”‡‰–Š- ‘–Š‡”‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ• ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒ••‡••‡–•Ǥ‡•–”‡•• never be the same. Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) to formally request the ening livelihoods and food security. In support of in- that the complex relationships between conditions However, in spite of these deepening crises, –‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹  Šƒ’–‡”‘‹†‹‰‡‘—•’‡‘- digenous responses to the climate crisis, we demand of the forests, water systems and climate need to be emerging trends of biocultural resilience, resurgence ples. The UNPFII should also establish a Traditional policies and legislation that ensure indigenous forest ϐ‹”•–ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‘•–—†‡”•–‘‘†ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ†”‡Ǧ†‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—”‡ ‘•›•–‡•ǡ‰‹˜‡—•Š‘’‡ Knowledge and Practice body involving indigenous governance and nurture forest biocultural systems. and worldviews of the most vulnerable, such as indig- that we can develop creative solutions for our com- leaders, educational institutions, experts and schol- enous peoples and other marginalized communities, munities and ultimately for the continuing existence ars, to guide its work and that of other UN processes. Redressing Injustices to Eastern Sámi who are on the frontlines of climate change. of all life on Earth. Our indigenous efforts must be Request national governments to provide full Peoples: Locally, we see our calendars shifting, ecosys- matched with concrete steps by nations around the support to indigenous peoples’ own assessments and We salute the UN Commission on Human Rights Mor- tems and species disappearing, food shortages, cul- world to reduce consumption patterns and change to invest in education and research institutes that atorium on the slaughter of reindeer of the Inari Sámi tural disruption and destruction of livelihoods. For the paradigm of development based on economic empower indigenous voices in climate change sci- of Nellim issued on September 23, 2011. In addition example, on Skolt Sámi lands, waters don’t freeze in growth, the drivers of human induced climate change. ence and policy. to the 2005 Moratorium on logging in the same area, the same way anymore, and in the autumn, instead of Alert indigenous peoples of the deepening in- this is a historical turn of events in the development proper snow cover, ice rain falls on the ground, im- The Importance of Indigenous Peoples equities between Western science and traditional of Sámi rights in Finland. We wish to recognize this knowledge in climate change science and policy. We pacting reindeer food cycles. In the Republic of Sakha- and their Initiatives: •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ– ˜‹ –‘”› ƒ† —”‰‡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆ ‹- Yakutia, Siberia, Russia, in the lands of the Chukchi call upon indigenous peoples’ organisations to com- land to recognise the land and water rights of the ‡ƒˆϐ‹”–Šƒ–‹†‹‰‡‘—•’‡‘’Ž‡• ‘–‹—‡–‘ƒ‡ municate the inequities to the general public and reindeer herders, the permafrost is melting, having major contributions to the understanding of climate Sámi as enshrined in international law. This process major implications for global climate change and powerful institutions such as the IPCC and to make should be based on a full-scale land use and occupan- change. The IPCCA is an example of how indigenous all efforts to redress the balance of power. weather systems as millions of tons of greenhouse communities are undertaking assessments on their cy study of international standards. gasses which are currently trapped in the permafrost We are deeply concerned by several disturbing own terms. Intercultural methodologies that bridge Climate Change and the UN Declaration will release additional emissions into the atmosphere. traditional knowledge and Western science provide processes which threaten the existence of the lan- In Kuna Yala, Panama, sea level rise is threatening essential local information to assess climatic condi- on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: guage, culture and lands of Eastern Sámi peoples. The the existence of Kuna communities located on coral tions and trends. We stress that these efforts must We celebrate the adoption, in September 2007, of the Eastern Sámi have demonstrated a remarkable ability islands and livelihoods based on marine, coastal and be led by indigenous peoples and local communities UNDRIP as the culmination of decades of indigenous to survive past genocidal trends both in Finland and forest ecosystems. Implementation of REDD projects and mainstreamed into international and national peoples’ struggle for the recognition of their rights. Russia. Now their homeland is becoming a geopoliti- in the Ecuadorian Amazon are violating the collective climate change assessments and policy processes. The rights enshrined in the Declaration apply to all cal hotspot due to the opening of the Northeastern

116 117 Passage. Extensive mining plans and construction of the world community and especially the UNPFII to in- a pipeline on the Kola Peninsula of Russia as well as vestigate the situation of the human and Indigenous Executive Summary: Ponoi and Näätämö/Neiden River development of off shore oil and gas exploration in rights of the Eastern Sámi peoples in Russia and Fin- Collaborative Management Plan the Barents Sea constitute direct threats to the eco- land. On the basis of this we demand that the govern- Introduction systems and the people of the area. ments of Russia and Finland commit to redressing Now the very survival of the Eastern Sámi Na- centuries of injustice through jointly implementing tions and their homelands is under threat. We urge the UNDDRIP with the Eastern Sámi peoples. This report contains results of a project “Skolt Sámi as a basis for future development of these rivers. This Survival in the Middle of Rapid Change” that worked work was funded by the United Nations and the Nor- Tiina Sanila-Aikio Saa’mi Nue’tt Finland from 2009 to 2013 in the Näätämö/Neiden watershed. dic Council of Ministers. Tero Mustonen Snowchange Cooperative Finland This project manifested as a cooperation between Alejandro Argumedo Indigenous Peoples’ Biocultural Climate Change Assessment the Skolt Sámi and other Eastern Sámi communities, 1. Recommendations for Neiden initiative Asociacion ANDES Peru Sámi Council, Indigenous Peoples Climate Change As- Dennis Martinez Indigenous Peoples’ Restoration Network USA sessment – IPCCA, United Nations University – Tra- The collaborative management suggestions here are Sagari Ramdas Adivasi Aikya Vedika Anthra – Yakshi India ditional Knowledge Initiative, the Snowchange Coop- based on a number of actions and recommendations Sakda Saenmi Network of Indigenous Peoples in Thailand Indigenous Peoples’ erative and the Saa’mi Nue’tt cultural organization. that view the river in parts. These river parts are: Foundation for Education and Environment Thailand The project is part of the international Indigenous 1. Silisjoki watershed Jose Proaño Land is Life Ecuador Peoples Climate Change Assessment (IPCCA) initia- 2. Upper reaches of Neiden river west of lake Jorge Andreve Fundacion para la Promocion del Conocimiento Indigena Panama tive that is being developed and coordinated by a Pe- Opukasjärvi Yiching Song Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy China ”—Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹†‹‰‡‘—•‘Ǧ’”‘ϐ‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡǡ 3. Lake Opukasjärvi and supported by UNU. By applying the IPCCA meth- 4. Zone between lake Opukasjärvi and the Norwe- ‘†‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ ‘—‹–›ǦŽ‡†•‡ŽˆǦ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ gian-Finnish border and future-visioning based on local worldviews and 5. Norwegian part of Neiden, including in some traditional knowledge, the Sevettijärvi Skolts devel- ’ƒ”–•–Š‡†‡Ž–ƒ‘ˆ‡‹†‡ƒ†–Š‡ϐŒ‘”†‡ ‘•›•- oped a community-based climate change adaptation tem plan. Out of this process a collective consensus has emerged that the climate change challenges faced by •Š‘”––Š‡ϐ‹‡Ž†•‡ƒ•‘ʹͲͳʹ™ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ϐ‹”•––‹‡ƒ –Š‡”‡‹†‡‡”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–ǡƒ”‡ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡‰‹˜‡ occasion when the Skolt Sámi were able to share their the present-day nature of reindeer herding. Instead, knowledge, observations, opinions and management –Š‡ ‘Ž– ž‹ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† –Š‡‹” —•–‘ƒ”› •ƒŽ‘ choices for the watershed in a meaningful way. The ϐ‹•Š‡”›ǡ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ local people in Neiden, on the other hand, have had and cultural identity, as a much greater concern. As a result, the Snowchange-Skolt partnership has cho- sen to focus their climate change adaptation efforts on enhancing the resilience of the Skolts’ traditional •ƒŽ‘ ϐ‹•Š‡”› ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ¡¡–¡Ú ‹˜‡”Ǥ  ‹‡–‹•–• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •–‘ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Žƒ–‹  salmon have diminished in the past 30 years, mostly †—‡–‘ϐ‹•Š‹‰ƒ†Š—ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡Šƒ„‹–ƒ–• ‘ˆ–Š‡ϐ‹•ŠǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘–Š‡•ƒŽ‘‹•Œ—•–‹- ϐ‹‡†ƒ• ‘ ‡”ƒ†‹••Šƒ”‡†„‘–Š‹ †‹‰‡‘—•ƒ† local societies (with their TEK – traditional ecologi- cal knowledge) and in science. Additionally the work was expanded with the co-funding from the Nordic Council of Ministers (with the project Dz‘‘‹ ƒ† ‡‹†‡Ȃ‹ˆ‡•–”‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ•–‡”ž’‹dz) to cover ad- ditional workshops in the Neiden watershed and the ‘’‹‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ˜‡ϐ‹•Š‡”‡‹‘”™ƒ›ƒ† the Ponoi watershed in the Murmansk region, Russia. ˜‹‡™‘ˆ’—ƒ–•‘ƒƒ”‡ƒǡ Ž‘•‡–‘ƒ‡’—ƒ•Œ¡”˜‹Ǥ ‘‘‹‹•ƒ•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–•ƒŽ‘”‹˜‡”‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǤŠ‹• report and Executive Summary presents the Ponoi ‡”‘—•–‘‡ǡ ‹Ž‹’ ‡ˆ”‡‘ˆˆƒ†Žƒ†‹‹” ‡‘†‘”‘ˆˆ†‹• —••–Š‡•ƒŽ‘‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‹ƒϔ‹•Š ƒ’Ǥ and Näätämö River Collaborative Management Plan

118 119 more experience in sharing their observations for the and explored. of those sites that have been lost, and preserva- will play a prominent role too. ϐ‹•Š‡”›™‹–Š• ‹‡–‹•–•Ǥ‘•—ƒ”‹œ‡ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ t
–‘ ‹‰•‘ˆ‰”ƒ›Ž‹‰ƒ†™Š‹–‡ϐ‹•Š•Š‘—Ž†„‡ tion of those sites that are well-known. t
Past damages to the river and key habitats Indigenous and local knowledge observations, work- re-visited, if the roe is derived from the Neiden t
A state-sponsored network of dry toilets along should be mapped to co-incide with this call of •Š‘’•ǡ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ƒ” Š‹˜ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ†• ‹‡–‹ϐ‹ †ƒ–ƒ watershed. the main tourist routes of the river should be parties: These include the industrial legacies the following steps to start implementing collabora- t
The long-term impacts of the stockings to Silisjo- installed to prevent urine and human feces from from the Soviet times which are visible in the tive management along the Neiden river: ki and other parts of the watershed from 1960s entering the stream. water quality data (mercury, nickel, phenols, oil) to 1990s should be explored. t
A full review of the impacts of the Sydvaranger and other impacts. A. A formal call of parties should be instituted as a t
The full contemporary land use of the Skolt Gruv mine on the migratory salmon. t
Š‡”‡’‘”–Šƒ•‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ‡“—‹–›’”‘„Ž‡ welcoming step towards a collaborative management Sámis and other river users should be mapped. between local and Indigenous harvest and the by the nation-states Finland and Norway. These par- t
A permanent ban on hydroelectricity develop- 2. Recommendations for the Ponoi “outside” salmon tourist companies: There is an ties should include: ment should be initiated. Watershed ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡‡‡†‘ˆƒ ‘ϐŽ‹ –”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘’”‘ ‡•• t
Skolt Sámi as the Indigenous peoples of the t
A survey into establishment of a cross-border „‡–™‡‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ†–Š‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹ ƒ- watershed Neiden National Park with full collaborative The development of collaborative management struc- tion of problems. t
Kven and other local representatives from the management should be explored. tures for Ponoi watershed operate in the context of t
Number and role of salmon tourist “check- Neiden Fiskefelleskap t
Limited hunting of seals on the delta should be todays Russia. Some steps can be advanced, but the points”: The instalment of “checkpoints” with t
Government of Finland and appropriate repre- explored, if appropriate. following discussions should be seen as a view, a road guards in some parts of the river has caused per- sentatives from state organizations E.  ‹‡–‹ϐ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –Šƒ– ‹• ‘†— –‡† ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ map, towards future. Realistic development of a func- ceptions of exclusive uses of river. These check- t
Government of Norway and appropriate repre- watershed should include culturally-appropriate dis- tioning watershed management built both on Komi points should be dismantled and agreements sentatives from state organizations semination workshops in the local communities in lo- and Sámi as well as salmon tourist needs will take ”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ ‘ϐŽ‹ –”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘’”‘ ‡•• t
Local business representatives cal languages to make sure the information about the years. Based on the work in the communities along on user zones and mutual respect. t
Civil society members river as shared and seen by all parties. Ponoi during our project, we wish to bring the fol- t
Workshops should be held in Krasnochelye, F.‘—”‹•–ϐ‹•Š‡”›ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”‹˜‡”•Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡† lowing steps into the discussion as a basis for future Kanevka and Sosnovka to explain science results B. A Conference should be held at the earliest pos- and TEK results: Local people feel excluded from sible date after the call has been accepted by all par- though-out in terms of the impacts it has and the per- management options: mit system of the river reformed with a quota system t
A comprehensive review of salmon stocks from the information and development of the river. ties to start formulating the elements of the collabo- Therefore culturally appropriate workshops rative management of the Neiden watershed with a introduced. This includes a totally new license of a the whole chain of habitats from high seas to Dz‰”‡‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›dz–‘ ƒ– Š’”‡†ƒ–‘”ϐ‹•Šǡ’‹‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ upper Ponoi should be installed: In 2013 in ad- should be held along the river to make sure all common aim of creating such a new resource use and local people are involved. management body. This Conference should investi- watershed for free. This reform will also require new dition to these traditional knowledge results ex- monitoring regulations. pressed here, the KolArctic science project will t
‡˜‹‡™‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ”‹‰Š–•–‘ϐ‹•ŠǣŠ‡”‡‹• ‘ˆ—•‹‘ gate the role and scope of international Indigenous and mismanagement regarding Indigenous Sámi commitments that Norway and Finland have, as well G. Visibility of Skolt Sámi heritage, oral histories, re- issue major new scholarly information about the salmon stocks in the region. They together rights, Komi rights and local rights to harvest as including the concerns voiced by the international lationship with the river and culture should be widely ϐ‹•ŠǤŠ‡•‡”‹‰Š–••Š‘—Ž†„‡”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ†Šƒ”- non-govermental organization such as NASF on ad- promoted along the watershed for example with pub- with the TEK observations and NASF concerns should be taken as a basis of development of the monized. This will prevent “poaching” by local dressing all steps of the life-cycle of the salmon, from lic information boards, brochures and other public people and the real poaching too. the sea to the upper reaches of Neiden. materials. watershed. t
A Ponoi watershed-based international plan t
Impact from motor boats on salmon spawn- C. Indigenous knowledge of the Skolts and tradi- H. Additionally it is proposed that smaller manage- ing sites and roe should be investigated: Oral tional local knowledge of the Kvens, Norwegians ment steps will be initiated immediately to improve should be created as a basis of future work: This plan should include federal and regional history interviews identify this to be a relevant and Finns along the river should be recognized as a the environmental health of the salmon and the wa- topic in all communities and harvest areas along crucial source of information about environmental tershed. These are not replacing the former steps of commitments towards the watershed. Special attention should be placed on questions of local the river. Therefore a science and TEK-based health and situation with the salmon and associated prevention of spread of salmon diseases and so on, •—”˜‡›‹–‘–Š‹•–‘’‹ •Š‘—Ž†„‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†Ǥ watershed. rather new measures to be implemented over the and Indigenous concerns as well as conserva- tion needs. A permanent ban on mining and t
Mapping of Place Names in Pomor, Sámi and D. New investigations, land use and conservation ac- 2013-2015 period: Komi: This mapping should be initiated as soon t
„—”„‘–ƒ†’‹‡ϐ‹•Š‡”›•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡†‘ hydroelectricity would make sure the river has tions should be considered for the watershed, includ- the capacity to remain a well-productive salmon as possible. It will provide crucial information of ing: selected sites, including lower Neiden and lake habitats, past land uses and cultural heritage of Opukasjärvi to limit the number of predatory stream. t
permanent ban on salmon farming in Neiden t
If a Plan is installed to develop Ponoi watershed the region. ϐŒ‘”†ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†ϐŒ‘”†•Ǥ ϐ‹•ŠǤŠ‹••Š‘—Ž†‹ Ž—†‡„‘–Š™‹–‡”ϐ‹•Š‡”›‹ t
Promotion of Pomor, Sámi and Komi culture ƒ” Šƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘’‡•‡ƒ•‘‡–ƒ†ϐ‹•Š–”ƒ’ in a sustainable manner, a call of parties should t
Past marine cultural heritage, including place be initiated from the regional and federal cent- along the river: Using signs, posters, brochures names and uses of the lands and waters of the ϐ‹•Š‡”›Ǥ and other means the visitors can immerse them- t
Joint review of the salmon spawning sites both ers: This call should be directed towards local Skolt Sámi should be investigated. villages, including Sosnovka, as well as Sámi, selves in the rich cultural heritage of the region t
”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽϐ‹•Š‡”‡•–‹ŽŽŠƒ”˜‡•–‹‰ from Indigenous knowledge and science should and invisible histories become more visible. lead to a systematic and well-executed renewal Komi and Pomor organisations and salmon tour- on the Finnmark coasts should be documented ist companies. Regional and federal agencies t
Using models from other parts of Russian North,

120 121 a new national park with cultural harvest should not agree with all proposals. Therefore results of be discussed: Here a workshop on the Kolyma the Ponoi and Näätämö/Neiden River Collaborative Tiivistelmä: Ponoin ja Näätämö-joen ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘—Ž†„‡‡ϐ‹––Š‡‘‘‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’- Management Plan 2013 should be widely dissemi- yhteishallintaraportti ment. nated in the villages of the watersheds, with national Johdanto authorities, science forums and Indigenous peoples’ Conclusions ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ—”–Š‡””‡ϐ‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‘•- als. However, we urge all responsible bodies to start Tähän raporttiin on koottu tulokset vuosina tämisestä Murmanskin alueella, Venäjällä. Ponoi on yksi Barentsin alueen tärkeimmistä lohijoista. Tässä Š‹• ”‡’‘”– ’”‘’‘•‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– –‹‡ ƒ –‹˜‡ ‘Ž- to implement the spirit and intent of this Plan as soon 2009-2013 toteutetusta “Skolt Sámi Survi- tiivistelmässä, joka julkaistaan myös venäjäksi, kol- laborative management for Finnish-Norwegian river as possible, given the multiple changes underway in val in the Middle of Rapid Change” (Kolttien taksi, norjaksi ja englanniksi, esitellään hankkeen of Neiden and the Ponoi river in the Murmansk re- the region and in the Arctic. selviytyminen äkillisten muutosten keskel- aikana kehitetyt yhteishallintasuositukset. Työn on gion of Russia. Because some of the proposals are lä) –hankkeesta, joka keskittyi Näätämöjoen rahoittanut pääasiassa Yhdistyneet kansakunnat ja far-reaching and call of innovative and bold deci- Pohjoismaiden ministerineuvosto. sions (on Indigenous rights, ecosystem-based man- valuma-alueelle. Projekti oli eri koltta- ja itä- agement, Indigenous and traditional knowledge as a saamelaisyhteisöjen, Saamelaisneuvoston, valid source of information) some stakeholders may Alkuperäiskansojen ilmastonmuutosarvion, 1.Suositukset Näätämö-joen YK:n yliopiston, Saa´mi Nue´tt ry:n sekä OSK kehittämiseksi Lumimuutoksen yhteistyö. Alkuperäiskan- Hankkeessa todettiin Näätämö-joen olevan luonnon- sojen ilmastonmuutosarvio - IPCCA on kan- olosuhteiltaan erinomaisessa kunnossa. Yhteishallin- sainvälinen aloite, jonka keskus sijaitsee Pe- nan edistämiseksi Näätämö-joki tulisi jakaa hallin- russa. Aloitetta koordinoi ANDES –järjestö, nollisiin vyöhykkeisiin ja toimenpidealueisiin, joita ja sen rahoituksen hoitaa YK:n yliopisto. ovat alustavan jaon mukaan: 1. Silisjoen valuma-alue IPCCA on kehittänyt alkuperäiskansojen tietoja ja 2. Näätämöjoen yläosat Opukasjärveltä länteen perinnettä kuuntelevan menetelmän, jonka avulla 3. Opukasjärvi Sevettijärven koltat tunnistivat ilmastonmuutokseen 4. Opukasjärven ja Suomi-Norja-rajan välinen liittyviä paikallisia huolenaiheita. Vaikka säämuutok- vyöhyke set vaikuttavat myös poronhoitoon, Näätämö-joen 5. Norjan puoleinen Näätämö, mukaan lukien joen lohi koettiin olevan muutosten osalta keskiössä. Lohi suisto ja vuono on koltille kielen, kulttuurin ja perinteen tuottaja ja uudistaja ruuan lisäksi. Tämän vuoksi koltat päättivät Yleisesti todettakoon, että hankkeessa toteutettu keskittää hankkeen toimet lohen selviytymismahdol- kenttäjakso 2012 oli ensimmäinen kerta, kun mu- lisuuksien parantamiseen, perinnetiedon elvyttämi- kaan valitut kolttasaamelaiset saivat esittää tietojaan, seen ja pyynnin tarkastelun eri osa-alueisiin. Myös perinnettään, havaintojaan ja hallintaehdotuksiaan luonnontiede on tunnistanut, että atlantinlohen kan- kulttuurisesti omista lähtökohdistaan. Koltilla on ol- nat ovat taantuneet viimeisten kolmenkymmenen lut usean vuosikymmenen ajan mahdollisuus antaa vuoden aikana. Pääsyynä on ollut pyynti ja ihmisen tietojaan viranomaisille, mutta tiedonvaihdon tavat aiheuttamat muutokset lohien elinalueilla (vesivoi- ja paikat on määritelty valtakulttuurin ja viranomais- man rakentaminen, saasteet, tiestö jne.). Perinnetie- ten ehdoilla. Paikalliset Neidenin kylässä Norjassa dolla ja tieteellä on siis yhtenäinen näkemys loheen ovat olleet toisaalta pidempään suorassa vuorovaiku- kohdistuvista yleisistä paineista. tuksessa viranomaisten ja tutkijoiden kanssa. Hank- Vuonna 2011 YK:n hankkeeseen saatiin lisätu- keessa perustettiin perinnetietokanta, dokumentoi- kea, kun Pohjoismaiden ministerineuvosto osoitti tiin alkuperäiskansojen ja paikallisten tietoa ja ver- lisärahoituksen, hankenimellä “Ponoi and Neiden tailtiin sitä olemassa olevaan tieteelliseen tutkimuk- – Lifestreams of Eastern Sápmi” toimintaan. Tämä seen. Näiden toimien tavoitteena oli kehittää Näätä- mahdollisti työn laajentamisen Neidenin kveenivä- mö-joen yhteishallinta vahvalle pohjalle ja aloittaa estön pariin Norjassa. Lisäksi PMN:n varoilla voitiin sen toteutus. Hankkeen tulokset voidaan tiivistää aloittaa saamelaisten, komien, pomorien, venäläisten seuraaviin, yleisiin suosituksiin (tarkemmat yksityis- kohdat raportissa):  ‹‹•Šƒ’Žƒ†ǡ”‡‹†‡‡”‘Ž‘‰‡””‘ƒˆ”‡‡Ž›ǡŠƒ˜‹‰–‘ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”™ƒ› ja karjalaisten mielipiteiden keruu Ponoi-joen kehit- –Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‰”‘™‹‰‡–™‘”‘ˆ’”‹ƒ”›ƒ†•‡ ‘†ƒ”›”‘ƒ†•Ǥ

122 123 A. Norjan and Suomen valtioiden tulisi virallisesti t
vesivoiman lisärakentamisen kieltäminen vesistöön ja hidastaisi rehevöitymistä. perustamat tarkistuspisteet Ponoin eri osissa kutsua kokoon yhteishallintaryhmä, johon tulisi t
Näätämön rajat ylittävän kansallispuiston t
Sydvaranger Gruv –kaivoksen kokonaisvaltainen, ovat aiheuttaneet tilanteen, jossa osa Ponoita on kuulua ainakin: perustamisselvitys, joka pohjaisi perinnetietoa ja tiedettä hyödyntävä vaikutusar- rajattu erityiseen, kaupalliseen käyttöön. Nämä t
Kolttasaamelaiset valuma-alueen yhteishallintaan vio loheen, tulisi selvittää mahdollisimman pian. tarkistuspisteet tulisi purkaa, ja sopimuspe- alkuperäiskansana t
Hylkeiden metsästyksen rajoitettu salliminen rustein rajata joen käyttöalueet eri toimijoiden t
Kveenit ja muut paikalliset Neidenin suistoalueella 2. Suositukset Ponoi-joen kehittämiseksi. kesken. kalaosakaskunnan (Neiden Fiskefelleskap) E. Valuma-alueella tapahtuvan tieteellisen tut- t
Tieteellisten ja perinnetietoon pohjaavien ha- jäsenet kimuksen tulokset tulisi jalkauttaa kulttuuria Ponoi-joen yhteishallinta kiinnittyy Venäjän yleiske- vaintojen tulokset tulisi esitellä laajasti valuma- t
Suomen valtio ja tarvittava edustus valtion kuunnellen kyliin (Näätämö, Sevettijärvi, Neiden) hitykseen. Tämän vuoksi seuraavat ehdotukset tulee alueen kylissä Krasnotseljessä, Kanevkassa ja vastuujärjestöistä paikallisilla kielillä. Näin varmistetaan, että kaikilla nähdä suosituksina ja tiekarttana tulevaisuuteen. Sel- rannikon Sosnovkassa. Tämä lisäisi paikallisten t
Norjan valtio ja tarvittava edustus valtion toimijoilla olisi pääpiirteissään samankaltainen tieto lainen hallintomalli, jossa komien, saamelaisten, mui- tietoa joesta ja sen käytöstä. vastuujärjestöistä käytettävissään. den paikallisten ja lohiturismin sekä valtion intressit t
Ponoi-joen alueella on epäselvyyttä ja hallinnol- t
Muut paikalliset kansalaisyhteiskunnan toimijat F. Alueen virkistyskalastus, mukaan lukien turisti- saataisiin sovitettua yhteen tulee viemään vielä vuo- lisia päällekkäisyyksiä paikallisten oikeudesta ja kansalaiset pyynti, tulisi arvioida vaikuttavuudeltaan. Samassa sia. Hankkeessa saatujen tietojen pohjalta esitämme pyyntiin. Saamelaisten, komien ja muiden pai- t
Yritysten edustajat yhteydessä esitetään laajaa uudistusta luvitukseen, kuitenkin toimia: kallisten oikeudet tulisi vahvistaa ja selkiyttää. B. Kutsun jälkeen, viipymättä, tulisi järjestää laaja jossa otetaan käyttöön kiintiöt. Sen tarkemmat t
Ponoi-joen lohen tila tulisi selvittää merellisiltä Samalla salapyynti saadaan kuriin. konferenssi Näätämön valuma-alueen yhteishal- yksityiskohdat on esitelty raportissa. Luvituksen alueilta Ponoin latvoille asti. Vuoden 2013 aika- t
Moottoriveneiden vaikutus lohen kutualueisiin lintaelimen perustamiseksi. Konferenssin tulisi uutena kategoriana on ”vihreä kalastuslupa”, ilmai- na julkaistaan merkittäviä tieteellisiä tuloksia tulisi selvittää. Perinnetietojen mukaan koko selvittää ja vahvistaa kansainväliset velvoitteet, joita nen pyyntilupa, jonka avulla joella vierailijat voivat Ponoilta, mukaan lukien KOLARCTIC-hankkeen valuma-alueella moottoriveneet aiheuttavat Suomella ja Norjalla on liittyen alkuperäiskansoihin pyytää ilmaiseksi petokaloja, pääasiassa haukea, jot- loppuraportti. Lisäksi alueen perinnetietoa on lohen kutualueille vaurioita. Asia tulisi selvittää (ja muihin paikallisiin tahoihin) sekä huomioida ka vaikuttavat lohen määrään. Tämänkaltainen uusi kerätty ja kansainväliset järjestöt, kuten NASF hyödyntäen sekä tiedettä että perinnetietoa. kansainvälisten järjestöjen esittämät huolenaiheet lupa vaatii myös uusia valvontamenetelmiä. ovat antaneet omia suosituksiaan valuma- t
Pomorien, saamelaisten ja komien paikannimi- en kartoitus tuottaisi merkittävää uutta tietoa (kuten ne, joita on esittänyt North Atlantic Salmon G. Kolttasaamelainen kulttuuriperintö ja suhde alueen kehittämisestä. Kaikki nämä tietolähteet Fund). Tarkastelun pohjana tulisi olla koko lohen tulisi hyödyntää joen hallinnassa. alueen luonnosta, maankäytöstä ja kulttuuripe- jokeen tulee saada näyttävästi esille. Myös kveenien rinnöstä. käyttämä alue ja ekosysteemit valtamereltä Näätä- kulttuuri ja asutushistoria tulisi saada paremmin t
Ponoi-joelle tulisi perustaa kansainvälinen mö-joen latvoille. kehityssuunnitelma. Suunnitelmassa tulisi olla t
Pomorien, saamelaisten ja komien kulttuurin esille. Tämä voidaan toteuttaa valuma-alueelle edistäminen joella voidaan toteuttaa informaa- C. Kolttien alkuperäiskansatieto ja suomalaisten, mukana Murmanskin alueen ja Venäjän liittoval- asennettavilla kylteillä, esitteillä ja julkisella tiedo- tiotauluilla, julisteilla, esitteillä ja muilla keinoin. norjalaisten ja kveenien paikallinen tieto tulisi tion velvoitteet, erityiskysymyksinä paikallisten tuksella. Näin alueen lähes näkymätön kulttuurihistoria hyväksyä tieteellisen tiedon rinnalla vastaavanarvoi- ja alkuperäiskansojen oikeudet ja luonnonsuo- H. Yllä olevien laajojen uudistusten lisäksi esitetään saadaan paremmin esille. sena, merkittävänä tietolähteenä, kun valuma-alueen jelulliset toimet. Pysyvä vesivoima- ja kaivan- välittöminä toimenpiteinä vuosille 2013-2015: Hyödyntäen Venäjän muiden pohjoisosien, ympäristön ja lohen tilaa arvioidaan. naistoimintakielto valuma-alueella takaisi joen t
t
Mateen- ja hauenpyynnin käynnistämistä säilymisen hyvin tuottavana lohijokena. kuten Sahan tasavallan (Kolyma) ja Karjalan D. Näätämön alueella tulisi harkita uusia selvitys-, valikoiduilla alueilla, erityisesti ala-Näätämöllä Jos kehityssuunnittelu käynnistetään, alue- malleja, tulevaisuudessa tulisi perustaa uusi maankäyttö- ja luonnonsuojelutoimia, mukaan t
ja Opukasjärvellä. Petokalapyynti, jolla vähen- keskuksen ja Moskovan tulisi kutsua mukaan Ponoin kansallispuisto. Sitä ennakoiden alueel- lukien; netään smolttien hävikkiä, voidaan toteuttaa myös paikalliset kylät, mukaan lukien Sosnovka, la voidaan järjestää työpaja, jossa esimerkiksi lohen kassikasvatuksen pysyvä kieltäminen t
kevään kutupyynnillä, sekä kesäkauden rysä-, Luujärven piiri, ja saamelais-, komi- ja pomori- Kolyma-joen kokemuksia esitellään laajemmalti. Näätämö-vuonossa ja mahdollisesti uistin- ja verkkopyyntinä. Viranomaiset maksai- järjestöt sekä lohiturismiyritykset. Liittovaltion naapurivuonoissakin sivat palkkaa paikallisille kalastajille erityisesti viranomaistoimijoiden läsnäolo on välttämätön- Johtopäätökset kolttasaamelaisten merellisen t
kiinteiden pyydysten avulla tapahtuvasta hoito- tä. kulttuuriperinnön, erityisesti paikannimien ja kalastuksesta. Kehityssuunnittelun yhteyteen tulisi saada kar- Ponoin ja Näätämö-joen yhteishallintaraportti 2013 maankäytön selvittäminen Näätämö-vuonossa t
t
Lohen menetetyt ja olemassa olevat kutualueet toitus Neuvostoliiton aikaisten ympäristökuor- esittää ensi kertaa konkreettista mallia Barentsin merellä toimivien ammattikalastajien tiedon ja t
tulisi tunnistaa sekä perinnetiedon että tieteen mitusten vaikutuksesta, erityisesti elohopean, alueen kahden merkittävän lohijoen kehittämiseksi kokemusten hyödyntäminen keinoin, ja tiedot yhdistää. Kun näin on tehty, nikkelin, fenolien ja öljypäästöjen osalta. yhteishallinnan keinoin. Näätämö on Suomen ja Nor- istutusten roolin uudelleenarviointi harjuksen ja t
hyödyntäen esimerkiksi EU:n LIFE – rahoitus- Tässä raportissa on tunnistettu, että paikallis- jan rajajoki ja Ponoi sijaitsee Murmanskin alueella, siian osalta, jos mäti on valuma-alueelta t
työkalua näiden kutualueiden ennallistaminen ten kotitarvepyynnin ja lohiturismin välillä on Venäjällä. Molemmat ovat itäsaamelaisten perinteistä Silisjoen ja muiden 1960-1990-luvun kala- t
tulisi käynnistää. Yhden kutualueen elvytys voi- tasavertaisuusongelmia. Näiden tahojen välillä kotiseutualuetta, vaikka nykyään seudulla asuu mui- istutusten pitkäaikaiset vaikutukset valuma- daan toteuttaa jo kesällä 2013 pilotinomaisesti. –—Ž‹•‹¡›‹•–¡¡˜‹‹’›¡––¡‘ϐŽ‹–‹”ƒ–ƒ‹•—- takin kansoja. Osa tässä esitetyistä uudistuksista ja alueelle t
Valtiorahoitteinen kuivakäymäläverkosto, erityi- prosessi. aloitteista kehittää valuma-alueita kokonaisvaltaises- kolttasaamelainen ja muu alueen maankäyttö t
sesti paljon käytettyjen turistireittien varrelle, t
Paikallisten mielestä lohiturismiyhtiöiden ti ja vaatii merkittäviä, innovatiivisia päätöksiä. Näitä tulisi selvittää kartoituksilla estäisi ihmisten jätösten ja virtsan vaikutuksia

124 125 ovat esimerkiksi alkuperäiskansojen ja paikallisten viranomaisten ja tieteen piirissäsekä alkuperäiskan- pyynnin turvaaminen, valuma-alueen kokonaiske- sojen järjestöissä. Tämän lisäksi kehotamme kaikkia hitys ja paikallisen ja alkuperäiskansatiedon roolin mahdollisia tahoja soveltamaan välittömästi raportin vakiinnuttaminen tietolähteenä. Kaikki toimijat eivät yleisesti tunnistamia suuntia ja seikkoja, jotta arkti- välttämättä jaa näitä käsityksiä. Tämän vuoksi Po- sella alueella käynnissä olevat, monialaiset prosessit noin ja Näätämö-joen yhteishallintaraportin tuloksia voidaan huomioida valuma-alueiden ja lohen elinym- tulisi laajasti käsitellä alueen kylissä, kansallisten päristöjen kehityksessä.

ȋ‡ˆ–Ȍ ‹•Š‹‰ ƒ„‹‘ˆŽƒ–‡ ‘—‹‘•Š‹‘ˆˆǤ ȋ‹‰Š–Ȍ–”‡ƒ’‘‘Ž‘ˆŽ‡•‹•—˜ƒ–‘‘¡¡–¡Ú”‹˜‡”Ǥ

126 127 –‡‹‰ƒ‰‰Œ‡‘ˆÞ”‹‰ƒ˜†‡Ǥ”‘•Œ‡–‡–•”‡•—Ž–ƒ–‡” t
skoltesamisk og annen arealutnyttelse i området Sammendrag: Rapport om felles forvaltning ƒ•ƒ‡ˆƒ––‡•‹ˆÞŽ‰‡†‡ǡ‰‡‡”‡ŽŽ‡ƒ„‡ˆƒŽ‹‰‡” „Þ”—–”‡†‡•˜‡†ŠŒ‡Ž’ƒ˜ƒ”–Ž‡‰‰‹‰ av Ponoi- og Neidenelva (nærmere detaljer i i rapporten): t
forbud mot ytterligere utbygging av vannkraft Innledning t
utredning av etablering av en A. ‡‘”•‡‘‰†‡ϐ‹•‡•–ƒ–‡„Þ”‘ˆϐ‹•‹‡Ž– grenseoverskridende nasjonalpark i Neiden kalle sammen en felles forvaltningsgruppe som i det basert på felles forvaltning I denne rapporten har man samlet resultate- befolkningen i Neiden i Norge. I tillegg kunne man med ‹•–‡„Þ”„‡•–¤ƒ˜ǣ t
tillatelse til en begrenset selfangst i elveosen ne av prosjektet «Skolt Sámi Survival in the Nordisk Ministerråds midler begynne en innsamling t
‘Ž–‡•ƒ‡”•‘‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž–‡–•—”ˆ‘Ž E. Resultatene av vitenskapelig forskning på ‹††Ž‡‘ˆƒ’‹†Šƒ‰‡ǽȋ ˜‘”†ƒ•‘Ž–‡•ƒ- av meninger om utvikling av elva Ponoi i Murmansk- t
Kvener og andre lokale medlemmer av Neiden ‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž–‡–„Þ”‡†”‡•’‡–ˆ‘”—Ž–—”‡„”‹‰‡• distriktet i Russland. Ponoi er en av de viktigste mene klarer seg i de raske endringene) som Fiskefellesskap videre til bygdene (Näätämö, Sevettijärvi, Neiden) på lakseelvene i Barentsregionen. I dette sammendraget, t
‡ϐ‹•‡•–ƒ–‡‘‰‡Þ†˜‡†‹‰ †‡”‡•Ž‘ƒŽ‡•’”¤ǤŽ‹˜‹Žƒ•‹”‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ‡ƒ–Þ”‡”‹ „Ž‡‰Œ‡‘ˆÞ”–‹¤”‡‡ʹͲͲͻȂʹͲͳ͵‘‰•‘ som også vil bli publisert på russisk, skoltesamisk, representasjon av statens ansvarsorganisasjoner hovedtrekk har lik kunnskap til sin rådighet. norsk og engelsk, skal man presentere anbefalingene ˜ƒ”‘•‡–”‡”–‘‡‹†‡‡Ž˜ƒ•‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž–Ǥ t
‡‘”•‡•–ƒ–‡‘‰‡Þ†˜‡†‹‰ F.ƒ„Þ”˜—”†‡”‡˜‹”‹‰‡‡ƒ˜”‡”‡ƒ•Œ‘•ϐ‹•‡ om felles forvaltning som er utviklet gjennom Prosjektet var et samarbeid mellom skolte- representasjon av statens ansvarsorganisasjoner ‹‘”¤†‡–ǡ‹Ž—•‹˜‡–—”‹•–ϐ‹•‡Ǥ •ƒ‡ˆ‘”„‹†‡Ž•‡ ’”‘•Œ‡–‡–Ǥ ”„‡‹†‡– ‡” Š‘˜‡†•ƒ‡Ž‹‰ ϐ‹ƒ•‹‡”– ƒ˜ ‘‰ޕ–•ƒ‡•ƒˆ—ǡƒ‡”¤†‡–ǡ”ˆ‘Ž•Ž‹- t
†”‡Ž‘ƒŽ‡ƒ–Þ”‡”‘‰„‘”‰‡”‡‹†‡–•‹˜‹Ž‡ ˆ‘”‡•Ž¤•†‡–‡‘ˆƒ––‡†‡ˆ‘”›‡Ž•‡ƒ˜ϐ‹•‡‘”–•›•- Forente Nasjoner og Nordisk Ministerråd. maendringsvurdering, FN-universitetet og samfunnet temet ved at man tar i bruk kvoter. Nærmere detaljer Representanter for bedrifter Saa’mi Nue’tt-organisasjonen samt OSK Lu- t
ƒ˜†‡––‡‡”’”‡•‡–‡”–‹”ƒ’’‘”–‡Ǥ›ϐ‹•‡‘”–- 1. Anbefalingene om utvikling av B.‹††‡Ž„ƒ”–‡––‡”‹ƒŽŽ‹‰‡„Þ”†‡–ƒ””ƒ‰- ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡”‡–Ǽ‰”ސ–ϐ‹•‡‘”–ǽǡ‡–‰”ƒ–‹•‘”–•‘ mimuutos (Snowchange Cooperative). Ur- Neidenelva eres en omfattende konferanse for etablering av et †‡•‘‘‡”–‹Ž‡Ž˜ƒǡƒϐ‹•‡”‘˜ϐ‹•‰”ƒ–‹•‡†ǡ folks klimaendringsvurdering – IPCCA – er ˆ‡ŽŽ‡•ˆ‘”˜ƒŽ–‹‰•‘”‰ƒˆ‘”‡‹†‡‡Ž˜ƒ•‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž–Ǥ hovedsakelig gjedde, som påvirker mengden av laks. et internasjonalt initiativ med senter i Peru. I prosjektet slo man fast at Neidenelva er i utmerket ‘ˆ‡”ƒ•‡„Þ”—–”‡†‡‘‰ˆƒ•–•‡––‡†‡‹–‡”ƒ•Œ‘- –•Ž‹–ϐ‹•‡‘”–”‡˜‡”‘‰•¤›‡‘’’•›•‡–‘†‡”Ǥ Initiativet koordineres av organisasjonen stand med hensyn til naturforholdene. For å fremme ale forpliktelser som Finland og Norge har i forhold G.‡•‘Ž–‡•ƒ‹•‡—Ž–—”–”ƒ†‹•Œ‘‡„Þ”–”‡‡• felles forvaltning burde Neidenelva deles opp i for- –‹Ž—”ˆ‘Žȋ‘‰ƒ†”‡Ž‘ƒŽ‡ƒ–Þ”‡”Ȍ•ƒ–˜§”‡ ‘‰ϐ‹ƒ•‹‡”‡•ƒ˜ Ǧ—‹˜‡”•‹–‡–‡–Ǥ tydelig frem. Også den kvenske kulturen og boset- valtningssoner og tiltaksområder, som etter en fore- oppmerksom på bekymringer som internasjonale ningshistorien burde komme tydeligere frem. Dette ŽÞ’‹‰†‡Ž‹‰‡”ǣ organisasjoner har fremsatt (f.eks. de som North IPCCA har utviklet en metode som lytter til urfolks ƒ‰Œ‡‘ˆÞ”‡•˜‡†ŠŒ‡Ž’ƒ˜•‹Ž–‹‰‹‡†„Þ”•- ‹Ž‹•Œ‘‹Ǧ‡Ž˜ƒ•‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž– –Žƒ–‹ ƒŽ‘ —†Šƒ”‘‡–‡†ȌǤ”Þˆ–‹- kunnskaper og tradisjon. Ved hjelp av den metoden 1. feltet, brosjyrer og offentlig informasjon. ]˜”‡ŽÞ’‡–ƒ˜‡‹†‡‡Ž˜ƒ˜‡•–ˆ‘”’—ƒ•Œ¡”˜‹ ‰‡„Þ”–ƒ—–‰ƒ‰•’—–‹Š‡Ž‡‘”¤†‡–•‘Žƒ•‡ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹•‡”‡” •‘Ž–‡•ƒ‡‡ Ž‘ƒŽ‡ „‡›”‹‰•˜‡- 2. H. I tillegg til foran nevnte omfattende reformer ’—ƒ•Œ¡”˜‹Ǧ‹•ŒÞ „‡›––‡”•‡‰ƒ˜‘‰ލ‘•›•–‡‡‡ˆ”ƒ•ŒÞ‡–‹Ž‹Ž†‡‡ kende ting i tilknytning til klimaendring. Selv om kli- 3. foreslås det som umiddelbare tiltak i årene 2013– ‘‡‡ŽŽ‘’—ƒ•Œ¡”˜‹‘‰†‡ϐ‹•Ǧ‘”•‡ av Neidenelva. maendringene også påvirker reindriften, opplevde 4. 2015: grensen man at laksen i Neidenelva sto sentralt i forbindelse C. ‘Ž–‡•ƒ‡‡•—”ˆ‘Ž•—•ƒ’‘‰ϐ‹‡”•ǡ‘”- Igangsetting av fangst av lake og gjedde i Neidenelva på norsk side, inklusive elveosen og t
med endringene. Laks er for skoltesamene også noe 5. †‡•‘‰˜‡‡”•Ž‘ƒŽ‡—•ƒ’„Þ”‰‘†Œ‡‡• utvalgte områder, særlig i nedre Neidenelva ϐŒ‘”†‡ som produserer og fornyer språket, kulturen og tra- som en betydningsfull kunnskapskilde likeverdig ‘‰‹‹•ŒÞ‡’—ƒ•Œ¡”˜‹Ǥ‘˜ϐ‹•ˆƒ‰•–‡ǡ disjonen, i tillegg til å være mat. Derfor bestemte med vitenskapelig kunnskap ved vurdering av ned- •‘”‡†—•‡”‡”•‘Ž––ƒ’‡–ǡƒ‰Œ‡‘ˆÞ”‡• Generelt kan man konstatere at prosjektets feltar- skoltesamene seg for å konsentrere aktivitetene i „Þ”ˆ‡Ž–‡–•‹ŽŒÞ‘‰Žƒ•‡•–‹Ž•–ƒ†Ǥ med gytefangst om våren og ruse-, sluk- og „‡‹†•’‡”‹‘†‡ʹͲͳʹǡ˜ƒ”ˆÞ”•–‡‰ƒ‰‡†‡•‘Ž–‡•ƒ‡” prosjektet til å bedre laksens overlevelsesmuligheter, D.  ‡‹†‡˜ƒ••†”ƒ‰•‘”¤†‡–„Þ”†‡–‘˜‡”˜‡‹‡•›‡ garnfangst om sommeren. Myndighetene kunne •‘ ˜ƒ” ˜ƒŽ‰– –‹Ž ¤ †‡Ž–ƒǡ ϐ‹ ’”‡•‡–‡”‡ •‹‡ —- restituere tradisjonskunnskap og betrakte ulike de- utredninger, arealdisponerings- og naturverntiltak, „‡–ƒŽ‡‰‘†–‰ŒÞ”‡Ž•‡–‹ŽŽ‘ƒŽ‡ϐ‹•‡”‡ǡ•§”Ž‹‰ˆ‘” skaper, sin tradisjon, sine observasjoner og forslag til lområder av fangst. Også naturvitenskapen har kon- inklusive: —Ž–‹˜‡”‹‰•ϐ‹•‡‡†ˆƒ•–‡”‡†•ƒ’‡”Ǥ forvaltning ut fra sine egne kulturelle utgangspunkter. statert at bestandene av atlantisk laks har gått tilbake et permanent forbud mot lakseoppdrett i ƒ„Þ”‹†‡–‹ϐ‹•‡”‡Žƒ•‡•–ƒ’–‡‘‰ ‘Ž–‡•ƒ‡‡Šƒ”‹ϐŽ‡”‡–‹¤”Šƒ–—Ž‹‰Š‡–ˆ‘”¤‘- t
t
gjennom de siste tretti år. Hovedårsaken har vært ‡‹†‡ϐŒ‘”†‡‘‰‡˜‡–—‡Ž–‘‰•¤‹ƒ„‘ϐŒ‘”†‡‡ eksisterende gyteområder ved hjelp av me med sine opplysninger til myndigheter, men må- fangst og menneskeskapte endringer i laksens leve- —†‡”•Þ‡Ž•‡ƒ˜•‘Ž–‡•ƒ‡‡•—Ž–—”ƒ”˜ både tradisjonskunnskap og vitenskapelige ten og stedet for informasjonsutvekslingen har vært t
områder (utbygging av vannkraft, forurensing, vei- ‹–‹Ž›–‹‰–‹Ž•ŒÞ‡ǡ•’‡•‹‡Ž–ƒ‰¤‡†‡ metoder, og slå dem sammen. Når dette er †‡ϐ‹‡”–—–ˆ”ƒƒŒ‘”‹–‡–•—Ž–—”‡•‘‰›†‹‰Š‡–‡‡• nett osv.) Tradisjonskunnskapen og vitenskapen har •–‡†•ƒ˜‘‰ƒ”‡ƒŽ„”—˜‡†‡‹†‡ϐŒ‘”†‡ gjort for eksempel ved å bruke EUs LIFE- betingelser. På den andre siden har lokalbefolknin- altså et sammenfallende syn på det generelle presset utnytting av kunnskapene og erfaringene til ϐ‹ƒ•‹‡”‹‰•˜‡”–Þ›ǡ„Þ””‡•–ƒ—”‡”‹‰ƒ˜†‹••‡ gen i bygda Neiden i Norge i lengre tid hatt direkte t
laksen er utsatt for. ›”‡•ϐ‹•‡”‡•‘ϐ‹•‡”’¤•ŒÞ‡ gyteområdene settes i gang. Restituering av vekselvirkning med myndigheter og forskere. I pro- ʹͲͳͳϐ‹ƒ›––‡”Ž‹‰‡”‡•–Þ––‡–‹Ž Ǧ’”‘•Œ‡–‡–ǡ en ny vurdering av rollen til utsetting av harr og ‡––‰›–‡‘”¤†‡ƒ‰Œ‡‘ˆÞ”‡•ƒŽŽ‡”‡†‡ sjektet ble det etablert en tradisjonsdatabase, doku- t
†ƒ ‘”†‹• ‹‹•–‡””¤† ‰ƒ –‹ŽŽ‡‰‰•ϐ‹ƒ•‹‡”‹‰ •‹ǡŠ˜‹•”‘‰ƒ‘‡”ˆ”ƒ‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž–‡– sommeren 2013 som pilotprosjekt. mentert urfolks og lokalbefolkningens opplysninger for tiltaket med prosjektnavn Ǽ‘‘‹ ƒ† ‡‹†‡ Žƒ‰–‹†•˜‹”‹‰‡”‹‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž–‡–ƒ˜ –•–ƒ–Ž‹‰ϐ‹ƒ•‹‡”–‡––˜‡”ƒ˜–Þ””Ž‘•‡––‡”ǡ og sammenlignet disse med eksisterende vitenskape- t
t
Ȃ ‹ˆ‡•–”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ•–‡” ž’‹ǽ. Dette gjorde det ϐ‹•‡—–•‡–‹‰‡”‹‹Ž‹•Œ‘‹‘‰ƒ†”‡•–‡†‡”‹ særlig langs mye benyttede turistruter, ville lig forskning. Målet for disse tiltakene var å utvikle en mulig å utvide arbeidet til å omfatte den kvenske perioden 1960-1990 Š‹†”‡ƒ–‡‡•‡–•ƒ˜ˆÞ”‹‰‘‰—”‹’¤˜‹”‡” solid basis for felles forvaltning av Neidenelva og set-

128 129 vassdraget, og dermed bremse på tilgroing. •‡––‡•‹‰ƒ‰‡’”‘•‡••ˆ‘”¤ŽÞ•‡‘ϐŽ‹–‡‡ regionen ved hjelp av felles forvaltning. Neidenelva ƒ–Þ”‡”†‡Ž‡”Þ†˜‡†‹‰˜‹•‹‡†‹••‡‘’’ˆƒ–‹‰‡‡Ǥ t
Virkninger av Sydvaranger Gruve AS på laksen mellom disse partene. ‡” ‡ ϐ‹•Ǧ‘”• ‡Ž˜ ‘‰ ‘‘‹ Ž‹‰‰‡” ‹ —”ƒ•Ǧ ‡”ˆ‘” „Þ” ƒ „‡Šƒ†Ž‡ ”‡•—Ž–ƒ–‡‡ ƒ˜ ˆ‡ŽŽ‡• ˆ‘”- „Þ”—–”‡†‡••ƒ”‡•–—Ž‹‰’¤‡Š‡ŽŠ‡–Ž‹‰¤–‡ 6. ˆÞŽ‰‡Ž‘ƒŽ„‡ˆ‘Ž‹‰‡Šƒ”†‡ †‹•–”‹–‡–‹—••Žƒ†Ǥ‡‰‰‡‘”¤†‡‡‡”ޕ–•ƒ‡‡• valtningsrapporten for Ponoi og Neidenelva i en stor som utnytter tradisjonskunnskap og vitenskap. oppsynsstasjonene lakseturismeselskapene tradisjonelle hjemtrakter, selv om det i dag også bor bredde i områdenes bygder, hos nasjonale myndig- Šƒ”‡–ƒ„Ž‡”–‹—Ž‹‡†‡Ž‡”ƒ˜‘‘‹ǡˆÞ”––‹Ž andre folkeslag der. En del av de foreslåtte reformene heter og vitenskapelige kretser samt i urfolks orga- 2. Anbefalingene for utvikling av elva en situasjon hvor en del av Ponoi er skilt ‘‰‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡‡ˆ‘”¤—–˜‹Ž‡‡†„Þ”•‘”¤†‡‡’¤‡ ‹•ƒ•Œ‘‡”Ǥ –‹ŽŽ‡‰‰‘’’ˆ‘”†”‡”˜‹ƒŽŽ‡—Ž‹‰‡ƒ–Þ”‡” Ponoi ut til separat kommersiell bruk. Disse helhetlig måte krever betydelige, innovative beslut- til umiddelbart å anvende rapportens generelle ret- ‘’’•›••–ƒ•Œ‘‡‡„Þ”Ž‡‰‰‡•‡†‘‰‡Ž˜ƒ• ninger (for eksempel initiativene for å sikre urfolks ningslinjer og punkter for at det kan tas hensyn til de Utvikling av felles forvaltning av Ponoi er avhengig av „”—••‘‡”†‡Ž‡•‡ŽŽ‘—Ž‹‡ƒ–Þ”‡”‰Œ‡‘ og lokalbefolkningens fangstmuligheter, for helhet- mangfoldige prosessene som foregår i Arktis, i utvik- †‡‰‡‡”‡ŽŽ‡—–˜‹Ž‹‰‡‹—••Žƒ†Ǥ‡”ˆ‘”„Þ”ˆÞŽ- avtaler. Ž‹‰ —–˜‹Ž‹‰ ƒ˜ ‡†„Þ”•‘”¤†‡‡ǡ ˆ‘” ¤ „‡ˆ‡•–‡ —”- Ž‹‰ƒ˜‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž–‘‰Žƒ•‡•Ž‡˜‡‘”¤†‡”Ǥ gende forslag ses på som anbefalinger og veikart til 7. Resultater av observasjoner basert på folkskunnskapens rolle som kunnskapskilde). Alle fremtiden. En slik forvaltningsmodell hvor interesse- ˜‹–‡•ƒ’‘‰–”ƒ†‹•Œ‘•—•ƒ’„Þ”ˆ¤‡ ne til komier, samer, annen lokalbefolkning og på den ‘ˆƒ––‡†‡’”‡•‡–ƒ•Œ‘‹‡†„Þ”ˆ‡Ž–‡–•„›‰†‡” andre siden lakseturismen og staten kan samordnes, Krasnotselje, Kanevka og i Sosnovka ved kysten. vil ta mange år. Ut fra de opplysninger vi har fått gjen- ‡––‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ލ‡Ž‘ƒŽ„‡ˆ‘Ž‹‰‡•—•ƒ’‡” ‘’”‘•Œ‡–‡–ǡŽ‡‰‰‡”˜‹Ž‹‡˜‡Žˆ”‡ˆÞŽ‰‡†‡–‹Ž–ƒ om elva og bruken av den. som fremtidige utviklingsmuligheter: 8. I Ponoi-elvas område er det uklarhet og 1. ‹Ž•–ƒ†‡ˆ‘”‘‘‹ǦŽƒ•‡„Þ”—†‡”•Þ‡• forvaltningsmessig overlapping angående ˆ”ƒ•ŒÞ‡–‹Ž‘‘‹•‹Ž†‡‡Ž˜‡”Ǥ ŽÞ’‡–ƒ˜ʹͲͳ͵ lokalbefolkningens rett til fangst. Rettighetene vil det bli publisert betydelige vitenskapelige –‹Ž•ƒ‡”ǡ‘‹‡”‘‰ƒ‡Ž‘ƒŽ„‡ˆ‘Ž‹‰„Þ” resultater angående Ponoi, inklusive KolArctic- styrkes og avklares. Samtidig ville man få bukt prosjektets sluttrapport. I tillegg har man ‡†–›˜ϐ‹•‡–Ǥ samlet tradisjonskunnskap fra området, og 9. Motorbåtenes virkning i laksens gyteområder internasjonale organisasjoner som NASF har „Þ”—†‡”•Þ‡•Ǥ ˆÞŽ‰‡–”ƒ†‹•Œ‘•—•ƒ’ gitt sine egne anbefalinger om utvikling av ’¤ˆÞ”‡”‘–‘”„¤–‡‡•ƒ†‡”’¤Žƒ•‡• ‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž–‡–ǤŽŽ‡•Ž‹‡†ƒ–ƒ‹Ž†‡”„Þ”—–›––‡•‹ ‰›–‡‘”¤†‡”‹Š‡Ž‡‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž–‡–Ǥ‡––‡„Þ” forvaltningen av elva. —†‡”•Þ‡•˜‡†¤—–›––‡„¤†‡˜‹–‡•ƒ’‘‰ 2. ‡–„Þ”‡–ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‡‹–‡”ƒ•Œ‘ƒŽ tradisjonskunnskap. —–˜‹Ž‹‰•’Žƒˆ‘”‘‘‹Ǧ‡Ž˜ƒǤŽƒ‡„Þ” 10. Kartlegging av stedsnavn pomorene, samene omfatte forpliktelsene for Murmansk-regionen og komiene bruker, vil skape betydningsfull ‘‰†‡”—••‹•‡ˆÞ†‡”ƒ•Œ‘‡ǡ‡†•§”•’Þ”•¤Ž ny kunnskap om områdets natur, arealbruk og om lokalbefolkningens og urfolkenes rettigheter kulturarv. og naturverntiltak. Et permanent forbud mot 11. Fremme av pomorenes, samenes og komienes vannkraftutbygging og gruvevirksomhet i —Ž–—”Žƒ‰•‡Ž˜ƒƒ‰Œ‡‘ˆÞ”‡•˜‡†ŠŒ‡Ž’ƒ˜ ‡†„Þ”•ˆ‡Ž–‡–˜‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒ”ƒ–‡”‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‡Ž˜ƒˆ‘”„Ž‹” informasjonstavler, plakater, brosjyrer og andre en meget produktiv lakseelv. midler. Slik får man bedre frem områdets nesten 3. Hvis utviklingsplanleggingen settes i gang, usynlige kulturhistorie. „Þ””‡‰‹‘•‡–”‡–‘‰‘•˜ƒ‹˜‹–‡”‡ 12. ›‘‘‹ƒ•Œ‘ƒŽ’ƒ”„Þ”‹ˆ”‡–‹†‡ også med de lokale bygdene, inklusive etableres ved å utnytte modeller fra andre Sosnovka og Lovozero-området, og same- nordlige deler av Russland, som republikken , komi- og pomororganisasjoner samt Saha (Kolyma) og Karelen. Som forberedelse Žƒ•‡–—”‹•‡„‡†”‹ˆ–‡”Ǥ‡–‡”Þ†˜‡†‹‰ƒ– til dette kan det arrangeres workshop, hvor ˆÞ†‡”ƒ•Œ‘‡•›†‹‰Š‡–•ƒ–Þ”‡”‡”–‹Ž•–‡†‡Ǥ man for eksempel presenterer mer omfattende 4. ˆ‘”„‹†‡Ž•‡‡†—–˜‹Ž‹‰•’ŽƒŽ‡‰‰‹‰‡„Þ” erfaringer fra Kolyma-elva. man foreta en kartlegging av virkningen av ‘˜Œ‡–Ǧ–‹†‡•‹ŽŒÞ„‡Žƒ•–‹‰‡”ǡ‹•§”—–•Ž‹’’ƒ˜ Konklusjoner ˜‹•ÞŽ˜ǡ‹‡Žǡˆ‡‘Ž‡”‘‰‘ŽŒ‡Ǥ 5. I denne rapporten har man konstatert at det Rapporten om felles forvaltning av Ponoi og Neide- ϐ‹•‡–Ž‹‡˜‡”†‹‰Š‡–•’”‘„Ž‡‡ŽŽ‘ϐ‹•‡–‹Ž ‡Ž˜ƒ ʹͲͳ͵ ’”‡•‡–‡”‡” ˆ‘” ˆÞ”•–‡ ‰ƒ‰ ‡ ‘”‡– ‹‹•ŠǦ‘”™‡‰‹ƒ‘”†‡”Ǥ Š—•„”—‘‰Žƒ•‡–—”‹•‡Ǥ‡–„Þ”—‹††‡Ž„ƒ”– modell for utvikling av to viktige lakseelver i Barents-

130 131 ˏˈ˔˕ː˞ˏ ˋ ˍˑ˓ˈːː˞ˏ ː˃˔ˈˎˈːˋˈˏǡ ˔ˈˏˋː˃˓˞ǡ ːˋˢ˅˄˃˔˔ˈˌːˈ˓ˈˍˋʜˈˌˇˈːǣ ʝ˔ːˑ˅ː˞ˈ˒ˑˎˑˉˈːˋˢˑ˕˚ˈ˕˃ǣʞˎ˃ː˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑ ˃˓˘ˋ˅ː˞ˈ ˏ˃˕ˈ˓ˋ˃ˎ˞ǡ ˋ ː˃˖˚ː˞ˈ ˇ˃ːː˞ˈǡ ˑ˕˚ˈ˕ t
ʞˑ˔˕ˑˢːː˞ˌˊ˃˒˓ˈ˕ː˃ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˈːːˑˈ ˒˓ˈˇˎ˃ˆ˃ˈ˕ ˔ˎˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋˈ ˏˈ˓˞ ˒ˑ ˓˃ˊ˓˃˄ˑ˕ˍˈ ˔ˑ˅- ˅˞˓˃˜ˋ˅˃ːˋˈˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˢ˅ˑ˗˟ˑ˓ˇˈʜˈˌˇˈːˋ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢ˅˓˃ˌˑːˈ˓ˈˍʞˑːˑˌˋʜˈˌˇˈː ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢ˓ˈˍˋʜˈˌˇˈːǣ ˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘˒˓ˋˎˈˆ˃ˡ˜ˋ˘˗˟ˑ˓ˇ˃˘Ǥ t
ʞ˓ˑ˅ˈˇˈːˋˈˋ˔˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃ːˋˢˏˑ˓˔ˍˑˆˑ ȋʜ˃˃˕˃ˏˑȌ 1.ʣˋːˎˢːˇˋˢˋʜˑ˓˅ˈˆˋˢˇˑˎˉː˞ˑ˒˖˄ˎˋˍˑ˅˃˕˟ ˍ˖ˎ˟˕˖˓ːˑˆˑː˃˔ˎˈˇˋˢǡ˅ˍˎˡ˚˃ˢ˕ˑ˒ˑːˋˏˋˍ˖ ˋ˗ˑ˓ˏ˞ˋ˔˒ˑˎ˟ˊˑ˅˃ːˋˢˊˈˏˈˎ˟ˋ˅ˑˇː˞˘ ʑ˅ˈˇˈːˋˈ ˑ˗ˋ˙ˋ˃ˎ˟ːˑˈ˒˓ˋˆˎ˃˛ˈːˋˈˍ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˌ˓˃˄ˑ˕ˈ ˅˔ˈ˘ˊ˃ˋː˕ˈ˓ˈ˔ˑ˅˃ːː˞˘˔˕ˑ˓ˑːǤʬ˕ˑ˔˕˃ːˈ˕˒ˈ˓- ˑ˄˝ˈˍ˕ˑ˅˔˃˃ˏ˃ˏˋǦ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕˃ˏˋǤ ʓˑˍ˖ˏˈː˕ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ːˋˈˋˋˊ˖˚ˈːˋˈˇˈˢ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ˔˕ˋ ˍˑ˓ˈːː˞ˈ ˋ ˏˈ˔˕ː˞ˈ ˉˋ˕ˈˎˋ ȋː˃ ˑ˔ːˑ˅ˈ ˔˅ˑˈˆˑ ˅˞ˏ˛˃ˆˑˏˍ˅˅ˈˇˈːˋˡ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢǤ t
ʝ˕˚ˈ˕˔ˑˇˈ˓ˉˋ˕˓ˈˊ˖ˎ˟˕˃˕˞˒˓ˑˈˍ˕˃Ǽʑ˞ˉˋ˅˃ːˋˈ ˒˓ˑ˗ˈ˔˔ˋˑː˃ˎ˟ː˞˘˒˓ˋ˄˓ˈˉː˞˘˓˞˄ˑˎˑ˅ˑ˅ǡ ʡʬʖ Ȃ ˕˓˃ˇˋ˙ˋˑːːˑˆˑ ˠˍˑˎˑˆˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˆˑ ˊː˃ːˋˢȌ ˋ ʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˅ˍˎˡ˚ˋ˕˟˅˔˒ˋ˔ˑˍˊ˃ˋː˕ˈ˓ˈ˔ˑ˅˃ː- ˔˃˃ˏˑ˅Ǧ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕ˑ˅ ˅ ˏˈːˢˡ˜ˈˏ˔ˢ ˏˋ˓ˈǽǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈ˅ˈˇ˖˕˔˅ˑˡˇˈˢ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ˔˕˟ː˃ ː˃˖˚ː˞ˈ ˔˒ˈ˙ˋ˃ˎˋ˔˕˞ǡ ˚˕ˑ ˒ˑ˔ˎ˖ˉˋˎˑ ˑ˔ːˑ˅˃ːˋ- ː˞˘˔˕ˑ˓ˑːǣ ˑ˔˖˜ˈ˔˕˅ˎˢˎ˔ˢ˅˄˃˔˔ˈˌːˈ˓ˈˍˋʜˈˌˇˈː˔ʹͲͲͻ˒ˑ ˒ˑ˄ˈ˓ˈˉ˟ˈʣˋːːˏ˃˓ˍǤ ˈˏˇˎˢ˅˞˄ˑ˓˃ˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˢ˅ˍ˃˚ˈ˔˕˅ˈˑ˔ːˑ˅ːˑˌ˕ˈˏ˞ t
˔˃˃ˏˑ˅Ǧ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕ˑ˅ǡˍˑ˓ˈːːˑˌː˃˓ˑˇ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˃ ʹͲͳ͵ˆˑˇǤʞ˓ˑˈˍ˕˒˓ˑ˅ˑˇˋˎ˔ˢ˒˓ˋ˖˚˃˔˕ˋˋˋ˒ˑˇ- ʞˈ˓ˈˑ˙ˈːˍ˃ˏˈ˓˒ˑ˒ˑ˒ˑˎːˈːˋˡ˒ˑ˒˖ˎˢ˙ˋˋ ˒˓ˑˈˍ˕˃Ǥʙ˓ˑˏˈ˕ˑˆˑǡ˒ˑˎ˖˚ˈːˋˈˇˑ˒ˑˎːˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑˆˑ ˓ˈˍˋʜˈˌˇˈːǢ t
ˇˈ˓ˉˍˈ˔˃˃ˏˑ˅Ǧ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕ˑ˅ˋˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘ˑ˄˜ˋː˅ˑ˔˕ˑ˚- ˘˃˓ˋ˖˔˃ˋ˔ˋˆ˃ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˈːːˑ˅˞˓˃˜ˈːː˞ˏˋ ˗ˋː˃ː˔ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ːˋˢˑ˕ʠˑ˅ˈ˕˃ʛˋːˋ˔˕˓ˑ˅ʠˈ˅ˈ˓ː˞˘ t
ˍ˅ˈːˑ˅ˋˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕ˈˎˋˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˋ ː˞˘˔˃˃ˏˑ˅ǡʠˑ˅ˈ˕˃ʠ˃˃ˏˑ˅ǡ˒˓ˑˈˍ˕˃Ǽʝ˙ˈːˍ˃ʗˊ- ˑ˔ˑ˄ˢˏˋǡˈ˔ˎˋˋˍ˓˃˄ˈ˓ˈ˕˔ˢˋˊ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˃˓ˈˍˋ ʠ˕˓˃ːȋ˒˓ˑˈˍ˕ǼʞˑːˑˌˋʜˈˌˇˈːȂ˒ˑ˕ˑˍˋˉˋˊːˋ Ǽ‡‹†‡ ‹•‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‡•ƒ’ǽǢ ˏˈːˈːˋˢʙˎˋˏ˃˕˃ʙˑ˓ˈːː˞ˏˋʜ˃˓ˑˇ˃ˏˋǽȋ Ȍ ʜˈˌˇˈːǤ ˅ˑ˔˕ˑ˚ː˞˘˔˃˃ˏˑ˅ǽȌ˒ˑˊ˅ˑˎˋˎˑ˓˃˔˛ˋ˓ˋ˕˟˓˃ˏˍˋ t
˒˓˃˅ˋ˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅ˑʣˋːˎˢːˇˋˋˋ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕ˈˎˈˌ ˋ ˋːˋ˙ˋ˃˕ˋ˅˞ Ǽʡ˓˃ˇˋ˙ˋˑːːˑˈ ʖː˃ːˋˈǽ ʢːˋ˅ˈ˓- ʝ˙ˈːˍ˃ˇˑˎˆˑ˔˓ˑ˚ːˑˆˑ˅ˑˊˇˈˌ˔˕˅ˋˢˏˈ˓˒ˑ ˒˓ˑˈˍ˕˃ǣ ˄˞ˎˋ ˒˓ˑ˅ˈˇˈː˞ ˇˑ˒ˑˎːˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˞ˈ ˔ˈ- ˔ˑˑ˕˅ˈ˕˔˕˅˖ˡ˜ˋ˘ˆˑ˔˖ˇ˃˓˔˕˅ˈːː˞˘ t
˔ˋ˕ˈ˕˃ ʝ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˋ ʝ˄˝ˈˇˋːˈːː˞˘ ʜ˃˙ˋˌǡ ˍˑˑ- ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅ˈːːˑˏ˖˒ˑ˒ˑˎːˈːˋˡ˒ˑ˒˖ˎˢ˙ˋˋ ˏˋː˃˓˞˅˄˃˔˔ˈˌːˈ˓ˈˍˋʜˈˌˇˈːˋˋ˔˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃ːˋˈ ˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˌǢ ˒ˈ˓˃˕ˋ˅˃ʠːˑ˖˚ˠːˇˉǡˋˍ˖ˎ˟˕˖˓ːˑˌˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˋ ˓˞˄ː˃˓ˈˍˈʠˋˎˋ˔ˌˑˍˋˋˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘˖˚˃˔˕ˍ˃˘ ˏːˈːˋˢˏˈ˔˕ː˞˘˓˞˄ˑˎˑ˅ˑ˅ˍ˅ˈːˑ˅˅ʜˑ˓˅ˈˆˋˋˋ t
˒˓˃˅ˋ˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅ˑʜˑ˓˅ˈˆˋˋˋ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕ˈˎˈˌ ʠ˃˃ˏˋ ʜ˖ˠ˕˕Ǥ ʞ˓ˑˈˍ˕ ˢ˅ˎˢˈ˕˔ˢ ˚˃˔˕˟ˡ ˏˈˉˇ˖ː˃- ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˃˔ͳͻ͸ͲǦͳͻͻͲǤ ˉˋ˕ˈˎˈˌ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˃˓ˈˍˋʞˑːˑˌ˅ʛ˖˓ˏ˃ː˔ˍˑˌˑ˄- ˔ˑˑ˕˅ˈ˕˔˕˅˖ˡ˜ˋ˘ˆˑ˔˖ˇ˃˓˔˕˅ˈːː˞˘ ˓ˑˇːˑˌ ˋːˋ˙ˋ˃˕ˋ˅˞ Ǽʝ˙ˈːˍ˃ ʗˊˏˈːˈːˋˢ ʙˎˋ- ʙ˃˓˕ˑˆ˓˃˗ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ːˋˈ˔ˑ˅˓ˈˏˈːːˑˆˑ ˎ˃˔˕ˋȋʟˑ˔˔ˋˢȌǤʞˑːˑˌˢ˅ˎˢˈ˕˔ˢ˅˃ˉːˑˌ˔ˈˏ˖ˉːˑˌ ˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˌǢ t
ˏ˃˕˃ ʙˑ˓ˈːː˞ˏˋ ʜ˃˓ˑˇ˃ˏˋǽ ȋ Ȍǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˃ˢ ˊˈˏˎˈ˒ˑˎ˟ˊˑ˅˃ːˋˢ˔˃˃ˏˑ˅Ǧ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕ˑ˅ˋˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘ ˓ˈˍˑˌ˓ˈˆˋˑː˃ǤǼʞˎ˃ː˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢ˅ t
˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕ˈˎˈˌˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑ˄ˋˊːˈ˔˃Ǣ ˓˃ˊ˅ˋ˅˃ˈ˕˔ˢ ˋ ˍˑˑ˓ˇˋːˋ˓˖ˈ˕˔ˢ ːˈˍˑˏˏˈ˓˚ˈ˔ˍˑˌ ˒ˑˎ˟ˊˑ˅˃˕ˈˎˈˌ˓ˈˍˋǤ ˓˃ˌˑːˈ˓ˈˍʞˑːˑˌˋʜˈˌˇˈːǽǡ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˎˈːː˞ˌ˅ t
˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕ˈˎˈˌˆ˓˃ˉˇ˃ː˔ˍˑˆˑˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕˅˃Ǥ ˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˈˌ ˍˑ˓ˈːː˞˘ ː˃˓ˑˇˑ˅  ȋʞˈ˓˖Ȍ ʞˑ˔˕ˑˢːː˞ˌˊ˃˒˓ˈ˕ː˃˓˃ˊ˅ˋ˕ˋˈ ˠ˕ˑˏ ˑ˕˚ˈ˕ˈǡ ˏˑˉˈ˕ ˔˕˃˕˟ ˑ˔ːˑ˅ˑˌ ˇˎˢ ˇ˃ˎ˟ːˈˌ- 2Ǥʞˑ˔ˎˈ˒˓ˋːˢ˕ˋˢ˅˔ˈˏˋˊ˃ˋː˕ˈ˓ˈ˔ˑ˅˃ːː˞ˏˋ t
˒˓ˋ ˒ˑˇˇˈ˓ˉˍˈ ʢːˋ˅ˈ˓˔ˋ˕ˈ˕˃ ʝ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˋ ʝ˄˝- ˆˋˇ˓ˑˠːˈ˓ˆˈ˕ˋˍˋǤ ˛ˈˆˑ˓˃ˊ˅ˋ˕ˋˢˠ˕ˋ˘˓ˈˍǤʞ˓ˑˈˍ˕˗ˋː˃ː˔ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ˎ˔ˢ ˔˕ˑ˓ˑː˃ˏˋ˒˓ˋˆˎ˃˛ˈːˋˢˍ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˌ˓˃˄ˑ˕ˈ ˈˇˋːˈːː˞˘ʜ˃˙ˋˌǤʜ˃ˑ˔ːˑ˅ˈ ˏˈ˕ˑˇˑˎˑˆˋˋǡ ʗˊ˖˚ˈːˋˈ˅ˑˊˏˑˉːˑ˔˕ˋ˔ˑˊˇ˃ːˋˢ ʢːˋ˅ˈ˓˔ˋ˕ˈ˕ˑˏ ʝ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˋ ʝ˄˝ˈˇˋːˈːː˞˘ ʜ˃- ːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˔ˑˊ˅˃˕˟ˍˑː˗ˈ˓ˈː˙ˋˡǡ˚˕ˑ˄˞ t
ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˃ˢ˅ˍˎˡ˚˃ˈ˕ˑ˄˜ˋːː˖ˡ˓ˈ˗ˎˈˍ˔ˋˡǡˑ˙ˈːˍ˖ ˕˓˃ː˔ˆ˓˃ːˋ˚ːˑˆˑː˃˙ˋˑː˃ˎ˟ːˑˆˑ˒˃˓ˍ˃ ˙ˋˌˋʠˑ˅ˈ˕ˑˏʛˋːˋ˔˕˓ˑ˅ʠˈ˅ˈ˓ː˞˘ʠ˕˓˃ːǤ ː˃˚˃˕˟˒˓ˑ˙ˈ˔˔˅˞˓˃˄ˑ˕ˍˋˏˈ˘˃ːˋˊˏˑ˅ ˋ ˒˓ˑˈˍ˕ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ːˋˈ ˄˖ˇ˖˜ˈˆˑ ː˃ ˑ˔ːˑ˅ˈ ˏˈ˔˕ː˞˘ Ǽʜˈˌˇˈːǽ˒ˑˇ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ː˞ˏ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˈˏǤ ˗ˑ˓ˏ ˏˋ˓ˑ˅ˑ˔˒˓ˋˢ˕ˋˢ ˋ ˕˓˃ˇˋ˙ˋˑːːˑˆˑ ˊː˃ːˋˢǡ ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢ˄˃˔˔ˈˌːˑˏ˓ˈˍˋ t
ʔ˔ˎˋːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑǡˏˑˉːˑ˅˅ˈ˔˕ˋ˔˕˓ˑˆˑ ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕˞ ˋˊ ʠˈ˅ˈ˕˕ˋˢ˓˅ˋ ˒ˑˇˆˑ˕ˑ˅ˋˎˋ ˒ˎ˃ː ˒˓ˋ- ͳǤʟˈˍˑˏˈːˇ˃˙ˋˋˇˎˢ˓ˈˍˋʜˈˌˇˈː ʜˈˌˇˈːǤʥˈˎ˟ˡˠ˕ˑˆˑ˒˓ˑ˙ˈ˔˔˃ˇˑˎˉːˑ˔˕˃˕˟ ˔ˑˊˇ˃ːˋˈːˑ˅ˑˌˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˋǡˍˑ˕ˑ˓˃ˢ˄˖ˇˈ˕ ˑˆ˓˃ːˋ˚ˈːː˖ˡˑ˘ˑ˕˖ː˃ːˈ˄ˑˎ˟˛ˑˈ ˔˒ˑ˔ˑ˄ˎˈːˋˢ ˑ˄˜ˋː˞ ˍ ˋˊˏˈːˈːˋˡ ˍˎˋˏ˃˕˃Ǥ ʑ ˍˑˎˋ˚ˈ˔˕˅ˑ˕ˡˎˈːˈˌ˅ˇˈˎ˟˕ˈ˓ˈˍˋǤ ˘ˑˇˈ ˒ˑˇˆˑ˕ˑ˅ˍˋ ˠ˕ˑˆˑ ˒ˎ˃ː˃ ˅˔ˈ ˖˚˃˔˕ːˋˍˋ ˔ˑ- ʞ˓ˈˇˎˑˉˈːˋˢ ˒ˑ ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˏ˖ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˡ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˢ˕˟˓ˈ˔˖˓˔˃ˏˋ˓ˈˆˋˑː˃Ǥʙˑː˗ˈ˓ˈː˙ˋˢ 5.ʜ˃˖˚ːˑˋ˔˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃˕ˈˎ˟˔ˍˋˈ˒˓ˑˈˍ˕˞˅ˠ˕ˑˏ ˛ˎˋ˔˟˅ˑˏːˈːˋˋǡ˚˕ˑˍˎˋˏ˃˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋˈˋˊˏˈːˈːˋˢ ˑ˔ːˑ˅˞˅˃ˡ˕˔ˢ ː˃ ˓ˢˇˈ ˏˈ˓ ˋ ˓ˈˍˑˏˈːˇ˃˙ˋˌ ˇˎˢ ˇˑˎˉː˃ˋˊ˖˚ˋ˕˟˓ˑˎ˟ˋˏ˃˔˛˕˃˄ˏˈˉˇ˖ː˃˓ˑˇː˞˘ ˓ˈˆˋˑːˈˇˑˎˉː˞˅ˍˎˡ˚˃˕˟˔ˈˏˋː˃˓˞ˇˎˢˏˈ˔˕- ˔ˑˊˇ˃ˡ˕ ˊː˃˚ˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˞ˈ ˕˓˖ˇːˑ˔˕ˋ ˇˎˢ ˑˎˈːˈˌǡ ˑ˕ˇˈˎ˟ː˞˘˖˚˃˔˕ˍˑ˅˓ˈˍˋǡ˅ˍˎˡ˚˃ˢǣ ˑ˄ˢˊ˃˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅ǡ˒˓ˋːˢ˕˞˘ː˃˔ˈ˄ˢʣˋːˎˢːˇˋˈˌ ː˞˘ˑ˄˜ˋː˔˙ˈˎ˟ˡˑ˄ˏˈː˃ˋː˗ˑ˓ˏ˃˙ˋˈˌˏˈˉˇ˖ ˑˇː˃ˍˑ ː˃ ˔ˑ˅˓ˈˏˈːːˑˏ ˠ˕˃˒ˈ ˑˎˈːˈ˅ˑˇ˔˕˅˃ ˠ˕ˋ ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˓ˈˍˋʠˋˎˋ˔ˌˑˍˋǢ ˋʜˑ˓˅ˈˆˋˈˌ˅ˑ˄ˎ˃˔˕ˋ˒˓˃˅ˍˑ˓ˈːː˞˘ 1. ˅˔ˈˏˋˊ˃ˋː˕ˈ˓ˈ˔ˑ˅˃ːː˞ˏˋ˔˕ˑ˓ˑː˃ˏˋǤʠˈˏˋː˃˓˞ ˕˓˖ˇːˑ˔˕ˋ ˒˓ˈˑˇˑˎˋˏ˞Ǥ ʒˑ˓˃ˊˇˑ ˄ˑˎ˟˛˖ˡ ˑˊ˃˄ˑ- ˅ˈ˓˘ˑ˅˟ˈ˓ˈˍˋʜˈˌˇˈːǡˍˊ˃˒˃ˇ˖ˑ˕ˑˊˈ˓˃ ː˃˓ˑˇˑ˅Ǥʙˑː˗ˈ˓ˈː˙ˋˢ˕˃ˍˉˈˇˑˎˉː˃˒˓ˋːˢ˕˟ 2. ˇˑˎˉː˞˄˞˕˟˃ˇ˃˒˕ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ː˞ˍˏˈ˔˕ːˑˌˍ˖ˎ˟˕˖- ˚ˈːːˑ˔˕˟ ˔˃˃ˏˑ˅Ǧ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕ˑ˅ ˅˞ˊ˞˅˃ˈ˕ ˕˓˃ˇˋ˙ˋˑː- ʝ˒˖ˍ˃˔ˢ˓˅ˋǢ ˅ˑ˅ːˋˏ˃ːˋˈ˕ˑ˚ˍ˖ˊ˓ˈːˋˢˏˈˉˇ˖ː˃˓ˑˇː˞˘ ˓ˈǡ˅˚˃˔˕ːˑ˔˕ˋˑːˋˇˑˎˉː˞˄˞˕˟ː˃ˏˈ˔˕ː˞˘ ː˞ˌ ˒˓ˑˏ˞˔ˈˎ ˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˢǡ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌ ˕˃ˍˉˈ ˢ˅ˎˢˈ˕˔ˢ ˑˊˈ˓ˑʝ˒˖ˍ˃˔ˢ˓˅ˋǢ ːˈ˒˓˃˅ˋ˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅ˈːː˞˘ˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˌǡ˕˃ˍˋ˘ˍ˃ˍ 3. ˢˊ˞ˍ˃˘Ǥ ːˈˑ˕˝ˈˏˎˈˏˑˌ˚˃˔˕˟ˡˋ˘˕˓˃ˇˋ˙ˋˑːːˑˌ˘ˑˊˢˌ˔˕- 4. ˖˚˃˔˕ˑˍˏˈˉˇ˖ˑˊˈ˓ˑˏʝ˒˖ˍ˃˔ˢ˓˅ˋˋ  ǡˑːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˔˕ˋ˖˚ˈ˕˃ˑ˔ˑ˄ˈːːˑ˔˕ˈˌ˅˔ˈˆˑ ˅ˈːːˑˌ ˇˈˢ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ˔˕ˋ ˋ ˍ˖ˎ˟˕˖˓ːˑˌ ˋˇˈː˕ˋ˚ːˑ- ːˑ˓˅ˈˉ˔ˍˑǦ˗ˋː˔ˍˑˌˆ˓˃ːˋ˙ˈˌǢ ˉˋˊːˈːːˑˆˑ˙ˋˍˎ˃ˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˢǡˑ˕ˏˑ˓ˢˇˑ˅ˈ˓˘ˑ˅˟ˈ˅ 6.ʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑˋˊ˖˚ˋ˕˟˅ˑˊˇˈˌ˔˕˅ˋˈ˕˖˓ˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ- ˔˕ˋǤʝ˔ːˑ˅˞˅˃ˢ˔˟ː˃ˠ˕ˋ˘ː˃˄ˎˡˇˈːˋˢ˘ǡ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕˞ 5. ːˑ˓˅ˈˉ˔ˍˋˌ˔ˈˆˏˈː˕˓ˈˍˋʜˈˌˇˈːǡ˅ˍˎˡ˚˃ˢ ʜˈˌˇˈːǤ ˔ˍˑˌ˓˞˄˃ˎˍˋː˃˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢːˋˈ˓ˈˍˋˋ˓ˈ˗ˑ˓ˏˋ˓ˑ- ˋ ˍˑˑ˒ˈ˓˃˕ˋ˅ ʠːˑ˖˚ˠːˇˉ ˒˓ˋːˢˎˋ ˓ˈ˛ˈːˋˈ ˔ˑ˔- ˑ˕ˇˈˎ˟ː˞ˈ˖˚˃˔˕ˍˋˇˈˎ˟˕˞ˋˠˍˑ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˞ 3. ʖː˃ːˋˢǡː˃ˍˑ˒ˎˈːː˞ˈˍˑ˓ˈːː˞ˏː˃˓ˑˇˑˏ ˅˃˕˟˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˖˓˃ˊ˓ˈ˛ˈːˋˌː˃˓˞˄˃ˎˍ˖˔˒ˑˏˑ˜˟ˡ ˓ˈˇˑ˕ˑ˚ˋ˕˟ ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ː˖ˡ ˓˃˄ˑ˕˖ ˒ˑ ˒˓ˋ˔˒ˑ˔ˑ˄ˎˈ- ˗˟ˑ˓ˇ˃Ǥ ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕ˑ˅ˋˇ˓˖ˆˋˏˋˏˈ˔˕ː˞ˏˋˉˋ˕ˈˎˢˏˋȋˍ˅ˈ- ˅˅ˈˇˈːˋˢˍ˅ˑ˕Ǥʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˅˅ˈ˔˕ˋːˑ˅˞ˌ˕ˋ˒ ːˋˡˍˋˊˏˈːˈːˋˡˍˎˋˏ˃˕˃ː˃˔ˑ˘˓˃ːˈːˋˋ˕˓˃ˇˋ- ː˃ˏˋǡːˑ˓˅ˈˉ˙˃ˏˋˋ˗ˋːː˃ˏˋȌˇˑˎˉː˞˓˃˔˔ˏ˃- ˄ˈ˔˒ˎ˃˕ː˞˘ˎˋ˙ˈːˊˋˌː˃ǼˠˍˑǦ˓˞˄˃ˎˍ˖ǽː˃˅˞- ˙ˋˑːːˑˆˑ ˇˎˢ ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕ˑ˅ ˒˓ˑˏ˞˔ˎ˃ ˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˈ˅˞˘ ː˃ ʑˑ ˅˓ˈˏˢ ˒ˑˎˈ˅˞˘ ˓˃˄ˑ˕ ʹͲͳʹ ˔˃˃ˏ˞Ǧ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕˞ ˕˓ˋ˅˃˕˟˔ˢˍ˃ˍˑ˔ːˑ˅ːˑˌˋ˔˕ˑ˚ːˋˍˋː˗ˑ˓ˏ˃˙ˋˋ ˎˑ˅˘ˋ˜ː˞˘˒ˑ˓ˑˇ˓˞˄ȋ˜˖ˍ˃ȌǤʟˈ˗ˑ˓ˏ˃˒ˑ˕˓ˈ- ˓ˈˍˈ ʜ˃˃˕˃ˏˑǤ ʜ˃˖˚ː˞ˈ ˋ˔˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃ːˋˢ ˕˃ˍˉˈ ˒ˑ- ˅˒ˈ˓˅˞ˈ˒ˑˎ˖˚ˋˎˋ˅ˑˊˏˑˉːˑ˔˕˟˒ˑˇˈˎˋ˕˟˔ˢ˔˅ˑ- ˑ˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢːˋˋˑˍ˓˖ˉ˃ˡ˜ˈˌ˔˓ˈˇ˞˅˄˃˔˔ˈˌːˈ˓ˈˍˋ ˄˖ˈ˕˅˅ˈˇˈːˋˢːˑ˅˞˘ːˑ˓ˏˏˑːˋ˕ˑ˓ˋːˆ˃Ǥ ˍ˃ˊ˃ˎˋǡ ˚˕ˑ ˚ˋ˔ˎˈːːˑ˔˕˟ ˃˕ˎ˃ː˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˆˑ ˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˢ ˋˏˋ ˊː˃ːˋˢˏˋǡ ː˃˄ˎˡˇˈːˋˢˏˋǡ ˏːˈːˋˈˏ ˋ ˒˓ˈˇ- ʜˈˌˇˈːǡ˅ˍˎˡ˚˃ˢ˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢːˋˈˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˈ˅˞˘˒ˑ˓ˑˇ 7.ʠˎˈˇ˖ˈ˕˃ˍ˕ˋ˅ːˈˈ˓˃˔˒˓ˑ˔˕˓˃ːˢ˕˟˅˓ˈˆˋˑːˈ ˊ˃ ˒ˑ˔ˎˈˇːˋˈ ͵Ͳ ˎˈ˕ ˖ˏˈː˟˛ˋˎ˃˔˟Ǥ ʢˏˈː˟˛ˈːˋˈ ˒ˑ˚˕ˈːˋˢˏˋ˅˔˗ˈ˓ˈ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢ˄˃˔˔ˈˌːˑˏ˓ˈˍˋ ˓˞˄˞Ǥ ˋː˗ˑ˓ˏ˃˙ˋˡˑː˃˔ˎˈˇˋˋ˔˃˃ˏˑ˅Ǧ˔ˍˑˎ˟˕ˑ˅ǡ˅ˍˎˡ- ˔˅ˢˊ˃ːˑ˒˓ˈˉˇˈ˅˔ˈˆˑ˔˅˞ˎˑ˅ˑˏ˓˞˄˞ˋ˅ˑˊˇˈˌ- ʜˈˌˇˈːǤ ʑ ˒˓ˑ˛ˎˑˏ ˕ˑˎ˟ˍˑ ˉˋ˕ˈˎˋ ˒ˑ˔ˈˎˈːˋˢ 4.ʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˓˃˔˔ˏˑ˕˓ˈ˕˟˅ˑˊˏˑˉːˑ˔˕˟˒˓ˑ˅ˈ- ˚˃ˢ˖˔˕ː˞ˈ˒˓ˈˇ˃ːˋˢǡ˅ˊ˃ˋˏˑˑ˕ːˑ˛ˈːˋˢ˔˓ˈˍˑˌ ˔˕˅ˋˈˏ ˚ˈˎˑ˅ˈˍ˃ ː˃ ˔˓ˈˇ˖ ˑ˄ˋ˕˃ːˋˢ ˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˢǤ ʝˊ˃- ʜˈˌˇˈː ˋˏˈˎˋ ˑ˒˞˕ ˒ˈ˓ˈˇ˃˚ˋ ˔˅ˑˋ˘ ˓˞˄ˑˎˑ˅ˈ˙- ˇˈːˋˢ˔ˎˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋ˘ˏˈ˓ˑ˒˓ˋˢ˕ˋˌ˒ˑ˔ˑ˘˓˃ːˈːˋˡ ˋˍ˖ˎ˟˕˖˓˖ǡ˔˒ˑˏˑ˜˟ˡ˄˓ˑ˛ˡ˓ǡˋː˗ˑ˓ˏ˃˙ˋˑː- ˄ˑ˚ˈːːˑ˔˕˟ ˔ˋ˕˖˃˙ˋˈˌ ˔ ˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˈˏ ˓˃ˊˇˈˎˢˡ˕ ˋ ˍˋ˘ː˃˄ˎˡˇˈːˋˌǤʝ˄ˑ˄˜˃ˢˊː˃ːˋˢǡː˃ˍˑ˒ˎˈːː˞ˈ ˒˓ˋ˓ˑˇ˞ˋˑˆ˓˃ːˋ˚ˈːˋˡ˗ˑ˓ˏˊˈˏˎˈ˒ˑˎ˟ˊˑ˅˃- ː˞˘ˇˑ˔ˑˍˋˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘ˏˈ˓Ǥ

132 133 8.ʙ˓ˑˏˈ˕ˑˆˑǡːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑːˈˊ˃ˏˈˇˎˋ˕ˈˎ˟ːˑ Ǽʙˑˎʏ˓ˍ˕ˋˍǽˇˑˎˉˈː˔ˑ˄˓˃˕˟ːˑ˅˞ˈː˃˖˚ː˞ˈ ˇˑ˔˕ˋ˚˟˔ˑˆˎ˃˛ˈːˋˢˑ˓˃ˊˇˈˎˈːˋˋˊˑː˅˞ˎˑ- 10. ʜ˃ːˈ˔ˈːˋˈː˃ˍ˃˓˕˖˕ˑ˒ˑːˋˏˑ˅˒ˑˏˑ˓ˑ˅ǡ˔˃˃- ˒˓ˋːˢ˕˟˓ˢˇˏ˃ˎ˞˘˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈː˚ˈ˔ˍˋ˘˛˃ˆˑ˅ˇˎˢ ˇ˃ːː˞ˈˑˊ˃˒˃˔˃˘ˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˈ˅˞˘˒ˑ˓ˑˇ˓˞˄˅˓ˈ- ˅˃ˋˑ˅ˊ˃ˋˏːˑˏ˖˅˃ˉˈːˋˋˋ˘ˆ˓˃ːˋ˙Ǥ ˏˑ˅ˋˍˑˏˋǤʬ˕˖˓˃˄ˑ˕˖ːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˒˓ˑ˅ˈ˔˕ˋ ˖ˎ˖˚˛ˈːˋˢˠˍˑˎˑˆˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˆˑ˔ˑ˔˕ˑˢːˋˢ˓ˈˍˋˋ ˆˋˑːˈǤʬ˕ˋˇ˃ːː˞ˈˏˑˆ˖˕˄˞˕˟ˑ˄˝ˈˇˋːˈː˞ 7. ʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˒˓ˑ˅ˈ˔˕ˋ˔ˈˏˋː˃˓˞˅ʙ˓˃˔ːˑ- ˍ˃ˍˏˑˉːˑ˔ˍˑ˓ˈˈǡ˒ˑ˔ˍˑˎ˟ˍ˖ˑː˃˒ˑˏˑˉˈ˕ ˒ˑ˒˖ˎˢ˙ˋˋˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˈ˅˞˘˓˞˄Ǥʬ˕ˋ˛˃ˆˋːˈˑ˕ˏˈːˢ- ˔˕˓˃ˇˋ˙ˋˑːː˞ˏˋ˗ˑ˓ˏ˃ˏˋˊː˃ːˋˢǡˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈ ˜ˈˎ˟ˈǡʙ˃ːˈ˅ˍˈˋʠˑ˔ːˑ˅ˍˈˇˎˢ˕ˑˆˑǡ˚˕ˑ˄˞ ˔ˑ˄˓˃˕˟˅˃ˉː˖ˡˋː˗ˑ˓ˏ˃˙ˋˡˑ˔˓ˈˇˈˑ˄ˋ˕˃- ˡ˕˅˅ˈˇˈːː˞ˈ˓˃ːˈˈˏˈ˓˞ǡ˕˃ˍˋˈˍ˃ˍˏˈ˓˞˒ˑ ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˎˈː˞˅ˇ˃ːːˑˏˑ˕˚ˈ˕ˈǤʟˈˊ˖ˎ˟˕˃˕˞ ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˋ˕˟ː˃˔ˈˎˈːˋˡ˓ˈˊ˖ˎ˟˕˃˕˞ː˃˖˚ː˞˘ ːˋˢˏˈ˔˕ːˑˌ˗˃˖ː˞ǡˊˈˏˎˈ˒ˑˎ˟ˊˑ˅˃ːˋˋ˅ ˒˓ˈˇˑ˕˅˓˃˜ˈːˋˡ˓˃˔˒˓ˑ˔˕˓˃ːˈːˋˢˊ˃˄ˑˎˈ˅˃ːˋˌ ˒˓ˑˈˍ˕˃Ǽʙˑˎʏ˓ˍ˕ˋˍǽǡʡʬʖː˃˄ˎˡˇˈːˋˢˋ ˋ˔˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃ːˋˌˋː˃˄ˎˡˇˈːˋˌʡʬʖǤʛˈ˔˕ː˞ˈ ˒˓ˑ˛ˎˑˏˋˑˍ˖ˎ˟˕˖˓ːˑˏː˃˔ˎˈˇˋˋ˓ˈˆˋˑː˃Ǥ ˔˓ˈˇˋˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˈ˅˞˘ǡːˑˇˑ˒ˑˎːˢˡ˕ˋ˘Ǥʠˎˈˇ˖ˡ˜ˋˈ  ˓ˈˍˑˏˈːˇ˃˙ˋˋˇˑˎˉː˞˔˕˃˕˟ˑ˔ːˑ˅ˑˌ ˉˋ˕ˈˎˋˑ˜˖˜˃ˡ˕ǡ˚˕ˑˑːˋːˈ˒ˑˎ˖˚˃ˡ˕ 11. ʞ˓ˑˇ˅ˋˉˈːˋˈˍ˖ˎ˟˕˖˓˞˒ˑˏˑ˓ˑ˅ǡ˔˃˃ˏˑ˅ˋ ˏˈ˓˞ˇˑˎˉː˞˄˞˕˟˒˓ˋːˢ˕˞˅ʹͲͳ͵ǦʹͲͳͷǣ ˇˎˢ˓˃ˊ˅ˋ˕ˋˢ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˃˓ˈˍˋʞˑːˑˌǤ ˒ˑˎː˖ˡˋː˗ˑ˓ˏ˃˙ˋˡǡˋːˈˏˑˆ˖˕ˑˍ˃ˊ˃˕˟ ˍˑˏˋ˅ˇˑˎ˟˓ˈˍˋʞˑːˑˌǤʢˍ˃ˊ˃˕ˈˎˋǡ˒ˎ˃ˍ˃- t
ʑ˞ˎˑ˅ː˃ˎˋˏ˃ˋ˜˖ˍˋːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ 2. ʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˓˃ˊ˓˃˄ˑ˕˃˕˟ˏˈˉˇ˖ː˃˓ˑˇː˞ˌ ˅ˎˋˢːˋˈː˃˓˃ˊ˅ˋ˕ˋˈ˓ˈˍˋǤʠˎˈˇˑ˅˃˕ˈˎ˟ːˑǡ ˕˞ǡ˄˓ˑ˛ˡ˓˞ˋˇ˓˖ˆˋˈ˔˓ˈˇ˔˕˅˃˒ˑˏˑˆ˖˕ ˃ˍ˕ˋ˅ˋˊˋ˓ˑ˅˃˕˟ː˃ːˈˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞˘˖˚˃˔˕ˍ˃˘ǡ ˒ˎ˃ː˒ˑ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˖˓ˈˍˋʞˑːˑˌǡˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌ ːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˒˓ˑ˅ˈ˔˕ˋ˓˃˄ˑ˚ˋˈ˔ˈˏˋː˃˓˞ǡ ˕˖˓ˋ˔˕˃ˏ˒ˑˆ˓˖ˊˋ˕˟˔ˢ˅˄ˑˆ˃˕ˑˈˍ˖ˎ˟˕˖˓ːˑˈ ˅ˍˎˡ˚˃ˢːˋˉːˈˈ˕ˈ˚ˈːˋˈ˓ˈˍˋʜˈˌˇˈː ˒ˑ˔ˎ˖ˉˋ˕ˑ˔ːˑ˅ˑˌˇˎˢˇ˃ˎ˟ːˈˌ˛ˈˌ˓˃˄ˑ˕˞Ǥ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈ˄˖ˇ˖˕˃ˇ˃˒˕ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ː˞ˍˏˈ˔˕ː˞ˏ ː˃˔ˎˈˇˋˈ˓ˈˆˋˑː˃Ǥʜˈ˅ˋˇˋˏ˃ˢˋ˔˕ˑ˓ˋˢ˒˓ˋˑ- ˋˑˊˈ˓ˑʝ˒˖ˍ˃˔ˢ˓˅ˋǡ˚˕ˑ˄˞˔ːˋˊˋ˕˟ ʞˎ˃ːˇˑˎˉˈː˅ˍˎˡ˚ˋ˕˟˅˔ˈ˄ˢˑ˄ˢˊ˃˕ˈˎ˟˔˕˅˃ ˍ˖ˎ˟˕˖˓ː˞ˏˑ˔ˑ˄ˈːːˑ˔˕ˢˏǡ˚˕ˑ˄˞˅ˑ˅ˎˈ˚˟ ˄˓ˈ˕ˈ˕˅ˋˇˋˏ˞ˈ˗ˑ˓ˏ˞Ǥ ˚ˋ˔ˎˈːːˑ˔˕˟˘ˋ˜ː˞˘˒ˑ˓ˑˇ˓˞˄Ǥʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ ˗ˈˇˈ˓˃ˎ˟ː˞˘ˋ˓ˈˆˋˑː˃ˎ˟ː˞˘˅ˎ˃˔˕ˈˌ˒ˑ ˏˈ˔˕ː˞˘ˉˋ˕ˈˎˈˌ˅˒˓ˑ˙ˈ˔˔˒˓ˋːˢ˕ˋˢ˓ˈ˛ˈ- 12. ʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑː˃˚˃˕˟ˑ˄˔˖ˉˇˈːˋˈ˅ˑˊˏˑˉːˑ- ˓˃ˊ˓ˈ˛ˋ˕˟ˍ˃ˍ˒ˑˇˎˈˇː˞ˌˎˑ˅˅ˏ˃˓˕ˈǡ˕˃ˍˋ ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˖˓ˈˍˋʞˑːˑˌǤʝ˔ˑ˄ˑˈ˅ːˋˏ˃ːˋˈːˈ- ːˋˌǤ ˔˕ˋ˔ˑˊˇ˃ːˋˢːˑ˅ˑˆˑː˃˙ˋˑː˃ˎ˟ːˑˆˑ˒˃˓ˍ˃˔ ˔ˈˊˑːː˞ˌˎˑ˅˔ˈ˕˟ˡˋˎˑ˅˖˛ˍ˃ˏˋǤ ˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˖ˇˈˎˋ˕˟ˑ˒˃˔ˈːˋˢˏǡ˅˞˔ˍ˃ˊ˃ːː˞ˏ 8. ʞˈ˓ˈ˔ˏˑ˕˓˒˓˃˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑː˃˔ˈˎˈːˋˢː˃ ˔ˑ˘˓˃ːˈːˋˈˏ˕˓˃ˇˋ˙ˋˑːː˞˘˗ˑ˓ˏ˓˞˄˃ˎˍˋǤ t
ʝ˄˝ˈˇˋːˈːˋˈː˃ˍˑ˒ˎˈːː˞˘ˍˑ˓ˈːː˞ˏ ˏˈ˔˕ː˞ˏˋˍˑ˓ˈːː˞ˏː˃˔ˈˎˈːˋˈˏǡˋ˔ˑ˘˓˃ːˈ- ˅˞ˎˑ˅˓˞˄˞Ǥʠ˖˜ˈ˔˕˅˖ˡ˜˃ˢ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˃ːˑ˓ˏǡ ʛˑˉːˑˋ˔˒ˑˎ˟ˊˑ˅˃˕˟ˏˑˇˈˎˋǡ˓ˈ˃ˎˋˊˑ˅˃ː- ː˃˔ˈˎˈːˋˈˏˊː˃ːˋˌˑːˈ˓ˈ˔˕ˋˎˋ˜˃˘ ːˋˡ˒˓ˋ˓ˑˇ˞Ǥʞˑˎː˞ˌˊ˃˒˓ˈ˕ː˃˒˓ˑ˅ˈˇˈːˋˈ ˓ˈˆ˖ˎˋ˓˖ˡ˜ˋ˘˅˞ˎˑ˅˓˞˄˞ˍˑ˓ˈːː˞ˏˋ ː˞ˈ˅ˇ˓˖ˆˋ˘˓ˈˆˋˑː˃˘˓ˑ˔˔ˋˌ˔ˍˑˆˑʠˈ˅ˈ˓˃Ǥ ˔ː˃˖˚ː˞ˏˋː˃˄ˎˡˇˈːˋˢˏˋ˄˖ˇˈ˕ ˆˑ˓ː˞˘˓˃˄ˑ˕ˋ˓˃ˊ˅ˋ˕ˋˈˆˋˇ˓ˑˠːˈ˓ˆˈ˕ˋˍˋ ˔˃˃ˏ˃ˏˋǡˍˑˏˋˋˇ˓˖ˆˋˏˋˏˈ˔˕ː˞ˏˋˆ˓˖˒- ʠˈˏˋː˃˓ǡˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˌ˒ˑˊː˃ˍˑˏˋ˕ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˈ ˔˒ˑ˔ˑ˄˔˕˅ˑ˅˃˕˟˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˃˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˏ˖ˋ ˑ˄ˈ˔˒ˈ˚ˋ˕˔ˑ˘˓˃ːˈːˋˈˊ˃ʞˑːˑˈˏ˔˕˃˕˖˔˃ ˒˃ˏˋǡ˅˞ˊ˅˃ˎ˃˒˖˕˃ːˋ˙˖ˋːˈ˒ˑːˋˏ˃ːˋˈː˃ ˔ˑˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕˅ˑ˔ˑ˒˞˕ˑˏʙˑˎ˞ˏ˞ǡ˅ːˈ˔ˈ˕˅ˍˎ˃ˇ ˠ˗˗ˈˍ˕ˋ˅ːˑˏ˖˅ˑ˔˔˕˃ːˑ˅ˎˈːˋˡ˖˕ˈ˓ˢːː˞˘ˋ ˅˃ˉːˑˌ˔ˈˏ˖ˉːˑˌ˓ˈˍˋǤ ˏˈ˔˕˃˘Ǥʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑˑ˄ːˑ˅ˋ˕˟ˋˆ˃˓ˏˑːˋˊˋ- ˅˓˃ˊ˅ˋ˕ˋˈʞˑːˑˢǤ ˔ˑ˘˓˃ːˈːˋˡ˘ˑ˓ˑ˛ˑˋˊ˖˚ˈːː˞˘ːˈ˓ˈ˔˕ˋˎˋ˜ 3. ʔ˔ˎˋ˒ˎ˃ː˖˔˕ˑˌ˚ˋ˅ˑˆˑ˓˃ˊ˅ˋ˕ˋˢ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˃ ˓ˑ˅˃˕˟ˠ˕˖˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˖ǡ˚˕ˑ˒ˑˏˑˉˈ˕˒˓ˈ˔ˈ˚˟ˍ˃ˍ t
ʞ˓ˋˆˑ˔˖ˇ˃˓˔˕˅ˈːːˑˏ˗ˋː˃ː˔ˋ˓ˑ˅˃ːˋˋ ˓ˈˍˋʞˑːˑˌ˄˖ˇˈ˕˓˃ˊ˓˃˄ˑ˕˃ːǡ˕ˑ˓ˈˆˋˑː˃ˎ˟- Ǽ˄˓˃ˍˑː˟ˈ˓˔˕˅ˑǽˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑː˃˔ˈˎˈːˋˢ˕˃ˍˋ ʖ˃ˍˎˡ˚ˈːˋˈ ːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˔ˑˊˇ˃˕˟˔ˈ˕˟˔˖˘ˋ˘ˠˍˑǦ˕˖˃ˎˈ˕ˑ˅ ː˞ˈˋ˗ˈˇˈ˓˃ˎ˟ː˞ˈ˅ˎ˃˔˕ˋˇˑˎˉː˞˒˓ˋˆˎ˃- ː˃˔˕ˑˢ˜ˈˈ˄˓˃ˍˑː˟ˈ˓˔˕˅ˑǤ ˅ˇˑˎ˟˕˖˓ˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋ˘ˏ˃˓˛˓˖˕ˑ˅ǡ˚˕ˑ˄˞ ˔ˋ˕˟ˍ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˌ˓˃˄ˑ˕ˈˏˈ˔˕ː˞ˈ˒ˑ˔ˈˎˈ- 9. ʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑˋˊ˖˚ˋ˕˟˅ˑˊˇˈˌ˔˕˅ˋˈˏˑ˕ˑ˓- ʓ˃ːː˞ˌ ˑ˕˚ˈ˕ ˅˒ˈ˓˅˞ˈ ˅˞ːˑ˔ˋ˕ ː˃ ˑ˄˜ˈˈ ˑ˄˔˖- ˒˓ˈˇˑ˕˅˓˃˕ˋ˕˟˒ˑ˒˃ˇ˃ːˋˈˏˑ˚ˈ˅˞˘ˋ ːˋˢǡ˅ˍˎˡ˚˃ˢʠˑ˔ːˑ˅ˍ˖ǡˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˋ˔˃˃ˏˑ˅ǡ ː˞˘ˎˑˇˑˍː˃ːˈ˓ˈ˔˕ˋˎˋ˜˃ˋˋˍ˓˖ˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˈ- ˉˇˈːˋˈ ˋˇˈˡ ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢ ˇˎˢ ˗ˋː- ˗ˈˍ˃ˎ˟ː˞˘˅˞ˇˈˎˈːˋˌ˅˅ˑˇː˖ˡ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏ˖Ǥ ˍˑˏˋǡ˒ˑˏˑ˓ˑ˅ˋ˕˖˓ˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋˈˍˑˏ˒˃ːˋˋǡ ˅˞˘Ǥʢ˔˕ː˞ˈ˒˓ˈˇ˃ːˋˢǡ˔ˑ˄˓˃ːː˞ˈ˅ˑ˅˓ˈˏˢ ˔ˍˑǦːˑ˓˅ˈˉ˔ˍˑˌ˓ˈˍˋʜˈˌˇˈːˋ˓ˈˍˋʞˑːˑˌʛ˖˓- t
ʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˒˓ˑ˅ˈ˔˕ˋːˑ˅˖ˡˑ˙ˈːˍ˖ ˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˖ˡ˜ˋˈ˓˞˄˃ˎˍ˖Ǥʟˈˆˋˑː˃ˎ˟ː˞ˈˋ ˋː˕ˈ˓˅˟ˡǡ˒ˑˍ˃ˊ˃ˎˋǡ˚˕ˑˠ˕˃˕ˈˏ˃˅ˑˎː˖ˈ˕ ˏ˃ː˔ˍˑˌˑ˄ˎ˃˔˕ˋȋʟˑ˔˔ˋˢȌǤʞˑ˔ˍˑˎ˟ˍ˖ːˈˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈ ˅ˑˊˇˈˌ˔˕˅ˋˢˆˑ˓ː˞˘˓˃˄ˑ˕ˍˑˏ˒˃ːˋˋ ˗ˈˇˈ˓˃ˎ˟ː˞ˈˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˋ˕˃ˍˉˈˇˑˎˉː˞ ˉˋ˕ˈˎˈˌ˅˔ˈ˘˒ˑ˔ˈˎˈːˋˌǤʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˒˓ˑ˅ˈ- ˋˊ ˅ːˈ˔ˈːː˞˘ ˒˓ˈˇˎˑˉˈːˋˌ ˕˓ˈ˄˖ˡ˕ ːˈ˔˕˃ːˇ˃˓- Ǽ›†˜ƒ”ƒ‰‡” ”—˜ǽː˃ˏˋˆ˓˃˙ˋˡˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˢǤ ˋˆ˓˃˕˟˅˃ˉː˖ˡ˓ˑˎ˟Ǥ ˔˕ˋˇˑ˒ˑˎːˋ˕ˈˎ˟ː˞ˈː˃˖˚ː˞ˈˋʡʬʖˋ˔˔ˎˈˇˑ- ˕ː˞˘ˋ˔ˏˈˎ˞˘˛˃ˆˑ˅ȋ˅ˑ˄ˎ˃˔˕ˋ˒˓˃˅ˍˑ˓ˈːː˞˘ 4. ʞ˃˓˃ˎˎˈˎ˟ːˑ˔ˋːˋ˙ˋˋ˓ˑ˅˃ːˋˈˏˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕- ˅˃ːˋˢ˒ˑˠ˕ˑˌ˕ˈˏˈǤ ː˃˓ˑˇˑ˅ǡ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢ ː˃ ˑ˔ːˑ˅ˈ ˠˍˑ˔ˋ˔˕ˈˏǡ ˋ˔- ʹǤʟˈˍˑˏˈːˇ˃˙ˋˋˇˎˢ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˃˓ˈˍˋ ˅ˈːːˑˆˑˑ˄˔˖ˉˇˈːˋˢːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑː˃ːˈ˔˕ˋ ˒ˑˎ˟ˊˑ˅˃ːˋˢ ˍˑ˓ˈːː˞˘ ˋ ˕˓˃ˇˋ˙ˋˑːː˞ˌ ˗ˑ˓ˏ˃ ʞˑːˑˌ ː˃ˍ˃˓˕˖ˑ˔ːˑ˅ː˞ˈˏˈ˔˕˃ˑ˄ˋ˕˃ːˋˢˏˈ˔˕ːˑˌ ˊː˃ːˋˢ ˅ ˍ˃˚ˈ˔˕˅ˈ ˋ˔˕ˑ˚ːˋˍ˃ ˋː˗ˑ˓ˏ˃˙ˋˋȌǡ ːˈ- ˗˃˖ː˞ˋː˃ːˈ˔ˈːː˞ˌ˓ˈˍˈ˖˜ˈ˓˄ȋ˅ˍˎˡ˚˃ˢ ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈ ˊ˃ˋː˕ˈ˓ˈ˔ˑ˅˃ːː˞ˈ ˔˕ˑ˓ˑː˞ ˏˑˆ˖˕ ːˈ ˋːˇ˖˔˕˓ˋ˃ˎ˟ː˞ˈˑ˄˝ˈˍ˕˞˔ˑ˅ˈ˕˔ˍˋ˘˅˓ˈˏˈːǡ ʟ˃ˊ˅ˋ˕ˋˈ ˏˈ˘˃ːˋˊˏˑ˅ ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˆˑ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢ ˔ˑˆˎ˃˔ˋ˕˟˔ˢ ˔ˑ ˅˔ˈˏˋ ˒˓ˈˇˎˑˉˈːˋˢˏˋǤ ʓˎˢ ˇ˃ˎ˟- ˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈˑˍ˃ˊ˞˅˃ˡ˕˅ˎˋˢːˋˈː˃ˍ˃˚ˈ˔˕˅ˑ ˇˎˢ ˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˃ ˓ˈˍˋ ʞˑːˑˌ ˇˑˎˉːˑ ˖˚ˋ˕˞˅˃˕˟ ˖˔- ːˈˌ˛ˈˌ˓˃˄ˑ˕˞ː˃ˇ˒˓ˈˇˎˑˉˈːˋˢˏˋːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ ˅ˑˇ˞ǣ˓˕˖˕˟ǡːˋˍˈˎ˟ǡ˗ˈːˑˎ˞ǡːˈ˗˕˟ȌǤ ˎˑ˅ˋˢ˔ˑ˅˓ˈˏˈːːˑˌʟˑ˔˔ˋˋǤʜˈˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈˏˈ˓ˑ˒˓ˋ- ˓˃˔˒˓ˑ˔˕˓˃ːˋ˕˟˓ˈˊ˖ˎ˟˕˃˕˞ǡˋˊˎˑˉˈːː˞ˈ˅Ǽʞˎ˃- ʝ˕˚ˈ˕˅˞ˢ˅ˋˎ˒˓ˑ˄ˎˈˏ˖ːˈ˔˒˓˃˅ˈˇˎˋ˅ˑ- ˢ˕ˋˢˏˑˆ˖˕˄˞˕˟˒˓ˑ˅ˈˇˈː˞˖ˉˈː˃ˇ˃ːːˑˏˠ˕˃˒ˈǡ 5. ːˈ˒ˑ˔ˑ˅ˏˈ˔˕ːˑˏ˖˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˡ˅˓˃ˌˑːˈ˓ˈˍʞˑ- ˆˑ˓˃˔˒˓ˈˇˈˎˈːˋˢ˒˓˃˅ː˃˓˞˄ː˖ˡˎˑ˅ˎˡ ːˑ ˅ ˙ˈˎˑˏǡ ˒˓ˈˇ˔˕˃˅ˎˈːːˑˈ ˑ˄˔˖ˉˇˈːˋˈ ˏˑˉːˑ ːˑˌ ˋ ʜˈˌˇˈː ʹͲͳ͵ǽǡ ˔˓ˈˇˋ ˒ˑ˔ˈˎˈːˋˌǡ ˓˃˔˒ˑˎˑ- ˏˈˉˇ˖ˏˈ˔˕ː˞ˏˋˋˍˑ˓ˈːː˞ˏˋˉˋ˕ˈˎˢˏˋ˔ ˓˃˔˔ˏ˃˕˓ˋ˅˃˕˟ ˍ˃ˍ ˒ˈ˓˔˒ˈˍ˕ˋ˅ː˞ˌ ˒ˎ˃ːǡ ˑ˓ˋˈː- ˉˈːː˞˘˅˄˃˔˔ˈˌː˃˘ˠ˕ˋ˘˓ˈˍǡ˅ˎ˃˔˕ː˞˘˔˕˓˖ˍ˕˖˓ǡ ˑˇːˑˌ˔˕ˑ˓ˑː˞ˋ˕˖˓ˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋˏˋˍˑˏ˒˃ːˋ- ˕ˋ˓ ˇˎˢ ˄˖ˇ˖˜ˈˆˑǤ ʠˑˊˇ˃ːˋˈ ˋ ˅˅ˈˇˈːˋˈ ːˑ˅ˑˌ ː˃˖˚ːˑˆˑ ˔ˑˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕˅˃ ˋ ˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˌ ˍˑ˓ˈːː˞˘ ˢˏˋ˔ˇ˓˖ˆˑˌǤʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑː˃˚˃˕˟˖ˉˈ˅˄ˎˋ- ˏˑˇˈˎˋ ˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈːˋˢ ˄˃˔˔ˈˌːˑˏ ˓ˈˍˋ ʞˑːˑˌǡ ˍˑ- ː˃˓ˑˇˑ˅Ǥ ʝˇː˃ˍˑǡ ˒˓ˋːˋˏ˃ˢ ˅ˑ ˅ːˋˏ˃ːˋˈ ˅˔ˈ ˕ˈ ˉ˃ˌ˛ˈˈ˅˓ˈˏˢ˒˓ˑ˙ˈ˔˔˓˃ˊ˓ˈ˛ˈːˋˢˍˑː˗ˎˋˍ- ˕ˑ˓˃ˢ˄˖ˇˈ˕˖˚ˋ˕˞˅˃˕˟ː˖ˉˇ˞ˍˑˏˋǡ˔˃˃ˏˑ˅ˋ˕˖- ˋˊˏˈːˈːˋˢǡˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞ˈ˒˓ˑˋ˔˘ˑˇˢ˕˅ˠ˕ˋ˘˓ˈˆˋˑː˃˘ ˕˃˔˒˓ˋ˅ˎˈ˚ˈːˋˈˏ˅˔ˈ˘ˊ˃ˋː˕ˈ˓ˈ˔ˑ˅˃ːː˞˘ ˓ˋ˔˕ˑ˅Ǧ˓˞˄ˑˎˑ˅ǡˊ˃ˌˏˈ˕ːˈ˔ˍˑˎ˟ˍˑˎˈ˕Ǥʝ˒ˋ˓˃ˢ˔˟ ˋ˅ʏ˓ˍ˕ˋˍˈǡˏ˞˄˞˘ˑ˕ˈˎˋ˒˓ˋˊ˅˃˕˟ˑ˕˅ˈ˕˔˕˅ˈː- ˔˕ˑ˓ˑːˋ˅˞ˢ˅ˋ˕˟˔˖˜ˈ˔˕˅˖ˡ˜ˋˈ˒˓ˑ˄ˎˈˏ˞Ǥ ː˃˓˃˄ˑ˕˖ǡ˒˓ˑ˅ˈˇˈːː˖ˡ˅˓˃˔˒ˑˎˑˉˈːː˞˘˅ˇˑˎ˟ ː˞ˈˑ˓ˆ˃ːˋˊ˃˙ˋˋː˃˚˃˕˟˔ˍˑ˓ˈˌ˛ˈˈ˅ˑ˒ˎˑ˜ˈːˋˈ ʙˑˎˋ˚ˈ˔˕˅ˑˋ˓ˑˎ˟˕˖˓ˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋ˘˒ˑ˔˕ˑ˅ ʞˑːˑˢ˒ˑ˔ˈˎˈːˋˢ˘ǡˏ˞˄˞˘ˑ˕ˈˎˋ˅˞ːˈ˔˕ˋː˃ˑ˄- 6. ˑ˔ːˑ˅ːˑˌˋˇˈˋǡˋˊˎˑˉˈːːˑˌ˅ˠ˕ˑˏ˒ˎ˃ːˈǤ ˑ˘˓˃ː˞Ǥʠˑˊˇ˃ːˋˈ˕˖˓ˋ˔˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋ˘˒ˑ˔˕ˑ˅ ˔˖ˉˇˈːˋˈ˓ˢˇ˅ˑˊˏˑˉː˞˘˖˒˓˃˅ˎˈː˚ˈ˔ˍˋ˘ˏˈ˓ǣ ˑ˘˓˃ː˞ː˃ːˈˍˑ˕ˑ˓˞˘˖˚˃˔˕ˍ˃˘˓ˈˍˋ˔ˑˊˇ˃ˈ˕ ʜˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˒˓ˑ˅ˈ˔˕ˋˇˈ˕˃ˎ˟ːˑˈˑ˄˔ˎˈˇˑ˅˃- 1. ˅˒ˈ˚˃˕ˎˈːˋˈǡ˚˕ˑ˓ˈˍ˃ːˈː˃˘ˑˇˋ˕˔ˢ˅ˑ˄˜ˈˏ ːˋˈˊ˃˒˃˔ˑ˅ˎˑ˔ˑ˔ˈ˅˞˘˒ˑ˓ˑˇ˓˞˄˒ˑ˅˔ˈˌ˙ˈ- ˒ˑˎ˟ˊˑ˅˃ːˋˋǤʬ˕ˋ˒ˑ˔˕˞ːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ˔ːˢ˕˟Ǥʑ ˒ˑ˚ˍˈˋ˘ˏˈ˔˕ˑ˄ˋ˕˃ːˋˢˑ˕ˏˑ˓ˢˇˑ˅ˈ˓˘ˑ˅ˋˌ ˓˃ˏˍ˃˘˓˃ˊ˓ˈ˛ˈːˋˢˍˑː˗ˎˋˍ˕˃ːˈˑ˄˘ˑˇˋˏˑ ʞˑːˑˢǤʑ˕ˈ˚ˈːˋˈʹͲͳ͵ˆˑˇ˃ː˃˖˚ː˞ˌ˒˓ˑˈˍ˕ ‘ƒ–•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡„ƒ‘ˆ‘‘‹ǡ”ƒ•‘ Š‡Ž›‡Ǥ

134 135 ‹Ù•ǣ—‡ஐǦ†ƒŒƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ؙؙ¡— ي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡”ƒ’‘”–– Ž‰‰•¡¡ஐ

¡”ƒ’‘ᦡ”––‡Ž‹‡‘””—’‘Š––ÙÙāā‡‡ᦡŒŒ‹ ‘ˆƒ•–‡”ž’‹dzȂ–—¤‹Œ——ᦡææ‡Ǥ¡ ʹͲͲͻǦʹͲͳ͵«ÙÙ¯–—Dz‘Ž–ž‹—”˜‹˜ƒŽ‹ –—¡”ŒŒÙٜœ˜‡¡ƒ–—ŸŒŒ˜‡‹††‹˜‡‡‹‡‡”Ùᦡ•ᑉᑉ‡ –Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆƒ’‹†Šƒ‰‡dzȋ—Ù”––•ƒƒᦡ‹ ƒᦡ””‡ǤŸŸᦡ••‡Ÿᦡ˜˜ŒŸ‹‹‹•–‡”•—¤˜–Ùٜœ –‡¡‰‰–Ùٜœ‹˜—Ù‹ᦡ––‡æƒŽ––‡‡†•¡ᦡŽƒ‹ǡ‘‹Ǧ‡‡”ǡ •’”ƒƒ˜†Ùٖ–Ù捔‘‘–ƒ‹—––Ùٜœ‹ ’‘‘”Ǧ‡‡”ǡ”—Ùæ掃‹†ƒƒᦡ”ŒŒŽƒ‹ᑉ‹Ù««Ÿ˜—‡ᦡŒŒ‹ ÙٕŸ•–ȌȂŠƒᦡᑉᑉÙٜœŸ•–ǡ¤¤ᦡ––«‹ăŽÙ٘‹ ‘‘””ÙÙāā—‡ᦡŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹ÙÙāāŸ•– Œƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜‘—††ƒǤ”‘Œ‡– ——”ƒ˜——ᦡ†‡•–ǡ—Ùæ挟‡•–Ǥ—‡ᦡŒ‘ Ž‡¡‹Œ‡‡ᦡ”‡•—Ù”––•¡¡ᦡÙŠ––•ƒā‘‘ᦡ††‹ǡ Ž‹Œي––ƒ”‡–•Ǧ˜——ᦡ†˜¡¡āÙ•Ž—Ù••Œ‘‘ᑇᑇ‹Ǥ¡ ž‹”ž¯¯‹ȋ¡¡ᦡ•—¤˜–Ù•ȌǡŽ‰‰‡‡”ƒ‹ ˜—¡ÙٜœŸ•–ǡ‘‘َ•–ŸŸᦡ––‡–懔—ÙææǦǡ•¡¡ᦡǦǡ –ƒƒ”Ǧ†ƒ‡ă‰‰ŽÙ•ᑉ‹ÙᦡŽŽ‡ǡ«‹ÙᦡŽᑈᑈ‡‡–Šƒᦡăᑉᑉٕ’ŸŸᦡŒ‡•– ¡¡‹Ǧ—––Ÿ•ƒᦡ”˜˜ÙٜœǡXŠ––Ù٘˜Ÿ ”ƒŒŒ—ي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡”ƒᦡ˜˜ŒÙٜœ‹†ǤXŠ––Ù٘˜Ÿ ‡‡”‘‘ᦡ††‹—‹˜‡”•‹–‡‡––ǡƒƒᦡ‹—‡ᦡ–– ‡‡”¤¤ᦡ†††ƒŸᦡ˜˜ŒŸ‹‹‹•–‡”•—¤˜–Ù•Ž‹‡ ”Ùǣœœ†‹˜—¡••Ù•¤ᦡ††—Ù––—––Ùٜœ –‡¡‰‰–ƒ旗”Ù•˜—¡ᦡœœ–—ŸŒƒ•–Ǥ ي––•ƒā–—ŸŒŒǤŽ‰‰‡‡”ƒ‹¡¡‹Ǧ ‹‡™•‘ˆ–Š‡ϔ‹•Š‹‰ ᦡ”˜˜Ù•Ȃ Ž‹Œ‡‡”ƒ‹Ù••ƒā ͳǤƒஐ˜˜ŒÙٜœŒƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ؙؙƒ•Ÿ––— ƒ„‹‘™‡†„›Žƒ†‹‹” ‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹Ÿ†‹Ù–– ‡‘†‘”‘ˆˆƒ––Š‡ ƒƒŽᑇ–Ù•ǡ‘‘ÙٕÙ•Ž‹Œ‡”—ǦŒŸ‡•–Ǥ •–”‡ƒ’‘‘Ž›Ú”‡¡•—˜ƒ–‘ ƒŽᑇ–Ùٜœ‘‘”†‹Ÿ•––Ǧ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒƒ–‹ƒǡ ƒᦡăᑉᑉÙٜœŸ•––—Ùᦡ––‡æǡ斑Œƒ—††ŸŒ‘ ‘¡¡–¡Ú”‹˜‡”Ǥ †ƒ–ِ–‡¡‰‰ƒ†XŠ––Ù٘˜Ÿ‡‡”‘‘ᦡ††‹ Ž‹ŒŽ—Ÿ¯Œ‡¡ŽŽÙÙāā‹˜—Ù••Žƒƒ••ƒā˜—‡ᦡŒŒ‡•–Ǥ universitett. XŠ––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ———āāƒƒŽᑇ–‡†‹Ù––Œƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ Ùَᑇ«‹Œ—‡ᦡᑉᑉ‡†˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡Ǧ†ƒ–—¤‹ƒ˜——ᦡ†‹†ǡ Ž‹Œ”ƒƒŒŒŸƒŽ‰‰‡‡”ƒ‹–‡Ÿ¯ƒ‹††ƒ¡ᦡ”„„˜—Ù¯ ‘‘˜—¡‹–«‡Ž‡‡ᦡ†ǣ —˜††Ž‡‡‹Ùِ–ÙَŽÙÙāāǡ‘‘˜‡¡ƒ 1. ‹Ž‹•Œ‘‘ᑇᑇ‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜—ᦡ˜†† ,‡ᦡ˜‡–Œ¡¡—ᦡ”•¡ᦡŽƒ–—Ùᦡ––‡¡¡‹Ǧ—––Ùᦡ••‡——ŽŽ‹ 2. Œƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ’ŸᦡŒŒ˜—¡ᦡœœ’—ƒ•Œ¡¡—ᦡ”‡•– ’¡¡‹Žƒā‡‡––ÙÙāā‹†Ǥ ¤ᦡ–•Ùă㏗––Ùٜœ˜ƒ‹–‡ viõsttra ’—¡ᖵᖵŠ‘‹††—æ‡ǡᑉ‹Ùᦡ««‡æǡ斑Œƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ 3. ’—ƒ•Œ¡—ᦡ”” Ž—Ù••Ž‹Œ—––Ùٜœ‹†‹Ù––—˜††ŽÙٜœŸ•–Ǥ—Ù•• 4. ’—ƒ•Œ¡¡—ᦡ”†ƒ¡¡ᦡ††ŒŸƒǦƒƒ””Ǧ”ƒƒ‹ Ž‹Œ˜‡¡”ŽŸŸᦡ••‡ᑉ‹ÙŽǡ—Ž––——”†ƒ¡ᦡ”„„˜—Ù¯ Ù••ƒā˜—ᦡ˜†† ”ƒƒŒŒ‹†ƒ‘‘¯‡‡‹•¡ᦡŽƒ‹†Ǥ¡†‹Ù––•¡ᦡŽƒ 5. ƒƒ””’‡¡ŽŽ•ƒāŒƒ—††Ÿǡ‹‡ᦡŽ††Ž‘‘ᑇᑇ‡‡ᦡŽ ‹‡ᦡ””‡‡Ù•‡‡†ŠƒᦡăᑉᑉÙٜœ–—¤‹‹†Ž—Ùœœ Œ‘˜—¡ŽŽÙÙᑇᑇ†ƒ˜—ِ •’”ƒƒ˜†Ùٖ–Ÿ˜—‡‹ᦡ––‡˜—Ù¯‹’—‡ᦡ”——ᦡææ‡ǡ ¡ᦡ”„„–‡Ÿ¯Œ‡¡ŽŽ–——ᦡæ懆ƒ懇ŽŽÙÙāāŒ‡‡ᦡ”‡• —‡‹ᦡ–‡–•¡”ƒ†ǡ斑ŠƒᦡăᑉᑉÙٜœŸ•–«ÙÙ¯–— ˜—¡ᦡ••˜——ᦡ†‹–ƒᦡ”ᑉ•–ÙَŽÙᦡææ‡Ǥ—Ÿ––Ǧ–‹Ù¯Ž‹Œæ‡ Œ‘‘ᑇᑇ–—ᦡ–ᑉᑉ‡‡’ŸŸᦡŒŒʹͲͳʹŽ‡¡‹˜—Ù••Ù• –—Ù––Ÿǡ斑ƒ–Žƒƒ–Ž—Ùœœ‹‹‡ᦡ””Ž‹Œ‘ ƒŸŸ‹Ù• ˜—Ÿ””ǡ‘‹‡ᦡŽ††˜ƒᦡŽŽŒ——•¡ᦡŽƒ˜—Ùᑌᑌ— ‘—Ž‘‡‡ᦡŒŒ•‡ᦡ•–Ǥ¡ᦡŽ††¡‹ᦡ‡Ž‹‡Ž‡¡ƒā —æ––Ž‡†•‹Œ–‡Ÿ¯ƒ‹†ǡ¡ᦡ”„„˜—Ù¯ǡ˜—¡æÙٜœ‹† 懇ᦡŽŽ‡†ƒ‘——–—‡ŒŒ¡¡—––ÙٜœŽ—Ùœœ‹ †ƒ˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡‡ᦡ–ᑉᑉÙٜœ‹†—Ž––——”ŽŸŒ‹Œ‹‹ᦡŒŒ‡œ Œ‹‡ᦡŽŽ‡˜——ᦡ†‹ȋ«¡¡ᦡ ˜‹Ùᑇᑇ”ƒƒŒŒÙæǡƒƒᦡ•–ǡ«—ٍ— ˜—‡ᦡŽᑈᑈ‡ƒƒŽᑇ‹Ǥ¡ᦡŽƒ‹Ž‹Œ«ÙÙ¯¡¡‹ᦡŒŽ‡¡ƒā †‘ǤȌǤ"ᦡ”„„–‡Ÿ¯ƒ•–†ƒ–‹Ù––Œ‡•–Ž‹Œ¡¡‹ᦡ–ي––ƒā ˜—‡‹ᦡ––‡˜—Ù––—ᦡ˜††‡†–‡Ÿ¯ƒ‹†˜‡ᦡ”ᑈᑈ‡‡ᦡᑉᑉ‹†ǡ ˜—¡‹ƒŽŽ—Ùᦡ••‡˜ƒ‹–‡‡‹–ƒƒ‹—Ÿ”–———āā‹Ǥ Ž‡Ÿᦡ惖‡Ÿ¯˜ƒƒŒ–———āā˜—‡ᦡŒŒ†ƒ’¡¡‹ᦡᑉŽ‹‡‡¡ᦡ”–— ‡ᦡŒŒʹͲͳͳXŠ––Ù٘˜Ÿ‡‡”‘‘ᦡ††‹ ˜¡ᦡŽ††—Ž––——”†ƒ˜‡ᦡ”ᑈᑈ‡‡ᦡᑉᑉ‹¡¡‹ƒ‹˜—‹ᦡǤ ŠƒᦡăᑉᑉÙᦡ••‡˜—Ùᑌᑌ—掟Ÿᦡ••–—¡”ŒŒÙٜœǡ‘ ¡¡‹Žƒā‘——Œƒ—††‡•–ȋ‡‹†‡Ȍ Ÿᦡ˜˜ŒŸ‹‹‹•–‡”•—¤˜–Ù•——ᦡ†‹ŽŸŸᦡ••–‡¡‰‰–Ùٜœǡ ƒƒ””Ÿ•–Ž‹‡Ž‡¡ƒā——ᦡ„„–¡¡ᦡœœ‡•–——ᦡᑉᑉƒ„ ŠƒᦡăᑉᑉٕÙُ‹Dz‘‘‹ƒ†‡‹†‡Ȃ‹ˆ‡•–”‡ƒ• ˜—Ù‹‰‰˜—Ÿ””˜ƒ‹–ÙٜœŸ•–˜‡ᦡ”ᑈᑈ‡‡ᦡᑉᑉ‹Ǧ†ƒ

136 137 —‡”•Š‡Ž–‡”ƒ†ƒˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”•’”‹‰ ‹•ƒ˜ƒƒ”ƒŠ‹ŽŽ˜‹‡™ƒ†–Š‡›‡ŽŽ‘™’‘† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‘™‡†„› ‹Ž‹’ ‡ˆ”‡‘ˆˆǤ ‘ˆƒ—–—•‡Ž¡ƒ”‡ƒǤ

–”ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•‘ ƒ–”‡‡Ž‹„ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† „› ‹Ž‹’ ‡ˆ”‡‘ˆˆǤ

138 139 –—ᦡ–ᑉᑉ‡‡Œƒ‹˜—‹ᦡǤ ƒᦡăᑉᑉÙٜœŸ•–ƒƒŽᑇ–‡æ¡ᦡ”„„–‡Ÿ¯ t
•—¡ᦡ˜˜‡Ž†ƒ惃’æ‹æ––———āā‹”‘‘ŽŽ t
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‹Ž‹•Œ‘‘ᑇᑇ†ƒŒ‡‡ᦡ”‡•ͳͻ͸ͲǦͳͻͻͲǦŽ¤¤ᑇᑇ ‘—††‹Ÿ”Ÿ Ȃ–‡¡‰‰–‡–—ŸŒŒ‡¡˜˜ǡ ‡––˜ƒŽ†‹ƒ˜‡ᦡ”ᑈᑈ‡ᑉ–—¤‹Œ‡‡Œƒ‹ ˜—¡ᑌᑌƒ†Œƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ᑇᑇي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ——ᦡææ‡ —‡ᦡŽŽ‹æ––———āā‹—ᦡᑉ‡•¡‹‰‰•ƒā˜ƒ‹–Ùٜœ –¡‹‘‘¯¯Ÿ˜——ᦡ†‹ƒƒ –———āā ‹‡ᦡŽ††¤¤””Ù掋Œ˜‹ŸŽ–ᦤ–‡ᦡǤ æ‹ÙᑇᑇƒƒŽᑇ†ƒƒŽ––‡‡†–ِ«ÙÙ¯–———āāǤ ƒᦡăᑉᑉÙٜœ ‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜‘—††ƒ •‡¡ƒ˜—Ÿ•‡Ùَᑇ«‹ƒƒŽᑇ–‡†ǤXٗ– 4. ‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹Ÿ’Žƒƒ———āāي––˜—Ùᦡ––‡ ’‘Š––ÙÙāā‹†˜—‡‹ᦡ–‡–˜—¡‡‡†’—Ùᦡ––‹ǡ–ƒƒ‹ t
—Ù”––•¡ᦡŽƒ‹†ƒŒ‡‡ᦡ”‡•ÙÙᦡᦤŒ‹ ‘‘¯¯Ÿ˜——ᦡ†Œ‡¡ŽŽ–———āā˜—‡‹ᦡ–‡–«ÙÙ¯–‡† Ùَᑇ«‹˜—¡ᑌᑌƒ†ƒ”––Œ———āā—¤˜˜–Ù•Ž‡‡–– ”ƒᦡ˜˜ŒÙٜœ‹†ȋ–¡¡ᦡ”ᑉƒ„–‡Ÿ¯”ƒ’‘‘”––Ÿ•–Ȍǣ ¡††ŸŸÙÙāā˜——ᦡ†‡•–Ùَᑇ«‹•‡ᦡŽ˜˜–‡† Œ—ᦡᑉ‡¡••ƒʹͲͳ͵’‹Ž‘––ƒŽŽƒǤ ’‘‘††’‹””Ù•—Ÿ”–———āā‹˜ƒ‹–Ùٜœ‹ǡ ƒ”––Œ———āā‹˜—‹ᦡ t
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«¡¡ᦡ ˜‹ÙᑇᑇŽŸŸᦡ••”ƒƒŒŒÙÙāāᑉ‡ŸŽ††ÙÙāā Œ‹Ÿƒ‹ِ—–—ᦡ”‹ᦡ•–ᑉ‡¡‹‹—Ÿă㕋†ǡ ˜—¡ᦡœœ‡•–Ǥ ¤««ƒ†ÙᦡŠ––‡ي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡Œ‘‘—ǡ‘‘œœ——Ž«‡ǣ t
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˜‡‡‹Ǧ‘——†ƒŒ‡‡ᦡ”‡•’¡¡‹ŽƒāŒƒ—††Ÿ ي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ——ᦡææ‡ t
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—‡ᦡ”Œ‹‹‡ᦡ •–———āā”¡¡ᦡŒ–—Ž—Ÿæ––ÙÙāā ˜ƒ‹–ÙٜœŽ—Ùᦡ••‡Ùَᑇ«‹•‡ᦡŽ˜˜–‡†•Ùٔᑇƒ„Ǥ ¡‹Œ‘‘—‹ÙٕŸ•–Ùَᑇ«‹ŸŸᦡŒ‡‡ᑉŸ‹ƒƒŽᑇ–‡† vuässla Œ‘˜—ŸŽŽÙÙᑇᑇŸ•– ‘ˆŽ‹‹–‹”¡ᦡ–ᑉᑉ‡‡’”‘•‡‡••Ǥ ‹•‰‰”t
¡¡ᦡ††ŒŸƒ˜ƒŽ†‹ƒ†ƒ–ƒƒ”„族‡‡ᦡ––Ÿ•––Ùæ E.‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜——ᦡ†‡•–æÙن†‹–‹Ù¯Žƒā–—ᦡ–ᑉᑉ———āā ʹǤƒஐ˜˜ŒÙٜœ—‡ஐŒ‘‘ؙؙ 6. ¡¡‹Žƒā‘—‹‹ÙŽŸ•–Ž—Ù••–—ᦡ”‹ᦡ•’Ù ˜ƒŽ†‹ƒ˜ƒᦡ•––Ù•‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒƒ–‹ƒ‹ ’‘Š––ÙÙāā‹†Ùَᑇ«‹ƒƒ –‡†—Ž––——”—˜††Ž‡‡ᦡŽ ‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹Ÿ†‹Ù–– ˜—Ÿ¯¯‡‡–ƒᦡ”ᑉᑉ‡‡’¡¡‹ᦡᑉ—‡ᦡŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ t
ƒƒ””˜ƒŽ†‹ƒ†ƒ–ƒƒ”„族‡‡ᦡ––Ÿ•––Ù昃Ž†‹ƒ •‹‹†‹†ȋŒƒ—††Ÿǡ,‡ᦡ˜‡–Œ¡—ᦡ””ǡ—‡ᦡŽŽǦŒƒ—††Ÿ Œ‡‡ᦡ”‡•˜——ᦡ†‹Ž‹‡–—‡ᦡŒŒ¡¡˜—‡ᦡŒŒǡ‘ᦡ•– ˜ƒᦡ•––Ù•‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒƒ–‹ƒ‹ ȋ‡‹†‡ȌȌ’¡¡‹Žƒāᑉ‹ÙŽ‹˜—‹ᦡǤ¡¡‹ᦡ–ƒ‹•ŸŸᦡ––‡–ǡ —‡ᦡŒ‘‘ᑇᑇي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ———āā —‡ᦡŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ˜—¡ᦡ••Ž‹ŒŒ‡¡ᦡ”†—’¤¤¯Ǧǡƒƒ—’Žƒā t
‡‡ᦡ”‡•’¡¡‹Žƒā‡‡”Žƒāي––•ƒā¤¤ᦡ†† 斑’—–—¤‹Œ‡‡Œƒ‹Ž‡ᦡ««‹–‹Ÿᦡ‡– ‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹Ùᦡæ懘ƒƒ‹ƒ–—Ùæ挟ƒ ŸŸÙᦡææ‡Ǥ¡‹†–ƒᦡ”ᑉᑉ‡‡’¡¡‹ᦡᑉ‹†Ùَᑇ«‹ tuåimmjeei da meerla •‡¡ƒƒŽŽæ‡–‡Ÿ––ŸŸᦡ‡ƒŽŽƒǤ –ƒƒ‹‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹ÙæǤ¡†‹Ù––’—Ùᦡ––‹ ’—ᦡ”ᑈᑈ‡‡††ƒ•—¤’’Ù昗Ÿ¯‡Ž†Œ—‡ᦡᑉᑉ‡†Œ‘‘ᑇᑇ t
ٔ‰‰•‹‡‡ᦡ––Ùᦡ•––‹ F.——ᦡ†˜‹”Ù٘˜Ÿ—‡ᦡŽŽæ‡‡ŽŽÙÙāāǡ‹‡ᦡŽ†† ‡ᦡ–ᑉᑉÙٜœ‹†ŸŽ‰‰˜—‡‹ᦡ‡†”ƒᦡ˜˜ŒÙ••Ÿ†ƒ ŸŸᦡ‡˜——ᦡ†‹†Œ‡‡ᦡ”‡•–—¤‹Œ‡‡Œƒ‹Ù•ŸǤ B.¤¤««ŸăăƒǡŸŸᦡŒ‡‡ᑉŸ‹ǡÙَᑇ«‹”‹Ÿæ柆 Ž‘‘ᑇᑇ‡‡ᦡŽ–—ᦡ”‹ᦡ•–懇ŽŽÙÙāāǡ˜ƒ‹–Ùٜœ‹†Ùَᑇ«‹ «—Ÿᑇᑇƒ•ƒ”––Ÿ’—Ùᦡ––‹¡‹‰‰ƒǤ¤ƒ˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡Ǧ 7. ‹Ù¯Žƒā†ƒ¡ᦡ”„„–‹Ù––—˜—Ÿ¯¯ÙÙᦡ––‹˜—ŸæÙٜœ‹ ˜‡‹††•Ù•‘ˆ‡”‡‡••Œƒ—††Ÿ‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜——ᦡ† ¡”˜˜–ÙَŽŸ†Ǥ‡¡ƒي––˜—Ù¯Ÿ•–‡ᦡ–ᑉᑉ‡‡–˜‡‹††•Ù• ƒƒŽŽƒƒŽᑇ–———āāŸ•–ǡ‘ᦡ•–‘‹Ǧ‘—‹ǡ ’‘Š––ÙÙāā‹†Ùَᑇ«‹«‹ÙᦡŽᑈᑈ‡‡†˜‡‹††•ŸŒ‹ ي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡‘”‰ƒƒƒƒŽᑇ–‡†‹Ù––Ǥ‘ˆ‡”‡•• ‘‘¯———āāŽ¤¤ᦡ’’”‹ŸææÙᦡææ‡ǡ‘ᦡ•–˜¡¡ᦡŽ†‡– •¡ᦡŽƒ‹ǡŒ‡‡ᦡ”‡•’¡¡‹Žƒā‘—‹†ƒŽ—Ù••–—ᦡ”‹‹ᦡ• ‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜——ᦡ†•‹‹†‹”ƒ•‘–•‡ŽŒ‡•–ǡƒ‡˜ƒ•– Ùَᑇ«‹•‡ᦡŽ˜˜–‡††ƒŸŸ‡‡†‡‡”ƒ‹Ù••ƒā ŸŸÙᦡææ‡懇ᦡŽŽ‡Ǧ‡¡ᦡ”‹†Ǥِ–¡¡ᦡ”ᑉƒ„–‡Ÿ¯ƒ‹† †‹˜ƒŽ†‹ƒ‹–”‡‡••‹†˜—¡ᑌᑌ«‡æ•—ŸᦤŒ‡†ÙᦡŠ––‡ǡŽ‹Œ †ƒ”‡††–ÙÙᑇᑇ‘•‘˜ƒ•–Ǥ¡–ŽŸŸᦡœœ–‡ᦡ«‹’¡¡‹Žƒā Ùَᑇ–Ùٜœ‹†ǡ‘‘¡¡ᦡ††ŒŸ‡•–†ƒƒƒ””Ÿ•– Ž‹‡«‹ÙᦡŽᑈᑈ¡¡”ƒ’‘‘”–Ÿ•–Ǥ¤¤ᦡ’’”‹ŸææÙÙāā —ᦡᑉ‡•¡‹‰‰•ƒā–—ŸŒŒǤ ƒᦡăᑉᑉÙٜœŸ•–˜—Ùᑌᑌ—–‡Ÿ¯ƒ‹ ‘—‹–‡Ÿ¯Œ‘‘ᑇᑇŸ•–†ƒ–ِŸŸÙÙāāŸ•–Ǥ Ž‹‡—Ù•‡‡ᦡŽƒŽ‰‰‡‡”ƒ‹†ȋ†ƒŒ‡‡ᦡ”‡•’¡¡‹Žƒā ‘¯¯ƒ–‡‰‘”‹ƒŽ‹Œdz”—Ÿ—‡ᦡŽŽæ‡‡ᦡŽŽ‡Ž¤¤ᦡ’’dzǡ ˜—Ÿ¯‡Ž†‡ᦡ–ᑉᑉ‡‡’——‹–Ÿᑇ’—Ùᦡ––‹–—¤‹‹†’—Ùᦡ––‹¡¡‹ᦡŒ 8. —‡ᦡŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ˜——ᦡ†‡•–Ž‹‡’ƒ«‹ÙŽᑇŸ•˜—Ù–– ˜—¡ᦡ••’‹‡ᦡŽ‹†Ȍǡ†‹˜¡ᦡŽ††‡†Ž‘—‡‡”ƒ‹Ù••ƒā ¡¡—•–‡ᦡ‡•懇ᦡŽŽ‡Ž¤¤ᦡ’’ǡ‘‘˜‡¡ƒŒ‘‘ᑇᑇŸ•– ‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹Ÿ˜—‡‹ᦡ––‡˜—Ù––Ÿǣ †ƒ˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡ƒŽŽæ‡’ŸŒŒŽÙ•˜—Ù¯’¡¡‹Žƒā ‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒƒ–‹ƒ‹‘—ᦡ††‡’‘Š––ƒŠ—ÙŽ‹†ȋ‘—††ǤŠ—ÙŽ‹†ǡ ÙᦡŽŽᦤŒ‡‡‹‘——˜—¡‹ᦡ––‡懇ᦡŽŽ‡†’¡¡ᦡ—‡ᦡŽ‹†ǡ ‘—‹˜—Ù‹‰‰Ÿ†˜—Ù¯Ÿ•–懇ŽŽÙᦡææ‡Ǥ¡ᦡŽƒ‹ǡ koid North Atlantic Salmon Fund lij peäggtam). Œ¡¡ƒæ—ᦡᑉᑉ拆ǡ‘‘˜ƒ‹–‡Ž—Ùœœ‡¡””ƒǤ¡Ǧ 1. —‡ᦡŒ‘‘ᑇᑇŽ—Ùœœ˜—‡ᦡŒŒÙَᑇ«‹•‡ᦡŽ˜˜–‡† ‘‹Ǧ‘—‹†ƒŒ‡‡ᦡ”‡•’¡¡‹Žƒā‘—‹ ƒᦡ”ᑉ•–ÙَŽÙÙāā˜—Ÿ¯¯ƒÙَᑇ«‡Ž‡‡ᦡ† ‡ŸŽŽ—Ùœœ ƒŽŽæ‡‘¯¯Ž¤¤ᦡ’’Ùَᑇƒ–‘¯¯˜—¤’’Ÿ˜—‡ᦡŒŒ‹†Ǥ ‹Ÿ””Žƒā˜——ᦡ†‹—‡ᦡŒ‘‘ᑇᑇŽƒƒᦡ¯˜‹”¡ŒŒƒǤ ˜—Ù‹‰‰Ÿ†˜—Ù¯‹†Ùَᑇ«‹”ƒƒ˜‡‡††ƒ”ƒƒŒŒŸ† «‹ÙŽ‰‰„‡Ǥ‡¡ƒ•–’‡‹––—‡ᦡŽŽæ‡‡ŽŽÙᦡææ‡ ŸŸᦡ‡˜—ᦡ˜†††ƒ‡‘•›•–‡‡˜¡ᦡŽ††‹Ÿ”Ÿ•– G.—Ù”––•¡ᦡŽƒ‹—Ž––—”¡¡ᦡ”„†ƒي––˜—Ù¯ ‡ᦡŒŒʹͲͳ͵¡¡‹ᦡŒَ•–ŸŸᦡ––‡–˜¡¡āƒ‹–‹Ù¯Žƒā Œƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ᑇᑇŽƒƒᦡ¯˜‹†Ǥ ’‘Š––ÙÙāā‹—‡ᦡŒ‘‘ᑇᑇŸ•–ǡ‹‡ᦡŽ†† ˜—‡‹ᦡ–‡–˜ƒ‹–‡†Ǥ Œ‘ᦡᑉᑉ‡ŸŽ‰‰˜—¡ᑌᑌƒ†’—‡ᦡ”„‡‘—ᦡ††‡Ǥ˜‡‡‹Ǧ ‘–‘”˜Ù•‹˜ƒ‹–ÙٜœŽ—Ùœœ‘‘¯¯Ÿ˜——ᦡ†‹† C.—Ù”––•¡ᦡŽƒ‹ƒŽ‰‰‡‡”–‡Ÿ¯†ƒŽ¡ᦡ††Žƒ‹ǡ–ƒƒᦡŒ‹†ƒ Ž‘‘ᑇᑇ‡‡ᦡŽ ǦŠƒᦡăᑉᑉÙٜœŽ‘’’”ƒ’‘‘”–Ǥ 9. ‘—‹—Ž––——”†ƒƒƒœœ–‡Š‹•–‘‘”Ùَᑇ«‹ Ùَᑇ«‹•‡ᦡŽ˜˜–‡†Ǥ"ᦡ”„„–‡Ÿ¯ƒ‹‹‡ᦡŽ†† ‡ŸŽ ˜‡‡‹Ǧ‘—‹’¡¡‹Žƒā–‡Ÿ¯Ùَᑇ«‹’”‹‹Ÿ†–‹Ù¯Žƒā ŸŸᦡ••‡˜——ᦡ†¡ᦡ”„„–‡Ÿ––Ž‹Œ‘””—†ƒ ˜—¡ᑌᑌƒ†æ‡’—‡ᦡ”„‡‘—ᦡ††‡Ǥ¡˜—‡‹ᦡ–‡–«ÙÙ¯–‡† ‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜——ᦡ†‡•–‘–‘”˜ÙŸœ’¡ᦡ”––‡‡Ž—Ùœœ –‡Ÿ¯ƒ‹•‡¡ƒ¡”˜˜•ƒāǡ‹Ÿ”–‡‡‹–‡Ÿ––¡‹˜˜ƒǡ‘ ‡‡”ƒ‹Ù••ƒā‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒƒ–‹ƒǡŸᦡ–‡ Ž‹‡ ‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜‘—††ƒ ‹Ÿ‰‰–—–‡Ÿ––Ùَ„‹Ǧ†ƒ ‘‘¯¯Ÿ˜——ᦡ†‹†Ǥ"¡ᦡææÙَᑇ«‹•‡ᦡŽ˜˜–‡†¡—ᦡᑉᑉ‡‡ᦡŽ ¡”˜˜–ÙَŸ–‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜——ᦡ†’‹””Ùٜœ†ƒŽ—Ùœœ˜—‡ᦡŒŒǤ ‘—††ƒŒ‹‹ᦡŒŒ‡œ”ƒᦡ˜˜ŒÙٜœ‹†‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜——ᦡ† „”‘•——ᦡ”‹˜—‹ᦡ†‹ÙَŸ•–‡Ÿ¯–———āā‹Ǥ –‹Ù––‹†ƒ¡ᦡ”„„–‡Ÿ¯Ǥ D. Œƒ—††Ÿ˜——ᦡ†‡•–Ùَᑇ«‹–—ᦡŒ‡†‘¯¯ H. ᦡŽ¤¤””ƒ‹˜‡‹††•Ù•‘‘¯———āā‹ŽŸŸᦡ••‡ ‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹ÙÙāāŸ•–Ǥ—–¡‹†–‡Ÿ––¡¡‹˜ƒ‹† Ùَᑇ«‹¡—ᦡᑉᑉ‡‡†Œ‘‘ᑇᑇ˜ƒƒŽ†æ———āāŸ•–Ǥ 10. ‘‘”Ǧ‘—‹ǡ•¡ᦡŽƒ‹†ƒ‘‹Ǧ‘—‹ •‡ᦡŽ˜˜–‡Ǧǡ¡††ŸŸᦡ‡Ǧ†ƒŽ—Ÿ¯•—‡ŒŒ‡‡–—¤‹‹†ǡ ‡ᦡ–ᑉᑉ‡‡–Œ¤ᦡ––ŽÙ•–—¤‹‡‡‡ᦡŒŒ‹†ʹͲͳ͵ǦʹͲͳͷǣ ’¡‹ᦡᑉᑉÙُ‹ƒ”––Œ——攃ƒŒ«‹˜¡¡āƒ‹‘¯¯ ‹‡ᦡŽ††Ž‘‘ᑇᑇ‡‡ᦡŽǢ t
—‡ᦡæǦ†ƒ—ᦡᑉᑉ‡ā懇ŽŽÙÙāāƒŽ––———āā 2. —‡ᦡŒ‘ᦡᑉᑉ‡Ùَᑇ«‹˜—Ÿ¯¯‡‡†‡‡”ƒ‹Ù••ƒā ‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹Ÿ’ŽƒƒǤŽƒƒŸ•–Ùَᑇ«‡Ž‡‡ᦡ† –‡Ÿ¯˜——ᦡ†Ž—Ÿ¯ƒ•–ǡ¡††ŸŸÙÙāāŸ•–†ƒ t
Ž—Ùœœ¡‹††æن†———āā’ÙÙææ‹ᑉ‡ŸŽ††ÙÙāā ˜ƒᦡŽŽŒ——˜——ᦡ†‹ǡŒ‡¡”„‡—‡ᦡŽŽǦ —Ž––—”¡¡ᦡ”„‡•–Ǥ Œƒ—††Ÿ˜—ِŸ•–†ƒ˜—¡‹––ÙÙāā‹‹‡ᦡŽ†† Œƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ᑇᑇŸ•–†ƒ’—ƒ•Œ¡¡—ᦡ”‡•–Ǥ ‹‡ᦡŽ††——”ƒ˜——ᦡ††ƒ—Ùæ挟ƒ Ž‡––˜ƒŽ†‹ƒÙَᑇ–Ùٜœǡ’¤¤¯ÙÙ««Ù••Ÿ 11. ‘‘”Ǧ‘—‹ǡ•¡ᦡŽƒ‹†ƒ‘‹Ǧ‘—‹ ŸᦡŽ††˜—ِ‹æ‡ ¡¡ᦡ—‡ᦡŽ‹懇ŽŽÙÙāāǡ‘‹——ᦡ ‡‡– —Ž––——”‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹ÙÙāāŒ‘‘ᑇᑇŸ•–˜—‡‹ᦡ–‡– t
—Ù”––•¡ᦡŽƒ‹‹Ÿ””Žƒā—Ž––—”¡¡ᦡ”„ǡŒ‡¡”„‡ Ž—Ù••ŸŸŽᑇƒ‹’”¤’’———āāǡ˜—‡‹ᦡ–‡––—‡ᦡŒŒ‡‡† ’¡¡‹Žƒā†ƒƒŽ‰‰‡‡”ƒ‹˜—Ù‹‰‰Ÿ†˜—Ù¯†ƒ Ž—Ÿ¯•—‡ŒŒ‡‡–—¤‹ǤÙÙææ‹«¡¡ᦡ ˜‹ÙᑇᑇǦ†ƒ «ÙÙ¯–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒƒ–‹ƒ–ƒƒ—Ž‹Ǧǡ’Žƒƒƒ––‹Ǧǡ„”‘•——ᦡ”‹Ǧ ’¡‹ᦡᑉᑉÙُ‹†ƒ¡††ŸŸÙÙāā•‡ᦡŽ˜˜–———āā ᑉ‡Ÿ¯¯ƒ¤¤¯¯’‘‘†††ƒᑉ‡¡••ƒ‹‹”æǦǡ˜—Ù‰‰Ǧ †‹Œ‡‡ᦡ”‡•˜—‡ᦡŒŒ‹˜—‹ᦡǤ¡¡‹ᦡ–˜——ᦡ†ŸŽ††•‹ Œƒ—††Ÿ˜—ِŸ•– †ƒ•¡‹ᦡæ‡‡ŽŽÙæ某Ǥ‡ᦡ”ᑈᑈ‡‡ᦡᑉᑉ¡¡—•«‡ ”‘‰‰Ÿ–—¤‹‹ᑉ‹ÙŽ†•–ƒƒ‡ᦡ«‹Œ‘‘ᑇᑇ•‡‹ŽŽÙÙāā æ‹ÙᑇᑇŽ—Ù••Œ‘ŸǤ —Ÿ•–ᦤ–‡ᦡ‡•—Ž––—”Š‹•–‘‘”˜—¡ᑌᑌƒ–’—‡ᦡ”„‡ t
‹Ÿ”Ÿ•––—¤‹Œ‡‡‹¡ƒ–—‡ᦡŽŽæ‹‹ᦡŽŽᦤŒ‹–‡Ÿ¯†ƒ ’¡¡ᦡŽᑉ’¡¡‹Žƒā—‡ᦡŽŽæ‹‹ᦡŽŽᦤŒ‹†Œ‡¡”„‡’ÙÙææ‹ ‘—ᦡ††‡Ǥ ᑉ‹Ù««ŽŸ•––ÙÙāā¡—ᦡᑉᑉ———āā 懇ᦡŽŽ‡‡¡˜˜ƒ‹˜—‹ᦡæÙن†‹Š¤‹††æ‡‡ᦡŽŽ‡•–Ǥ 3. ٕ‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹Ÿ’Žƒƒ———āāƒŽ––‡‡–ǡ ˜—ᦡ˜††ÙٕÙٜœ†ƒ‘•‘˜ƒÙَᑇ«‡¤¤««ƒ†

140 141 12. "—ᦡᑉᑉ‡‡ᦡŽ—Ùæ挟ƒŒ‡‡ᦡ”‡•–Ÿᦡ˜˜Ǧ˜—¡ᦡœœ‹ǡ Ÿᦡ–‡ƒŠƒ–¡¡ᦡ••˜¡¡ᦡŽ†ȋ‘Ž›ƒȌ†ƒƒᦡ”ŒŒ‡Ž ƒƒŽŽ‹†ǡ’—Ùᦡ––‹˜—Ù¯Ÿ•–Ùَᑇ«‹˜—Ÿ¯¯‡‡†‘¯¯ —‡ᦡŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ‡‡”‡¡ᦡ ˜——ᦡ†Ǥِ’‘‘†† ˜——ᦡ†‡•–˜—‡‹ᦡ–‡–”‹Ÿæ柆–—ŸŒŒ’Ùٔ–ǡ‘ᦡ•– ‘—††‹Ÿ”Ÿ‘Ž›ƒŒ‘‘ᑇᑇᑉ‹Ù««ŽŸ•––ÙÙāā‹† «‹ÙᦡŽᑈᑈ‡‡–˜‡‹††•ŸŒ‹Ǥ

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—‡ᦡǦ†ƒŒƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ‹ي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡”ƒ’‘”–– ʹͲͳ͵«—¡ᦡŒƒ–˜—Ù••˜—Ÿ”ƒ‘”‡‡––ŽƒāƒƒŽŽ ƒ”‡–•Ǧ˜——ᦡ†—‡‹ᦡ–˜¡¡āƒ‹Ž—Ù••Œ‘‘ᑇᑇ‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹- Ÿ†‹Ù––ي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ———āā˜‡¡ƒǤŒƒ—††Ÿ Ž‹Œ¡¡ᦡ††ŒŸƒ†ƒƒƒ”””ƒƒŒŒǦŒ‘†ƒ—‡ᦡŒ‘ Ž‹Œ——”ƒ˜——ᦡ†‡•–ǡ—Ùæ挟‡•–Ǥ—Š––—Ž‹‡ —Ù”––•¡ᦡŽƒ‹¡¡ᦡ”„˜—ŸŽƒāŒ¡Ž•–‡˜——ᦡ†‡•–ǡŠ¤ᦡ– ŸᦤŒÙā¡¡‹ᦡŒ‡•–˜——ᦡ†‡•–Œ¡Ž•–‡Œ‡‡ᦡ”‡•‡‡”æ‡Ǥ—¡ᦡ•• –¡ᦡ•–‡ᦡ–ᑉᑉ——‘‘¯———āā‹†ƒƒƒŽᑇ–Ùٜœ‹‘‘—- †Ÿ•˜‡‡‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜——ᦡ†‹†‘„„‡•†ƒÙَᑇƒ–˜¡¡āƒ‹ǡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‹˜Žƒā–—ᦡ•–ÙÙᑇᑇ‹†ȋ‘—††‹Ÿ”ŸƒŽ‰‰- ‡‡”ƒ‹†ƒ’¡¡‹Žƒā‘—‹懇ŽŽÙÙāā•–ƒƒŸ†‹Ù––ǡ ‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜——ᦡ†‘„„‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹Ùᦡææ‡ǡ’¡¡‹Žƒā†ƒ ƒŽ‰‰‡‡”–‡Ÿ¯”‘‘ŽŽ–—‡ᦡŒŒ———āā’ÙÙææ‹–‡Ÿ––¡‹˜˜ƒ —Ù•‹ƒƒŽᑇ–———āāȌǤ—–—¤‹Œ‡‡‹Œ‹‡Œ—‡ᦡŒŒ–¡‹† ˜—¡‹Ž‹†Ǥ¡†‹Ù––—‡ᦡǦ†ƒŒƒ—††ŸŒ‘‘ᑇᑇ‹ ي––•ƒā˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡”ƒ’‘‘”–’‘Š––ÙÙāā‹†Ùَᑇ«‹ ᑉ‹Ù––ᦤ–ÙَŽŸ†˜‡‹††•ŸŒ‹˜——ᦡ†•‹‹†‹ǡ‡‡”Žƒā ˜‡ᦡ”ᑈᑈ‡‡ᦡᑉᑉ‹†ƒ–‹Ù––‹”——‰‰Ÿ•–†‹ƒŽ‰‰‡‡”ƒ‹‘”- ‰ƒ‹•ƒƒ–‹ƒ‹Ǥ¡ŽŸŸᦡ••‡ƒ—ᦡᑌᑌŒ‡’’—˜—¡ᦡ••’‹‡ᦡŽ‹† •—¤˜˜–‡†–ŸᦡŽŽ‡•”ƒ’‘‘”––ƒƒ‹ƒŽŽƒ–—Ù––Ÿ˜——ᦡ†‹†ǡ 斑ƒ”–Žƒā˜——ᦡ†‡•–Œ‘‘ᦡ––‹ǡ¡¡ă‰˜ƒƒŽ†æ‡’”‘•‡‡•- •‹†˜—‡‹ᦡ–‡–˜¡ᦡŽ††‡†Ž‘—‘Ž‰‰Ÿ˜——ᦡ†‹†ƒŽ—Ùœœ Œ‹‡ᦡŽŽ‡’‹””Ùٜœ‹‘‘—†Ÿ•˜‹‹ÙÙāāŸ•–Ǥ

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