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Through the Eyes of the Locals

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Through the Eyes of the Locals Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin THROUGH THE EYES OF THE LOCALS: Two post-war communities and their struggles from war to peace. Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) Vorgelegt von Hannah Neumann Berlin 2013 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Daxner Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven Chojnacki Tag der Disputation: 17. Januar 2013 1 THROUGH THE EYES OF THE LOCALS 2 Every peace agreement starts with a vision of peace and ends with a moderation of conflict. 3 THROUGH THE EYES OF THE LOCALS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 15 2 A SCIENTIFIC JOURNEY TOWARDS UNDERSTANDING .................................................................. 33 2.1 The phenomenon – somehow they managed to live together again .................................................... 34 2.2 Retracing the way to peace .................................................................................................................. 35 2.3 Aiming for understanding .................................................................................................................... 38 2.4 Looking for patterns in comparison ..................................................................................................... 41 2.5 Connecting the local to the global and national ................................................................................... 43 2.6 Understanding the paradox: the burden of peace ................................................................................. 44 2.7 Linking academia and policy: responsibility to understand ................................................................. 45 3 KEY CONCEPTS ........................................................................................................................................ 49 3.1 Analysing conflict – escalating and socializing ................................................................................... 50 3.1.1 Analysing the transformation of conflict along its content and form .............................................. 54 3.1.2 The special challenge of identity conflict ........................................................................................ 56 3.2 Taking the perspective of the locals – reconciling villager and analyst .............................................. 63 3.2.1 Fields – rules and resources ............................................................................................................ 66 3.2.2 Habitus – the individual manifestation of society ........................................................................... 68 3.3 Hybridity.............................................................................................................................................. 71 3.4 Looking at communities – immediacy and holism .............................................................................. 75 3.5 A framework within which to analyse living together in a context of continuous hybridity ............... 76 4 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH .......................................................................................................... 81 4.1 Methodology: building theory from data ............................................................................................. 83 4.2 Design: triangulation of data, methods and perspectives ..................................................................... 93 4.2.1 Data triangulation - comparing cases .............................................................................................. 98 4.2.2 Methodological triangulation - combining sources ....................................................................... 104 4.2.3 Investigator triangulation - challenging perspectives .................................................................... 112 4.3 Implementation: researching in (post-)war context ........................................................................... 115 4.3.1 Implementation in Kitipaan ........................................................................................................... 116 4.3.2 Implementation in Dumai .............................................................................................................. 120 4.3.3 Coding and data analysis with NVivo ........................................................................................... 123 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 THE COMING OF THE WAR – RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS .......................................................... 125 5.1 Philippines ......................................................................................................................................... 127 5.1.1 The pure native ............................................................................................................................. 127 5.1.2 Muslim traders .............................................................................................................................. 129 5.1.3 Colonialism ................................................................................................................................... 133 5.1.4 Settlement ...................................................................................................................................... 136 5.1.5 War ................................................................................................................................................ 144 5.2 Liberia ............................................................................................................................................... 168 5.2.1 The pure native ............................................................................................................................. 169 5.2.2 Malinke traders .............................................................................................................................. 173 5.2.3 Americo-Liberian settlement ......................................................................................................... 176 5.2.4 Coup and War ............................................................................................................................... 193 5.3 The degeneration of fields – comparative account ............................................................................ 207 5.3.1 The logics of the imported and the local field ............................................................................... 208 5.3.2 The transformation of the local and the imported field and the consequences of hybridity .......... 211 6 THE BURDEN OF PEACE ....................................................................................................................... 221 6.1 Peace in Kitipaan ............................................................................................................................... 224 6.1.1 Dealing with the identity divide .................................................................................................... 226 6.1.2 Reconciling hybridity .................................................................................................................... 237 6.1.3 The struggle against local powerlessness ...................................................................................... 255 6.2 Peace in Dumai .................................................................................................................................. 259 6.2.1 Reconciling hybridity .................................................................................................................... 261 6.2.2 Dealing with the ethnic divide ....................................................................................................... 291 6.2.3 Dealing with the centre-periphery divide ...................................................................................... 305 6.3 The struggle from war to peace – comparative account .................................................................... 314 6.3.1 Constituents of the burden of peace .............................................................................................. 315 6.3.2 The continuity of the division between centre and periphery ........................................................ 316 6.3.3 Peaceful interaction in a divided society ....................................................................................... 318 6.3.4 Local approaches to deal with dualism and hybridity ................................................................... 321 6.3.5 Local answers to the burden of peace............................................................................................ 329 5 THROUGH THE EYES OF THE LOCALS 7 THE RESPONSIBILITY TO UNDERSTAND – CONCLUSION ........................................................... 333 7.1 A framework to analyse hybridity ..................................................................................................... 335 7.2 How do multi-ethnic communities manage to live together again after violent identity conflict? .... 341 7.3 How do local and imported approaches to social organization relate each other? ............................. 345 7.4 The responsibility to understand ........................................................................................................ 349 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................................
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