INDEX

A AIDS, 98–99 Abdul Kadir Sulaiman, 73n5 A’isha, 102 Abdul Mohaimin Ayus, 103–104 Al Jazeera, 127 Abdul Rahman, Tunku, 42, 46, 55, Al-Bukhari, 101 56, 79 Al-Fahistani, Imam, 53 Abdul Rashid Abdul Rahman, Tan Sri, Albrecht, Holger, 23 120 All Women’s Action Society of Abdul Razak, Tun, 42 , 85, 97n2 Abdul Shukor Husin, Datuk Dr, 133 Allport, Gordon W., 35n2 Alor Setar, 112 on challenges facing Malays, 44, 45 amok phenomenon, 45–47, 78 initial promise, 48, 127 Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia, 15, Islamism and, 92, 93, 113 47, 50n1, 106 prime ministership, 48, 49 Anuar, Mustapha K., 117, 118 Abraham, Collin E.R., 30 Abu al-Sund Khola Chelebi, 33 Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia and, Abu Bakra, 101–102 106 Abu Ghraib, 99, 108n2 in Asian financial crisis, 26 Abu Hurayra, 102 PKR and, 49, 112, 130 Abu-Lughod, Lila, 32 rise and persecution, 47–48 Adabi, Al-Mansor, 78–79 use of ISA against, 13 adat, 19 apostasy Afghanistan, 23 crime in Islam, 8, 53, 78 Africa, 2 freedom of religion principle and, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah Faculty of 8, 70 Laws, 54 Hudud law and, 60 Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim, 9, 56, 74, public discussion about, 75, 78–82 77

151

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Syariah Criminal Offences Act and, movement, 126, 129–30, 135 63 Blais, Andre, 113 Arabic, 21, 101 BN, see (BN) Arfa’eza A. Aziz, 105 Bon, Edmund, 23 Armstrong, Karen, 11, 14, 21, 33 Bougarel, Xavier, 17 Army of Allah, 43 Boyer, Pascal, 31 Article 11 coalition, 56, 70, 82, Brown, Graham K., 27, 119, 124 83–97, 135 Buddhism, 67, 102, 106 Asad, Talal, 11 bumiputera, 12 Asian financial crisis, 26, 27, 47 Bunce, Valerie, 26 Associated Press, 135 Bush, George W., 13 Atatürk, Kemal, 76 Butt, Riazat, 134 Atkin, James Richard Atkin, Baron, 69 Attorney-General’s Chambers, 85 C Australia, 119, 127 Canada, 119 Azlina binte Jailani, see Joy, Lina Carr, John E., 46 Azwanddin Hamzah, 44 “cartoon row”, 11 Case, William, 25–26, 116, 118, 119, B 123 Badruddin Amiruldin, 45, 94 Castoriadis, Cornelius, 31, 95 Balkans, 17 Catholic Bishops’ Conference, 97n2 Bargain, The, 40, 51 Catholic Lawyers’ Society, 97n2 Bari, Abdul Aziz, 14, 54, 55, 58 Cavatorta, Francesco, 14, 15 Barisan Alternatif, 27–28 CBS News, 108n2 Barisan Nasional (BN) Centre for Civilisational Dialogue, 122 coalition partners, 112, 114 Chan Kong Choy, 126 co-optation of Islamic idiom, 6 Che Omar bin Che Soh v. Public discontentment with, 113 Prosecutor, 55, 58, 65, 79 electoral candidates, 114 Cheah Boon Kheng, 38, 39, 40, 41, electoral success, 27, 48 42, 43 electoral system and, 110–31 , 36 Gerakan and, 40 Chinese community justification of repression, 27, in 1969 riots, 41–42 43–47, 118 in 2008 elections, 49 political domination, 3, 29 citizenship rights, 40, 41 see also United Malays National history, 12, 37–38 Organisation (UMNO) in , 118 Batu Pahat, 43 marginalization, 55 BBC (British Broadcasting political party affiliations, 40, 44, Corporation), 132 112 Beh Lih Yi, 130 work in tin mining, 37 Bell, Daniel A., 100 see also non-Muslims , 116 Christian Federation of Malaysia, 53

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Christianity D Catholic Church, 134 DAP, see (DAP) church construction, 12 Darshini, Shamini, 106 conversion to, 78 Das, Cyrus, 66, 67, 70 developmental context, 21 Daud Mamat, 87 ecclesiastical structure, 14 democracy, 1, 14–19, 25–26, 29–34, “fundamentalism”, 18 95, 111–14, 116 liberation theology, 21–22 Democratic Action Party (DAP), 27, in Lina Joy case, 62 40–41, 56, 112, 113, 120, 126 civil society Department for Women, Family and defence of Constitution, 56, 58, Community Development, 133 95–96 Department of Islamic Development defining, 2, 4–5 Malaysia, 14, 73n4, 94–95, 98, democracy and, 1, 29–34 133 freedom of association principle, 8 Domestic Violence Act, 125 impediments to formation, 27 Dorraj, Manochehr, 20, 21 opposition parties and, 27–29 reaction to BN tactics, 120 E and, 48 education, 42, 43, 44, 57 see also non-governmental Edwards, Audrey, 27 organizations; opposition Egypt, 22, 32 parties Election Day (play), 122 Colas, Dominique, 21 elections Comaroff, Jean, 2, 3, 5 in 1969, 40–41 Comaroff, John L., 2, 3, 5 in 1995, 126 Constitution of Malaysia in 1999, 48, 113, 118, 122, 125–26 amendments to, 3, 27, 120 democracy and, 25–26, 111–14 definition of Malay, 70, 72n2 fairness, 55, 110–31 drafting of, 55, 58, 66, 75 secrecy of ballots, 122 equality of citizens, 86 see also elections 2004; elections freedom of association, 66 2008 freedom of religion, 62–73, 83–97 elections 2004 “harmonization” with Syariah, 54 BN and, 48, 120, 123, 124 Islam in, 57, 62, 70, 72n2, 75 opposition strategies, 112 secularism, 55, 58, 74, 79 PAS and, 61, 113 State List, 68, 72n3, 73n6, 79 role of media in, 118 under state of emergency, 13 Women’s Candidacy Initiative and, supremacy over other laws, 80, 91, 127 95 elections 2008 vs. Islamic law, 74, 87 BN and, 48, 117, 130 Council of Churches, 97n2 PAS and, 60, 113, 130 Council of Rulers, 93 secrecy of ballots, 122 Court of Appeal, 62, 72n1, 84, 87 social activism and, 110, 127, 130

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Elections Act, 118 Guardianship of Infants Act, 86 Electoral Commission, 119, 120, 123, Guru Nani, 88 126, 130, 133 el-Gaili, Ahmed T., 96 H Esack, Farid, 98–99, 100, 108 Habermas, Jürgen, 3–4 Esman, Milton J., 38, 39 Hacharan Singh, 87 Esposito, John, 14 Hadith, 98–99, 101, 108n1 Hall, John A., 3 F Hann, Chris, 2 Faaland, Just, 40 Hari Singh, 30 Faiza Tamby Chik, Judge, 63, 65, 66, Haris bin Mohamed Ibrahim, 69–70, 68, 85, 86, 91 87, 90, 106 Far Eastern Economic Review, 117 Harun bin Haji Idris, 41 Farmer, Paul, 24 Harussani Zakaria, 125 fatwas, 10, 132, 133, 134, 135 Harvard Club Colloquium, 74–78, 89 Fauwaz Abdul Aziz, 45, 93, 107 Hasnoor Sidang Hussein, 47 Federal Court, 62, 72n1 Hatta, S. Mohamed, 46 Federal Territory Islamic Department Hefner, Robert W., 14, 20, 29–30 (JAWI), 29, 104–105 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 33 , 39 Hertogh, Maria, 45, 76, 77, 78 Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism, Hibbard, Scott W., 20 18 High Court, 64, 72n1, 84–85, 87, 93 Fenton, Steve, 44 Hinduism Fernando, Joseph M., 56, 63 attacks on, 43 fiqh, 80 call for government administration, Firth, Raymond, 7 89 Flaherty, Martin, 67 freedom of religion and, 71, 84, Foley, Rebecca A., 100 91, 93 Foran, John, 21–22 pre-Islamic prevalence, 58 France, 12 yoga fatwa and, 133 Fraser, Nancy, 4–5 Hindu Rights Action Force Fritz, Nicole, 67 (HINDRAF), 13, 49, 60, 128 Funston, John, 37, 38, 41–42 Hishamuddin Hussein, 47 Hitchens, Christopher, 11–12 G Hooker, M.B., 78 Gardiner, Michael E., 3–4 Hooker, Virginia Matheson, 44 Gatsiounis, Ioannis, 92 Hooper, John, 134 Geertz, Clifford, 20 Hudson, Wayne, 2 Gerakan, 40, 41, 52, 112 Hudud laws, 52, 53, 60, 75, 96, 100, Gilner, Salvador, 2 107 Gilsenan, Michael, 20 Hughes, Tom Eames, 78 Global Corruption Report 2008, 124 Human Rights Commission of Groves, Harry E., 58 Malaysia, 56

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Husna Yusop, 92 dogs and, 12, 102, 103–104, Hussein Onn, 42–43 108n6 Huzir Sulaiman, 121–22 in Egypt, 22–23 “fundamentalism”, 18–19, 104 I in Nigeria, 96 IKIM Journal of Islam and political forms of, 7, 57, 58 International Affairs, 55 sexuality and, 99 India, 3, 36, 65, 66 in Turkey, 76–77 Indian community women’s rights and, 84–86, 100, in 2008 elections, 49, 60 103 citizenship rights, 40, 41 see also apostasy; Islamic statehood; history, 12, 37–38 Syariah law marginalization, 55 Islamic Council of Selangor, 85 rallies in , 13 Islamic Council of the Federal see also Hindu Rights Action Force Territory, 8, 68 (HINDRAF); non-Muslims Islamic law, 74, 79, 80–81, 87 indigenous peoples, 12, 34, 36, 58 Islamic Party of Malaysia, see PAS Indonesia, 26, 36, 46, 118, 132 (Parti Islam Semalaysia) INSAF, 97n2 Islamic statehood Institut Kefahaman Islam Malaysia definitions, 52–53 (IKIM), 55 government position on, 57 Internal Security Act (ISA) Mahathir’s declaration, 8, 52, 55, Anwar Ibrahim and, 47 56, 89, 113 creation and features, 13–14 non-conforming Muslims and, Hussein Onn and, 42 87 KMM detentions, 23 non-Muslims and, 88–89 media and, 118 objections to, 52, 56, 75 recent instances of use, 13, 43, 49, PAS advocacy for, 6, 51, 52, 59–60, 56, 94, 129 110 International Islamic University of Islamic terrorism, 14, 23 Malaysia, 54, 55, 56, 78, 103 Islamic Youth Movement of Malaysia, Inul Daratista, 132 15, 47, 50n1, 106 Iran, 15, 43, 66 Iraq, 22, 108n2 J ISA, see Internal Security Act (ISA) Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Islam Persekutuan (JAWI), see Federal Arabization of, 98, 102–3 Territory Islamic Department in the Balkans, 17 Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia censorship of debates on, 14 (JAKIM), 14, 73n4, 94–95, 98, civil society and, 3, 8 133 as “counterpublic” movement, 5, 6, Jackson, Michael D., 31, 89 20, 22–23 James, Ann, 116 developmental context, 21 Jayakumar, Xavier, 121

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Jeyaganesh Mogarajah, 84–85, 91 Lee Hock Guan, 27, 28, 43, 49, 128, Johor, 131 129, 130 Joint Action Group, 97n2 Lee Kuan Yew, 40, 77 Jomo Kwame Sundaram, 37, 41, 42 Legal Professions Act, 28 Joy, Lina, 62–73, 76, 135 Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich, 30 liberation theology, 21–22 K Libya, 22 Kairos, 63, 88 Lim, Donald, 114, 115, 120 Kamali, Mohammad Hashim, 54, , 120 60 Linde-Laursen, Anders, 11 Kamariah Ali, 87, 90 Lingham, V.K., 128 Kamarulnizam, Abdullah, 61 Little, David, 20 Kampung Bukit Tampoi, 34 Liversidge v. Anderson, 69 , 67, 112 Lopez, Leslie, 117 Kelantan, 59, 60, 113 Lunsing, Wim, 12 Kemas (Community Development) Luther, Peter, 69 Unit, 119 Kent, Jonathan, 105, 125 M Khairy Jamaluddin, 48 Mad Yacob Ismail, 87 Khan, Shahnaz, 100 Mahathir Mohamad KMM (Kumpulan Militan Malaysia), on 1969 riots, 46 23 Anwar Ibrahim and, 13, 47 Kok, Theresa, 94 curbs on democratic space, 20 Kua Kia Soong, 13, 41, 122 Islamic state declaration, 8, 52, 55, Kuala Lumpur 56, 89, 113 1969 riots, 41–42, 118 Islamization policies, 16, 55 2007 Bersih rally, 26, 48–49, on the Japanese Occupation, 38 129–30 “New Malay” campaign, 45 Anwar Ibrahim rally, 47–48 prime ministership, 28, 43 cross-ethnic voting in, 131 Majlis Agama Islam Selangor, 85, 86 Lina Joy case, 63 Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Suhakam conference, 57 Persekutuan, see Islamic Council yoga demonstration, 133 of the Federal Territory Kumpulan Militan Malaysia (KMM), Majlis Fatwa Kebangsaan, see National 23 Fatwa Council Kumutha Rahman, 60 Mak Bedah, 125, 127 Malacca, 36–37 L Malay community Labuan, 64 in 2008 elections, 49 Lane, David, 31 amok phenomenon, 45–47, 78 Langman, Lauren, 15, 20 under British rule, 37 Latheefa Koya, 28, 121 bumiputera status, 12 Layish, Aharon, 81 Constitution and, 70

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identity, 16–17, 19, 39 Malaysian Chinese Association Japanese Occupation and, 38–39 (MCA), 40, 112, 114, 126 Mahathir’s policies and, 16 Malaysian Consultative Council New Economic Policy and, 42 of Buddhism, Christianity, pre-Islamic beliefs, 58 Hinduism and Sikhism, 87, 97n2 privileged position, 40, 41, 51, 112, Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), 117 40, 112 sense of being threatened, 44–45 Malaysian Institute of Islamic settlement of peninsula, 36 Understanding (IKIM), 55 urbanization, 15–16 Malaysian Militant Group, 23 Malay State Councils, 38 Malaysian People’s Voice, 29, 97n2, Malay Sultans, 19, 37, 75, 111, 129, 99–100 135 Malaysian Trade Union Congress, Malayan Communist Party (MCP), 97n2, 128 38, 39–40 Malaysians Against Moral Policing, Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese 104, 106 Movement, 38 Malik Imtiaz Sarwar, 51, 56, 57–59, plan, 39 69–71, 84, 89 Malaysia Mansur, Salim, 15 The Bargain, 40 Marhalim Abas, 23 civil legal system, 6, 65 Maria Hertogh affair, 45, 76, 77, 78 colonial period, 12, 19, 30, 37–38 Martinez, Patricia, 19, 52, 89, 96, electoral system, 108, 110–31, 136 107, 125, 126 ethnic composition, 12, 37 Marx, Karl, 30–31 Islamic resurgences, 15–16, 20, 43 Mauzy, Diane K., 17 Japanese Occupation, 38–40 Mazwin Nik Anis, 133 as model of modern Islamic nation, MCA (Malaysian Chinese 10 Association), 40, 112, 114, 126 pre-colonial history, 36–37 McLellan, David, 31 state of democracy in, 25–26, 116 MCP (Malayan Communist Party), state of emergency, 13, 39–40 38, 39–40 Syariah law in, 6 Means, Gordon P., 15 treatment of transsexuals in, 25, media 106 access of opposition to, 55, 126 see also Constitution of Malaysia; coverage of opposition, 49, 114, elections; Islamic statehood 129 Malaysia Adalah Sebuah Negara Islam, government control of, 117–18, 52, 53 136 .com, 29, 93, 106 history of restrictions on, 40, 44 Malaysian AIDS Council, 98, 99 nightclub raid and, 105 Malaysian Bar, 35n1, 48, 75 Sathiyaseelan case, 91 Malaysian Bar Council, 28, 35n1, 69, Women’s Candidacy Initiative and, 83, 92, 97n2, 128 127

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Medina, 18, 52, 59 National Human Rights Society, 105 Mehmet, Ozay, 15 National Mosque, 48 Melaka (state), 91, 131 National Operations Council, 42 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 30, 32 National Registration Department Mernissi, Fatima, 102 (NRD), 63, 64, 70 MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress), Negeri Sembilan, 131 40, 112 Netherlands, 12, 36 Middle East, 19, 21, 36, 102 New Economic Policy (NEP), 42–43 Miles, William F.S., 20 New Era College, 122 Milne, R.S., 17 New Straits Times, 49, 95, 131n2 Milner, Anthony, 37, 44 New Yorker, The, 108n2 Ministry of Information, 52, 119 Newby, Gordon, 80 Moghissi, Haideh, 18 Newsweek, 117 Mohamad, Maznah, 100 Nicaragua, 21–22 Mohamad Rahmat, 47 Nicholas, Colin, 34 Mohamad Ya, 87 Nigeria, 96 Mohamed Ariff Yusof, 74–76, 77 Nik Adli Nik Aziz, 23 Mohamed Hakim case, 69 Nik Aziz Nik Mat, 23 Mohamed Nazri Aziz, 27 Nik Noriani, 101, 102 Moorthy, M., 93, 94, 128 1969 riots, 40–42, 43–47, 94, 118 Moosa, Ebrahim, 17 niqaab, 12 Moten, Abdul Rashid, 55–56, 58, 130 Nmehielle, Vincent Obisienunwo Muhammad, Prophet, 52, 98–99, 104 Orlu, 96 Muhammad Abu Zuhrah, Syaikh, 52 non-governmental organizations, 27, Muhammad bin Hasan Al-Syaibani, 48, 84, 91, 116 53 see also Article 11 coalition; Muhammad Ridzan Mogarajah, Malaysians Against Moral 84–85, 91 Policing; Sisters in Islam Munro-Kua, Anne, 41, 46 non-Muslims Muslim Brotherhood, 23–24 Constitution and, 66 Muslim Women and the Challenges of freedom of religion, 87–89, 128–29 Islamic Extremism, 14 intimidation of, 77–78 Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia, Mahathir’s policies and, 16 see Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia marginalization, 32, 55, 59, 95 Mutalib, Hussin, 39, 50n1 objection to Islamic statehood, 52, Muzaffar, Chandra, 15–16, 122 56, 75 , 26 PAS and, 113 place in nation, 9 N Syariah law and, 54, 84, 93–94, 96 Nagata, Judith, 16, 17, 50n1, 60, 100 Noor, Farish A., 16, 23, 43, 47, 50n1, Najib Tun Razak, 45, 49 94 National Fatwa Council, 73n4, 132, Norani Othman, 14 133, 134 North Africa, 21

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Nurul Nazirin, 44, 105 Patriot Act (US), 13 Nyonya binte Tahir, 93–94 Paul IV, Pope, 134 Peletz, Michael G., 100 O Pembela, 92–93 Ong Kian Ming, 49 Penang, 92 Ooi Kee Beng, 27, 28, 43, 49, 128, People’s Action Party (PAP), 40, 129, 130 41 Operasi Lalang, 13, 43, 56 Perak, 37, 125 opposition parties Petaling Jaya South constituency, 114, and civil society groups, 27–29 115 media coverage, 114, 126 Phang, L.-A., 122 Reformasi and, 48 , 26 response to BN tactics, 120 PKR (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) role in shaping Constitution, 75 2008 elections, 49, 130 Special Branch surveillance, 115–16, Barisan Alternatif and, 27 120–22 Electoral Commission and, 123 see also civil society; non- multiethnic, multireligious nature, governmental organizations 112 Osman Bakar, 16 PAS and, 113 Ottoman Empire, 17, 33, 76 reaction to “Malays in Danger”, 44 P Sivarasa Rasiah and, 28, 114–16 Pahang, 131 Poggi, Gianfranco, 95–96 Pakistan, 100, 101 Port Klang, 23 Palestine, 76 Portugal, 36 PAP (People’s Action Party), 40, 41 Printing Presses and Publications Act, Parkinson, Jack, 40 117 PAS (Parti Islam Semalaysia) Puah, Pauline, 94 Anwar Ibrahim and, 47 Pure Life Society, 97n2 in Barisan Alternatif, 27 Puthucheary, Mavis, 40 campaign strategies, 113 Putrajaya, 48, 64, 128 censorship of Islamic debates, 14 dakwah movement and, 43 Q electoral performance, 61, 112, 113, Quran, 52, 54, 99, 100, 101, 108n6, 130 109n8 Hudud bill, 60, 100–101, 107 Islamic statehood stance, 6, 51, 52, R 59–60, 89, 110, 131 Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, 46 Malay orientation, 112 Rahman Ghazali, 130 non-Muslim candidate, 60 Ram, Judge, 66, 67, 68–69 protesting pop concerts, 132 Rappaport, Roy, 133–34 spiritual leadership, 23 Ratnam, Pushpa, 85–86 youth wing, 29, 30, 105 Reed, Jean-Pierre, 21–22

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Reformasi, 48, 55, 113, 122 , 26, 40, 66, 77, 119 Reid Commission, 55, 58, 66, 75 Singh, Hacharan, 87 Rihanna, 132 Singh, Hari, 30 Roff, William R., 19–20, 37, 54 SIS Forum Asia, 106 Rukun Negara, 42 Sisters in Islam (SIS) Rushdie, Salman, 11 aims and objectives, 98, 100 ban on book by, 14 S Joint Action Group and, 97n2 Sabah, 40 nightclub raid and, 105 Sahih Bukhari, 108n1 observation about Islamization, Sa’id (Egypt), 22, 34 133 Salbiah Ahmad, 71–72, 74, 81–82 PAS youth wing and, 29 Saliha Hassan, 27, 48 training workshop, 100–102 Samanther, Meera, 85 Sivarasa Rasiah, 114–16, 118, 121, Saniman, Rais, 40 123, 130 Saravanamuttu, Johan, 27, 28, 43, 49, Soon Singh case, 67, 68, 71 128, 129, 130 Special Branch, 115–16, 120–21 Sarawak, 40 Star, The, 117, 131n2 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 31, 33 statutory law, 80 Satanic Verses, The, 11 Stewart, Ian, 47 Sathiyaseelan, Shamala, 34, 84–86, 87, Legislative Council, 91, 135 38 Saudi Arabia, 66 Suara Rakyat Malaysia, 29, 97n2, Schutz, Alfred, 5 99–100 Scott, James C., 6, 24, 29, 121 Suhakam, 56 Selangor Sulaiman Abdullah, Haji, 68–69, 74, 1969 unrest, 41, 42 76–78 Article 11 “road show”, 91 Sun, The, 93, 117 elections, 125, 131 Sunnah, 52, 54 Islamic institutions, 73n4, 85 Sunni Muslims, 25, 53 Sultan of, 135 Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia Temuan community claims, 34 Malaysia, 56 Selayang constituency, 125, 126 Syafi’i, Imam, 53 September 11 terrorist attacks, 13, Syariah courts 14–15, 23 conversion from Islam, 64, 67 shahada, 22 vs. civil courts, 71, 83, 86, 90, 91, Shahanaaz Habib, 129 93 Shamsul Amri Baharuddin, 16 Syariah High Court of Kelantan, 87 Sheridan, L.A., 58 Syariah law Shuaib, Farid Sufian, 14, 58 Criminal Offences Act, 63, 105 Sikhism, 87–88 Criminal Offences Bills, 14, 60, 106 Sin Chew Jit Poh, 117 definition, 80 Sinar, 131n2 divorce, 103, 108n5

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“harmonization” with civil law, 54 crackdowns on popular culture, in Islamic statehood, 57 132 making of, 107 discontentment with, 113 in Nigeria, 96 domination of Barisan Nasional, 3, non-Muslims and, 6 117 vs. civil law, 70–71, 72n2, 75–76, Islamizing policies, 3, 19, 20, 51, 84, 90–91 60, 89, 113 vs. Constitution, 65, 78–82, 84 Malay supremacy and, 40, 41, 51, vs. Islamic law, 81 112, 117 women and, 32 Members of Parliament, 27 Syariah movement, 33 PAS and, 60–61 Syed Ahmad Hussein, 20 pre-independence idiom, 39 Syed Akbar Ali, 108–9n6 use of 1969 riots, 43–47 Syed Hamid Albar, 130 women’s wing, 107 Syed Husin Ali, 33, 38, 118 youth wing, 107 Syed J.Z., 118 see also Barisan Nasional (BN) Syed Naguib Al-Attas, 58 United States of America, 11, 13, 75 Universal Declaration of Human T Rights, 122 Tajfel, Henri, 31 Universiti Malaya, 56, 78, 122 Taman Medan, 115 Tan Beng Hui, 135 V Tan Eng Kong, 46 van Dijk, Kees, 46, 102 Tan, Jason, 78 Vivekananda Youth Group, 97n2 Tan, Vincent, 117 Volpi, Frédéric, 14, 15 Teh Yik Koon, 25 Temuan community, 34 W Teoh, Leonard, 89 Waldron, Jeremy, 95 Terengganu, 59, 60, 113 Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, 112 Theophilus, Claudia, 72, 92 Wan Zahid Wan Teh, 53 Time, 117 Watan, 117 Toth, James, 22–23 Watson, C.W., 20 Transparency International, 114, 118, Weapons of the Weak, 121 124 Weiss, Meredith, 27, 48, 118 Turkey, 76–77 Wolf, Eric, 24 Turnbull, Mary C., 37 women as civil society actors, 4, 84 U divorce process, 103, 108n5 United Malays National Organisation elections and, 119, 124–27 (UMNO) issues of dress, 12, 59, 132 2004 General Assembly, 44, 45 marital rape and, 125 2006 General Assembly, 47 in nightclub raid, 105 censorship of Islamic debates, 14 place in Muslim Malaysia, 25

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resistance to repression, 32 Y Sathiyaseelan case, 84–86, 91 yoga fatwa, 10, 132, 133, 134, 135 Women’s Aid Organization, 85, 97n2 Young, Iris Marion, 29 Women’s Candidacy Initiative, 110, 114, 119, 124–27, 135 Z Women’s Centre for Change, Penang, Zainah Anwar, 50n2, 84, 105, 134 97n2 Zaitun “Toni” Kasim, 92, 99–100, Women’s Development Collective, 97n2 101, 102, 125, 126, 127 Wong Chin Huat, 124 Zartman, I. William, 96 Wong, Elizabeth, 105 Zolkaffily case, 68–69 Wu Min Aun, 13 Zouk nightclub, 104, 134, 135

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