DOCSLIB.ORG

The Founders of Modern Physics in Romania As Seen from the Archive of Revue Roumaine De Physique

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Founders of Modern Physics in Romania As Seen from the Archive of Revue Roumaine De Physique v.2.1r20180507 *2018.12.17#unknown2 THE FOUNDERS OF MODERN PHYSICS IN ROMANIA AS SEEN FROM THE ARCHIVE OF REVUE ROUMAINE DE PHYSIQUE D. MIHALACHE1,2, V. BARAN3, B. CONSTANTINESCU2, O. COZAR4,5, D. DASCALU1,6, A.I. NICOLIN2,3,*, A. SANDULESCU1,2 1Romanian Academy, Calea Victoriei 125, Bucharest, Romania 2Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Reactorului 30, Magurele,˘ Romania 3Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, Magurele,˘ Romania 4Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, Mihail Kogalniceanu˘ 1-3, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 5Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei 54, Bucharest, Romania 6University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 313, Bucharest, Romania Received November 19, 2018 Abstract. Motivated by a study of the archive of Revue Roumaine de Physique, published under this name in the period 1964-1992 and afterwards under the name Romanian Journal of Physics, we present here a series of short scientific portraits of the founders of Modern Physics in Romania: Eugen Bad˘ ar˘ au˘ (1887-1975), Horia Hulubei (1896-1972), Ion I. Agarbiceanuˆ (1907-1971), S, erban T, it,eica (1908-1985), Radu Grigorovici (1911-2008), and Ioan Ursu (1928-2007). The aforementioned foun- ders of Modern Physics in Romania were the heirs of the traditions in education and research from the historical provinces of Romania. These traditions rekindled after the Second World War and bloomed through the foundation and subsequent development of the Magurele˘ Physics Campus, now a Historic Site of the European Physical Soci- ety. Studying the archive of Revue Roumaine de Physique, we have identified eleven Laureates of the Nobel Prize, either for Physics or for Chemistry, who were closely con- nected with the development of physics in Romania and published in Revue Roumaine de Physique: C.V. Raman (1888-1970), L. de Broglie (1892-1987), L. Pauling (1901- 1994), N.F. Mott (1905-1996), I.M. Frank (1908-1990), G.T. Seaborg (1912-1999), A.M. Prokhorov (1916-2002), K. Siegbahn (1918-2007), N.G. Basov (1922-2001), A. Salam (1926-1996), and C. Rubbia. This article is intended as a personal contribution to the centennial celebrations that mark 100 years that have passed since 1918 when all Romanian historical provinces were united in a single nation state. Key words: Revue Roumaine de Physique, physics in Romania, physics history. 1. INTRODUCTION The establishment of the first Romanian universities precedes the formation of the modern Romanian nation state in 1918 and was instrumental in the transforma- tion of our society over the past century and in shaping the future of the Romanian nation for the decades to come. The appearance of the major Romanian universities in the XIXth century follows the academic tradition established through the Princely Academies in Bucures, ti and Ias, i in the XVIIth century, which were institutions of Romanian Journal of Physics 63, 113 (2018) Article no. 113 D. Mihalache et al. 2 higher education similar in many respects to their European counterparts. Along- side with the Romanian universities we have The Romanian Academy, established in 1/13 April 1866, and Romanian Academy of Sciences, established in 29 March 1935, which were the most important Romanian learned societies that contributed immensely to the development of the modern Romanian nation state. The Romanian Academy acted as a symbol of national culture, a forum of recognition and a space of fundamental research, being in fact the driving force behind most of the large-scale projects that shaped modern Romania. The Romanian Academy of Sciences was a prominent learned society with outstanding international collaborations on the side of exact sciences, physics in particular, up to The Second World War. The Romanian Academy of Sciences was rekindled in 2007 under the name Academy of Romanian Scientists. The History of Physics in Romania over the last century, see references [1–6], overlaps almost perfectly with what we understand today through Modern Physics. Due to a fortunate coincidence, 1918 also marks the establishment of the quantum paradigm in physics. The Nobel Prize for Physics that was awarded to Max Planck in recognition of the impact that the idea of energy quanta had, marks the beginning of modern physics and the abandonment of some seemingly immutable ideas of New- tonian mechanics. Let us also note that the first issue of the prestigious Reviews of Modern Physics was published in 1929, establishing a scientific and editorial tradi- tion that has deeply impacted the development of physics [7]. Returning to the actual history of physics education and research in Romania, let us note that it has a long history, commonly structured in four distinct periods (see Ref. [8]). The first period covers the years 1860-1890 and begins with the introduction of physics courses in the curriculum and sporadic research activities at university level. The second period covers the years 1890-1940 and marks the strengthening of research activities, which are now correlated with didactic activity. During this second period, the first research physics centers are established within the Romanian universities. After the Second World War, at the beginning of the third period of physics development in Romania, we note the activity of a series of excep- tional physicists, both remarkable researchers and dedicated teachers, namely: Eugen Bad˘ ar˘ au,˘ Horia Hulubei, Ion I. Agarbiceanu,ˆ S, erban T, it,eica, Radu Grigorovici, and Ioan Ursu. The aforementioned founders of Modern Physics in Romania were the heirs of the traditions in education and research from all across Romanian histori- cal provinces: Eugen Bad˘ ar˘ au˘ was a Professor at University of Cernaut˘ ,i, Bucovina, where he established his first research laboratory; Horia Hulubei was a graduate of University of Ias, i, Moldova, where he returned after his doctoral studies in France, first as an Associate Professor, then Professor, before moving to Bucharest; Ion I. Agarbiceanu,ˆ a native of Transylvania, graduated from “George Barit,iu” high school in Cluj-Napoca before moving to Bucharest for university studies; S, erban T, it,eica (c) RJP63(00–00), ID 113-1 (2018) v.2.1r20180507 *2018.12.17#unknown2 3 The Founders of Modern Physics in Romania Article no. 113 was a native of Bucharest, where he graduated from University of Bucharest and later on became Professor of Theoretical Physics at his home university; Radu Grig- orovici was a native of Cernaut˘ ,i, Bucovina, where he finished his university studies and later on became Assistant in the laboratory of Eugen Bad˘ ar˘ au˘ at University of Cernaut˘ ,i; Ioan Ursu, a native of Transylvania, graduated from University of Cluj- Napoca where he became Professor. The scientific traditions that were rekindled after the Second World War later bloomed through the foundation and subsequent development of the Magurele˘ Physics Campus, now a Historic Site of the European Physical Society. This historical article is mainly devoted to the founders of Modern Physics in Romania and to the Magurele˘ Physics Campus, but we will discuss in a distinct future publication the development of the physics community in Romania, focusing both on the traditional education and research centers in Bucharest, Ias, i, Cluj-Napoca, and Timis, oara, and on the more recent ones such as those in Arad, Bacau,˘ Constant,a, Craiova, Oradea, Pites, ti, Ramnicuˆ Valcea,ˆ Sibiu, and Targovisˆ , te. The central institution of Magurele˘ Physics Campus was the Institute of Atomic Physics (IFA) between 1956-1974 and then after 1990. Between 1974 and 1990 the activity of the Magurele˘ Physics Campus was coordinated by the Central Institute of Physics (commonly know through its Romanian abbreviation ICEFIZ), which in- cluded the Institute of Atomic Physics (Bucharest-Magurele),˘ the Institute for Nu- clear Technologies (Pites, ti-Colibas, i), the Institute of Stable Isotopes (Cluj-Napoca), the Institute of Physics (initially based in Bucharest and in afterwards Bucharest-Ma-˘ gurele), the Institute for Scientific and Technical Creation (Bucharest-Magurele),˘ the Physics Laboratories of the Technical and Physical Research Center (Ias, i), the Center for Documentation and Nuclear Publications (Bucharest-Magurele),˘ and the Center for Training and Specialization in Nuclear Physics (Bucharest-Magurele).˘ Following the reorganization of the Central Institute of Physics, the Magurele˘ Physics Campus included during 1977-1990 the Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (unit with legal personality), the Institute of Physics and Materials Technology (unit with- out legal personality), the Institute of Physics and Technology of Radiation Devices (unit without legal personality), the Center for Astronomy and Spatial Sciences (unit without legal personality), the Earth Physics Center (unit without legal personality), along with the Nuclear Apparatus Factory (unit without legal personality). During the same period, we find under the coordination of the Central Institute of Physics the following institutions: the Institute of Nuclear Energy Reactors (a unit with legal per- sonality, headquartered in Pites, ti), the Institute of Isotopic and Molecular Technology (a unit with legal personality, with headquarters in the city of Cluj-Napoca), together with the Center of Technical Physics (unit with legal personality, based in Ias, i). After 1990, when the Institute of Atomic Physics was re-established, the institutes on the Magurele˘ Physics Campus became National
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unerring in Her Scientific Enquiry and Not Afraid of Hard Work, Marie Curie Set a Shining Example for Generations of Scientists
    Historical profile Elements of inspiration Unerring in her scientific enquiry and not afraid of hard work, Marie Curie set a shining example for generations of scientists. Bill Griffiths explores the life of a chemical heroine SCIENCE SOURCE / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY LIBRARY PHOTO SCIENCE / SOURCE SCIENCE 42 | Chemistry World | January 2011 www.chemistryworld.org On 10 December 1911, Marie Curie only elements then known to or ammonia, having a water- In short was awarded the Nobel prize exhibit radioactivity. Her samples insoluble carbonate akin to BaCO3 in chemistry for ‘services to the were placed on a condenser plate It is 100 years since and a chloride slightly less soluble advancement of chemistry by the charged to 100 Volts and attached Marie Curie became the than BaCl2 which acted as a carrier discovery of the elements radium to one of Pierre’s electrometers, and first person ever to win for it. This they named radium, and polonium’. She was the first thereby she measured quantitatively two Nobel prizes publishing their results on Boxing female recipient of any Nobel prize their radioactivity. She found the Marie and her husband day 1898;2 French spectroscopist and the first person ever to be minerals pitchblende (UO2) and Pierre pioneered the Eugène-Anatole Demarçay found awarded two (she, Pierre Curie and chalcolite (Cu(UO2)2(PO4)2.12H2O) study of radiactivity a new atomic spectral line from Henri Becquerel had shared the to be more radioactive than pure and discovered two new the element, helping to confirm 1903 physics prize for their work on uranium, so reasoned that they must elements, radium and its status.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)
    THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER FACTS AND FIGURES 2020 2 The University 4 World ranking 6 Academic pedigree 8 World-class research CONTENTS 10 Students 12 Making a difference 14 Global challenges, Manchester solutions 16 Stellify 18 Graduate careers 20 Staff 22 Faculties and Schools 24 Alumni 26 Innovation 28 Widening participation UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER 30 Cultural institutions UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER 32 Income 34 Campus investment 36 At a glance 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER Our vision is to be recognised globally for the excellence of our people, research, learning and innovation, and for the benefits we bring to society and the environment. Our core goals and strategic themes Research and discovery Teaching and learning Social responsibility Our people, our values Innovation Civic engagement Global influence 2 3 WORLD RANKING The quality of our teaching and the impact of our research are the cornerstones of our success. We have risen from 78th in 2004* to 33rd – our highest ever place – in 2019 in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU). League table World ranking European ranking UK ranking 33 8 6 ARWU 33 8 6 WORLD EUROPE UK QS 27 8 6 Times Higher Education 55 16 8 *2004 ranking refers to the Victoria University of Manchester prior to the merger with UMIST. 4 5 ACADEMIC PEDIGREE 1906 1908 1915 1922 1922 We attract the highest-calibre researchers and teachers, with 25 Nobel Prize winners among J Thomson Ernest Rutherford William Archibald V Hill Niels Bohr Physics Chemistry Larence Bragg Physiology or Medicine Physics our current and former staff and students.
    [Show full text]
  • 32 ROMANIAN CONTRIBUTIONS in AERONAUTICS Adrian NECULAE
    ROMANIAN CONTRIBUTIONS IN AERONAUTICS Adrian NECULAE West University of Timisoara, ROMANIA A short history of the flight From the earliest days, humans have dreamed of flying and have attempted to achieve it. The dream of flight was inspired by the observation of the birds even from the early times and was illustrated in myths, fiction (fantasy, science fiction and comic book characters) and art. Greek, Roman or Indian mythology have examples of gods who were gifted with flight. Daedalus and Icarus flew through the air, and Icarus died when he flew too close to the sun. Daedalus and Icarus (Greek) Pushpaka Vimana of the Ramayana (Indian) Religions relate stories of chariots that fly through the air and winged angels that join humans with the heavens. Flying creatures that were half human and half beast appear in legends. Birds and fantastic winged creatures pulled boats and other vehicles through the air. Let’s see some relevant examples: 32 From the top left corner: Angel, Pegasus, Dragons, Superman, Santa Claus, Dumbo. My talk is about progress in science, and more specific, about progresses in human fight against gravity. An illustration in art of the idea of what it means the progress in flight is given in the picture below, painted at the end of the 19th Century: The human dream of flight: Utopian flying machines from the 18th Century. The image and the title of this art work express, maybe better than other words, the idea of progress in flight, especially in modern and present history: things that seemed to be pure utopia a century
    [Show full text]
  • “Revista Istorică”, XXVIII, 2017, Nos. 1-2
    “Revista istorică”, XXVIII, 2017, nos. 1-2 ABSTRACTS THE ARABS AND THE MONGOLS EXPANDING: A COMPARISON OF THE PREMISES VIRGIL CIOCÎLTAN The route from the nomad’s tent to the imperial palace had the same starting ground, namely the disadvantaged areas, which made their nomadic inhabitants particularly receptive to material gains, and the same finality: expansion and the formation of the two empires. Beyond the specific means of achieving each course individually, their essence was identical: the politic and social instability, which was endemic to the gentile societies of pre-Islamic Arabia and Mongolia before the rule of Genghis Khan, was removed by the great social and political renewals of the 7th, respectively the 12th century, which presented the nomadic inhabitants with a new identity, granted them social homogeneity and integrated them into state structures which superseded the traditional tribal entities. As the conscience of being Moslem transgressed the narrow gentile differences and allowed the formation of the great Islamic community (umma), composed of equal elements, at least in theory, which were unified precisely by the common faith in Allah, so Genghis Khan’s reform, promulgated at the 1206 kurultai, consecrated the victory of the new identity, that of members of the Mongol ulus, which was also of divine right and with similar universal imperial traits. Thereupon, the energies previously consumed in internal conflicts could be harnessed and channeled towards the outer world, where they produced epochal military victories. The analogy between these phenomena and those produced several centuries later by the French Revolution, which made possible, through a similar process of equalization, the “mass uprising” (levée en masse) and, as a consequence, Napoleon’s great conquests, is striking.
    [Show full text]
  • 27 Scoping Study: Applicability of Pir Systems to Mine Waters in Eastern and Southern Europe
    Scoping study: applicability of PIR systems to mine waters in Eastern and Southern Europe 151 27 SCOPING STUDY: APPLICABILITY OF PIR SYSTEMS TO MINE WATERS IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE 27.1 Project: PIRAMID C. Wolkersdorfer1, A. Hasche1, J. Tschapek1, M. Veselič2, M. Leblanc3 1University Freiberg, Germany 2Institute for Mining, Geotechnology and Environment, Slovenia 3Université Montpellier, France 27.2 Executive Summary Mining in Europe has great influence of the environment. A significant problem in many EU Member States and EU candidate countries is the long-term water pollution from abandoned mines and associated industrial sites. Sources of water pollution are e.g. pyrite oxidation, metal leaching by surface water or rain and leaching of residual process chemicals in the tailings. In order to reach today’s ecological standards polluted mine water needs to be treated in technical water treatment systems (conventional method). Water treatment will be necessary for a long time, consequently conventional methods will not be economically efficient. Key objectives of PIRAMID are to draw developments of passive, ecologically-friendly in-situ remedial methods for mining waters together and to support the development of new tech- niques and innovations in order to apply such technologies to a variety of of polluted mine waters. This report gives an overview of mine water problems in selected EU Member States and Accession States in Eastern and Southern Europe and assesses the potential applicability of passive treatment methods and where such methods are already applied. For most existing mining sites in the reviewed countries the applicability of passive treatment methods is possible. Furthermore, in France, Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic ex- periences with different passive treatment methods e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • People and Things
    Physics monitor People and things Books received CERN Council Bookshelf At the meeting of CERN's governing Future High Energy Colliders, Editor body, Council, in December, Luciano Weak Neutral Currents - The Zohreh Parsa, AIP Conference Maiani was elected the next Director Discovery of the Electro-Weak Force, Proceedings 397, ISBN 1-56396- General of the Organization, to take edited by David B. Cline, Addison 729-4 office on 1 January 1999, when the Wesley (Frontiers of Physics Series), current Director General, Chris ISBN 0-201-93347-0 Llewellyn Smith, will have completed Proceedings of a meeting held in his five year mandate. A Addison Wesley's Frontiers of Santa Barbara in October 1996 (see distinguished theorist, Luciano Physics Series began in 1961, and March 1997 issue of the CERN Maiani is currently President of the David Cline's anthology on weak Courier, page 16). Italian INFN and has been President neutral currents is the 97th volume in of CERN Council since January the series. 'Frontiers' books usually 1997. make extensive use of lecture notes The Interpretation of Quantum At the same meeting, leading or reprints, and Cline's volume takes Mechanics and the Measurement German science administrator and the latter route. It is divided into 9 Process, by Peter Mittelstaedt, head of Germany's CERN delegation chapters: The Weak Interaction Cambridge University Press 0 521 Hans C. Eschelbacher was elected Uncovered; Forty Years of Weak 55445 4 £30/$44.95 President of CERN Council for an Interactions; The Search for Other initial period of one year from 1 Forms of Weak Interaction; The January 1998, replacing Luciano Electroweak Interaction Picture A volume of interest to the more Maiani.
    [Show full text]
  • Vizualizare Lucrare
    HORIA HULUBEI – o personalitate din România înscrisă în panteonul culturii şi ştiinţei mondiale Profesori: Iuliana Ciubuc1, Guzu Dan Adrian1 Elevi: Pricopie Edward1, Papp Andrea Alexandra2 (1) Colegiul Ion Kalinderu, Şcoala Gimnazială Sanatorială, Buşteni, jud. PH (2) cls.a X-a, Liceul de Arte „Aurel Popp” Satu- Mare, jud. SM iulialuci[at]gmail.com Abstract Institutul de Fizică și Inginerie Nucleară de la Măgurele în semn de omagiu poarta astăzi numele marelui nostru savant Horia Hulubei. Moștenirea lăsată de Academicianul Horia Hulubei este remarcabila. Astfel Academicianul Horia Hulubei: a pus piatra de temelie a unei construcții ce dăinuie în timp; a creat în România un domeniu, cel al fizicii nucleare, care s-a impus ca cercetare fundamentală și ca bază a aplicațiilor nucleare în țara noastră, culminând cu energetica nucleară; a creat condițiile dezvoltării personalităților și sunt nenumărateexemple; a deschis, prin renumele său, calea colaborărilor internaționale ale fizicienilor români; a creat condițiile dezvoltării tuturor domeniilor din fizică, nu numai a domeniului nuclear. Un exemplu evident este faptul că România a fost a 4-a țară din lume care a creat un laser; a contribuit la crearea unei școli care și-a validat tăria și renumele în timp. A trecut peste vicisitudinile de peste 20 de ani ai ultimilor ani ai comunismului și primii ani ai tranziției; astăzi, partea de nucleară a IFA, Institutul de Fizică și Inginerie Nucleară – IFIN, ce-i poartă numele, este cel mai mare și mai prestigios institut de cercetare științifică din România, având un loc binemeritat, de renume în Europa și în întreaga lume.(1) (1) Curierul de fizică, nr.
    [Show full text]
  • FRANCIUM Element Symbol: Fr Atomic Number: 87
    FRANCIUM Element Symbol: Fr Atomic Number: 87 An initiative of IYC 2011 brought to you by the RACI KAYE GREEN www.raci.org.au FRANCIUM Element symbol: Fr Atomic number: 87 Francium (previously known as eka-cesium and actinium K) is a radioactive metal and the second rarest naturally occurring element after Astatine. It is the least stable of the first 103 elements. Very little is known of the physical and chemical properties of Francium compared to other elements. Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France in 1939. However, the existence of an element of atomic number 87 was predicted in the 1870s by Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the first version of the periodic table, who presumed it would have chemical and physical properties similar to Cesium. Several research teams attempted to isolate this missing element, and there were at least four false claims of discovery during which it was named Russium (after the home country of soviet chemist D. K. Dobroserdov), Alkalinium (by English chemists Gerald J. K. Druce and Frederick H. Loring as the heaviest alkali metal), Virginium (after Virginia, home state of chemist Fred Allison), and Moldavium (by Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois after Moldavia, the Romanian province where they conducted their work). Perey finally discovered Francium after purifying radioactive Actinium-227 from Lanthanum, and detecting particles decaying at low energy levels not previously identified. The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal (such as co-precipitating with Cesium salts), which led Perey to believe that it was element 87, caused by the alpha radioactive decay of Actinium-227.
    [Show full text]
  • Von Richthofen, Einstein and the AGA Estimating Achievement from Fame
    Von Richthofen, Einstein and the AGA Estimating achievement from fame Every schoolboy has heard of Einstein; fewer have heard of Antoine Becquerel; almost nobody has heard of Nils Dalén. Yet they all won Nobel Prizes for Physics. Can we gauge a scientist’s achievements by his or her fame? If so, how? And how do fighter pilots help? Mikhail Simkin and Vwani Roychowdhury look for the linkages. “It was a famous victory.” We instinctively rank the had published. However, in 2001–2002 popular French achievements of great men and women by how famous TV presenters Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff published they are. But is instinct enough? And how exactly does a great man’s fame relate to the greatness of his achieve- ment? Some achievements are easy to quantify. Such is the case with fighter pilots of the First World War. Their achievements can be easily measured and ranked, in terms of their victories – the number of enemy planes they shot down. These aces achieved varying degrees of fame, which have lasted down to the internet age. A few years ago we compared1 the fame of First World War fighter pilot aces (measured in Google hits) with their achievement (measured in victories); and we found that We can estimate fame grows exponentially with achievement. fame from Google; Is the same true in other areas of excellence? Bagrow et al. have studied the relationship between can this tell us 2 achievement and fame for physicists . The relationship Manfred von Richthofen (in cockpit) with members of his so- about actual they found was linear.
    [Show full text]
  • 125 Years Since the Birth of the Romanian Scientist ŞTEFAN PROCOPIU
    125 years since the birth of the Romanian scientist ŞTEFAN PROCOPIU prof.dr.ing. Florin Teodor TĂNĂSESCU MOTTO: “Progress is made at the expense of the persevering” - Ştefan Procopiu (in a lecture given in 1939) January 19, 2015, marks the 125th anniversary of the birth of the Romanian physicist Ştefan Procopiu, one of the outstanding personalities of world physics whose discoveries bear his name and represent great openings in modern physics. Ştefan Procopiu is not an exception, a meteoric case in Romanian physics, he is one of the great founders of the School of Physics in Iaşi represented by Dragomir Hurmuzescu (discharge of X-ray electrified bodies: Magnetism), Ion Plăcinteanu (prediction of the existence of negative protons in 1933, before Gramov and before L. de Broglie made the hypothesis on photons, the wave equation of a variable mass body and the determination of Dirac's equation for a particle of variable mass), Horia Hulubei (X-ray spectra for matter in gaseous state and multiple Compton scattering), Constantin Mihul (determination of the chemical composition of the representative gasolines from the Romanian oil by own spectroscopic methods), Th. V. Ionescu (physics of plasma and ionosphere, the first "stimulated" MASER type emission in 1946! Together with C. Mihul and before its invention in 1954). And the series of examples could continue with many of Ştefan Procopiu's students and his students' students, with meritorious achievements in Romanian and international science. Today, when we talk about value, what it represents and what the man of value should be in the progress of society, when we need models that younger generations know less, their presentation, in addition to the invitation to be followed, is also a tribute that we electrical engineers pay with reverence and gratitude to those who developed Romanian physics and electrical engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tribute to Bj0rn Wiik General Distribution: Jacques Dallemagne, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
    W M£W HSmzS OF THS p\J\Q fAMM WQ 722S: w PCI mmm FOR w - FOR. SUN, HP, b£C, MMs, Direct single shot and DMA transfers On-board PCI MMU On-board PCI chained DMA controller Generic C library and drivers for Windows NT, MacOS, SOLARIS, Digital UNIX, HPUX, LINUX PWC ?02S: Tf/e FUNCTION COMMWE zeptAcenem FOR W VIC ?2S0 / 22S7 VME transparent mapping in the PCI memory space VME transparent slot 1 and arbiter Full VME master / slave Support D&, D16, D32, D64, direct transfers On-board VME linked list DMA controller The CES-f3Pnet (CES backplane Driver Network) offers an efficient interprocessor communication and synchronization mechanism, combining microsecond-level resolution and network-oriented services over the PVIC. The CES-l3Pnet offers three types of services to ensure efficient communications between CES processors: • An extension of the POSIX inter processes communication (shared memory semaphores - message queues) • An efficient and straightforward message passing system • A full TCF/IF stack using the PVIC as a network device W CjPtO: fi USeZ-PZOQMMMm Q6N6RAL PUZPK6 f/WT / OlUM PHC Stepper motor Controller Timer and counter 32-bit Input / Outputs (TTL or DIFF) Multiple lines PS 455 / PS 232 / PS 422 . Up to 6 GPIOs connected on a single PI02 with PMC carrier boards extension SOFTWARE C\6F Programming Kit for FPGA equations LynxOS and VxWorks drivers for PI02 family CES Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41-22 792 57 45 Fax: +41-22 792 57 4d EMail: ces^ces.ch CES.D Germany Tel: +49-60 51 96 97 4 ' Fax: +49-60 51 96 97 35 CE6 Creative Electronic Systems 5A, 70 Route du Pont-3utin, CH-1213 Petit-Lancy 1, Switzerland Internet: http://www.ces.ch CREATIVE ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS CONTENTS Covering current developments in high- energy physics and related fields worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to Member State governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel.
    [Show full text]
  • Institute of Physics
    Slectron Spectroscopy for Atoms, Molecules and Condensed Matter Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1981 by Kai Siegbahn nstitute of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden UUIP-1052 December 1981 UPPSALA UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS Electron Spectroscopy for Atoms, Molecules and Condensed Matter Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1981 by Kai Siegbahn Institute of Physics, University of Uppsala, Box 530, S-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden UUIP-1052 December 1981 Electron Spectroscopy for Atoms, Molecules and Condensed Matter Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1981 by Kai Siegbahn Institute of Physics University of Uppsala, Sweden In my thesis /I/, which was presented in 1944, I described some work which I had done to study 3 decay and internal conversion in radioactive decay by means of two different principles. One of these was based on the semi-circular focusing of electrons in a homogeneous magnetic field, while the other used a big magnetic lens. The first principle could give good resolution but low intensity, and the other just the reverse. I was then looking for a possibility of combining the two good properties into one instrument. The idea was to shape the previously homogeneous magnetic field in such a way that focusir: should occur in two directions, instead of only one as in + ,• jemi-circular case. It was known that in beta- trons the ,-.•• trons performed oscillatory motions both in the radial anc j the axial directions. By putting the angles of period eq;. ;.. for the two oscillations Nils Svartholm and I /2,3/ four) a simple condition for the magnetic field form required ^ give a real electron optical image i.e.
    [Show full text]