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CARIM India Series Developing Evidence Based Management and Operations in India-EU Migration and Partnership (DEMO: India-EU Map )

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CARIM India Series Developing Evidence Based Management and Operations in India-EU Migration and Partnership (DEMO: India-EU Map ) CARIM INDIA SERIES DEVELOPING EVIDENCE BASED MANAGEMENT AND OPEraTIONS IN INDIA-EU MIGraTION AND PARTNERSHIP (DEMO: INDIA-EU MAP ) Norwegian residents of Indian origin National and transnational integration Helge Hiram Jensen Geir-Tore Brenne DEMO-India Research Report 2015/13 EUI is Partner Institution of ICM Co-financed by the European Union for the DEMO-India Project DEMO-India Developing Evidence based Management and Operations in India-EU Migration and Partnership Research Report Thematic Report DEMO-India RR 2015/13 Norwegian residents of Indian origin National and transnational integration Helge Hiram Jensen * Geir-Tore Brenne ** * Associate professor at Kristiania University College, Dept. of Creativity and Innovation affiliated researcher at the European University Institute, Migration Policy Centre affiliated researcher at the University of Oslo, Dept. of Social Anthropology archivist at Alta Museum World Heritage Rock Art Centre ** PhD candidate at the University of Oslo, Dept. of Sociology and Human Geography This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Any additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Requests should be addressed to [email protected] If cited or quoted, reference should be made as follows: Helge Hiram Jensen, Geir-Tore Brenne, Norwegian residents of Indian origin – National and transnational integration, DEMO-India RR 2015/13, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI): European University Institute, 2015. The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) only and should not be considered as representative of the official position of the European Commission or of the European University Institute. © 2015, European University Institute ISBN: 978-92-9084-371-9 doi:10.2870/83339 Catalogue Number: QM-01-16-006-EN-N European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ http://interact-project.eu/publications/ http://cadmus.eui.eu DEMO-India – Developing Evidence based Management and Operations in India-EU Migration and Partnership (DEMO: India-EU MaP) The Demo: India-EU MaP project, co-funded by the European Commission, is a continuation of the Carim India project (www.india-eu-migration.eu) and it examines the multiple facets of Indian migration to the EU. Its overall aim is to improve migration management between India and the EU, strengthen EU-India relations, and produce in-depth empirical knowledge about the different migration streams and pathways of Indian nationals in the EU. Its specific goals include providing: 1. Evidence based research for more informed policy making and state intervention. 2. Improved source country capacity in managing migration. 3. Raising awareness among potential migrants of the risks of irregular migration. 4. Collaboration with civil society groups. 5. Empirical research and analysis of Indian communities across the EU, and their impact. The project is led by the Indian Centre for Migration in Delhi with the partnership of the Migration Policy Centre, RSCAS, EUI. For more information: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (EUI) Villa Malafrasca Via Boccaccio 151 50133 Florence Italy Tel: +39 055 46 85 817/892 Fax: + 39 055 46 85 755 Email: [email protected] Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies http://www.eui.eu/RSCAS/ Abstract This report provides an overview of existing social science knowledge about Norwegian residents of Indian origin. This is relevant for policy makers in Europe and India, because the Norwegian case, in spite of its small size, is well documented. On this basis, the report theorizes how diasporas produce economic development. The report starts with a critical literature review, and proceeds with thematic chapters on history, demography, socio-economic integration, legal framework, and socio-cultural integration. For each topic, the report summarizes findings from all existing quantitative and qualitative research, showing the Indian diaspora to be a particularly successful non-Western minority in a Western host country. The report, therefore, gives some sense of why the Indian diaspora in Norway is interpreted as successful case of economic and cultural integration. But the report also addresses the level of international integration, in economic and cultural terms, between the areas of arrival and the areas of origin. Pushing beyond the limitations of methodological nationalism, the report conceptualizes diaspora communities as transnational social capital, which contribute to future economic development, within the historical context of geographically uneven development. The report discusses the conceptual implications regarding key issues like internal and external colonialism, intersectional discrimination, national cultural plurality, and remittances as development strategy. In sum, the report suggests an approach for future diaspora research. The phenomena of socio-economic and socio-cultural “integration” should be discussed not only within a national context, as an issue of inclusion within a host nation, but also transnationally, as an issue of ties or even fellowship between different nations. Key words: Indian diaspora, international integration, socio-economic integration, socio-cultural integration Table of contents 1. Summary and introduction .................................................................................................................. 7 2. Critical literature review ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Quantitative immigration research .......................................................................................... 8 2.2 Qualitative immigration research ............................................................................................ 9 2.3 “Giving voice” to subaltern subjects ..................................................................................... 10 2.4 Common denominators across three strands of research ...................................................... 12 2.5 Further directions? ................................................................................................................ 12 3. History ............................................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Brief history: two waves of migration from India to Norway ............................................... 14 3.2 Historical context: geographically uneven development ...................................................... 14 3.2 Present historical situation for the Indian diaspora in Norway ............................................. 16 4. Demography ...................................................................................................................................... 18 4.1 The number of Norwegian residents with Indian origin ....................................................... 18 4.2 Population increase over time ............................................................................................... 19 4.3 Gender and age distribution .................................................................................................. 20 4.4 Geographical settlement pattern ............................................................................................ 22 4.5 Family structure .................................................................................................................... 26 5. Socio-economic integration ............................................................................................................... 29 5.1 Migration type ....................................................................................................................... 30 5.2 Labor force participation ....................................................................................................... 31 5.3 Occupation by economic sector ............................................................................................ 34 5.4 Education among labor and family migrants and their offspring .......................................... 35 5.5 Education among study migrants .......................................................................................... 38 5.6 Marriage patterns: arranged marriage and family reunification ............................................ 41 5.7 Gender and migration: intersectionality among Norwegian residents of Indian origin ........ 44 5.8 Caste and migration: higher status in the community of origin ............................................ 45 5.9 Remittances and social ties to India ...................................................................................... 46 6. Legal framework ............................................................................................................................... 47 6.1 Regulation of work migration ............................................................................................... 47 6.2 Regulation of spouse and family migration .......................................................................... 49 6.3 Regulations for international students ................................................................................... 51 DEMO-India RR2015/13 7. Socio-cultural integration .................................................................................................................
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