The Presence of Roman and Provincial Coins in Aegean Thrace: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis

BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, XLIV, 2018 Proceedings of the First International Roman and Late Antique Thrace Conference “Cities, Territories and Identities” (Plovdiv, 3rd – 7th October 2016)

Marina TASAKLAKI

Abstract: Based on statistical analysis of more than 1200 Roman and provincial coins found in Aegean Thrace, the present study aims to reconstruct the monetary circulation and to trace the relations between the cities that prospered between the 1st and the 3rd c.1: Topeiros, Abdera, Maroneia, Traianopolis and Plotinopolis. Those cities were affected directly or indirectly by the Roman administrative changes in the province of Thrace in the course of three centuries. Their monetary production, compared with the presence of Roman imperial coins in the area, points to their mutually comple- mentary relations.

Key words: Aegean Thrace, provincial coins, imperial coins, Roman period.

Introduction The aim of the present study is to detect the relations between the cities of the Roman province of Thrace, and particularly of those cities that proliferated in Aegean Thrace2. My ambition is also to trace 1 All dates are AD, unless otherwise the relations between them and the central authority during the 1st- stated. 3rd c., and thus fill the bibliographical gap referring to the circulation 2 I would like to note that the contrac- of coins in that particular area (Georgantelli 2005; Chryssanthaki- tual term Aegean Thrace is used as a geographical definition for the area bound Nagle 2011). For the purposes of this presentation, 1214 coins have by the rivers Nestos to the West, Hebros been studied. These coins emanate from the excavations conducted by to the East, the Rhodope Mountains to the local Ephorate of Antiquities. In addition, there are chance finds the north, and the Aegean Sea to the from known areas that belong to the numismatic collection of the south. For basic bibliography regarding Archaeological Museum of Komotini, which correspond to 36% of the Ancient Thrace, see Soustal 1991; Valeva 3 / Nankov / Graninger 2015; especially total number of coins studied . for Roman Thrace see Lozanov 2015. For Aegean Thrace see IThrAeg with detailed Material and Methods bibliography. The presentation of the material will be geographical, at least for the 3 For previous publications of major major cities located in Aegean Thrace, while the discussion will evolve sites in Aegean Thrace including Roman in chronological order separated into three chronological groups. provincial/imperial coins, see Γαλάνη- Κρίκου 1996; Γαλάνη-Κρίκου / Τσέλεκας Of the 922 provincial coins, 678 were, as expected, minted by local 2015; Chryssanthaki-Nagle 2007, 325- kings and cities. Coins of cities of Aegean Thrace predominate (Table 382; Psoma et al. 2008; Arrington et al. 1). Almost all other provincial cities of Thrace, even the most distant 2016. However, the majority of the pre- ones, are represented at least with isolated examples. Regarding the sented material remains unpublished. Macedonian cities, the city of Philippi is the best represented of all At this point, I would like to thank Dr. due to its geographic proximity. Imperial issues, on the other hand, Konstantina Kallintzi and Mrs Chryssa Karadima, Directors of the Ephorates which amount to 292 coins (Table 2), geographically cover the whole of Xanthi and Rhodope-Hebros, for the territory. Some of these coins are dated to beginning of the 2nd c., but permission to study the material. the majority of them after the mid-3rd c. (Chart 1). It is in that period 280 Marina TASAKLAKI when the coin production of the provincial mints came to an end and daily needs along with the salaries of the soldiers began to be covered by imperial mints (Schönert-Geiss 1968; Bland 2012). Starting from west to east: Topeiros is a city placed on the west bank of the river Nestos and on the road of the Via Egnatia (Adams 1986; Loukopoulou 1987; IThrAeg 262-265). The limited excavations brought to light architectural remains of the Byzantine period and a few Byzantine coins (IThrAeg 264; Τσουρής 2015, 117). The coins, however, that the city struck from the time of Antoninus Pius till the end of the reign of Caracalla, as we shall see below (Peter 2000; Доткова 2009; Topalilov forthcoming), were found in a wider area – as far as Plotinopolis. The majority of the coins under study come from Abdera: 716 coins have been recorded in this city, from which 211 are issues of the city itself. The mint of Abdera was activated at the time of Tiberius, before the official annexation of Thrace in the Roman Imperium, and struck coins steadily down to the reign of Antoninus Pius. Other issues come from Maroneia, Topeiros, Thasos, Philippi, etc. There are also a few imperial issues; most of them belong to the second half of the 3rd c. In the city at the peninsula of Molyvoti (Arrington et al. 2016, with updated bibliography), which flourished during the Classical period, 1650 coins have been unearthed and 90% of them date to the Classical era. However, coins of the Roman period, whether provincial or imperial, have also been found. The majority belong to the late 3rd and the 4th c. Only 33 coins date to the first three centuries, 24 of which are imperial and only 9 provincial issues. Maroneia’s close relations with the Romans go back to the 2nd c. BC, as is revealed by the well-known treaty of the city with Rome (IThrAeg E168; Terzopoulou in this volume). Early Roman coins

at Maroneia confirm the occasional and non-organized presence Chart 1. Statistical analysis of Roman of Romans before the establishment of the province of Thrace. In imperial coins (1st-3rd c.) (chart by M. Maroneia and its chora we have found 94 coins that chronologically Tasaklaki) The Presence of Roman and Provincial Coins in Aegean Thrace... 281

Mints Abdera Molyvoti Maroneia Zone Various sites Total Number Thrace Abdera 211 3 4 24 242 Maroneia 24 15 1 11 51 Topeiros 24 1 10 4 30 69 Thasos 25 1 2 28 Plotinopolis 1 1 4 6 Traianopolis 2 2 Hadrianopolis 5 2 1 17 25 Augusta Traiana 4 4 Anchialos 1 1 2 4 Perinthos 2 1 2 3 8 Byzantion 2 2 Philippopolis 7 1 1 9 Serdica 1 1 2 Pautalia 1 1 Ainos 3 2 5 Macedonia Philippi 136 3 6 1 26 172 Amphipolis 15 2 2 19 Thessalonike 7 2 1 4 14 Kassandreia 2 2 Pella 1 1 Koinon 2 1 3 Troas Koila 6 1 1 1 9 Alexandreia 6 6 Ilion 1 1 1 3 Various Antiocheia (Syria) 1 1 Kaisareia (Cappadocia) 1 1 Mytilene (Aeolis) 1 1 Nikaia (Bithynia) 1 1 2 4 Pergamon (Asia) 2 1 1 4 Side (Pamphylia) 1 1 Nicopolis ad Istrum 1 1 Marcianopolis (Moesia) 2 2 Kings Rhoimetalkes I 123 2 2 50 177 Rhoimetalkes II 2 2 Rhoimetalkes III 2 3 5 Rhaiskouporis 1 1 2 Unattributed 11 2 4 17 34 Total 632 9 57 17 207 922 Table 1. Roman provincial coins found in Aegean Thrace (table by M. Tasaklaki)

cover the course of three centuries. Provincial issues of the city prevail and follow those of Topeiros, Philippi and Abdera. Likewise, isolated issues come from other cities of the Roman Province of Thrace, Macedonia, Troas, and Bithynia. Imperial issues are also limited, 37 of a total of 94 coins with the highest percentage belonging to the second half of the 3rd c. The relatively small number of coins from Zone that date to the Roman Imperial period reflects the limited human activity in the 282 Marina TASAKLAKI

Emperors Abdera Molyvoti Maroneia Zone Various Total Augustus 3 2 5 Caligula 1 1 Claudius 2 1 1 4 8 Vespasian 5 2 7 Titus 1 1 Domitian 2 1 3 6 Trajan 3 5 8 Hadrian 3 2 5 10 Antoninus Pius 3 1 6 10 Marcus Aurelius 4 1 4 9 Faustina II 2 6 8 Lucius Verus 2 2 Commodus 1 1 1 3 6 Aelius 1 1 Septimius Severus 1 3 4 Julia Domna 1 1 Caracalla 2 2 Geta 1 1 1 3 Elagabalus / Julia Soaemias 1 1 Julia Maesa 1 1 Alexander Severus 1 1 2 4 Julia Mamaea 2 2 Gordian III 5 2 2 6 15 Philip I 3 1 3 7 Otacilia Severa 1 1 2 Trajan Decius 1 2 3 Herennius Etruscus 2 2 Gallienus 3 7 2 8 4 24 Salonina 1 1 Victorinus 1 1 Claudius II Gothicus 3 4 2 4 13 Quintillus 1 1 Aurelian 13 2 1 3 6 25 Ulpia Severina 2 2 Probus 5 1 4 2 2 14 Carus 1 1 Carinus 1 1 Tetricus 1 1 Tacitus 1 1 Florianus 1 1 Diocletian 6 1 2 5 6 20 Maximianus 1 1 4 10 16 Constantius I 1 1 Unattributed 8 6 9 8 9 40 Total 84 24 37 48 99 292 Table 2. Roman imperial coins found in Aegean Thrace (table by M. Tasaklaki) region, which is also confirmed by the few non-monetary findings recorded in the vicinity. The provincial issues come from Topeiros, Maroneia and Perinthos, all of which cities of the Roman province of Thrace, and date from the time of Antoninus Pius to Alexander Severus. The imperial coins also belong to the same period until the end of the 3rd c. The Presence of Roman and Provincial Coins in Aegean Thrace... 283

In the excavations of Traianopolis, like in Topeiros, the majority of findings belong to the Byzantine period, and only few coins of the 4th c. came to light (IThrAeg 531-534). At Plotinopolis, another foundation of Emperor Trajan, excavations revealed important architectural remains, such as a triclinium with impressive mosaic floors and a monumental well (Κουτσουμανής 2007; Κουτσουμανής et al. 2013). The number of coins (about 2000) is striking, but 95% of them are dated after the 4th c. Of the remain- ing, 7 are imperial issues and 13 provincial, mainly of Plotinopolis and Hadrianopolis. The limited number of Roman coins is possibly due to: a) the continuous habitation of the settlement until the early 7th c., and b) the evidence for melting metals in the triclinium dated to the 5th c. Bearing in mind the aforementioned coin material, we shall at- tempt to approach the history of the region since the beginning of the 1st c., when Roman intervention was still indirect through the establishment of the cliental kingdom under Rhoimetalkes I of the Thracian tribe of the Sapaei (Lozanov 2015, 78-80; Parissaki 2013; Papageorgiadou / Parissaki forthcoming). A. Preparation for the transformation of the region into a Roman province During the 1st c., two Greek cities managed to survive and be incor- porated in the new political scene: Maroneia and Abdera. As a result of their anti-Macedonian policy, they gained the privilege of civitates liberae and stayed outside the jurisdiction of the proconsul of the province of Macedonia (Chryssanthaki-Nagle 2007, 379; Psoma et al. 2008, 252). But as autonomous cities, they did not have the right to issue coins and the vacuum was filled by the coins of Rhoimetalkes I and those of Philippi. The geographical spread of these issues (Map 1) es- sentially shows that they followed the main road of Via Egnatia, from Abdera to Tychero in the Hebros prefecture. The impressive number of bronze coins of Rhoimetalkes I at Abdera is worth mentioning, as they are 123 of the total of 177 coins that have been recorded in Aegean Thrace. According to Chryssanthaki-Nagle (2007, 379) the presence of Rhoimetalkes’ coins at Abdera reveals that the city belonged to his sphere of economic and political influence. Abdera used those coins that functioned as Roman currency, since he was appointed by Augustus as a supervisor of the area. However, in Maroneia only two coins of Rhoimetalkes have been recorded. The issues of Philippi, 58 coins, circulated at the same area as those of Rhoimetalkes. The type with the head of Augustus on the obverse and the founders on the reverse predominates. Those coins where struck to celebrate the foundation of the Colonia Iulia Philippensis. It seems that the Thracian cities, as they did not have their own currency, continued to operate as monetary societies using those coins they con- sidered legitimate at that time. During the following period, under Tiberius, the first issues of Abdera with the imperial portrait appeared, although Abdera was still a civitas libera and the region of Thrace was not officially annexed into the Roman Imperium. We cannot arrive at a certain conclusion about the reasons why Abdera minted coins at that time, but their local circulation in combination with their limited number (only 13 specimens found, all of which in the city itself) rather point to their sym- 284 Marina TASAKLAKI

Map 1. Rhoimetalkes’ and Philippi coins in Aegean Thrace (map designed by Ch. Sismanidis and M. Tasaklaki) bolic or festive use. According to Chryssanthaki-Nagle (2007, 379-80), the city obtained the right to strike coins because of the city’s support to the Roman army in its efforts to stabilize the region, or because of the trust in Roman power. After the annexation of the province, from Claudius to Nero, the total number of coins is limited compared to that recorded at the beginning of the century. Abdera struck two denominations under Claudius and Nero (Chryssanthaki-Nagle 2007, 330-335) and Maroneia just started to issue coins (Schönert-Geiss 1987, 85-88; Psoma et al. 2008, # M157). In any case, no other cities of the region are known before the urbanization project of Trajan and the foundation of Topeiros, Traianopolis, and Plotinopolis to the north. Nevertheless, the coins of Philippi during the reign of Claudius and Nero once again prevail over the local ones. Indeed, at Abdera there are 90 such coins and only 39 coins of the city. There is an iconographic affinity between the two cities and it has been demonstrated that both cities used the same en- graver for the type of Nike on the reverse (Chryssanthaki-Nagle 2007, 331). These coins were minted to commemorate the significant battle of Philippi in 42 BC, and apart from Abdera, 36 more coins are recorded in Aegean Thrace from the region of the Nestos River up to Zone. B. First half of the 2nd c. and Trajan’s urbanization program After Trajan’s success in his campaigns in Dacia in the early 2nd c., the political scene in Thrace changed as a result of the shift of the North border. To ensure the province of Thrace, Trajan implemented an urbanization project with the foundation of new cities and the re-foun- The Presence of Roman and Provincial Coins in Aegean Thrace... 285

dation of old ones, literally eliminating the two distinct zones that had already existed since Antiquity – the coastal district with the Greek cities, and the hinterland with the presence of Thracian tribes, sometimes united under the rule of one king and sometimes not. The ex- pansion of the road network further contributed to the success of the program which was completed during the reign of Antoninus Pius. These changes led to the establishment of three new cities in Aegean Thrace: two along Via Egnatia, Topeiros and Traianopolis, and a third one, Plotinopolis, on the west bank of the Hebros River. The city of Abdera shrank and moved to the west because of the successive floods of the Nestos. Furthermore, at the time of Antoninus Pius Abdera ceased its monetary activity, although from a total of 211 known provincial coins of that city, 46 belong to this period. The new situation at Abdera was related to the dynamic entry of the civitas of Topeiros, with issues ranging from Antoninus Pius to Caracalla. After Trajan, Abdera lost a great part of its chora in favor of the new city and afterwards, till the Severan dynasty, both imperial and provincial coins are few. Coins of Maroneia at the time of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, 28 in number, apart from the city itself, have been found at Abdera, while in Maroneia only few foreign coins have been recorded. The new leading role of Topeiros is reflected in the spread of its monetary issues. Unlike those of Abdera and Maroneia, Topeiros’ coins have been found in a wider area to the distant Plotinopolis, Augusta Traiana, Philippopolis and Serdica: 24 found at Abdera, 10 at Maroneia, 4 at the Nestos region and finally isolated examples found all along the Via Egnatia. Those finds, combined with the discovery of the miliaria found in Komotini4 and Aetolophos (IThrAeg E395), the inscriptions on the proedreiai of the theatre of Maroneia (Πεντάζος 1990), the name ΟΥΛΠΙΑ in its currency (Topalilov forthcoming), the fact that its issues override the local one, show that Topeiros was the most powerful city and controlled a wider area towards the north of the chora of Abdera and Maroneia. The presence of coins of other cities apart from those in Aegean Thrace is limited. So are the imperial issues. From Antoninus Pius till Septimius Severus, for a time span of almost 35 years, coin production was in decline. Abdera stopped mint- ing, while Maroneia, Topeiros, Traianopolis and Plotinopolis had spo- radic issues, as is also the case with the imperial coins. At the time of Commodus the only active mint in Aegean Thrace was Maroneia and its three recorded coins have been found at Abdera. Imperial coins of Commodus, mainly sestertii, have been found at Molyvoti, Maroneia, Zone, Dimi and Chalepio. C. The end of the 2nd till the mid-3rd c. At the end of the 2nd and the early 3rd c. the production of local mints in- creased. We have 20 mints in total, among which Nicopolis ad Nestum (Komnick 2003) and Ainos (CNG 88, 14.09.11, 729; Numismatik Naumann 46, 11.09.16, 294) struck coins for the first time. In Aegean 4 As presented by Ch. Karadima in her Thrace, Maroneia, Plotinopolis, Topeiros and Thasos struck small, oral contribution for the 1st RaLATh Conference in Plovdiv, 7-10 October medium and large denominations, while an intensive circulation that 2016 – “New evidence on Via Egnatia could not be detected in the past is now recorded. Coins of Thasos from Komotini, Rhodope”. at the time of Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta were found at 286 Marina TASAKLAKI

Abdera. Coins of Maroneia were found at Maroneia and Abdera, coins of Topeiros at Abdera and Maroneia, while isolated issues have been traced in Komotini, Linos and elsewhere. It is also during this time that coins of the cities of Aegean Thrace were discovered outside this limited area. Coins of Traianopolis (Schönert-Geiss 1991, 151-3), Topeiros (Peter 2000), Plotinopolis and Maroneia (Schönert-Geiss 1987, 112) traveled to places that are now in Bulgaria and Albania. It is also during this time that a high number of coins coming from other cities of the Roman Province of Thrace are recorded, like Hadrianopolis, Anchialos, Pautalia, Perinthos etc. (Table 1). The presence of imperial issues, however, remains firmly limited. Denarii were excavated only at Abdera, Molyvoti, Maroneia and Zone. This mobility is observed not only in terms of the local issues, but also in terms of the presence of other provincial and imperial coins. It can only be the result of both the wars of the early 190s between Septimius Severus and his opponents, and the frequent presence of the emperor and the members of his family (Boteva 2013). When Caracalla visited Thrace during his last campaign to the east, not only were athletic events organized in his honor in Philippopolis (Peter 2013), but almost all provincial cities minted coins commemorating his visits. And while monetary production and mobility was at its peak, the period that followed is characterized by a downward trend until the mid-3rd c. The reign of Gordian III however can be seen as an upward movement: 27 coins have been found, 15 of which are imperial issues, mostly denarii. D. The closure of provincial mints and the second half of the 3rd c. From the mid-3rd c. continuous invasions of the Northern tribes of Heruli, Goths and Germans tormented the Empire and led to a com- prehensive review of the monetary system by Aurelian in 274, and later by Diocletian in 294-295 (Estiot 2012). The small denominations of the imperial mint ceased, so did the provincial issues. The last examples come from Maroneia at the time of Trebonianus Gallus and Volusianus (Schönert-Geiss 1987, 218-219). The imperial coins of Gallienus, Claudius Gothicus, and Aurelian were found throughout Thrace and also in places where coins were never found before. We have 20 specimens of Diocletian and 16 of Maximianus. At the same time, in the area of cities like Molyvoti, Zone, Dikaia, which had been abandoned by the end of the 4th c. BC, a resettlement is detected. The presence of Late Roman coins of the 3rd c. is related to the presence of Gallienus. The risk from the north led people to move and search for secure place to stay in the coastal zone. Conclusions In conclusion, three main points should be highlighted. First, the over- all picture of the cities of Aegean Thrace within the framework of the province of Thrace and the Empire, compared to those of the rest of the Roman Province of Thrace, is mainly that of isolation. During certain historical events (e.g. the battle at Philippi in October 42 BC, the battles of Septimius Severus and his rival Niger in the Bosporus area, and the mid-3rd c. wars against the Heruli and the Goths) an increase of coin production and circulation is attested. Second, in the intervals, bronze denominations were issued by Abdera, Maroneia, Topeiros, The Presence of Roman and Provincial Coins in Aegean Thrace... 287

Traianopolis and Plotinopolis to cover the daily needs of these cities. These circulated locally, while the limited number of specimens found outside their chora, reveal mostly all sorts of interactions between the cities of Aegean Thrace. Maroneia and Abdera lost most of their past glamour and failed to reach the high level of urbanization observed in the newly founded cities of the province. Efforts towards this direction had been made as is revealed by the festive issues of both cities or the erection of imperial statues under Hadrian, and the construction of a monumental gate at Maroneia. Coin hoards of provincial issues are absent in the area of Aegean Thrace. Third, the Roman presence was also limited, because Via Militaris / Diagonalis, leading from Perinthos through Serdica to Naissus was preferred by military troops and the emperors. Via Egnatia remained the main road connecting the West and the East, and Roman authorities always took care of its good shape, as the miliaria from Komotini and Aetolophos reveal. However, it was not used for moving troops at least during the centuries that interest us. The few denarii and the absence of coin hoards in Aegean Thrace which are in sharp contrast with the situation in modern Bulgaria, in- dicate that the use of Via Egnatia was limited probably to the return of the veterans or redeployment of public servants. This might be seen in the light of Hadrian’s edict found in Maroneia (IThrAeg E185), which deals with the use of Roman road network and the non-payment of the official fees. Imperial coins found in Aegean Thrace are occasional, probably remnants of passersby.

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Marina Tasaklaki Archaeologist Ephorate of Antiquities of Rhodope 4 A. Symeonidi Str. GR-69132 Komotini [email protected]