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Fire Sela Na Krasu – South-West / Karst (Slovenia)

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Fire Sela Na Krasu – South-West / Karst (Slovenia) Fire Sela na Krasu – South-west / Karst (Slovenia) DOCUMENTATION OF PAST FIRES Fire perimeter and ignition point on the fire fighting operative map Insert a large scale image of the area, aiding its easy localization. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia) Reference for both “fire location” images (left and first one below): Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia: NUTS 3 Surveying and mapping authority of the Republic of Slovenia: State general map 1:250.000 Ministry of agriculture, forestry and food: map of land use Slovenia Forest Service: map of fire events Ignition point Fire perimeter Identification N°: 573 (EFFIS database for Slovenia) Date: 29.07.2003 Area (ha): 1048.57 Cause: (natural; unknown; anthropogenic): unknown Type of fire: ground fire, that progressed in to crown fire Start fire time: 29.07.2003 at 12:55 (first time it crossed the ITA- SLO border, near the settlement Jamlje on the Kremenjak hill) Final propagation time: 09.08.2003 Ignition point Coordinates (WGS84), aspect, altitude, remarks on morphology: the fire spread from Italy (fire perimeter is shown in the second image on the right) position: north 45.820°, east 13.597° aspect: 223° (SW) altitude: 200 m a.s.l. Location and Comments: Provide a brief description of the area (regional scale) where the event occurred and general information on local forests and vegetation types. Forest types involved are different from ignition point conditions? Describe important details and specificities of the fire. Municipality of Komen occupies an area of 103 km2 and has approximately 3700 residents. It is situated on a slightly inclined– based plateau, next to Slovenian-Italian border, and extends further to the flysch-based hills of Vipava valley. The centre of the municipality represents town of Komen, in which the municipal headquarters are situated. General Topography Municipality Miren-Kostanjevica is smaller than Komen, taking an area of 64 km2. It consists of 15 settlements, which are administratively organized in seven local communities with 4790 residents. Landscape of this municipality is diverse. A smaller part lies in the Vipava valley region with fertile agriculture land, as the rest is occupied by karst land. Although the sea is close by, the climate has a specific, somehow mainland character. Bora is a typical karstic wind. Voluntary fire-fighting squads Komen and Miren-Kostanjevica operate in municipality Komen and municipality Miren- Kostanjevica respectively. They are both classified as category III. squads. Limestone, flysch and alluvial coatings are prevailing types of bedrock. Ground porosity is high and precipitation is drained away quickly. Three quarters of the land is dominated by rendzinas on hills and calcareous earths on a Karst plateau. Earths have a neutral pH-reaction and are low on fertility. Typical of Karst are earths with reddish subsurface horizons. On the other hand, brown calcareous earths are typical for flysch bedrock. Summers are hot, dry and long-lasting, while winter season is more humid and cold. Locally specific factors, as terrain, elevation and proximity to sea also influence the climate conditions. Climate is characterized as modified Mediterranean climate. Average yearly temperature is 11 °C, and 16 °C in the vegetative season. Area receives a 1400 mm of precipitation per year. In addition to summer droughts, winter dry periods are also quite common. Since geological structure of land is prone to quick drainage and intensive winds with high temperatures in summer are typical, land is dry for the most of the year and so, very susceptible for wild-land fires. In 2003, ACPDR1 declared a high level of fire danger, in the beginning only for the Karst area, and later on for the whole country. In areas near Komen, there has not been any significant precipitation from 18th of February onwards. Places around settlements Brestovica, Sela na Krasu and Kostanjevica received even some less precipitation. The prevailing (forest) vegetation type that was damaged in the fire was coppice, which dominates Brestovica and Karst plateau area. It was followed by shrub lands with broadleaved species that grow in extremely hot and dry conditions on the sun exposed slope above Brestovica, and European black pine forests that had represented a protection belt on the edges of the Karst plateau. 1 Administration for civil protection and disaster relief Zoom (View of the fire from the waterworks at Sela na Typical landscape (fire approaching Sela na Krasu- Krasu) photo Darko Muhič) METEOROLOGICAL SCENARIO Description of the synoptic episode by means of synoptic maps, for example the ones available on: http://www.wetterzentrale.de/ Relevant fire weather information (main winds, wind changes, drought, dry storms, etc.) Year 2003 in Slovenia was meteorologically very similar as throughout the Europe, extremely warm and dry. That exhibited in high frequency of fires in wild lands. In the winter-summer period, in March, there was 625 fires in Slovenia (67 ha of burnt area), in April 334 fires (30 ha). In the summer time, there were 229 fire events (1522 ha) and 345 fires in August (205 ha). The year 2003 was a record-setting one, with the sum of 6065 fires. Lots of those events occurred in natural environment, and quite some required the use of helicopter assistance. Altogether, fire started 2820 times. More than 3000 ha of area was burnt. In the following year of 2004, only 777 fires occurred in natural environment. Year 2003 had a significant characteristic, which was a long-lasting drought. Dry period started as early as in March. The latter was the driest March in the last 50 years. Low level of precipitation continued in April and May. Drought gradually ended no earlier as in September. Too warm weather was also prevailing in the period from March till September. Above average temperatures occurred May, July and August. June was in that respect perhaps even the most extreme month so far. Danger level (derived from the fire weather index value) Danger level at the time of fire was “5-very high” (1-5 scale), based on M-68 index. Synoptic maps Fire danger map Temperature (°C) – 29.07.2003 Fire danger map could not be recovered for an event that is so remote in time. The value of fire danger index also could not be obtained, but could be derived from the historical station data. Air pressure (hPa) – 29.07.3002 Weather parameters and weather indices hourly graphs: 1. Air temperature and relative humidity Temperature (° C) 2. Wind speed and direction 3. Fire weather indices Relative humidity Wind speed (km/h) Wind direction Fire activity period Daily weather data for the Bilje meteorological station (lon=13.6, lat=45.9, alt=55m) – 29.07.2003 At 7:00 hours At 14:00 hours At 21:00 hours Temperature (at 2 m) 25.2 °C 29.7 °C 24.4 °C Humidity 44 % 33 % 41 % Air pressure 1010 hPa 1011 hPa 1012 hPa Wind speed 3.4 m/s 5.4 m/s 0.7 m/s Wind direction E ESE NNE Soil humidity dry soil surface dry soil surface dry soil surface Avg. temp. 25.9 °C Max. temp. 30.8 °C Durat. of solar rad. 9.3 h Prec. at 7:00 for the 0 mm last 24 hour Daily weather data for the Opatje selo meteorological station (lon=13.6, lat=45.9, alt=172) – 29.07.2003 Cumulative precipitation at 7:00 (last 24 hours) 0.0 mm Daily weather data for the Sela na Krasu meteorological station (lon=13.6, lat=45.8, alt=270) – 29.07.2003 Cumulative precipitation at 7:00 (last 24 hours) 0.0 mm Remarks: Bilje – main meteorological station (available data is measured by observers at 07., 14. and 21. hours (CET): temperature, humidity, cloudiness, wind velocity, atmospheric pressure; at 07. (CET): precipitation, thickness of snow cover and of newly fallen (fresh) snow; during all day: observation of 45 different atmospheric fenomena) Opatje selo – precipitation station (available data on the amount of precipitation, thickness of snow cover and some of the atmospheric phenomena) Sela na Krasu – precipitation station (see above) Monthly weather data for the Bilje meteorological station – July 2003 Avg. temp. 24.2 °C Max. temp. 31.3 °C Cumulative precipitation 35.2 mm Durat. of solar rad. 316.2 h Avg. cloudiness 37 % Days with thunderstorms 7 Days with rain (more than 1 mm) 9 Monthly weather data for the Opatje selo meteorological station (lon=13.6, lat=45.9, alt=172) –July 2003 Cumulative precipitation at 7:00 (last 24 hours) 23.6 mm Days with thunderstorms 4 Days with rain (more than 1 mm) 7 Monthly weather data for the Sela na Krasu meteorological station (lon=13.6, lat=45.8, alt=270) – July 2003 Cumulative precipitation at 7:00 (last 24 hours) 41.8 mm Days with thunderstorms 0 Days with rain (more than 1 mm) 7 Yearly weather data for the Bilje meteorological station – 2003 Month Avg. Avg. Cum. Durat. Avg. Days with D. with temp. max. t. precip. of solar cloud. thundersto. rain (°C) (°C) (mm) rad. (h) (%) (>1mm) Jan. 2.6 8.1 70.3 110.6 51 2 8 Feb. 1.8 8.4 33.4 222.3 18 0 2 Mar. 8.0 15.7 1.2 227.0 36 0 1 Apr. 11.1 16.9 89.0 203.7 49 0 10 May 18.8 26 32.7 302.0 36 3 7 Jun. 24.5 31.9 35.5 305.0 35 13 13 Jul. 24.2 31.3 35.2 316.2 37 7 9 Aug. 25.7 33.7 91.4 327.6 28 10 8 Sep. 16.8 24.5 72.8 230.6 34 2 11 Oct.
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