DOCSLIB.ORG

Bank of Finland 200 Years Part I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bank of Finland 200 Years Part I peter mickelsson a central bank Antti Kuusterä & Juha Tarkka connecting finland with the world economy or two hundred years the Bank of Finland antti kuusterä of Helsinki has been at the hub of the nation. At the University is a distinguished F same time it has acted as a bridge linking expert in banking history. His Finland to the world economy. bank oF previous works include acclaimed The history of the bank has its share of dramatic studies of local banks Ideals and moments. Political and economic crises have bank of money. The savings banks in always been reflected at the Bank of Finland. Finland Finnish society 1822–1994 (in finland Finnish, Otava 1995) and The first volume of this work spans the period Close to the people. 100 years from its foundation in 1811 to the outbreak of 200 of cooperative banking war in 1939. It tells how Finland obtained its own 200 (in Finnish, Otava 2002). monetary system half a century before inde- years pendence from Russia. It also describes the fate of the Bank of Finland under the revolutionary years People’s Delegation in spring 1918, and how the young governor Risto Ryti struggled to protect the markka during the Great Depression. imperial cashier I This book offers a unique perspective on the to central bank peter mickelsson birth and emergence of the country. I juha tarkka has long worked isbn 978-951-1-24273-4 at the Bank of Finland and was 36.22 head of its research department otava.fi from 1996 to 2004. He has published numerous scientific studies of monetary policy and monetary history and is the author of the university course book Money and monetary policy (in Finnish, 1993). bank of finland 200 years Antti Kuusterä & Juha Tarkka BANK OF FINLAND 200 YEARS I 6 Acknowledgements 9 Prologue 19 International intrigue engulfs Finland 32 Northern European monetary conditions at the time of foundation 41 Early banking in the Kingdom of Sweden 63 Monetary development in Russia 73 First promises of a Bank of Finland 90 A convoluted creation process 111 Slowly moving Finland 118 e Bank of Finland’s early years 145 e Bank as a lender, – 157 Eorts to replace Swedish currency 165 Sweden’s currency reform 172 e rouble goes back on silver 180 Finland prepares for a reform 197 Bank of Finland regulations 205 International development of central banking principles 214 Monetary consequences of the Crimean War 220 Russia fails to return to silver standard 226 Towards monetary reform in Finland 247 Eects of the state fund reform 250 e Bank of Finland as a lender – 261 e Bank of the Estates 272 Subordinate to the Diet 278 International moves to gold 286 War in the Balkans prolongs rouble weakness 288 Finland moves to the gold standard 299 Fixing of the rouble to gold 306 Demands for monetary unification 313 e economy picks up 320 Monetary policy under the gold standard 334 Becoming a central bank 353 Structures of governance 370 Operations and sta 394 e World War and monetary system 410 Bank of Finland during the civil war months 438 Bank’s finances in the crisis years 446 Ground zero: monetary policy in ¢–¢ 460 Back to the gold standard 484 Monetary policy on the gold standard 503 Currency crisis, gold standard abandoned 522 e sterling club 535 e Bank of Finland as bank rescuer 544 A more bank-like appearance 551 Fast turnover among board members 565 Banking in the ¢¤s and ¢s 592 e Parliamentary Supervisory Council 600 rough fortune and adversity to “a magnificent undertaking” 626 Appendix 629 Sources and literature 643 Name index e history of the Bank of Finland constitutes an interesting and unique perspective on the political and economic development of Finnish society as a whole. For two hundred years the bank has been at the hub of the nation’s economic policies and has always experienced repercussions from political upheavals, sometimes in dramatic ways. is first volume of a ¤-year History of the Bank of Finland spans the period from its foundation until autumn ¢¢, when the outbreak of the Second World War triggered a major change in its operations and social role. e authors owe a debt of gratitude to many. is history project has been supported by an expert editorial group. e chairperson during the writing of this first volume was Dr Sinikka Salo of the Bank of Finland’s board, who, from the outset, supported our work unstintingly. Other members of the editorial sta were Professor emerita Riitta Hjerppe, Professor emeritus Jouko Paunio (until ¤), Dr Jukka Pekkarinen, Professor emeritus Erkki Pihkala, Dr Antti Suvanto, and Vappu Ikonen of the Bank of Finland’s archives. Vappu and the entire archive sta have patiently helped us find the material we sought. Outi Pöysä translated sources from Russian for us. Our thanks to all of them. We would also like to express appreciation to our editor at Otava, Marita Jaakkola, and graphic designer Jarkko Hyppönen, whose fine work appears on every page. Pat Humphreys translated the volume into English and commented usefully on the manuscript. Illustrations were skilfully managed by Veikko Kallio. We are further indebted to Petri Uusitalo, Pirjo Föhr-Tolvanen, Teresa Magi and Tarja Yrjölä at the Bank of Finland for their participation in producing the book and its statistical diagrams. To present the entire history of Finland’s central bank may be the greatest challenge that a Finnish economic historian and researcher can face. At the same time it is an extraordinary privilege. We appreciate the confidence expressed by the board of management of the Bank in giving us this demanding commission. e board has not involved itself in our writing in any way. e opinions expressed are the authors’ own and do not necessarily represent the Bank of Finland’s stance. Helsinki ¤¤ February ¤ Antti Kuusterä and Juha Tarkka ³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼º½º¶¾¿ t was when Tsar Alexander I, the Emperor of Russia, ratified the establishment and operations of An Oce for Exchange, I Lending and Deposits in the Grand Duchy of Finland. e date of the proclamation, December ¤th, is regarded as the founding moment of the Bank of Finland although it was not until April st in the following year that the board of the Oce first convened, under its chairman Claës Johan Sacklén. e other two directors on the three- member board were Gustav Gadolin, a cathedral dean and professor of theology, and Johan Jakob Dreilick, an industrialist who owned an iron works. e bank was entirely lacking funds at this point so the board’s first act was to ask the Governing council of Finland to grant it an advance of Åroubles in banknotes for the purchase of oÆce supplies. In the months to come, it gradually accumulated a small fund of capital “from tax surpluses” and was able to open its doors to the public on August ¤. Some eight months had elapsed since the founding proclamation.¹ e Bank of Finland is regarded as the fourth oldest central bank in the world. e factual basis for this statement is that, of central banks now in operation, only those of Sweden, England and France are older; Sveriges Riksbank was founded in , the Bank of England in ¢ and Banque de France in . However it is a considerable simplification to claim the Bank of Finland as the world’s fourth oldest central bank. Firstly, it was not a real central bank for decades after its establishment because Finland had no other banks or even real banking houses, unlike London, Paris or Stockholm. Until the second half of the ¢th century, the Bank of Finland was in reality a governmental bank of issue, and it gained the status of a central bank only gradually as the rest of Finland’s banking system developed. ÀÁ·¹·¼Âº ¢ Secondly, at the time that the Bank of Finland was established, there were several other government-owned banks of issue, the most important in the Baltic region being Russia’s State Assignat Bank in St. Petersburg and Denmark’s Kurant Bank in Copenhagen. Still, these institutions subsequently closed down so the Bank of Finland’s fourth ranking among the world’s senior central banks is not obviously false either.² e Russian Empire had annexed Finland from Sweden in the war of –¢. A grand duchy was established in the conquered land, making it a territory of limited autonomy ruled by the Tsar of Russia. e Grand Duchy of Finland was given a central administration separate from Russia’s. Not oÆcially renamed a bank until , the Oce for Bills of Exchange, Lending and Deposits was part of the new administrative machinery. It became the OÆce’s practical function to lend money and to issue small-denomination bills, intended to remedy the shortage of metallic coins in Finland. In issuing notes the bank’s role was to support the objective of Finland’s Imperial Governing council: to drive out the Swedish riksdaler and skillingar in general circulation in Finland, and replace them with Russian roubles and kopeks. Even lending by the Oce was, according to the proclamation of Tsar Alexander I, intended to help “our faithful Finnish subjects in discharging the debts with which many are burdened, either to public funds or to various financiers in Sweden”. us it is clear that one of the main objectives in founding a Bank of Finland was to wean the new Grand Duchy of Finland from its dependence on the old mother country, Sweden, and link it more closely with the Russian monetary system. Naturally the newly established government of Finland also required practical assistance in managing its monetary aairs and the Bank of Finland became not only an issuer of banknotes but also an institution where state funds were deposited and managed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Stamps of the German Empire
    UC-NRLF 6165 3fi Sfifi G3P6 COo GIFT OF Lewis Bealer THE STAMPS OF THE GERMAN STATES By Bertram W. H. Poole PART I "Stamps of the German Empire" BADEN MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN BAVARIA MECKLENBURG-STREUTZ BERGEDORF OLDENBURG BREMEN PRUSSIA BRUNSWICK SAXONY HAMBURG SCHLESWIG-HOISTEIN HANOVER LUBECK WURTEMBERG HANDBOOK NUMBER 6 Price 35c PUBLISHED BY MEKEEL-SEVERN-WYLIE CO. BOSTON, MASS. i" THE STAMPS OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE BY BERTRAM W. H. POOLE AUTHOR OF The Stamps of the Cook Islands, Stamp Collector's Guide, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Hong Kong, Sierra Leone, Etc. MEKEEL-SEVERN-WYLIE CO. HANDBOOK No. 6 PUBLISHED BY MEKEEL-SEVERN-WYLIE CO. BOSTON, MASS. GIFT OF FOREWORD. In beginning this series of articles little is required in the way of an intro- ductory note for the title is lucid enough. I may, however, point out that these articles are written solely for the guidance of the general collector, in which category, of course, all our boy readers are included. While all im- portant philatelic facts will be recorded but little attention will be paid to minor varieties. Special stress will be laid on a study of the various designs and all necessary explanations will be given so that the lists of varieties appearing in the catalogues will be plain to the most inexperienced collector. In the "refer- ence list," which will conclude each f chapter, only > s.ucji s. arfif>s; Hifl >e in- cluded as may; ie,'con&tfJdrekt ;"e,ssntial" and, as such,' coming 'within 'the scope of on the.'phJlaJtetist'lcoUeetijig' ^ene^l" lines. .V.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Agency at the Swedish Age of Greatness 1560–1720
    Edited by Petri Karonen and Marko Hakanen Marko and Karonen Petri by Edited Personal Agency at the Swedish Age of Greatness 1560-1720 provides fresh insights into the state-building process in Sweden. During this transitional period, many far-reaching administrative reforms were the Swedish at Agency Personal Age of Greatness 1560–1720 Greatness of Age carried out, and the Swedish state developed into a prime example of the ‘power-state’. Personal Agency In early modern studies, agency has long remained in the shadow of the study of structures and institutions. State building in Sweden at the Swedish Age of was a more diversified and personalized process than has previously been assumed. Numerous individuals were also important actors Greatness 1560–1720 in the process, and that development itself was not straightforward progression at the macro-level but was intertwined with lower-level Edited by actors. Petri Karonen and Marko Hakanen Editors of the anthology are Dr. Petri Karonen, Professor of Finnish history at the University of Jyväskylä and Dr. Marko Hakanen, Research Fellow of Finnish History at the University of Jyväskylä. studia fennica historica 23 isbn 978-952-222-882-6 93 9789522228826 www.finlit.fi/kirjat Studia Fennica studia fennica anthropologica ethnologica folkloristica historica linguistica litteraria Historica The Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was founded in 1831 and has, from the very beginning, engaged in publishing operations. It nowadays publishes literature in the fields of ethnology and folkloristics, linguistics, literary research and cultural history. The first volume of the Studia Fennica series appeared in 1933. Since 1992, the series has been divided into three thematic subseries: Ethnologica, Folkloristica and Linguistica.
    [Show full text]
  • Punakaarti Rintamalla
    Kaikkien maiden proletaarit, liittykää yhteen’. PUNAKAARTI RINTAMALLA LUOKKASODAN MUISTOJA Toimittanut J. LEHTOSAARI Kustannettu Suomen Väli? ;umousliikkeen Tutkijakunnan avustuksella KIRJA Leningrad —1929 Printed in U. S- S. R Ленинградский Облает лит 32353 Тираж 2.000—td л. За* на л* б!# Гое. тип. нзд, .Лея n n градская Правда"- Ленинград, Со ця ал нотн ческа я. J4 SISÄLLYSLUETTELO. Siv. Alkulauso ............................................................................................... I Yleistä. 1. Suorasti luokkasodasta, T. Lehen . ■ . ..................................... ” 2. Punakaartien ylin johto.. ...................................................................... 24 3. » sairashoito, A. A—o . „ ................................................ 28 4. Naiset aseellisessa taistelussa, A. A—o............................................... 31 5. Punakaartin värvärinä, K. Karjalainen.....................................- • • 85 II. Pohjoinen rintama. L. Luokkasodan taistelutoimet luoteisella (pohjoisella) rintamalla, K. M. E v ä ........................................................................................* 87 2, Vilppulan rintaman muodostuminen, A. A n ttila............................. 58 3, PfinttÖ vuoro n tunnelin < räjäyttäminen*............................................... 63 ■I. Taistelut Virtain pitäjässä, A. U........................................................... 67 5. Pomarkun retk i........................................................................................ 7t fi. .Huhtikuun 1—5 p.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluid Identities and the Use of History: the Northern Lights Route and the Writings of Bengt Pohjanen
    Paper from the Conference “INTER: A European Cultural Studies Conference in Sweden”, organised by the Advanced Cultural Studies Institute of Sweden (ACSIS) in Norrköping 11-13 June 2007. Conference Proceedings published by Linköping University Electronic Press at www.ep.liu.se/ecp/025/. © The Author. Fluid Identities and the Use of History: The Northern Lights Route and the Writings of Bengt Pohjanen Anne Heith Department of Comparative Literature and Scandinavian Languages, Umeå university, Sweden [email protected] The article highlights the impact of agency and context in analyses of the theme of identification in texts produced on the levels of aesthetics, ethnic mobilisation, region-building and the European project. The connection between cultural heritage and identity is discussed with examples which elucidate the role of literature in nation-building in the period of modernity and industrialisation. Texts by the Tornedalian author Bengt Pohjanen are foregrounded as part of the ethnic revival emerging in the nineteen-eighties. Swedish examples of the use of history are contrasted against the discourse of the Council of Europe’s Cultural Routes which is part of a supranational project aiming at the construction of a European identity in the political project of preparing the ground for European citizenship. The conclusion presented is that it is not viable to produce a “European identity cultural package” which runs the risk of conflating differences related to aspects such as language, ethnicity, gender, worldview and religion. Identities are fluid, they exist on various levels and shift in response to changing contexts. Sometimes they develop in overlapping discourses. One way of dealing with this is to think of identification as a constant negotiation of symbolic and concrete borders.
    [Show full text]
  • Swedish Royal Ancestry Book 4 1751-Present
    GRANHOLM GENEALOGY SWEDISH ANCESTRY Recent Royalty (1751 - Present) INTRODUCTION Our Swedish ancestry is quite comprehensive as it covers a broad range of the history. For simplicity the information has been presented in four different books. Book 1 – Mythical to Viking Era (? – 1250) Book 2 – Folkunga Dynasty (1250 – 1523) Book 3 – Vasa Dynasty (1523 – 1751) Book 4 – Recent Royalty (1751 – Present) Book 4 covers the most recent history including the wars with Russia that eventually led to the loss of Finland to Russia and the emergence of Finland as an independent nation as well as the history of Sweden during World Wars I and II. A list is included showing our relationship with the royal family according to the lineage from Nils Kettilsson Vasa. The relationship with the spouses is also shown although these are from different ancestral lineages. Text is included for those which are highlighted in the list. Lars Granholm, November 2009 Recent Swedish Royalty Relationship to Lars Erik Granholm 1 Adolf Frederick King of Sweden b. 14 May 1710 Gottorp d. 1771 Stockholm (9th cousin, 10 times removed) m . Louisa Ulrika Queen of Sweden b. 24 July 1720 Berlin d. 16 July 1782 Swartsjö ( 2 2 n d c o u s i n , 1 1 times removed) 2 Frederick Adolf Prince of Sweden b. 1750 d. 1803 (10th cousin, 9 times removed) 2 . Sofia Albertina Princess of Sweden b, 1753 d. 1829 (10th cousin, 9 times removed) 2 . Charles XIII King of Sweden b. 1748 d. 1818 (10th cousin, 9 times removed) 2 Gustav III King of Sweden b.
    [Show full text]
  • Finlands Röda Garden En Bok Om Klasskriget 1918 1:A Upplagan Bokförlaget Oktober 1973
    Carsten Palmær och Raimo Mankinen Finlands röda garden En bok om klasskriget 1918 1:a upplagan Bokförlaget Oktober 1973 Innehållsförteckning Inledning..................................................................................................................................... 1 DEL 1: DOKUMENT .............................................................................................................. 41 Ur rödgardismen....................................................................................................................... 41 Makten åt arbetarna – proletariatets diktatur måste utropas .................................................... 44 Bakom den vita fronten: Varkaus och Isalmi........................................................................... 47 Den finska arbetarstaten........................................................................................................... 54 Minnen från storstrejken och inbördeskriget 1917-18 ............................................................. 59 Trupper till Tammerfors hjälp.................................................................................................. 63 De bildade en sköld av tillfångatagna rödgardister och arbetare ............................................. 67 Vad arbetarkvinnorna fick erfara ............................................................................................. 70 Minnen från klasskampsfronterna år 1918............................................................................... 72 Det finska röda gardet
    [Show full text]
  • Kouvola - Anjalankoski Alueelliset Indikaattorit Tiedot Pääosin Vuodelta 2017, Osa 2016, Julkaistu Tammikuussa 2019
    Kouvola - Anjalankoski Alueelliset indikaattorit Tiedot pääosin vuodelta 2017, osa 2016, julkaistu tammikuussa 2019 13.8.2019 Lähde: Tilastokeskus, Paavo 1 Tietolähde • Paavo – Postinumeroalueittainen avoin tieto, Tilastokeskus • Paavo sisältää tietoja asukasrakenteesta, koulutusasteesta, asukkaiden ja talouksien tuloista, talouksien koosta ja elämänvaiheesta, rakennuksista ja asunnoista, työpaikoista sekä asukkaiden pääasiallisesta toiminnasta. • Paavo-tilastotiedot ja kartta-aineistot päivitetään vuosittain tammikuussa. • Asukkailla tarkoitetaan alueella vakinaisesti asuvaa väestöä. Ne henkilöt, joilla väestötietojärjestelmän mukaan oli kotipaikka Suomessa vuoden lopussa (31. joulukuuta), kuuluvat asukkaisiin kansalaisuudesta riippumatta. Asukkaiden sijainti määräytyy asuinrakennusten koordinaattien perusteella. • Henkilöt, jotka asuvat laitoksissa, saavat sijaintitiedot laitoksen koordinaattien mukaan, mikäli ne ovat tiedossa. Pois sen sijaan jäävät koordinaatiton laitosväestö, ulkomailla tilapäisesti asuvat Suomen kansalaiset ja henkilöt, joiden sijaintitietoa kunnassa ei tiedetä. HUOM! Tästä syystä viralliset alueittaiset väkiluvut poikkeavat PAAVO-tilastoaineiston alueittaisista summatiedoista. • Seuraavissa taulukoissa on alueen lisäksi koko Kouvolan arvo ja kaikkien alueiden (Anjalankoski, Elimäki, Jaala, Kouvola, Kuusankoski ja Valkeala) minimi ja maksimi arvo. 13.8.2019 Lähde: Tilastokeskus, Paavo 2 Anjalankosken alueen postinumeroalueet kartalla 13.8.2019 Lähde: Tilastokeskus, Paavo 3 Anjalankoski 45460 Savero, 46400 Kaipiainen,
    [Show full text]
  • Toimintakertomus 2005
    Dnro 1/031/2006 15.3.2006 VALTION TALOUDELLISEN TUTKIMUSKESKUKSEN (VATT) TOIMINTAKERTOMUS 2005 Helsinki 2006 SISÄLLYSLUETTELO 1. JOHDON KATSAUS TOIMINTAAN ................................................................................................................................... 3 2. TULOKSELLISUUDEN KUVAUS ...................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 TOIMINNAN VAIKUTTAVUUS .............................................................................................................................................. 5 TUTKIMUSALUE I TYÖMARKKINAT, VEROTUS JA SOSIAALITURVA ............................................................................................. 5 TUTKIMUSALUE II JULKINEN TALOUS, YRITYKSET JA INTEGRAATIO .......................................................................................... 9 TUTKIMUSALUE III YMPÄRISTÖ JA INFRASTRUKTUURIT ....................................................................................................... 11 TUTKIMUSALUE IV JULKISET PALVELUT JA ALUETALOUS ..................................................................................................... 14 2.2 TOIMINNALLINEN TULOKSELLISUUS .................................................................................................................................. 19 2.3 TULOSANALYYSI JA JOHTOPÄÄTÖKSET ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • BUSSIAIKATAULUT Voimassa 9.8.2018 – 2.6.2019
    Kouvolan BUSSIAIKATAULUT Voimassa 9.8.2018 – 2.6.2019 Päivitetty 1.3.2019 kouvolanbussit.fi | kouvola.digitransit.fi Matkakeskuksen linja-autopysäkit Pysäkiltä Pysäkiltä H1 H3 Voikkaa (1, 2) Eskolanmäki (10) Kuusankoski (1, 2, 7) Lehtomäki (11) Anjala, Inkeroinen, Myllykoski (3) Tornionmäki (12, 13) Koria (4K) Mielakka (13) Kasarminmäki (14) Laiturit 1-7 Laituri 1 Elimäki, Koria (4) Laituri 2 Utti, Kaipiainen, Sippola (8) Laituri 3 Kausala Laituri 4 Jaala (9) Laituri 5 Valkeala (5) Laituri 6 Sippola ja Liikkala Kouvolankatu tu H3 H1 Hallituskatu Asemaka Hallituskatu Matkakeskuksen Laiturit 1-7 pääovi 2 1 Juhlapyhien poikkeusliikenne Eri juhlapyhien aikaan on linja-autoliikenteessä selviä poik- keuksia normaaliin liikennöintiin. Kaukoliikenne kannattaa tarkistaa liikennöitsijöiden omilta sivuilta tai Matkahuollosta Pyhäinpäivä 3.11.2018 = Sunnuntaivuorot (ei SS) Itsenäisyyspäivä 6.12.2018 = Sunnuntaivuorot (ei SS) Joulu 2018 Jouluaattona 24.12. = Lauantaivuorot, viimeiset vuorot lähtevät klo 13. Joulupäivänä 25.12. = Ei liikennettä Tapaninpäivänä 26.12. = Sunnuntaivuorot (S- ja SS) Uusi Vuosi Maanantai 31.12.2018 = Normaalit maanantaivuorot Tiistai 1.1.2019 = Sunnuntaivuorot (ei SS-vuoroja) Pääsiäinen 2019 Kiirastorstai 18.4.2019 = Normaalit arkivuorot + pe-vuorot Pitkäperjantai 19.4.2019 = Sunnuntaivuorot (ei SS-vuoroja) Lauantai 20.4.2019 = Normaalit lauantaivuorot 1. pääsiäispäivä su 21.4.2019 = Sunnuntaivuorot (ei SS-vuoroja) 2. pääsiäspäivä ma 22.4.2019 = Sunnuntaivuorot (S- ja SS-vuorot) Helatorstai 30. 5. 2019 = Sunnuntaivuorot (ei SS-vuoroja) Vappu 2019 Vappupäivä ke 1.5.2019 = Sunnuntaivuorot (S- ja SS-vuorot) Lisää tietoa: www.kouvolanbussit.fi 2 3 4 5 6 7 Matkakeskus - Kuusankoski - Voikkaa Matkakeskus - Kuusankoski - Voikkaa arkisin ma-pe arkisin ma-pe LAITURI 4H1HH1 4 H1 H1 1 H1 H1 LAITURI 4HH1 H1 H1 H1 H1 1H1 M-P M-P M-P koulp.
    [Show full text]
  • Sami in Finland and Sweden
    A baseline study of socio-economic effects of Northland Resources ore establishment in northern Sweden and Finland Indigenous peoples and rights Stefan Ekenberg Luleå University of Technology Department of Human Work Sciences 2008 Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå A baseline study of socio-economic effects of Northland Resources ore establishment in northern Sweden and Finland Indigenous peoples and rights Stefan Ekenberg Department of Human Work Sciences Luleå University of Technology 1 Summary The Sami is considered to be one people with a common homeland, Sápmi, but divided into four national states, Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. The indigenous rights therefore differ in each country. Finlands Sami policy may be described as accommodative. The accommodative Sami policy has had two consequences. Firstly, it has made Sami collective issues non-political and has thus change focus from previously political mobilization to present substate administration. Secondly, the depoliticization of the Finnish Sami probably can explain the absent of overt territorial conflicts. However, this has slightly changes due the discussions on implementation of the ILO Convention No 169. Swedish Sami politics can be described by quarrel and distrust. Recently the implementation of ILO Convention No 169 has changed this description slightly and now there is a clear legal demand to consult the Sami in land use issues that may affect the Sami. The Reindeer herding is an important indigenous symbol and business for the Sami especially for the Swedish Sami. Here is the reindeer herding organized in a so called Sameby, which is an economic organisations responsible for the reindeer herding. Only Sami that have parents or grandparents who was a member of a Sameby may become members.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the Director of the Mint
    - S. Luriºus vsº ANNUAL REPORT Of the Director of the N/int for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1970. ANNUAL REPORT of the Director of the Mint for the fiscal year ended June 30 1970 DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY DOCUMENT NO. 3253 Director of the Mint U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1971 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1 (paper cover) Stock Number 4805–0009 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY, BUREAU OF THE MINT, Washington, D.C., April 29, 1971. SIR: I have the honor to submit the Ninety-eighth Annual Report of the Director of the Mint, since the Mint became a Bureau within the Department of the Treasury in 1873. Annual reports of Mint activities have been made to the Secretary of the Treasury since 1835, pursuant to the act of March 3, 1835 (4 Stat. 774). Annual reports of the Mint have been made since it was established in 1792. This report is submitted in compliance with Section 345 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, 2d Edition (1878), 31 U.S.C. 253. It includes a review of the operations of the mints, assay offices, and the bullion depositories for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1970. Also contained in this edition are reports for the calendar year 1969 on U.S. gold, silver, and coinage metal production and the world's monetary stocks of gold, silver, and coins. MARY BROOKs, Director of the Mint. Hon. JoHN B. Con NALLY, Secretary of the Treasury.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socialist Soviet Republic of Scandinavia
    Ajalooline Ajakiri, 2015, 3 (153), 287–326 The Socialist Soviet Republic of Scandinavia Ainur Elmgren ABSTRACT Nationalist and regionalist geopolitical concepts were appropriated in the ser- vice of Communist world revolution by Finnish activists in Sweden, Finland, and Soviet Karelia. The influence of Social Democratic statesman and scholar of geopolitics, Väinö Voionmaa, can be traced in the negotiations that led to the foundation of an autonomous Karelian Labour Commune in 1921. Exiled Finnish revolutionaries persuaded the Bolsheviks that Karelia could become a stepping-stone towards revolution in Finland and Scandinavia. A greater So- cialist Soviet Republic of Scandinavia, united by cultural, geographical and eco- nomical factors, would monopolize the timber market and exercise economic power over Western Europe. The idea of a Scandinavian revolution was aban- doned along with the idea of world revolution in the mid-1920s. The last men- tions of a Soviet Scandinavia can be found in anti-Soviet propaganda long after the demise of its promoters in the Great Terror. Keywords: geopolitics, revolution, regionalism, nationalism, Scandinavia, So- viet Union, Karelian Labour Commune The pursuit of a “Greater Finland” is a well-known chapter in the history of Finnish nationalism. The Greater Finland project uniting the “tribal brothers” of Finland and Karelia, sometimes also the national irredenta of the border regions in Northern Sweden and Norway, the Kola Penin- sula and the Finno-Ugric minorities of Russia, was practically monopo- lized by right-wing intellectual movements after Finland’s independence in 1917 and the subsequent civil war.1 However, it had inspired politicians and scholars identifying as Socialist before, and it would continue to do so.
    [Show full text]