Fawatih Al-Suwariquranic Chapthers’ Opening That Have Various Forms, from a Command Sentences, Requisite Sentences and Even Only Single Arabic Or Hijaiya Letter

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 Fawătih Al-Suwari: Reveal Esoteric Letters and Sentences in Holy Quran

Sri Warjiyati1*, Dian Berkah2 1Faculty of Shariah and Law, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya 2Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya [email protected]

Abstract Al Quran as a holy book and revelation from Allah has special position in Muslim community. It acts as source of laws and guidance to maintain order in this worldly life and hereafter. Thus, interpretation of Holy Quran is an important knowledge in Muslim community since Prophet’s time until now. One part of Quranic interpretation and commentary knowledge is regarding Fawatih al-SuwariQuranic chapthers’ opening that have various forms, from a command sentences, requisite sentences and even only single Arabic or Hijaiya letter. These sentences and letters are believed to have esoteric meaning and they had invited many scholars, Muslims as well as orientalist with their theological and scientific background to research, discuss and even debate meaning behind these sentences and letters. This paper is aimed to reveal various forms of Quranic chapters’ opening or Fawatih al-Suwari, both sentences and letters as well as give description about opinions from scholars with their respective background regarding Fawatih al- Suwari. This paper concluded that existence of fawatih al-Suwari as part of mutashabihat verses has gained lots of attention from Quranic commentators, either from sufist, shia and even orientalists that interpret those letters and sentences with their respective opinions parallel with their background.

Keywords: Quran, fawatih al suwar, reveal esoteric letter

1. INTRODUCTION Al-Quran as a holy book has become something sacred for Muslims (Rubawati. 2018) The phenomenon arises because the Al Quran is believed to be a revelation or words from Allah which revealed to Prophet Muhammad and recitation of Holy Quran is worth worship(Al-Shogir). As the revelation from Allah, the Islamic community believes Al- Quran is a book that guarded by Allah Himself (Muhammadiyah, 1967)and has the essence in form of laws that can be used in maintaining order of life. In other words, the Holy Quran as the last holy book from Allah is capable in inflicting aspects such as good manner and perfection of law(Muhammadiyah, 1967). In fact, the Holy Quran became the first source referenced by the Islamic community in the istimbath al-Hukm or enactment of law. Therefore, al-Quran has characteristics that are urgent to be studied as the key to interpret Holy Quran(Al-Shogir). In studying the Holy Quran, there is a related discipline, namely Ulum al-Quran. Fawatih al-Suwari is one of the subjects in the discipline. Therefore, discussion regarding fawatih al-Suwari has become important as a complement, especially in understanding the letters and sentences at the beginning of Quranic chapters as one of the miracles of the Holy Quran. However, there is a wide range of opinion in the interpretation of these letters. Based on the description above, fawatih al-Suwari has become a focal point of the background in this paper. As for the subject of this paper is the definition of fawatih al- Suwari, forms of fawatih al-Suwari, position of Quranic chapters’ opening and fawatih al- Suwari in debates.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 2. DISCUSSION Hijaiyah letters contained in the beginning as a letter opener or known as al-Suwari fawatih, had 'stolen' the attention of various people, both Muslims and Orientalists to appreciate his thinking in discussing it. More details can be seen in the discussion below.

2.1. Definition is derived from two Arabic (اٌفٛارخ ٚاٌغٛس) Etimologically, the term fawatih al-Suwari (فزخ) Word fawatih comes from fataha .( اٌغٛس) and suwar (اٌفٛارخ) words, namely fawatih (عٛسح ) that means open (Muwanir, 2002),and word suwar is a plural form from word sûrah that means chapter (Muwanir, 2002). From two words above, it is concluded that etimologically, fawatih al-Suwari means the opening of chapters (surah). It also called ahruf muqatta'ah because the letters in chapters’ opening do not integrate to form a sentence although pronouncation aspect is not differentiated (Izzan, 2005). Terminologically, fawatih al-Suwar is a term for sentences that used for a chapter’s opening and it is part of mutashabihat verses because it has mujmal, mu'awwal, and musykil properties(Anwar A. , 2005).

2.2. Forms of Fawatih al-Suwari Holy Quran which contained 114 chapters has various forms of chapter’s opening. If examined, there will be found more than 29 letters after the Basmallah and sometimes found in form a single letter (Anwar R. , 2006).Those letters cannot form a word so it is not traceable meaning of those letters. Perhaps, that is why huge attention from many scholars and researchers is focused to uncover the secrets in these letters in the form of discussion or reflection in the history of Muslim’s thought (Winarti, 2017). In a note from Solahuddin, there are 14 şighot or forms offawatih al-Suwari that spread in various chapters of Holy Quran (Ruslǎni, 1981). For more details can be seen in the table below:

Table 1. Forms of fawatih al-Suwar and Their Chapter No Letter Chapter(s) Al-Baqarah, Al-Imran, Al-Ankabut, Al-Rŭm, Luqman, Al-S اٌُ 1 ajadah. .Al-A'raf اٌّض .2 .Yunus, Hud, Yusuf, Ibrahim, Al-Hijr اٌش .3 Al-Ra'du اٌّش .4 Maryam و١ٙعض .5 Toha طٗ .6 Al-Naml طظ .7 Al-Shu'aro, Al-Qaşaş طغُ .8 Yasin ٠ظ .9 Şad ص 10 Ghafir, Fuşilat, Al-Zukhruf, Al-Dukhan, Al-Jǎthiyah, Al-A دُ .11 hqof. Al-Shǔra دُ عغك .12 Qǒf ق .13 (Nǔn (Al-Qolam ْ .14

According to Ibnu Abi al-Asba' as quoted by Ahamd Izzan(Izzan, 2005), there are some categories of the chapter’s opening in the Holy Quran. First, praises to Allah which attributed to His perfect divine properties. Second, the use of Arabic letters that contained in 29 chapters. that found in 10 chapters with ( أدشاف إٌذاء) Third, the use for interjection or greeting details: 5 directed to the Apostles and five other addressed to the people (ummah) in .found in 15 chapters (اٌمغُ) general. Fourth, in form of swear From quantity perspective, forms of fawatih al-Suwari in Holy Quran can be classified

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 into 5 types as follows(Syadali, 2006): a. Made up of single letter. This type is found in three places, they are chapter Şad [38] and ;( ق) chapter Qaf [50] that started with letter qof ;( ص) that started with letter şad chapter al-Qolam [68] that started with letter nun (ْ ). More details can be seen in table below:

Table 2.Fawatih al-Suwar Made Up of Single Letter Chapter Verse Translation Şǎd, By the Qur'an, Full of ص ٚاٌمشآْ رٞ اٌزوش [Şǎd [38 Admonition: (This is the Truth).(RI, 2005) Qǎf, By the Glorious Qur'an (Thou ق ٚاٌمشآْ اٌّج١ذ [Qaf [50 art Allah's Messenger). (ٚ ْ Nǔn, By the Pen and the (Recordاٌمٍُ ِٚب ٠غطشAl-Qolam [68] ْٚ which (men) write.

,طظ ,طٗ ,دُ b. Made up of two letters. This type is found in ten places and contains letters :Details can be seen in table below .٠ظ

Table 3.Fawatih al-Suwar Made Up of Two Letters Letter Chapter(s) Ghafir [40], Fuşşilat [41], al-Shǔra [42], Al-Zukhruf [43], al-Dukhan دُ [43], al-Jǎthiyah [45], dan al-Ahqaf [46] [Toha [20 طٗ [al-Naml [27 طظ [Yasin [36 ٠ظ

اٌُ, c. Made up of three letters. This type is found in 13 places and contain letters such as :More details can be seen in table below .اٌش, طغُ

Table 4.Fawatih al-Suwar Made Up of Three Letters Letter Chapter(s) al-Baqarah [2], al-Imran [3], al-Ankabut [29], al-Rum [30], Lukm اٌُ an [31], al-Sajadah [32]. [Yunus [10], Hud [11], Yusuf [12], Ibrahim [14], al-Hijr [15 اٌش [Al-Shu'arā [26] dan al-Qaşaş [28 طغُ

in chapter al-A'raf اٌّض .d. Made up of four letters. This type is found in two places, i.e .[in chapter al-Ra'du [13 اٌّش and [7] in chapter , و١ٙعضe. Made up of five letters. This type is only found in one place, i.e Maryam [19]. Other perspective from al-Zakasyiy(Al-Zakashiy, 1988)and al-Suyuthi(Al-Suyuthi, Al- Dar Al-Mansur, 1993) who noted that there are ten varieties words that analogue with faw atih al-Suwari in Holy Quran as follows: a. Chapter’s opening with praise that addressed to the perfection of divine properties More details can be .اٌزٕض٠ٗ and اإلصجبد from Allah and found in various places such as seen in table below:

Table. 5Chapter’s Opening with Praise Form Chapter(s) Verse Translation Praise be to Allah, the اٌذّذ هلل سة اٌعب١ٌّٓ [al-Fatihah [1 اإلصجبد Cherisher and Sustainer of

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 the worlds Blessed is He who sent رجبسن اٌزٞ ٔضي اٌفشلبْ عal-Furqon [25] ٍٝ down the criterion to His عجذٖ ١ٌىْٛ ٌٍعب١ٌّٓ ٔز٠شا servant, that it may be an admonition to all creatures. Blessed be He in Whose رجبسن اٌزٞ ث١ذٖ اٌٍّه al-Mulk [67] ٛ٘ٚ hands is Dominion; and He عٍٝ وً شٟء لذ٠ش over all things hath Power. Glory to (Allah) Who did عجذبْ اٌزٞ أعشٜ ثعجذ١ٌٖال [al-Isra [17 اٌزٕض٠ٗ take His servant for a ِٓ اٌّغجذ اٌذشاَ إٌٝ اٌّغجذ Journey by night from the األلظٝ اٌزٞ ثبسوٕب دٌٛٗ ٌٕش٠ٗ Sacred Mosque to the ِٓ آ٠برٕب إٔٗ ٛ٘ اٌغ١ّع اٌجظ١ش farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things). Glorify the name of thy عجخ اعُ سثه األعal-A'la [87] ٍٝ Guardian-Lord Most High. Whatever is in the heavens عجخ هلل ِب فٟ اٌغّبٚاد -al-Hadid [57], al ٚ and on earth, let it declareاألسع ٛ٘ٚ اٌعض٠ض اٌذى١ُ Hashr [59], al-Şaf [61] the Praises and Glory of Allah: for He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise. Whatever is in the heavens ٠غجخ هلل ِب فٟ اٌغّبٚاد ِٚب [al-Jum'ah [62 and on earth, doth declare فٟ األسع اٌٍّه اٌمذٚط the Praises and Glory of اٌعض٠ض اٌذى١ُ Allah,- the Sovereign, the Holy One, the Exalted in Might, the Wise.

Whatever is in the heavens ٠غجخ هلل ِب فٟ اٌغّبٚاد ِٚب [al-Taghabun [64 and on earth, doth declare فٟ األسع ٌٗ اٌٍّه ٌٚٗ اٌذّذ ٛ٘ٚ the Praises and Glory of عٍٝ وً شٟء لذ٠ش Allah: to Him belongs dominion, and to Him belongs praise: and He has power over all things. b. Chapter’s opening that contains Arabic letters. This type has been discussed in previous subsection about fawatih al-Suwar classification based on numbers of letters. c. Chapter’s opening that contains greeting. This type can be found in ten places in Holy Quran with details are shown in table below:

Table 6.Chapter’s Opening with Greeting Form Chapter(s) Verse Translation ٠ب al-Maidah إٌذاء all) obligations. Lawful) ثبٌعمٛد أدٍذ ٌىُ ث١ّٙخ األٔعبَ إال ِب أٙ٠ب اٌز٠ٓ إِٓٛا O yeأٚفٛا unto you (for food) are all ٠زٍٝ ع١ٍىُ غ١ش ِذٍٟ اٌظ١ذ ٚأٔزُ four-footed animals, with دشَ إْ هللا ٠ذىُ ِب ٠ش٠ذ !who believe fulfil

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 [5] the exceptions named: But animals of the chase are forbidden while ye are in the sacred precincts or in pilgrim garb: for Allah doth command according to His will and plan. O Ye who believe! Put not ٠ب أٙ٠ب اٌز٠ٓ إِٓٛاال رمذِٛا ث١ٓ ٠ذal-Hujurat ٞ yourselves forward before هللا ٚسعٚ ٌٗٛارمٛا هللا إْ هللا ع١ّع [49] ;Allah and His Messenger ع١ٍُ but fear Allah: for Allah is He Who hears and knows all things. (Your homes), (simply ٠ب أٙ٠ب اٌز٠ٓ إِٓٛاال رزخزٚا عذal- ٞٚ ٚ because ye believe in Allahعذٚوُ أ١ٌٚبء رٍمْٛ إٙ١ٌُ ثبٌّٛدح ٚلذ Mumtahanah your Lord! If ye have come وفشٚا ثّب جبءوُ ِٓ اٌذك ٠خشجْٛ [60] out to strive in My Way and اٌشعٛي ٚإ٠بوُ أْ رؤِٕٛا ثبهلل سثىُ إْ ,to seek My Good Pleasure وٕزُ خشجزُ جٙبدا فٟ عجٚ ٍٟ١اثزغبء ,(take them not as friends) ِشضبرٟ رغشْٚ إٙ١ٌُ ثبٌّٛدح ٚأٔب holding secret converse of أعٍُ ثّب أخف١زُ ِٚب أعٍٕزُ ِٚٓ ٠فعٍٗ O ye who love (and friendship) withِٕىُ فمذ ضً عٛاء believe! Take not my them: for I know full well enemies and yours as friends all that ye conceal and all (or protectors),- offering that ye reveal. And any of them (your) love, even you that does this has though they have rejected the strayed from the Straight Truth that has come to you, Path. and have (on the contrary) driven out the Prophet and yourselves (from اٌغج١ً

O Prophet! When ye do ٠ب أٙ٠ب إٌجٟ إرا طٍمزُ إٌغبء فطٍمAl-Talaq [65] ٓ٘ٛ divorce women, divorce ٌعذرٚ ٓٙأدظٛا اٌعذح ٚارمٛا هللا سثىُ them at their prescribed ال رخشجٛ٘ٓ ِٓ ثٛ١رٚ ٓٙال ٠خشجٓ periods, and count إال أْ ٠ؤر١ٓ ثفبدشخ ِج١ٕخ ٚرٍه دذٚد accurately), their) هللا ِٚٓ ٠زعذ دذٚد هللا فمذ ظٍُ ٔفغٗ ال prescribed periods: And رذسٞ ٌعً هللا ٠ذذس ثعذ رٌه أِشا fear Allah your Lord: and turn them not out of their houses, nor shall they (themselves) leave, except in case they are guilty of some open lewdness, those are limits set by Allah: and any who transgresses the limits of Allah, does verily wrong his (own) soul: thou knowest not if perchance Allah will bring about thereafter some new situation..

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 O Prophet! Why holdest ٠ب أٙ٠ب ٌُإٌجٟ رذشَ ِب أدً هللا ٌه Al-Tahrĭm thou to be forbidden that رجزغٟ ِشضبد أصٚاجه ٚهللا غفٛس [66] which Allah has made سد١ُ lawful to thee? Thou seekest to please thy consorts. But Allah is Oft- Forgiving, Most Merciful. O thou wrapped up (in the ٠ؤٙ٠ب اٌّذصش Al-Mudathir [74] mantle)!

This type is found .( اٌجًّ اٌخجش٠خ) d. Chapter’s opening that contains informative sentence in 23 places in Holy Quran which carry information sentence, among others are:

Table 7.Chapter’s Opening with Informative Sentence Form Chapter Verse Translation They ask thee concerning (things ٠غؤٌٛٔه عٓ األٔفبي لً [Al-Anfal [8 اٌجًّ اٌخجش٠خ (taken as) spoils of war. Say: "(such األٔفبي هلل ٚاٌشعٛي فبرمٛا هللا ٚ spoils are at the disposal of Allahأطٍذٛا راد ث١ٕىُ ٚأط١عٛا

,and the Messenger: So fear Allah هللا ٚسعٌٛٗ إْ وٕزُ ِؤ١ِٕٓ Al-Nur [24] and keep straight the relations between yourselves: Obey Allah عٛسح أٔضٌٕب٘ب ٚ and His Messenger, if ye doفشضٕب٘ب ".ٚ believeأٔضٌٕب فٙ١ب آ٠بد ث١ٕبد A (declaration) of immunity from ثشاءح ِٓ هللا ٚسعٌٛٗ إAl-Taubah [9] ٌٝ ٌعٍىُ رزوشْٚ Allah and His Messenger, to those اٌز٠ٓ عب٘ذرُ ِٓ اٌّششو١ٓ A sura which We of the Pagans with whom ye have have sent contracted mutual alliances: down and which We have ordained in it have We Inevitable) cometh (to pass) the) أرٝ أِش هللافال رغزعجsent down Al-Nahl [16] ٍٖٛ Command of Allah: seek ye not عجذبٔٗ ٚرعبٌٝ عّب ٠ششوClear Signs, ْٛ in order that then to hasten it: Glory to Him, and ye may far is He above having the partners receive they ascribe unto Him! admonition.

Al-Qāriah Closer and closer to mankind الزشة ٌٍٕبط دغبثٚ ُُٙ٘ فAl-Anbiya [21] ٟ [101] comes their Reckoning: yet they غفٍخ ِعشضْٛ اٌمبسعخ The (Day) heed not and they turn away. (The believers must (eventually لذ أفٍخ اٌّؤof Noise Al-Mukminun ِْٕٛ and [23] win through, Clamour, The revelation of this Book is from رٕض٠ً اٌىزبة ِٓ هللا اٌعض٠ض [Al-Zumar [39 Allah, the Exalted in Power, full of اٌذى١ُ Wisdom.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 Those who reject Allah and hinder اٌز٠ٓ وفشٚا ٚطذٚا عٓ عج١ً Muhammad men) from the Path of Allah,- their) هللا أضً أعّبٌُٙ [47] deeds will Allah render astray (from their mark).

Verily We have granted thee a إٔب فزذٕب ٌه فزذب ِج١ٕب [Al-Fath [48 manifest Victory ,The Hour (of Judgment) is nigh الزشثذ اٌغبعخ ٚأشك اٌمّش [Al-Qomar [54 and the moon is cleft asunder. Allah) Most Gracious, It is He) اٌشدّٓ عٍُ اٌمشآْ Al-Rahman [55] Who has taught the Qur'an

Allah has indeed heard (and لذ عّع هللا لٛي اٌزٟ رجبدٌه -Al accepted) the statement of the فٟ صٚجٙب ٚرشزىٟ إٌٝ هللا Mujadādalah ٚ woman who pleads with theeهللا ٠غّع رذبٚسوٙب إْ هللا [58] concerning her husband and carries ع١ّع ثظ١ش her complaint (in prayer) to Allah: and Allah (always) hears the arguments between both sides among you: for Allah hears and sees (all things).

The Sure Reality اٌذبلخ [Al-Hāqah [69

A questioner asked about a Penalty عؤي عبئً ثعزاة ٚالع [Al-Ma'arij [70 to befall We sent Noah to his People (with إٔب أسعٍٕب ٛٔدب إٌٝ لِٛٗ أْ [Nuh [71 the Command): "Do thou warn thy أٔزس لِٛه ِٓ لجً أْ ٠ؤرٙ١ُ People before there comes to them عزاة أ١ٌُ a grievous Penalty."

I do call to witness the Resurrection ال ألغُ ثٛ١َ اٌم١بِخ Al-Qiyamah [75] Day, ,I do call to witness this City ال ألغُ ثٙزا اٌجٍذ [Al-Balad [90

The Prophet) frowned and turned) عجظ ٚرAbasa [80] ٌٝٛ away We have indeed revealed this إٔب أٔضٌٕبٖ فٟ ١ٌٍخ اٌمذس [Al-Qadar [97 (Message) in the Night of Power Those who reject (Truth), among ٌُ ٠ىٓ اٌز٠ٓ وفشٚا ِٓ أً٘ Al-Bayinah the People of the Book and among اٌىزبة ٚاٌّششو١ٓ ِٕفى١ٓ [98] the Polytheists, were not going to دزٝ رؤرٙ١ُ اٌج١ٕخ depart (from their ways) until there should come to them Clear Evidence The mutual rivalry for piling up أٌٙبوُ اٌزىبصش Al-Takathur [102] (the good things of this world) diverts you (from the more serious things)

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 To thee have We granted the Fount إٔب أعط١ٕبن اٌىٛصش Al-Kauthar [108] (of Abundance).

If observed properly, there are various .(اٌمغُ) e. Chapter’s opening with swear sentence things that Allah uses to swear which exceed 15 chapters that started with swear sentence, among others are:

Table 8.Chapter’s Opening with Swear Sentence Form Directed to Chapter Verse Translation ٚ By those who rangeاٌظبفبد طفب [Al-Şaffat [37 ثبٌّالئىخ اٌمغُ themselves in ranks. (ٚ By the sky, (displayingاٌغّبء راد اٌجشٚج [Al-Buruj [85 ثباالفالق

the Zodiacal Signs ٚ By the Sky and theاٌغّبء ٚاٌطبسق [Al-Tariq [86 Night-Visitant (therein)

ٚ By the Star when it goesإٌجُ إرا Al-Najm [53] ٜٛ٘ ثٍٛاصِٙب down Al-Shams ٚ By the break of Dayاٌفجش ) ثّجذأ [Al-Fajr [89 [91] إٌٙبس ( ٚاٌشّظ ٚضذب٘ب ٚ By the Night as itا١ًٌٍ إرا ٠غشAl-Lail [92] ٝ ) ثآ٠خ إٌٙبس ( (conceals (the light ثشطش اٌضِبْ (( By the Sun and his ٚ By the Glorious Morningاٌضذglorious) Al-Duhā [93] ٝ) Light )ثشطشإٌٙبس ( splendour

ٚ By (the Token of) Timeاٌعظش ) ثبٌشطش [Al-'Asr [103 (through the ages) ا٢خش أٚ ثجٍّخ اٌضِبْ (

ٚ By the (Winds) thatاٌزاس٠بد رسٚا [al-Zariyāt [51 ثبٌٛٙاء scatter broadcast

ٚ By the (Winds) sent forthاٌّشعالد عشفب al-Mursalat [77] one after another (to man's profit)

By the Mount (of اٌطٛس [Al-Tŭr [52 ثبٌزشثخ Revelation)

ٚ By the Fig and the Oliveاٌز١ٓ ٚاٌض٠زAl-Tin [95] ْٛ ثبٌٕجبد

ٚ By the (angels) who tearإٌبصعبد غشلب [Al-Naziyat [79 ثبٌذٛ١اْ إٌبطك out (the souls of the wicked) with violence ,ٚ By the (Steeds) that runاٌعبد٠بد ضجذب Al-'Ǎdiyāt ثبٌج١ُٙ [100] with panting (breath)

This type is found in seven places .( اٌششط) f. Chapter’s opening with requisite sentence in Holy Quran as follows:

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 Table 9.Chapter’s Opening with Requisite Sentence Form Chapter Verse Translation When the Event inevitable cometh إرا ٚلعذ اٌٛالعخ [Al-Wāqi'āh [56 اٌششط to pass ,When the Hypocrites come to thee إرا جبءن إٌّبفمAl-Munāfiqŭn [63] ْٛ they say, "We bear witness that لبٌٛا ٔشٙذ إٔه thou art indeed the Messenger of ٌشعٛي هللا ٚهللا ٠عٍُ Allah." Yea, Allah knoweth that إٔه ٌشعٚ ٌٗٛهللا thou art indeed His Messenger, and ٠شٙذ إْ إٌّبفم١ٓ Allah beareth witness that the ٌىبرثْٛ Hypocrites are indeed liars. When the sun (with its spacious إرا اٌشّظ وٛسد [Al-Takwir [81 light) is folded up When the Sky is cleft asunder إرا اٌغّبء أفطشد [Al-Infitār [82

When the sky is rent asunder إرا اٌغّبء أشمذ [Al-Inshiqoq [84

When the earth is shaken to her إرا صٌضٌذاألسع [Al-Zalzalah [99 ,utmost) convulsion) صٌضاٌٙب When comes the Help of Allah, and إرا جبء ٔظش هللا [Al-Nasr [110 ٚ Victoryاٌفزخ

This type is found in six places in .( األِش) g. Chapter’s opening with command sentence Holy Quran, among others are:

Table 10.Chapter’s Opening with Command Sentence Form Chapter Verse Translation Say: It has been revealed to me لً أٚدٟ إٌٟ أٔٗ [Al-Jin [72 األِش that a company of Jinns listened اعزّع ٔفش ِٓ اٌجٓ to the Qur'an). They said, 'We) فمبٌٛا إٔب عّعٕب have really heard a wonderful لشآٔب عججب Recital!

Proclaim! (or read!) in the name الشأ ثبعُ سثه اٌزAl-Alaq [96] ٞ of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who خٍك created !Say: O ye that reject Faith لً ٠ؤٙ٠ب اٌىبفشAl-Kāfirŭn ْٚ [109] Say: He is Allah, the One and لً ٛ٘ هللا أدذ [Al-Ikhlas [112 Only Say: I seek refuge with the Lord لً أعٛر ثشة اٌفٍك [Al-Falaq [113 of the Dawn Say: I seek refuge with the Lord لً أعٛر ثشة [Al-Nas [114 .and Cherisher of Mankind إٌبط

This type is found in six different .(االعزفٙبَ) h. Chapter’s opening with question sentence places in Holy Quran, among others are:

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 Table 11.Chapter’s Opening with Question Sentence Form Chapter Verse Translation Concerning what are they عُ ٠زغبءAl-Naba [78] ٌْٛ االعزفٙبَ disputing?

Al-Insan [76] ً٘ أرٝعٍٝ اإلٔغبْ د١ٓ ِٓ اٌذ٘ش ٌُ ٠ىٓ ش١ئب ِزوٛسا Has there not been over Man a long period of Time, when he was nothing - (not even) mentioned? Has the story reached thee of ً٘ أربن دذ٠ش اٌغبش١خ Al-Ghāsyiyah [88] the overwhelming (Event)? Have We not expanded thee أٌُ ٔششح ٌه طذسن [Al-Inshirah [94 thy breast? Seest thou not how thy Lord أٌُ رش و١ف فعً سثه [Al-Fĭl [105 dealt with the Companions of ثؤطذبة اٌف١ً the Elephant? Seest thou one who denies أسأ٠ذ اٌزٞ ٠ىزة [Al-Mā'un [107 ?(the Judgment (to come ثبٌذ٠ٓ

According to Shihābuddin, the .(اٌذعبء) i. Chapter’s opening with supplication sentence Al-Zakashiy, 1988). This type is found in)اٌخجش has causality relation with اٌذعبء term three places in Holy Quran, they are:

Table 12.Chapter’s Opening with Supplication Sentence Form Chapter Verse Translation ٠ٚ Woe to those that deal in fraudً ٌٍّطفف١ٓ [Al-Tatfĭf [83 اٌذعبء -٠ٚ Woe to every (kind of) scandalً ٌىً ّ٘ضح ٌّضح Al-Humazah [104] monger and-backbiter,

Perish the hands of the Father رجذ ٠ذا أثٌٙ ٟت [Al-Lahab [111 !ٚ of Flame! Perish heرت

This type is only found .( اٌزع١ًٍ) j. Chapter’s opening with reasoning sentence or ‘illat once in Holy Quran, in the chapter Al-Quraish in the verse:

.إل٠الف لش٠ش

2.3. Position of Chapter’s Opening in Holy Quran According to al-Suyuti, the chapter’s opening in Holy Quran especially the opening of a chapter that begins with the letters hijaiyah or often known as muqatta'ah letters are including in letters of al-mutashabihat. As letters of al-mutashabihat, these letters obviously have lead scholars to have different interpretations. Therefore, fawatih al-Suwari is the center of attention from Quranic commentator, both Muslims and orientalists tried to reveal esoteric essence behind the letters. It is clear

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 that the position and type of letters in fawatih al-Suwari in the Holy Quran is literally almost inconceivable directly and even have no meaning. However, because that would indicate human limitations, as well as indicate the greatness or the miracle of the Holy Quran that has secrets contained therein. Analogous to this, Al-Suyuti recorded Daud bin Abi Hindi’s statement when asked by Ibnu Munjir about fawatih al-Suwari(Al-Suyuthi, Al-Itqan fĭ Ulŭmul Quran).

ٚأخشج اثٓ إٌّزس ٚأثٛ اٌش١خ ثٓ دجبْ فٟ اٌزفغ١ش عٓ داٚد ثٓ أثٟ ٕ٘ذ لبي : وٕذ أعؤي اٌشعت عٓ فٛارخ اٌغٛ س لبي : ٠ب داٚد إْ ٌىً وزبة عشا ٚإْ عش ٘زا اٌمشآْ فٛارخ اٌغٛس

"Ibnu Mundhir wa Abu Shaikh Bin Hiban stated in their tafsir/interpretation that Daud bin Hindi said, "I asked Sha'bi about fawatih al-Suwar". Sha'bi answered menjawab: "O Daud, indeed in every book there is a secret and the secret of Holy Quran is fawatih al-Suwari".

Furthermore, El-Hurr found that the esoteric commentators of Holy Quran(Partanto, 1994) have focused primarily on the muqoththa'ah letters or fawatih al-Suwari(El-Hurr, 2007). Moreover, he also stated that the esotericcommentators conclude that there is symbol of divinity which implies the emergence of numbers in fawatih al-Suwari. Bassam Jarrar uncovered 19 basic numbers behing all these symbols which called as mathematical configuration(Jarrar, 2007). In other words, fawatih al-Suwari is essentially the names of Holy Quran itself as ,as follows(Al-Şābuni آٌُ narrated by Mujahid when reveal esoteric aspects in the word 1409 H):

ٚدذصٕب ادّذ ثٓ دمحم ثٓ ٔبفع لبي دذصٕب عٍّٗ لبي دذصٕب عجذ اٌشصاق لبي اخجشٔب ِعّش عٓ لزبدٖ فٟ لٌٛٗ رعبٌٝ آٌُ ق اي اعُ ِٓ اعّبء اٌمشآْ ٚسٞٚ عٓ ِجب٘ذ لٛالْ لبي أثٛ عج١ذ دذصٕب اثِٙ ٛذٞ عٓ عف١بْ عٓ خظ١ف اٚ غ١شٖ ٘ىزا لبي عٓ ِجب٘ذ لبي فٟ وٍٗ ٟ٘ فٛارخ اٌغٛس.

"Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Nāfi', Salamah, and 'Abdul Rozaq said that Mu'ammar has it is a name from the names of ,آٌُ narrated from Qatadah who stated that "in Allah’s word Holy Quran and narrated from Mujahid with two arguments. First, Abu Ubaid stated "Abu Muhdi told from Sufyan and Khusaif or others as this. Second, every name above is fawatih al-Suwari."

2.4. Fawatih al-Suwari in Debates Many interpretations from scholars regarding fawatih al-Suwari is caused by due to the nature of the letters that cannot be interpreted directly. Most scholars in mainstream stated that these letters by are including in al-mutashabihat. Especially for single letter form that has been discussed previously.

According to al-Hubbi for example, he said that the chapter’s opening is a special reminder for Muhammad to remind him as Bashar or ordinary mankind who sometimes busy with various activities. This opinion is different from Rashid Rida who said that there is no specialization to whom Tanbih or reminders were addressed, but these letters appear because of the noble in the soul and characters of Muhammad(Izzan, 2005).

Based on above opinions, the simple conclusion that can be drawn is, in view of the Muslim commentators themselves there are differences regarding fawatih al-Suwar and even more with the involvement of orientalist commentators who obviously have certain differences. Therefore, to make it easier to track their differences regarding fawatih al- Suwari, it would be proper to make classification based on the background of the commentators as follows:

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 a. Sufi (Mysticist) According to the Sufism (mysticism), fawatih al-Suwari are moqotto'ah letters or pieces of letters, each of which is taken from the name of Allah or the replacement of a sentence relating to subsequent or refers to the intention contained in the letter(Anwar A. , 2005). In this case, Sufists tried to dispel doubts in interpreting the al-mutashabihat in their own way which called the bathiniyah or esoteric interpretation because fawatih al- Suwari is regarded as esoteric obejct. According to Ibn Arabi in his book Futuhat al-Makkiyah for example, as cited by Ahmad Izzan, that "The chapter’s opening which is naturally majhul (unknwon) cannot be interpreted in real meaning except by one who has capabiity in creative imagination to describe with his intelligent"(Izzan, 2005). That's why he is often referred as a pioneer in the esoteric interpretation. For example, Ibn Arabi describes alif lam mim as cited by Rosihan Anwar as follows(Anwar R. , 2006): "That the alif is the name of divine essence, which shows that He is the first of all existence. Meanwhile, letter lam is formed from two alif letters, and both were conceived by lettermim. Furthermore, he explains that each name is a reference to the essence of universe, ie containing one or more properties (attributes). Therefore, the letter mim is a reference to the actions of Muhammad. In addition, he explains that letter Alif is the symbol of the nature and actions of Muhammad, then letter lam who drove alif and mim is a symbol of Gabriel the angel ". Besides ibn Arabi, there was another commentator, al-Rabi 'ibn Anas who said that "such letters (alif lam mim) are keys for the names of God, for example, the letter alif shows the name of God, lam shows the name of Latif and mim indicates the name of Majid(Ruslǎni, 1981). And of course, there are many other opinions of the commentators among Sufism who tried to reveal drill esoteric meaning of the moqotta'ah letters. b. Shia Shia community seems to be trapped in fatanism. This is due to their fanatism towards Ali by stating that if those letters of fawatih al-Suwar are collected and after erasing all which means"Ali’s path is theطشاط عٍٟ عٍٝ دك :the mim letters, they will form a sentence righteous path"(Anwar A. , 2005). According to Tabari as cited by Abu Anwar, one comment from Shia scholars who refer to their six Imams, letter alif shows showed six attributes of God, namely(Anwar R. , 2006): 1) His Majesty because he was the one who started all creation, as letter alif started it all Arabic letters. 2) The Honest and The Straight because God is just like the letter alif which is upright and straight. 3) Unique as alif in writing form cannot be combined but stands alone. 4) The One as alif in writing form cannot be combined but stands alone. 5) The Independent. All creatures in need of God, but He do not need them. 6) Letter Alif is not related to the other letters, while other letters associated with it, this shows God’s uniqueness. c. Orientalists The views from orientalists are perhaps the most extreme and evendeviate from the actual meaning. One of them is Noldeke’s (an orentalist) opinion that the initial letter was none other than the front and rear letters in the name of the Prophet's companions. For example, the letter sin attributed to the name of Saad bin Abi Waqas, while letter nun attributed to Ushman bin Affan, and so forth. Another opinion stated that the letters show the names of the Quran’s collector in the past. For example letter nun that shows the name of Uthman bin Affan(Anwar A. , 2005).

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 03, (2020), pp. 5700 - 5712 Conclusion Fawatih al-Suwari is the term referred to Quranic chapters’ opening. Sometimes quranic chapters are begun with single Arabic letters and also called as muqotto'ah letters. On the other hand, fawatih al-Suwari in Holy Quran is in form of sentences such as sentences that contain praises.Existence of fawatih al-Suwari as part of mutashabihat verses has gained lots of attention from Quranic commentators, either from sufist, shia and even orientalists that interpret those letters and sentences with their respective opinions parallel with their background.

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