SYRIA AND EGYPT

TELL LETTERS

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION

I. DURINGthe age of the decline of E.qptian power in Syria, when the great conqucstsof TahutmesI. were all gradually lost, a splendid store of informationwas laid by for us in the culleifornlcorresp~ndence at TclI el Aniarna. Thc clay tablets, mostly from Syria, but with a few duplicates of letters from Egypt, wcre deposited in " The placc of the records of the palace of the kin:," 2s it is caIled upon the stamped bricks which I found still remaining there. A fw years a,qo- the natives,whiIc plunderingabout the ruins mclcarrj-ing off ,~Ikhenaten'sbricks for their modern houses, lit upon this record chamber containin? many hundreds of tab- Icts. These were shown to dealers; they

I1 2 ISTRODYCT!OS sent somc to Dr. Oppc-rt.at Pnriq, who prn- in mnny dificrcnt tvn!.s nnd plnccs ; anti the nounccd them to bc forgeries; otiicrs were first synnp+ nf the ~rliolcwas given in the sent to JX.Grebaut, thcn hcncl of the Dcpart- sccnncl volumc of my I'lisioryof cqijW. mvnt of ~lntiquitics,and wcre trcntccl bj. him l:,lt since tlivn a ni~rcllInrqcr rlulnbcr have with custon1,wysilence. :It last. whsn they I,,;rn p~!i~li~llcrl,with n more critical and wcre supposed to be almost worthicss, a &firiitlve tc~t of thc whole Huyo quantity were carried in sacks to iuqsor to \\'incI;lcr, in Thr TcNcl Arnrrm Lr//t-r.7. Iinwk about among the dealers :here, and .4!1 the summaries of thc letters which thrw wcrc inr~riygrnund to pivccs on the I made bcfilre have been now revised with way. IYhat has been preserved, therefore, ll'incklrr's trmslntions, and summaries of is buta wreck of what mizilt have heen, had dl the new ones have been made from those any person equal to thc occasion placed his translntions. I have retained the original hand upon them in time. Tile tnbicts thus rcfcrcnces to thc oldcr translations, because rcachinq thc dcalcrs' hands bccame 1; nown, I\-inckicr's edition is so extremely bald and and w&e bought up mainly for the British dcficient in general information, so purely Muscum and the Rerlin ;1Iuseum. Some a linguistic exerciw and not an effective drifted to St. Pctcrsburg, Paris, and the edition, that thc oldcr publications arc still Cairo Museums; anti some into the private of cduc for clctails of place, state, dockets, co!lections of ?lurch, Rostowicz, 2nd others. Rc. Hut in cverv care Yi'inckler's number, 11 similar misernlAe fate attends all dis- \I*. tr.. is placcd qainst each summary. coveries in E,q.pt, unless made by a skilled 2. \Yith rcprd to transliteration I have ohscrvcr, ns v-itnrss thc palncc of Ramcssu (1f:part~dfrom the s!.stem uscd by IYinckler, I I!. at Tell cl Yehudiyeh,the Dcir cl Bahri not without gmd reason. Thc r:yc for trcnsure, the ccrnetcry of El;hniirn, the c.rnplo!-incy out-of-thc-wayand little-known palacc of ilmenhntep 111. at Thebcs, as symbois in place of cffixtive letterswhich are well as unnuml~ereclcemeteries and towns understood, threntcns to place historical and throughoutthe land. hpistic works as much outside of the Thc tablets thus dispersedwere published 0rtiinaI-y reader's pronunciation as a set of 4 IYTROnT,'CTIOY aiC~irs,aw.1 art!- prcscnts namccl. chrniicnl c).mlmIs or tlifkrcntinl quntinns. nr ohicct.: In short nnt:ling is omittr:cl h~tvc:rhin:r: and \\'hen almost cvcrytliin~rcquircrl can hc or thc c~prrss~din cnmrnmly known rvrms, thcre pl~r-;~scswhich are no value for historv or tlic uriclcrstnnclin~of the The is a p4antr). nhmt nc!opt;nz r:~117tt only srrn~rnnriesare all that ncccl to bc comparcd ~pr~ciali~!scan rcnll. Jh~h!rdlt-t~t.rq, if in and consiclcrcd for their connections: yct in COIIII~OI~i~ic-, n7.c no rf nl 4 ,l ~icctiw,a< in all important cnscs the full translations haw the fcw caws 1f1m-t: sh. ~11,l;h, 15, Rc., arc hccn refwrcd to hcrc, when workin2 out the redly two scpnratc Icttcrs, it is casy to put history and gcn;rxphy, in orcler to makc a hyplicn between them to separate h:m. ccrtain that no minute details were over- So rnistalw cnn thus arise; cvcryone can loo kcd. rcncl and understand the names,antl onlythe thcaretic bcauty of one letter, one siqn, is ;. The order or the lctters has becu detcr- mind by divicting them into threc main interfered with. I 3ccordin~Iyusc kh for clnsscs (I) Royal leetcrs antl othcrs during kheth, th for teth, y for yocl, s for samckh, : ts for tsxlc, q for qoph, and sh for shin. the pcncchl times ai Amenhotcp 111.. and carI!* in .4mcnhotep 1V. (2) thc Xorth 1Yhcn we niny cnrnc to scc Greek nmies ; written 3s T~cF,rlhillc~, Pilippos, &c., it Syrian war; (3) the South Syrian or Pnlcstine wnr. will be time cnough to suppose that double In the first class thc lettcrs of rliffcrcnt letters arc not wanted. In no possible case places haye no chronological intcrlncking, in mysystcm should thc sign j bc u~td and tl~crcforccnch kingtlom and pcrson is instcncl of y, as for the :,.rentor prt of rnan- tdien sepnmtc:l!?. kindit ntems a soft 2, and the y sign cannot In thc sccontl class the main b;lcklonc be misunc!crstond. The sumninrics of cach letter that nre of the scqi~e~iceis in thr: histor!. of l.of .Ibd- givcn here include ever)- name of pcrsonor khih((~r El~ccI-tcrb as forrnerIy renc1ercr.I) is of place that occurs in thc letter, cvcry fact thc main sequence. mentioned whichcan be of vnluc for jucl~inq The tirst stcp was to ~I;ICCthe 1t:tlers of of thc positions of persons or the conditions each of tlicqe pcrson:~l 11i~torir-iin th!. orclcr 22 tt'rittcn in Gt~lh. of tinif*,ju(!:_:iri: from rlw wClninypnww (7f j 1. ,, Berut. thcsc allies of II;?.pr. Thc towns w!iicli thr.~ 7 cnrly uncertain oncs. succcs.;i~.c-l!.Imt, nncl thv rlii1icu1tit:q i!i \~.llich - tIuy. wrc, srrvc to fit thc Icttcrs very ;r, naming Gubla. closcIy toycther one nftrlr thc other. Thc frcqucnt chnnyes of rcsidcncc of RihrltIdi OF letters not namin~Gubla in a gratui- have particularly to be noticed, as othcnvisc tous ni;LnnCr, there arc twenty-five in ail; of all the letters from one residence of his these, from the events, I classcd :- might be supposed to be earlier or latcr than I I written in Gubla. those from anothcr residencc. No change of 10 residence has been assumccl here, except ,, ,, Berut. 2 what is clcarly requircd by the sequence of ,, ,, Tsurnura. 2 early uncertain ones. cvcnts that are namccl. In we - may note the phrasc, " IIay Udnt of Gubla 25 not naming Gubla give power to n~ylord the kinc." Such an invocation of the local dpity might be Here, then, thc test of the gratuitous supposed to show that thc lettcr was written naming of Gubln is almost restricted to from Gubln. Aftcr settling thr nrtlcr ;~nd lcttcrs written from Gubla, and it mixht the locality of cach letter of Ril~nddi,as far sccni, thcrcfore, that in three cases I had as is shown by thc e\+lence of el-cnts, thcn made a mistake, in attributing three of this tllc invocations of tlic ~_rcl)clrIcssnf GuIh class to Ccrut ; but in one of thcsc threc we ware talwl:ltctf. In nimt caws s11c11lcttrr.; haw thc pnsitivc proof that an invocation appmrcd to 1ia1.e h:cn u-rit~crlfrom Cu1 )!;L of J?nxlat of Gebnl rni~htbc written elsc- Tlw rc.wlts appcnr thw, thc kttcrs n:i~ninc where, ns Ribxldi says (No. 2 r I,lYincklcr "I;,ialat of Gubln" ur "<;ub!n !.our hand- 62), I6And behold at this time I am in mnitl " are thirty-two in all ; nf thcsr, from Berut." Hcnce I see no reason to change thc cwnts. I classed :- to Gubln the venue of tllc other two lcttcrs. The nlmvc tcq thcrrforc, is nnt COIIC~U- sidc 3.19 Innq FI~he could. Cut thr mnrc si1.c; b:lt it is il~trrr.;tinz2.q ~;hn\-;iri~t:lnt usu.11 cnv svcmq to have hcen that thc of thc lcttcrs nnrnin;. GuGln my nrr,ln:e- !?q!.ptinnq had lost interest in Syria, Ioqt mcnt only :,.ivcs cmc in cif:ht tu rrt!lcr thc pon.cr of spring trnnps to manage the placrs; whilc d thore not naminx Gubln cnunrry 2nd t1-1 kecp ordcr, and lost hcnrt nly nrranqcmcnt ~iv~smore than h:~lTto in fnrr:iqn matter< since thcy werc absorbccl other plnce~. Thi.; i.; a perfectly ~111binwx1 in thc homc politics of religious revolutions. test, as it was not visible in thc surnrnarieg So soonxs the strnnfi hand of thc power \r.liirll 1 nrrF.t,arrP_\-E.~lnnl:r_C! 2: CFE:,.!-p rrl.9w-l to art in a11 erner~encics. a+-- , =-. in the letters until 311 the present arranye- to intcrfcrc in every squabble, and to make ment was clonc capital out of the internal discords of the 4. Another mattcr to be noted is the Syrians-so soon the Syrians becan their clianqe nf allccjancc of persons and places. old life of aggression one on the other. It Such chnnge is 1sshown in the was just what we scc cvcry year in India; incliccs of persons and of places by a stnr; an!. place without il prrison is liable to out- the references bcforc the stnr (if an).) bcing bursts of the old feud of Hindu faith against friendly to Espt, the rcfcrcnccs after the XIuhamcdnn. So it was in Syria; all the star (if any) bcing l~estilcto Ezypt. In petty chiefs and shcklis whose ancestors had many cascs, howcvcr, thcrc is a dubious bccn cutting each other's throats for Zcncra- pcriocl in which thew arc conflictinq st;~tc- tions, and who, cloubtless, had venerable mcnts from difkrcnt pnrtics ; in such cases 1 hod-fcuds unxvcnged,soon bcpnto attack the ~C~C~L'IICCStlnt art. d~ibiwsarc placed onc: anotlier when not vigorously kept in 1wtwcc.n two star\. SLK~clul.ious refc.rr*ncrs 11ancl by E!;~;pt. .Vso any stronc and nrisc: from scvcral causes. Sumctimcs a cnpablc m;\n liIie Albd;~sliirtnand his son man was misreprv;.sented by his cncmics in ilziru, soon found that Ilc could safely bully ordcr to prejudice him in thc opinion of thc his neighbours, and gradually acquire power Egyptians. Sornetimcs an enemy of the ovcr them. Egyptians continued to claim to be on their Hencc thc ueakcning of Egypt- threw Syria into a state of intqrnal cliscorrl un- sm~ll of pcnccftrl lcttcrs undcr rcprc.sstr1. Thc immediate eKect nf this ;lnit~~lmtr-~~I I I., all tlw rest of thew rccnrcl iw? tht ~wiouspnrtics, without cnrinq- ~hcclon nhll of E,q.ptim powr irnder pnrticu1:dv nhout I-jr-inqfw nr a~nit-lqthc .ll~liun;ttcn. It is pos4!dr: to ~ltmsnnw Egyptians, bcl,.rm to fizht wilh onc nnothcr. inclicn~inns,howcwr, of a more exact dating, Each triccl to draw the pon-cr of Egypt to and to allot the main outlines to their his own side by rcprcscnting thnt hr: was approximate !+cars. loynll!. acting in the interest of his suzerain; In the llitnnni letters up to Xo. 8 thcy KO. 2r.d ?!?cwcakcr pxty vrzs snrc t_n nlnreL-'--- 1115 arc to Amenhotcp III., g is to the trust most fully upon Egpt. It was only 1Vth. when a Inan hnrl playccl his own hand for In the Kardunyashletters up to Xo. r 7 a 1011~,'. time, had strengthenedhimsclf by thcy are to Amenhotep III., No. 18 is to ibsorhng much of his ncichbour's goods the IVth. and l;~ncls,and had safelj. neglectedthc In the lctter from an unknown king to orders of the Egyptians on sevcral occn- the kings of Kinakhi (No. 40) condolences sions-it was only then that he cared to on the death of a king, e~~identlyAmen- throw off the mask and act opcnly in his hottlp III., are named. In letter I 23 is own intrrcst, and alIow himsclf to be classect a rcfcrcncc to the 3rd year, which cannot as an cncmy. I-Tencc we oftcn find vcry 11c any but the year of Amenhotep IVth, different vicws of peoplc, and might put and must haw been written Iater, as his them as hin~on the E~yptianside accord- fathcr did not die till the 5th ycar of his ing to thcir own account Ion: dter they son's reckoninq. At this time caravans were on the encmics' sirlc nccnrcling to orhcr scem to haw been freely passing. accnun t s. Two impnrtant lettcrs 1 r, I I 2, of j. :I wry important consi&x~tion which Akizziof Qntna, nwr D;lrnnscus, a~:lclrcssr:cl has not been ~wrkcdout hitherto lies in to An~cnhot~pI I I., show thnt serious thc few chronological clctails which can be troubles wcrc in progress beF~~rehis dcath, gathered. It is nti.ious that osccpting a probably in thc last !.car or two, thc ,~th ant1 5th ymr of .\nlr.nhntc~pIYth'q jnint that letrrr 204 ~villbr at least as htc as thc r(.ic-.n. Thr pn\iticnl prnspcct t!m W.I\ thnt r.~th)-car. S~~kh:jsl~i.Xi, Zin-/?r, zntl lAkhenaten. ,, 123, referring to 3rd year, but after Then in Icttcr I S5 Ribddi's snn hnd hrcn 4th yew . 1379 sent from Ecrut to scc the king,Lut had not ,, 140, 5th year (I)of Akhenaten . 1378 succecclccl in doing so for thrcc months. ,, I;& 10th year (?) . I373 About a year mwt bc allowed to this point, I 86, I I th year (!j . I372 ,, 193, '"11 YC~(?) I37I or the I I th year. . 204. 14thyear [?) . 13% Jn lr-ltrr 0.1 Rihnrltli compTnins that ,, 22 j, 17th year (? ?) cnd of Ri- Gubla lix 1xcn l)r.sif:;c.ll For tllrce yrs, bnddi . . 13Gb cnusinz farnins, owin:,. t~r~hc cut~inq rlfi of thc arable 1:lncl. *is the complaints of the 6. Thc questions of the positions of the troublc of Gubln beqin in lcttcr 137. this tarious placcs named in these lctters require three years will date from about then, so to Lc ~~stcnlaticallytr~ntccl and not dealt with b!- a hap-lmznrd system of rrrhnl cnincidcnce. Thou~hthc poqitionsmust thus bc the first Thnt such In5 b~cnhr too much the cnnsiclcratinn in fisinr: places, yct wc must cay can b~ stvan in clnc well - linnwn in- not go to the oppnsitc cstrcmcnnci say thnt stnncr. Tlic kine of ?Tr:i,ldn hnrl 111rrr rm-nes cannot I)e trusted, and that nothing country plncc<,or rtorehnusc.;. ~l-iicl~wcrl: can be certain. IVhen we sce the namcs of plundcrrcl by the E-yptians immedi;itcly rlkka. Askaluna, Biruta, Dnnuna, Gazri, after the fall of llc;icidn, in .the. ~3rd)-ex Lakish. Qidesh. Tin~aszi,Tsiduon., Tsurri, 11. I of Tahutmcs I I I. (Hi.rlovy ! r o) ; thcy Tsumura, Tunip, Urushaiim, Yapu, and wcre namecl Yenuamu, A~~augasa,anrI Zinznr, all lastinxwith no change-or only a Harncliaru. From the history it is plain smallvariation in vowcls-down tothe present that they were within the kinzdom rulccl cloy. whennearly all themost importantplncrs from hlrgidrlo,and not far awn? therefore, mightbc n;ln~eclin ctmeiforrnto the modern and thnt they wcre not on the Egyptiansidc peasant, it needs no further proof that of JIegiddo. Yet, in face of this, the ancient names may be safely sought for in astoundinc identification of the kingdom the modern map. Altoqether,out of about of Sukhashi, far in the north, for the store 150 names of p1;lccs in thcsclcttcrs, about loo city of Anaqnqa, and thc cityof Rhinocnlura. can bc fixed with moreor less certainty,and far to the soutlt, for the store city of many of the others might probablybe found Harnekaru, ham been gmdy uphdci in if there were indicationsof the district in dcfiancc of all geoymphy. \T'hen we lo~li, whichto swli them. on the reasonnblegrounds of nppnrcntposi- The practical method followed in prepnr- tion, thc rcgim lit~lcnorth of ?Ie$do, to a inz the lists of pl:rcs. and the map, hns bccn ise tberc scc I'nnull, or Ycuu of the Amu to extract from the letters every mention of up one ralley, and Kakurn (with Ras en a piace, with all othcr places which are Sakura, the hill or Har-naliurnby it) up mentioned withit, then by meansof the another valley,and possibly evcn the third other names to delimit what may be the name ilnnupasnsurvi..in:: in an intmncdiate pos.;ibTc ground for the unknown name. opitd; and J'arin~uta,the Ycrimoth or high Sext,considering theusual mutations b:f twccn plnce. Dciny dcscripiire. FLIC~might be the transcription of cuneiform and thc modern cnsily found rcpcntr-cl, am1 hence thcrc is ,~lmbicforms, to frame thc shapc in which t!lc morc ncd t~ look hliv at the incli- it would be most likely to occur; and thcn cations of locnlity in fisiny such namcs. to scnrch the maps by rcadiny over every 7. Tl~crckrcncrs to thr puhlishcd sources nnmc within the possible limits. of tlic lcttcrs are given not only to thc liltcst In dealing with namcs thcrc arc several and fdl~~redition by \\'inckler (I!'), Thr sources of clivcr~cncebctwccn thecuneiform Tc// c/ ~lmnnrnLttI'L'rs, but also tr, thc transcription and rnodcrn Ambic. The earlier public:\tions wl~ichare accompanied name may hare bcen variable in form by more details as to the place, state, &c., of anciently, as some names now arc; it may the tnblcts. Tllcse arc indicated thus:- have becn changed in being transcribed into R.P. siii.-xviii., Rccom'r of thr Pmt, cuneiform ; it mny haw changed durinzow- series ii.. vols. i.4. S. B.A., P~orm/izjys three thousand ?cars and many conquests; of ILC Soric-ahamin . VpprEuphrates, both sicks. Khita . S. cndof Sjh,Comagcne. his tablet of victory xt N;~l~arni!lnor northern I[ -. I -- -- hlesopotan~in. I ahutmcs I 11. did as milch, I Keclcsh . RpLakc Horns ? but no more. AmcnhntcpI I. wcms tn have Tnncpu . Tunip,Tcnnib. lost ground, as he found in his youno: clays (lost) . ? an envrny to repulsc at 1Inrosheth, 1.m thc j (lost1 . ? and then the Loiwr l.:upl~r;ites and up to Ninereh. The nAme Aaro is unlik~ly,nrd prnbablp one of the n birds is really ti,as these are often confounded: it would thcn rcad Xtiso, and so may well be Atera near Palrnyra. The rinme Punt occurring here with a stron~ly-markedSyrian figure, and next to the Shasu, was a stumbling-block, until thc possibility was noticcd of its bchg really eastern, in accord with the fi~i~reand position, and reprcsenting Punda on the TIIIRL)sfR1F.7. Lower Euphrates. This name of Ptolemy Ikdina . Katanii, E. of I'nlmym. is variable, reading also Gunda and Spunda. Anro, or The Shasu are well known as Bcdawin in Atiro ? , Atera, 45'S,20' I!'., of Palm)m. general. Thyta is the next name, not -- iclcntified with any place it seems barely Pah . . . ? ; Punt , Pundn,nbmt 31'. W. of Euphmtcs. possible that it was the land of Queen Thy, Shn . u . Shns~~? Cdau.in. nnmdafter her b~.the Egypti;trrs, and t11:lr Thyla . ? it would rcad "Thy's land." Lastly, Arer- Arcrpakn . Arrnp3khitis,N.E. of Sincwh. paka is Arapkha of the Assyrians, Arra- pakhitis of the Grccks, a district just north In the first scries tlicrc is thc cstrcmc of Nina& north of Svria, and then thc north-central Tliesc lists sho~vthat Amcnhotep III., and round ro northern coast. For t11c place cithcr hy conqueqt nr by treat}., hacl cs~enclcd ol Ugarit sce the discussion farther on. In evcn t!ic cmpire \vliich had Lcen acquircd by thc sccond scrics IX bcyin on t!lc LTppcr Tahutmes I. and 111. TIle whule Euphra- Euphrates and go down the vallcy. In the tes appears to be sul~jcctto him, down to third scries there is the Palrnp dcscrt, ;I' S., the 'Tigris up to Assyria and Arra- pdihitis, ant1 thc hlrnyra dcsm bc.twccsn the Eyyptians a;.;lin obtained a hoid on S!ia 2nd lTest7pntamin. This shnws np- Syri;~. Even thc boasted conqucsts of p;lrcntlj7 the greatest extent of the Kg-ptian Scty I. and Ramessu 11. clid not more than powcr ever known ; in classicnl tcrms it half rccmw the length of Syria ; while they comprised thc \vliole of S!.rin, 3lcsop~tamin, did not attempt d1innccs with hlesopotamia Chalrlea, and Assyrin, stoppinc only at the and Lhb!.lonia, but wcrc content to meekly fronticrs of Susiana, hlerlia, ancl .lrnlenia. niakc treatics on equal tcrms with the Khita, It is now the breaking up of all this who had absorbed the greater part of pmvcr that we hnvc r!et?ilcc! bcfore us in the S!.ria, ad who had laid out that kingdom letters from Tell el Arnarnn. 3Iuch had w!1;c11 waq w familiar to the Israelites. bccn already lost in thc later years of In later times the warlike Merenptah, Amenhotcp 111. ; in lctters I r I, I I 2 thc Ramessu 111. and Sheshenq I., claimed govcrnor of Qatna ncar Damascus states authority again over Palestine, but they did that Azira, the centre of Sort11 Syrian in- not venture to go beyond the Ramesside dcpcndencc, was in rcsolt, the Khatti were territory. In P~CXXVIth Dynasty Nekau at war, and places round Damascus wre (Kecho) struck boldly throuqh Syria to the rebelling. Yet up to the close of thc reign Euphrates, only to be clefcated at Car- of thc third i4rncnhotcp nnrl hr,+nning of the chcmish ancl r!lc Ptolemies, thoul,r11 holilin~ fourth, the lctters pnsscd rcplnl-1)-to xnrlfrvm ; Babylonia and northcrn ~Icsopotamia,so Cyprus and much of Phccnicin. )'ct did not that no scrious break of communic;~tionshat1 succced in acquirinq the Seleucid kin&m talcen place Tlic scrious owrthrow belnnys of Antioch. At no pcriocl, thcrcfore, can we to placc thc power of E~ypthinher than it w:ls thc reign of Akhcnatcn, when, Iiavin~~.? opcnlj. bmlicn vith a11 the trwlitions of his under i\menhotep 111..lor~l of thc two great rl~ncnhotcpyouth, he threw all his cncr,yius cradles nf civilization, the narrow salley of into clomcstic reform, and abandoned foreign I and the plains and highlands of politics with disastrous rcsults. It was not 3Icsopotarnin. tilla gcneralion law, undcr Horcmheb, ilm. Shumadda ol nlcrom. Shutatna of ~tlikn. Suxarznna of ':\zziych. Tarkliundaraush,kin: of Hittites. Tiuwattiof Hclbon. l'abiteri of Gam and Joppa. Yabni-il of Lachish. Yankhamu, commissioncr. Yxpa-ddi,cornmissioncr. Yapakhi of Ge-rrr. Yit1.a of ;\&elon. Zimrida oi Lachish. Zimrida of Ziclon. Zitatna (see Shutatna). :lziriof .lmurra,&c. Bikhura, commi~sioncrin Kamid. Diridya of SIe~idclo. 3lurnabur~~tqhof Babylonia. Dushrattn of EIitani. Itakxmaof Kinzaand Qcdcsh, Kall imasinof Babylonia. Khaib, commissioner of Sim~.ra. Khatib, commissioncr. Lapnjpa in S. I'nlc~tinc. Jlilkili in S. I'aleqtinc. Samiawizn of I.:amicl. Ninurof Scfln. P;tl\liura (wr. 14iI.hu1.a. Puaddi of Ycrra. Raman-nirari of ?;ul,l~nshi. lhbirnur !of Gobla, kc. Ribaddi j Thc thronc nnme of Arncnlintep I II., which KC render as Neb-inant-ra, was vxrious!y vocnli~edby the cuneiform scribcq CHAPTER 11. as S immuria, S;~mrnuria, Nimutriya, or >Ii~nrnuria ; thew variations show how little LETTERS OF THE PEACE esactncss can be espccted in cuneiform I 0. Kittp 0f th Ii?h(ztti. wrsions clf names. Thc reference to the mountain of I3aid ,I:; ctlrly Ic::cr to ,lmcnho:cp 111. cazzot is a clue, as that is apparently tile I'gatiy lw rc;;ularly translatcd, as it is in an unknown of the Travels of thc llohnr of Ramesside langi~qc,but a few nnnm can be trans- timcs; and from the position of the name Iiteratwl and may Icad to some rcsidts. sccms From thc personal name it would seem that thcre it to have been about the the sendcr was a Hittite kin:, thc word Lebanon, perhaps connectcd with Ain Xtrk/I.rtrr being well known in the name YuX.v# on the old pass over the Lebanon, of thc kinx Tarqu-dimme of the silver betwcen Damascus and Gcyrut. So this boss, thc same name as the king Tarkon- prince of the Khatti ruled on the Lebanon clm~usof Greek timcs. Frl-lrn the letrvr in the time of Amenhotep III., showing can bc glcanctf the fullowing:- how the I-Iittit~~had already besun to occupy Syrin I'hc Hittite writer of the (I) T:lRE;I.IUSDr\RilUSI-Ito SIJICTRTYA. (.lmcnllotep 111.) T. ~cntliIr5liappa kr letter sccnls to have been entering on the a r1nu;hter nf T.; and .;crids a s/:,.v4rof family alliancus with thc Egyptians, which zold, and will sund n chariot, Rc. T'ri~icc wcrc carried on till Ramcssu 11. Another of thc Khntti on the moi1nt;linr; or Ipid letter appears to bc also from the 1-Tittites, cnds a sl~hwcishiny: 20 mnnchs, 3 i.,lC showinq that they were trilmtarics, or, at of ivov, 3 Lnl of f irkcrr,3 fink of /[,,!frt,z-ri, least, on good terms. S X-nk of krrsitti:i, ~ca h.!. of lcad, 5 Xw.I.rt,h:t .tones, 10 thrones of n.w wmd, (2) Z1D.L . . . to kin: of Egypt. IYhcn mcs- 2 HJ:! trceq. \S.R ;I, xi. 3jC.) scngcrs went to thc Kllatti, Z. alonc scnl z+J LETTERS 01' TI1E l'lIA\C1l: 29

(4) to SIPJIL'AIRI.l(.lmcn- prcwts; and now hc scnds rG bq-5,and DCSHR.4TTA D. Zrccts Gilukhipahi5 siqter. asks Tor zo1cl in return. hotrp 111,:. Soon after his accessionl'irkhi attnckcd his (U'incklcr 36 ; S.B..\,xiii. I 32.) lant? and hi.; pcnplc; but D. rcpulscd him, Anothcr letter has bcen supposctl to Lc nncl slc~:. the murderers of D.'s bmthcr from a king of thc Khatti, but \Vincklcr :\rt;l.li-qhumnrn. v,Iwrn F. supportcd. D. notifc~S, of t!lis, ns 3. was n friend of docs not accept this from the Irazmcnt of D.'s fnthcr, who gave him D.'s qiztcr. The thc name, . . . ti. Khntticnmc into D.'s land, but D.'s god, 'Ii-hub, pvc ;I:cm into his hand. D. sods a chariot, 7 IIO~SCS,;t lad, and a girl, of the booty of tlic Jiliatti, Also 5 c11ar'lo:s and pairs of horses. illso to D.'s sister Gilu- khipa pair of breast ornaments of gold, n pair of carrinp of gold, a vmsh-Arcof gold, and n jar of oi!. D. sends Gilia a messenger ant1 Tunip-ipri. Let N. return them soon. (iY.rG ; S.B.A.xv. 120.) (j) DUSHRATTA to SIJIJILTRIYA.N. wnt Thc principal seriesof letters which show ?+lnnito nqk for dat12hter of D. to bc family relationships between the E;!'ptian mistress of Eypt. Cilia, D.'s mcssen::er, kings and those of Syriaare those scnt by reported words of K. ivhich rcjoiced D. Dusliratta, kingof Illitmi, to ;\rnenhotrp And D. asks much gold, as N. sent to his 111. and IV. The carliest of thcsc refcrs fathcr Shutnrna a dish, cup, and brick of solid ~nlrl.D. sends Giliyn, and a prcwnt to thc accession of Dushrnitn, and to his of a ~ulclyo5lct sct \vitli Iamli; a nccklnce troubles from the invasion of the Iihatci. of 20 lazulibexls and rg of gold, in mir!d!c The land nf RIitnni, in thc 11nrtl1of 3Iescr- lazuli caed in gold; a necklace of 42 potmix, bordering on the Euphratcs, tv~s ?ii.vldu stonc.;, and -10 gold bends; and an close to the Hittite countrjr,and would be amulct of XI:~rlol!tstonc in gold, 10 pairs of llorse~, chariots of wood, and 30 women. naturally in the way of thcir attacks. 10 (\Y.17 ; R.P.xv. 34) :n

1-1 c l'C Du~httxis srnding cynd prcsrnts, Amcnllottp II'., ns shnwn b!- lcttcrs 8, 10, Lcsidc s being \\-illin: to cisc up a cl,zuglitcr I I. Two otlicr letters to Amenhntcp I\'. to E::ypt. This points to his b4n; a rcfcr to the: f;~n~ilyrelationships. tribut; r, and not entirely inclcpendcnt. (7) DLTSIIR.\TT.\ to SIJI5TURIYA. D. is Amen hotcp 111. scnds an envoy to nc;;o- fat1ic.r-in-law to 3. 3Tny Istar blc~sS. tiatc tbr a princess to bc the I'mistress of 3Tnni thc mcqwnqcr, and Jihani, dm, rnornnn E3pt," and this was not for hinisclf, but of S., Ila~cbrought present;; D. vnds fvr hi!; son, as thc later lettcrs show. To la7t1li and some plrl. Du+r atta's Ictter al~ovc,Amonlmtcp rep!itd (\Ir. 19 ; R.P.xv. 73.) by ncceptinq thc prescnt, nnt! sendinq nq:lin (S)DVSIIR.ITT.1 to Y I?INLXIYA.D. crcets to fct ch the princess. His rcqucst is Tadu1;hipz his dnugrhtcr and Simmuriga ncknol,vlcclged in the nest lettcr, while the his son-in-lax-. Send.; statue of Iqtnr of Sinnto bc honouretl by N. and returned. prince!5s was preparing for the journey. (11'. 20 ; S.R.A. xc I zq) (6) DL 'SHRATT,l to NIRTMCRIYA. IVnni, On thc back of this is an hientic docket, .l.'s mcssengcr, has comc to fctch a wile apparently in the 36th ycar of Amenhotep from D. to bc the mistressof Ezypt. Land JII., month of Pllarrnuthi. This the 4r4 T

Ili1.c in part . . . :\her G mur~thiGili~nx very lntcst chic in the reign, and woulcl be ~nd3lani wre non. sent wit11 the qucun. two ur thrce s.weks later than the papyrus Khnrnmwhi sent by D. with lcttcr. D. of Kahun dated under Amenhotep IV. ~sk; for much pic!;ha5 wnt an wd:r Possibly in the last illness of Amenhotep !Ctonc, an is;-:;/ of .-Ilcppn stone, nnrl a I I I. the datinz under his co-rcqent son came I r.i+:r!lr! stonc sct in golrl. into me irrcpl;~rly,:incl in any ca5e official !\I7.I 8 ; R.P. sv. 74.1 corresponclencc of thl: palace n.ouId rcceii~ In t hc ncst lcttcr Dusllrclttn calls himself thr: d~tcuf the king to \i horn it w-ts acl- iathcr-in-law to .lrncnliotl:p I1I., referring rlrcsscrl. Uy its rlatc this must be the lnst to son're previous mnrriqc, and not to thc lettcr of this reiqn. one ji 1st negotiated, as this lnst was of Aitcr tl~c death of .\nicnhc>tcp 1I I., (10) DL'.?ITR \TT \ tnU lI'KlIVRIli1\(.\men- i2menhntr:p IV. nnc; lsut a !-olith nf ,~111wt htcp I\'.). To S. mj7 brother, my con-in- ISvcnrs oIJ ; anJ hence Dushmtt:~Ilcsitntc~l lnv-. D. jmur hthcr-in-law, your brother: at ncl~lressin;~con5:Icnti:11 diplomncy to him, ~alutntion~to S.'.; mothcr Tcic, to D.'s ant1 wrote in the first plncc to Quccn Tyi. rl:~~.-Lltcr,Tndul.hipn, S.'s othcr wive%,sons, 11swc nlrcndy know, from a quarry imcrip- bc l'iri77i an^! 1:uIx.iI?.C~C scnt by L). to tion at Tell cl Anlarna, this queen wn.: lor cflndc 8'- \: it11 S. JInni S.'s mcsscngur was a sl~orrtime appnrcntly sole regent. Tyi kcpt b~.D. until the return of D.'s mc.+ appears from thc fJlo~vinglettcr to havc scnzcr. Teie knows all past discussions, and N. must conwlt her. xtd rcqcnt inc!cper:dcnt!!. hcr .;on, as el (W. 24 ; ZII..\.F. vi. 304 ; R.P. xv. $9.) nnd to h;iw tikn the position of sending out the diplomatic mcsscn;Aziru's attacks which began in the north LETTERS OF TIIE l'E:ICE 35 LETTERS OF THE ITACT: 37 vithin thc first !-ear or two of the rcisn of i'lmenhotcpIV. Bcsic!e thc alliance with Mitnni,the north- (12) DUSHR.ZTT.1 to SIWKHCRI. Mani. ~~csterricnd of 3Tcsopotaminnearest to Asia Y, c!eqircd that 3.'5 mc~~nycr,11a~cnme, 3Iinnr, there was a similar alliance with a< D. hxl bccn friend? with his Fathcr, Southern hIcsopotamia or Babylonia, then lIIimr11uri3, so D. should k with S. D. known Karcluniyash. successire will bc ten times morc so. 11. scnt NanE to as The J?.wiih the pricc for a wife. 31. promised kingsof this rcnion were Karaindash, Kalli- golden images, lnzuli, and instrurncnts and masi~l,Kuri3h, and Burnaburyash, who is much gold, but S. has not sent them. the best known. Kharnmhi took mcssacc from K. Names (rj) iYIBJIU.1RIAto KALLIMA-SIX,king of Gilia and Perizzi. (IY.23 ; S.B.A.xiii. 556.) KarrIuniyash. K. (hmcnhotep I I I.) had xskcd for a princess from K. K. com- Both Mani and Khamassi were employed But It is plained that Iris sister, who had been given by Amenhotcp 111. as messenzcrs. to N. by K.'s father, had not heen seen clear that these letters were written with a again. N. complains that K. never sent a full appreciationof business. The marriqes messcnyer who could recognize his sistcr. Riqa,the rnwsenTr of Znqara, was sent. are always conntcted with luge gifts; prc- K. complained that his messengers could sents are always sent, or cspectcd, throuzh not tcll if the queen shown to thcm was the messenEers, and the kings of JIitnni a daughter of a beggar, or of Gagaia, or sere quite familiar with all thc oriental ways Khanigalbat, or LTprit I3ut if K. doubts of politelyscrcwing a present or a promise in this way, docs hc dcmnnd likcwisc tokcns out of ~hr:ir fricnrls. lye can hardly doubt from all the otherliinzs to whom his that the Egyptian letters were of thc same clatrfihtcrs arc marricd? ;\nd N. is anzv that K.'s mcsscngcrs complain about not kind, but we hare only one copy of a rcccivinz gifts, when they alwa).s hnvc letter to royalty, and a few letters to in- prcscnts givcn to thcm. S. asks that the feriors. messengers be not believed, as they plot trcachcry. K, said that S. had put his :alq, cr, that Rnlq-lnnin vnc, practicdl!. tri1,utar-y to /\men- I?ut bn'!~ hotcp 11I., nncl so agrees to his representinc 2nd S. ha< '5.5 Riqa ta plncrs in thnt reyion as his suhjccts. Yet L.1. ST. 26.) the kin: cn~lltlask plainly for rcturn presents, 3s in thc nest Ictter, which is apparently from m that N. The last sentence scems to me; him, thoilgh the names are lost. had no need of K.'s chariots, and his n~ent of thcm might as wcll take possession ; ( I 5)x to y. x rcfcrs to a former rcquest and ad if K. was so particular f\J. had no refirs;d of a rl;wghtcr of the Egyptian king hnwq to zive in cxchanqc. It is evident for anv ioreiyn prince. r :hcn said he would that the distance made corn1munication take any bmi~tifi~lEgyptian, and whoshould say, "She is not a king'sdaughter"? troublcsome, and both parties bl ecamc too x asks for gold, cithcr in Tammuz or Ab, and that there particular about being s~;lti~fi~cl,SO he will scnd his dauchter toy; he wants the t11c was a good dtrd of ill-f~ling. nut gold to finiqh work then, and if not scnt by of Amen- representations and assurances that tirnc he will not accept even 3030 hotep I1I. scem to have satisfied IKallimasin, talents of gold. (W.3 ; S.B.A.xiii. 128.) for he promised to send a ciaughte r. Another letter refers to a sending of an (14)K.-ILLIMAS!S to ~n111rw.~A. K.'s Ezyptian princess, and the presents sent to is grown up daughter, whom S. wkccl for, Egypt in return. and will be scnt. K.'s father uc;ctl to rcturn a mcssenycr quickly, but X. hlas kept the (16)KALLIITXSlS to SII3hIC';~RIA.K. scnds rncsvngcr f~rsis ycm, and tll en nn!y qcnt ncccssarics for X.'s house to rcturn by the 30 minx of cold like silvrr, t cqtcrl lxfnr~ mcrscnccr Shuti who brincs S.'s clauqhtcr, 3

(1.2) I?t~RR:lBrRT:\SH to N:lT'KF-TI_'RLTRIA. pnir of horieq, R,unwell, and anno!.cd at N. not cnnclolin~. ?,Tcswnyr csplains distance to account for I; R.P.sv. 63.) N.'s rilcncc. Sends 4 minas blue stmc and 5 pair of liorscs. Asksfor much ~;o!d,last In nnothcr letter the templeI work again was baw, bccnusc$. did not see to it comes in as a claim for golc3, apparently Iimself, and much loss in melting. Caravan less urgently, and therciore la1tcr. of Tdmu B.'s messenger twice plundered -I. By Biriamaza; 2. UyPamalihu, in N.'s (21) I3URX.lRCRIXSHto S:lL' KHCRL'RIt!. land-cn arks f~rcornpnsatim to Tsalrnu. S.'q fnthcs complained,and j13. scnt liliuaa, (W. 10.) and woie promisin: anot her daughter ; and N. has sent Tihamashshi . . . . and The last lctter of all from Karduniash will JIikhuni. . . . B. will scnd da112l1tcrwith bc found Iatcr on, No. 124,as it belongs to 5 chariotr;, but fcnrs king w ill scoff, xshis the beginning of thc northern wars, and fnthcr scnt R.'s siztcr wit!l 30oo men. .Asks throw Iizht on the persons involved in those for Tsalrna as cornmi~~ioncr. Iushu wood, 17 boxes of good oil. . . . upon onc of them is idcntificd with the Proposes a bond of alliance, and inter- change of messengers. Sends flask of Egyptian Alasn. It has hccn usually sup- a good oil to pour on E.'s head "now that p&cd that this was in the north of Syria, you have ascendcd the throne of your but Winckler's identification of it with kingtlom." (W. 27 ; I3.O.D.6.) Cyprus sccms much more likely. Every (25) x to y, scnds ivory, 5 talents of cnpper, 3 letter refers to sending quantities of copper talents of good copper, and dm wood, and to Egypt, coppcr being commonlyworked dcsires that the customsoficcrs shall not in Cyprus, but not on the mainland; silver interfcre with the men sent in the s!lip. is asked for in return, whcreas silver was (\V.33 ; S.B.A.xi. 340.) common amon2 Korth Syrian I-Iittitcs; the (29) King of ALASNIrZto king of Egypt. Asks shipsof Alashia go to Ecpt, whcreas none for return of messcngcrs quickly, and snq*s of thc Syrian ships are named tlicrc; dl of thcy are his merchants, and dcsires that the these details point to Cyprus. And also customs oficer shall not interfcre with them Ahshin was on the route idlowccl from or their ship. (\\'. 29 S.B.A.xi. 334 xiii. 547.) Gubh to Egypt, see letter 161. ; ; (26) King of ALASI-TI.1 to kin: of Egypt This bears a docket in hieratic " Letter Congrxtulnte; him on his accession, scnds from Alasa." These letters show the marine (32) x jp n 30 1 to irngment namins coppcr, talcnts, trade that was bein(: carricd on from procuring much coppcr for j; the land of Alashin. Kinnkhi. . . . (w.31.1 (30) Kin? of AL.4SH1,I to I.;inc of E~pt. i (33) Kin? of ALASHIX to king of Egypt Smds 5 tnlcnts of coppcr and 5 pair of Scnds his mcsscnyx with 500talents of horses. .\sksfor silver. Dcqircs rncwnycr copper, npolocjzcs for not sending more in backsoon, and mentions Pn~htummi,Kunia, consequence of pcstilencc. Asks for silvcr, Itilluna, Ushbarra, and Ril-ram. (,lY.26.) an ox, oil, and one of the "Eagle Con- (31) Kin: of .qL.ISHiil to kin: of Enpt. jurers." People quarrel with thc king of Protests that the king of Egypt is mistaken ,,I. about his sendins wood to Eupt An in supposing the ~llnshiansto bc allicd Alashim has died in Eqypt, leaving son ::.:!!I t3c Lu!:!:;; on t?:c ccnC--'Lac.LJ t5c and wifc at home. Asks for return of Lukki ycnrly p!under the city of Zikhra in deceased's property by the messenger. Alashin. If .Alas!-lians arc proved to have Warns king of E. against kings of Khatti plundered they shall bc punished. and of Shankhar, and whatcvcr thcy send (IT'. 28 ; S.R.:i. xv. 130.) A., A. will send double to Egypt. This letter is important as showing that (W.25 ; S.B.A.xiii. 544) the Lykian pirates, so well known in later (34) Vizicr of AL.\SHIA to Vizier of Egypt; times, wcre already at their trade in Ijoo sends 5 talents of copper and 2 ivory. . . . B.c., and this gives more light on the early (\v.32.) 3Icditcrrancan shipping, as certainly the The above letter of the king seems to rocky coast of L!-cia is not the first pIace come at the end,when outlying people were to start shipping, and the naval battle, unrlcr beginning to be disaffected to Egypt by the Ramcssu III., at JlccJinct Hnbu, is quitc quarrel about supplyinz Exypt with rvood. in keeping with such pinte habits. The The reference to "eagle conjurcrs" is un- mention of the city of Zikhra may somc explained thc words are so read by day be of great value for fising ilIashia; ; different translators, and have been sup- it is not to be found in maps of northcrn posed to refer to men who caught eagles Syria,and if found in Cyprus it would help by art, or to men who divined by the the identification of the island. flizht of birrlq, likr the Etruqcnn hnrmpex. -hqhur Anotllqr indication that ~~OLIL!CXIS Lrev:ing to S-I A. rcccivcd mts- is secn in the ambiguous position of the scnycrc nnd rent a royal chaiot with a lp~ia remnindcr lost. (\1'. 255.) was in Judrua, wl-crf.?s t1l.s writer seems (29)x to the kin:: iiarncs the .lkhlamu (bc-tvwn Babylon and Sinevch) and tl~ckiny of miller to haw bw I in the ro: 11. Possibly Karduninsh (Babylonia). (I. 291.) this . . paia i~ \1-~1:117ibaia of two othcr LETTERS OF THE PT=;\CE 53 lcttcrs (10 1, 10j), of whnm no dctails arc (55)R.7DCZ"I to king. Obedient, and haq bwn known; or it may be a Srcsh name. ma1 igned. (LIT.255.) (56) SHIPTIADD1to king of Empt. Ackno~v- (42) S1.IIPTCRI . . . tn the king. :.Icknowledges lcdges letter. Yankhamu is f;lithful. lcttcr, ~uardsthe citj*, and providcs for (W.24r B.O.D. 65.) caravans. (W. 2.12.) ; (57) SI-IIPTI to kin:. Guards city. (43) x to the kin:. Samcs caravans to Ruzruna . . . . (W-213.) (Uozmh.) (\V. 145.) (53) ZITRIY;\RA to king. Obeisancc. (44) x princc of Qanu to king. Ecady to join (W. 247.) I rwps. (\\*. 2 5 I .) (59)ZITRIYAKA to king. Acknowlcd~cslcttcr (45) RVSI!.INI.A princc of Tnmna to !:in,". adperforms orders. (\!'. 248 ; B.O.D. 76.) Obeisance. (\Ir.zC-0.) (bo)ZITRIYARA to kinc. Report. Tarunn may bc Toran ncar Tibcrias. (W. 246 ; S.B.A.x. 499.) (46) ZISHA>IIKIto king. Obeisance. (61)x of Dubu or Gubbu to king, who sent (W. 261.) soldiers to king's army. (47) DilSHRU to king. Obeisance. (W. 245.) (W. 250 ; B.O.D.78.) (3.5) D;ISHRU to kinc. Obeisance. (W. 144) (62) Fragment naming Ugarit (?) (49) GBSDINSAto king. Rcport. (W.287 ; S.B.A.x. 517.) (s.n.,\.x. 496.1 (G3)SHL'BilSDI to king. Obeisance. (50)SUR.4SI-IAR prince of . . . .tiashna to kinc. (W.229.) Obeisance. (\I7. 257.) (64) SHUBAXDIto king. Khanya has come to (51) SH:\BA . . . . to kinq. Scnds presents. S., and S. sends ;oo osen and 30 girls. (\IT. 222.) (W. 228; S.D.A.xi. 331.) (52) Jr.AB. . . . to SHCJIC'KI-1.1. . . . Y. is in (65) SHU13ANDIto kingr. S. was disabled bv d i:, *=race. <\ir. 223.) illness. (\\'. 216 ; B.O.D. 40.) (53) .hr.I.~YrlSHIto king. A. \:.ill join troops. (66) SI-IUR,1SDI to kin:, acknowledges letter w. 253.) and defcnds his city. (Lt'.224; B.O.D.38.) (54) TIKTASV'to king. 1'. guards city. (67) SHUBAYDIto king,same. (LIT.25.5) (\Y.225 ; B.O.D. 39.j (6s) SI-F;lTIY.-l to king, cynr ($1 ARZ;I1S:\Y.-\ to kin: ; acknowlcd~c~Icttcr. zi'ti'), and has scnt h (\V. 1;fi.) pnlacc for the king. (1' The follorving is from a clificrerlt prqnn, ($) AART:131:IYY.~Iof Ziti. as it refers to the south instcad of the I3nql1nn) to thc king, is r, northof Palestine, troops nherc~crordcrcd. (7;) ARZr1S:l to king ; acknorvlcd~esletter, and (!IT. rncnt~onsGazrE (Geser). (\Ir, 177.) (70):UDT I RSII I of Khazur, (78) ADDC'MIKHIR to king. Obeisance. guards lihazura, (IIazor, (W.137.) . . (79) XDDU~IIKIIIRto king. City is sccwc (;I) x of Rhnzuri to the kir,;: and obedient. (W. 138.) city until thc king comc: (Po) T.AGI to king. Okisance. (nr.190.) (U (81) T=\GI to king. SendsTakhmaini, and asks This city of Khasurii for gold. (W.265.) Tyrt, as shown by I! (32) XILKILI to king. City is safc. . . . Kha- (79) I'UADDI of Il'urza (Yer: mu.. . sends to king6 women, 5 bops,and to king. P. guards his 1: 5 men. (W.IGS.) (U Probably K!~amu . . . is Khamuniri. (73) PUADDI to king; P. dcf (83) 311 LKILI tn kin:. ,\cknnwlcdyletter and is ready to escort c asks for troops. (IV. 172 ; B.O.D.63.) Shnkhsl~ikhashikha. (11 (84) >TILKILI to Icing. 31. will cxccute nn order (74) PVADDI prince of \\'ur73 sent to him. (\i'. 1% ; S.B.A.xi. 371.) city. (IY.23 (85) LIJ~D\IILF;Iof Shaskhimi to king. Ready to join troops. (\j7. 252.) (75) i\RZ;\\S;\Y.-\ prince of 11. will join thc troops nr (36) SHC\iV.1IID.lT,\ to king. Cnrrics out orclcrs. (11'. 200; R.O.D. Cq.) This J1ikliiz;l appenrs (8;) SIILI\'AIRDAT;I to king. Has sent a Rukhizi, and was present (U'. 198 ; U.O.D. 67.) south side of HI (8s) x princc of h'azima to king. States his rcfcrcnces to Arzan adhesion. (\Ir. 1G3.) 56 LETTER5 OF TIIT: PE.\CE

($31 DTY.\TI to kiny. Gu~rdqci? 3.nd crrpplieq (IQI)Y:IBITIRI of Aazati (Gaza) to kin:. Yan- pnviqion. (\V. 5-+) khamatook Y. into Egypt whcn young and (30)YlTI.1 of .i5qaluna (.lshkclon~ to king. Y. lived in the palace. Y. now guards Guards the city. PY.210.) Azzati arid Sapu (Joppa). (\V.214 S.B.A.xv. 504.) (31) JV1TILIto kin:. Y. scnds fond, drink,oscn, ; €kc..as tributc. (I!'. 20; ; R.O.D.52.) (107) :lBDNA.. . . to kinc. Obcisance. (W.271.) (32) YIT1.1 to king. Y. supplied thc troops I with all nccemrics. l\i'. zq;13.O.D. 54.) (103) 1SB;IVTA to king. Obeisance. (W.272.) (3.9 E'ITIA to king. Y. guards city and sends (19;) Y:KHZIBAI.'. to king. ObcIsantc. tribute of I,rtpol+/r stones. (W-274) (11'. 20s ; B.O.D. 53.) (105) YAKHZIBAIAto king. Obcisance. (3-1.)YITIA of .lsqaIuna to king. Guards the (W. 266.) city. (\I7, 21 I.) (106)YAnIIUTA prince of Ga(?)dashunato king. (95) YITIA of Asqaluna to king. Guards thc Obeisance. (W. 267.) city. (11'. 212.) (35) YITI.4 to king. Guards the city. Thc The preceding letters have here been prcscnt officer is incapable, and asksthat roughIy classed by placing those which Rianapa bc appointed. 213.) (l'ir. belong to the north first, and then those (9:) YARSI-ILYprincc Lakich(Lxhiqh) cf to of the south. In somc cases other clucs king. Obcisnnce, and attends to message help, as the mention of Maia in three letters, sent b>-llaia. (lv.2 I 5.) 97, 99. loo,connected with Lachish. Other 19q) ZIRlRID.1 princc of Lnkishn to kin;. Mas rectired clrdcrs and will csccutc thcm. lcttcrs are plnccd along with those to which (\I7.217 ; s.R.,-\.xiii, 3 19.1 thcre is a clue by the rcscmblnnce of name. But any strict classification impossible t 11111to I.rrotecls ~'lniaaccnsrlin~ is to orders, and provides for troops (scc 97). with so few data to guiclc us. (W.253.) These lettcrs show that frequent reports (roo) BAIAYA to king. Attends to orders of were sent to Egypt without there being any Jlaya, and will follow troop. (Ifr. 2 31.) business on hand. The city of AskeIon w s8 LETTERS OF THE PE.\CE 1)-ingupon the high rod had to supplv fnncl for the passin? troops, and pmbably Yitin took ndvanta~eof a soldier rnessenzer to send in a little report of his providing supplies. CHAPTER 111.

THE KORTH SYRIANWAR

TI~Encxt series arc the letters which show the gradual breaking up of the state of peace, and the loss of Northern Syria. Thc troublesseem to have begun in Central Syria, and to Iiavc been provoked thcre by attempts of the E~yptianallies to secure more territory, trusting in their backing from Egypt to support them. In this they were disappointcc?,and so the power of Egypt first showed its waning by abandon- ing its fricnds. The first four letters refer to attacks on :lmki, ivliich by its nanic (thc " hollow " or I clcep placc ") was a I;qe valley, and by its positinn must hnvc bccn the upper part of the LitAny river, inland from Beyrut. The chiefs about thc lower LitAny, at the bend of the river, thought that they could capture the uppcr part of the valley. 59 TIIE NORTH SYRI.13' \f'.\R 61

takcn citics of .lmki,and citks hclnnying to 21-addu. Zitana and 9 men hxvc nrrivcd in Y'ukl~achi,and writcrs go to s* nhut them and cnquirc of king if they rcally come from him. Grcctiny to Bcn-ili. Abrl-urash, Den-ana,]?en-zidki, Xmur-addi, and .Innti. (\Ir. I 25 ; R.P. xvii. w.) Batti-ilu was a companion of Aziru's brothcr, as we see in No. rgr, and so he probably bclongcd to Amurri ; as Kukhnshi seems to ha~clain immcdintcly cast of the Orontcs wllcy of Amurri this would be very natural.

After this first opening of serious troubles, resulting in the Hittites becoming established in the LitAny valley, the nest dif3culty is in Aziru coming down from thc Orontcs valley into the plain of Damascus, and this we learn took pIacc even before the death of Amenhotep 111. (I I I) AKIZZI to Kil31-31UR-IAA. is cover-., nor of Qntna (~wstof Damascus); he has vict~~allcrltroops, and asks for troops to occupy the country, so as to secure Suk- haslii. If they delay in 3lartu (,\murri, Orontcs), ~lzirawill succeerl ; and if troops do not march this)-car he willgct thc n-hulc Fror Hittite! LitAny of the north I attack includw this all frqn~e~ he Ira? sqwortcd by the Egyptianresiilcnt, nny connection proposcd bctwccn thc who rcckoncd Eiridas!l!.n ns 311 enerr,? (see s.lCriZS,lilinbiri, and the Hcbrew in\-asion, I 22). The best way to understand this ~v]?ichhy dl accounts took placc in the sccms to be that at first Sam!-nivaza was south of Palestine. ITc must regard the pro-Ezyptian, arid Itakamn nncl Biridnshyi S,]G.\S, I

20. Gnlilr~Refid/in,~ (Irg) SURATA,of Akka,to the king.Obeisance. (IT. I 57.) Thenext lettershows the rebellionspread- Sharatu was father of Shutatna,as we see ing just south of this region, in southern in letter 129

Galilee. From the names of places of (Izo) ZATATNA, of Akka, to the king. which news is sent, this letter must have Obeisance. (W. 158.) thc othcr letters of Alcizzi,I I r, I I 2. The (121) ZIT;\TN:\, of ilkka, to thc l.:iny. Olxicmcc. (IS. 160; l3.O.D. 32.) cliflicult~about caravans seems to have been fcIt now that Galilee was in rebellion, thus cuttin: thc rod to northern Syria and STcsopotarnia. The Iast letter of Burna- buryash refers to this matter. (1.4) RURKd+1RURIr;\SHto SAPKHURU- RI;1. R.'s merchants went with Aklli- thabu, and stayed in Kinakhi (E. of nlerorn) on busincss ; Akhithabuwent on, and then in the city of Khinatuni (Kannlvat) in Kinakhi, Shumadda (of hlerom, see 125), son of Ralumi, and Shutatna, son of This Sharatu of Akkaiu, killed them and took refer t the caravan. As Kinakhi belongs to Egypt, reverse so Kapkhururia must subdue these robbers Egypti and compcnsatc the owners of the goods, else of otherwise tradc will be cut OK Shumadda the nal has kept one of the Babylonians with his though feet cut OK Shutatna has taken another bungle! as his slave. These must be returned. Present sent I mane11 of enamel (?). moderr Desires messenger to be returned soon. (W. I I ; RP. xv, 65.) IVho Shumadda was is shown by the following short note, written probably earlier, This while he was allied to Egypt. the de; (135)SI-IA3IU:I\DDU, prince of Shamkhuna, to thc thi the king. 1-13s rcccix-ed mcssnge. not be (\IT. 220; S.B.X.sii. 328.) Anothcr Irtter seems to belong to the a little bcfore that Icttcr of Akizzi (I I I) in rcbc!lious times, escusing not givingtril~utc. order to show the earlicr position of Aziru, thc most energeticson of ilbd-xhratu,lord (126)SIICJI.\DDT to tlie king. S. does not sendsoon because his f~tller,Tiuxuna, did of Amurri, or the middle Orontesvalley. not do so. (IT.221 B.O.D. 65.) ; (127) ABD:lSHT[AR]TI to king. Obeisance. Thepsition of Shummaclaat Shamkhuna, (W. 40 ; B.O.D. 34.) allicd with Akka, and attackinxKanawat, is (12s) AZIRI to king. Sendstwo men as slaves clearly identified withthe name of Lake (? messengers}and asks for their return to hlerom in Greek times, Scmekhonitis. This Amurri. (W.42 ; S.B.A. xv. 21.) seems derived from some district named (129). . . KHIBIYA to resident. Obeisance. Semkhon by the Lake, probably the region Guards city, but enmity is powerful. A of the spring of Srmd4, six miles to the messagc has come from Amurri. (W.258.) north-east of the lake. The history of this Thc above seem to show Aziru as an plunderingof the caravans is veryclear, and obcdient subject. But he soon falls under showsthat Galilee was more rebellious than suspicion and seeks to excuse himself. the Hauran at that timc. The names are some of them familiar inthe Jcwish writings (I 30) AZlRIto DUDU (Egyptian resident). A. of a later time, as Ahitub (Akhi-thabu), has done all that the king desired, and rules Shcma-yah (parallel to Shamu-Addu),and the land of Amuri. Desires D. to vindicate Balumi (Balsam). him from certain slanders. (W. 4; S.B.A. xiii. 217.) (131)[.4UDASHRATU ?] to DUDU. Asks for \Ire now turn to the more northernpart the return of Aziru back quickly from of Syria vhere the rebellion of Aziru, which Egpt The kincsof Sukhashisaid to A. that his fathcr sent gold to the king of we saw beginning in Akizzi's letter (I I I), Eupt but got nothing in return. Refers was steadily successful until he became to his Suti troops. paramount in all that region. \Ye begin (W. 52 ; S.B.A. xiii. 216.) From this it spcnls that Aziru UP, in (1 37) SUR.IY.IDI to the kin:. Town5 c~~turcd. Eqpt 35 a Iioqtny or messenqer, and hi.; S. is unable to clcfend his. .lsl;~ for troops. father was pointing out his ficlclity in order Khnzuis n~ain5thim. (I{.. 263.) to get his son back again. Thc great (133)ILKI-1.1 . . . to thc king. Thc zovernors oppolwnt of rlzim's advancc was Rilmddi, arc destroyed, and all Ixnd falls away to Khabiri. &Asksfor Suti troops. the govcrnor of northern Phocnicia, and (W. 233; R.O.D. 80.) thc series of his letters is the most im- portantof all. Ll'e turn back a littlc here We now turn back to Ribaddi beginning ro tab LIP his ear!ier notcs LpFnre the great his determined struggle againstAziru. strugglc (139) RIBADDI to the kin:. R. will defend the R.'s gifts which are with (132) [AIlAN.IPP:l?] to R1B;IDDU. R. had king's city. reported a playe in Tsumuri among pcoplc Yapa-addu Y. will show thc king. (W. 72.) and sheep. .J. orders him to scnd sheep, king. Asks for troops to tvhich are the kinz's. (IY.$9) (140) RIRADDI to the dcfcnd thc king's land from Abdashirta and Mcntions Ribaddi, Abdaddi, and (133) x to y. tlic Khabiri. (W. 73.1 Rcnazi. (n'. I 16.) (141) RIRADDI to the king. King promised to (134) RIBADD1 to the kine. Namcs the Kha- send Iribaiasha, who has not come. The hir? and the officer :]manappa. . Let . . Khabiri surro~~nc!R. (W. 99.) Yapa-addi be blamect. . . . Two of R.'s ships have been~c!zed 114. Yapa-addi (?). (147) KIBADDI to AhIANAPPA (Egyptian rcsidcnt). K. asked A. to deliver him from (\V. 16 ; S.L\. xi. 361.) t'bdashirta and thc Khabiri. R. was Other chick wcre also linding difficulties ordcrccl to send a ship to Sarimuta; asks overtakingthem about this time. for soldiers to occupy Amurri. (\IT. 59; 3l.tl.F. vi. 307 ; R.P. sviii.Gt.) (135)YXll.% to the king. Y. defends his cities till lwlp shall comc. (\V.23s ; S.13.A. xi. 392.) (136)SHURANDU to the king. The lihabiri But Abdashirta was not at all ready to be arc strong. (1'1'. 2.7.) I classed as an enemy of Egypt. 7.1 THE YOTITIT S\'l?T.IY (~43)ADDilSHRilT to t!ie kin; A. declarcs . (r,:f,)ZII\TRIDI to the kin:. JTcntions Zumuri thnt his cncmics arc stror~g, and desircs bcinc in I'gyptian hands. (W. 14s.) protectinn : ?vi!l obey dlc omrnnnrls, 2nd scnrls ten women. (.\I?. 39 ; B.0 D. 33.) All the subterfup of Abdashirta would (14) The cnd of a lettcr appnrcntl y from IZIIDA- not sufiice to stiflc the complaints against SI-TIRTIZ to the kinq. I

We next enter on the long series of Ribaddi's letters.

(151) RIRADDIto king. Abd-ashrat holds R.'s cities, and was not ashamed at R's com- plaint. King wrote to king of Biruna and king of Tsiduna . . . (W.58.) (I 52) RII3:IDDI to king. R. cannot send ships to Zalukhi and Ugarit because of Aziru. The Khatti are plundering the liegcs of Gubla. (W, IO+} (153)RIB.4DDI to king. Kames city of Tisa . . . in land of Tsumuri, and land of hIartu (Amurri). (P.A. 35 No. 3.) (154) RInADDI to the king. Names Tsumuri and Abdxshirta (P.A. 35 No. 2.) These lcttcrs belong to the beginning of This last lcttcr was evidently written from the troubles, and it cannot be settled csactly Gubla ; and so, therefore, probably also was where they were writtcn. Thc sending of the letter bcfore it. It appears that Ribaddi ships to Ugarit sho~vsthat it was on the wns chief of Gubla, and in more or lcss cnnst, and nQt far inlandas has Lccn proposed. over a11 northern Phocnicia, as he As wc have aErcady noticed, the mouth of stays to and fro in various cities during his the Orontes appear; to bc the place ; and troubles. The nest letter was probably also Ugarieor Akaritu seems to be the Okrad written from Gubla. or Akrad-Kurdland-of modern times. Zalukhi must also be on the coast. (157) RIBADDI to king. Enquiries about R.'s messenger, who had been despoiled; (155) RIBADDI to the king. R. is only frlcndly Khabiri takespossession of all lands. If with Tsumura Scnt hro mcssengcrs to R. agrees with AM-ashirta as Yapa-addi the king, but not returncd, ilsks for and Zimrida did he would be safe. If general to come and take Abdashirta and Tsumur is lost, and Bit (Su?) arti is Aziru. Ullaza named. If troops not sent givcn to Yankhamu, he ought to give land will fall to the Khabiri; or at least corn to R Shuti people arc a~instR. write to Yankhamu or Bikhura to occupy Tell Y. that R is rcally the king's. R, Arnurru. R strives with Yapa-addu and has written to Y. that if Y. will not help, Khatib. Asks for troops and people of R. must abandon city. Names Blilkuru blilukha to save the city from falling to and Mutshi (?). (W. 61.) the Khabiri. (\'IT. 75 ; R.P. xviii. 52.) (156) RII3ADD1, governor of Gubla,to the king, This shows that Zidon was now lost, as we Tsumur is not taken, but in great r!anger. know that Zimrida was governor of that city Yapa-addi afflicts R. Abdashirta's zms are tools of the kings of ?Iitani, Kash, (145)~and in all later letters we shall see that and the Khatti. Let troops be sent with Zidon belongs to the enemy. Yankhamu . . .. Yarimuta . . . . deputy of Kumidi (i.~Bikhura). . . . (W. S7; R.P.xviii. 59) (1co) x [Ribndrli?] to the kinz. Samce .Ibdashirti, and peop!e of Shikhlali. x lins been driven out of Irqata, and is in Tsumuri. Hc (r58) RIR.ADDI to kin?. R, is distrcsscd by I 5ons of rlbdashirta who occupy .\rnurri. clclivcrcd Shabi-ilu, Bishitanu, llaia, and Only Tsurnilra and Irqata arc icft, 2nd R. r\r?n!-x from the peop!e of Shiklilnli,and is in Tsumura, for the deputy fled from they arc stayin? at the palace. Names Gubla . . . Zimridx. . . and Yapaacldu . . . Yabaia (\I1, 126.) a~ainstR., not anrl ~~:oultl attend to deputy. This lettcr was written from Tsumura, Ask for troops for Tsumura and Ircpta. and yet after the fall of Irqata, so it must those of Tsumura having fled. (W.-.-. 78 : R.P. xv. 70.) belong to this position as there is no sign of , ICibaddi beinglater at Tsumura This last lettcr shows Ribaddi to have moved from Gubla to Tsumura in order to maintain its defence, the troop: ; having desertcd. The city of Irqxtn appe aIec1 also The next thirteen letters of Ribaddi are directly to Egypt ; and this and thc: letter of from Gubla the men of Tunip are interestinq pieces of (1.51) RIBADDI to kinz. May the godde~zof evidence of a municipal governmcmt then, Gubla give powcr to the king. 117iruis which could conduct public affairs in its own his enemy,has takcn 12 of R.'s men, and name, without being headed b)r an in- asks 50 of silver ransom. A. has takcn dividual. It begins " Irqata and its elders in Yibuliya mcn whom R. had scnt to fall down at the feet of the king." Tsumura. Ships of Tsumura,Hiruta, and Ziduna all gone over to land of 2Imurri (I 59) IRQrlT:'I, city, to the king. Babikha was (i.r.,to :\ziri!. Ynpn-nddi az wcll as .Aziri sent by king. I land of the I'eoplc in attacks R., and 11avetaken onc nf his ships, Shanku 'are enemies. Strong lppeal for ; and sail out on the sea to capture his 122; I3.O.D. 42.) help. (W. others. R.'ssubjects will go over to cncmy It may be this [Ba ?]bikha is the same as if not succoured. 1L holds Tsumura, but Abbikha of one of the last letters, who was is surrounded by enemies. Asks Amanma then rebellious. if R. did not accompany him to Alashiaon C TITE SORT11 S\'Rl.lS !\'.\I? S3 1 shoulcl cxpcct for shippin5Lctwen GulIn 11t. Yet it is a valuable allusion in two ways ; (I) it S~OWSthat Gubla could not be at Eyblos as is oftcn supposed, as that would be much farther from any possible site for Alashin: and (2) it almost shows that illxshia cannot be on the Syrian coast from the Orontes northward, as that would be all i~iip~~~iLlt:1~o~itio11 10 take UII tht: way to Egypt. It was pos4ble to go across to I Cyprus in order to get the larger and better I shipping which seems to have regularly tncIecl to Egypt with copper (see 28, 29); but any position further up the coast would be impossible in this view. L ~~IIIIULCL\xu3 WL) v..u a,,., 1.". ------.-- agrees to the position of the next important (162) RIB.ADDI to kinz. Bumabula (7) son of place north of Gubla, now LnlnLin - Abda4ierta holdsUllwa, Ardatn, Yikhli~~a, Laodicea-at thc mouth of a large rivcr, Ambi, and Shiqata; R. asks for help to the Xahr (.I A7'rbir. Yariniuta is ob~.iously Tsumura, for :\.'s sons conquer the king's a Yerimoth, or Ramoth =a "high place" land for the kings of 3Iitani andKash. If king waits till they take Tsumura, what and the pre-Greek namc of Laoi1icr:a \ I Ramitha, which esactly agrees to this. 7 ~r~illbecome of R? rvho cannot go to help Tsumura. Ambi, Shigata, Ullaza,and Yada imporrance of shippin:. on this cmst sho revolt, and R. fears that Gubla will fall be observcd: there were sea-fights, w1 into hands of Iihabiri. I vessels put out on the high seas to intcrc (W. 86 ; R.P.xviii. 53.) and capture others. The reference to go..., to Alashia on the way to Egypt is somewhat Here we find that the rebels had seized puzzling, as Cyprus is OHtlic line that we most of the coast, and only the more irn- portant places were holding out against and on or dose to me sea. rosslbly the thcm. I'1l;ua (El Usy), Ardata {Ar!kJs;). name may remain in Iclount Kasios,which Shiqata (Swk:it),and Tsumura (Swnm), are bclorqed to the Iand of the warlike Kurds, all pretty certainly known;and they help the Akarit or Ugarit. us to gain some idea of the position of (163) RIB-ADD1 to the king. R. fears that Yikhliya, which agrees well to Q/&i be- Tslmura will fa11 to the Khabiri. Yakham- tween Tsumura and Ardata; and Ambi, nata was in T~umuraand supplicd Gubla which is often named with Shiqata, and was with food, and aftcr that ordcrcd it from protab!? near it, may nc!l & Bc!dd, an Yarimuta. W. 85.1 mcient port Iviny nest to Sd

(167) RIB:\DDI to kin:. Lct Duribita stay in Tsumura, and let Khaib take message, and appoint him over feudal princes. .lziru and his brothers bcfore Gubla Thus Tsumura cannot hold out. KOsilver to buy hones, all spent for food. (W. 80.) (165j [RIBADDI to the ki11g.1 i1ti1.uattacks Gubla(?). Tsumura is in dancer. w. 95.) (1%) RIR-ADD1 to the king. Formerly Mitani was hostile to the king's fathers, but R. was al~vays faithful to hiq fathers. Names Yankhamu . . . and land of Subari; . . . lukha must be an ally of Egypt, and the kings of Kinaakhni used to flee from the men of hIilukha like the Shardani in the Egyptian?, but now Abdashirta's sons Egyptian service. As they are most likely resist. R. cannot lead an oflicer into Tsumura. cities Syrians, wc should find 5Iilukha probabiy .A11 R.'s have fallen away. on the Syrian coast; and it seems very If Khaib and ilmanappa ham Tsumura . . . (W. 101.) likely that these men (also asked for in I 55 and 175) were the mainlanders of Tyre, for These lettcrs deal with the danger of close south-east of Tyre is A3trvhrt cC Simym, which secms to have lasted for some ,lfc/u/tij~~jr.The Tyrians \vould naturaliv time, as eight Ietters (162-169)arc written in have a bodv of trained troops to c1 nmrlp the same terms about it. The fall of Tyre, and such seem to have been taken Tsumur was a main went in the history of as organized auxiliaries into the Er!pian thc war; but before we proceed to that we service. As, however, rllhkha Ineans should notice some other lettcrs that seem to come in during this rise of the power easy yoke of the great kings of the previous Aziru, resuming t!ie history of Tsum generations. This letter is of the greatest at 172. interest, together with the previous one from (170) Pcoplc of Dr SIP to thc kinc. U'ho n.o~ the elders of Irqata IS^), as showing that formerly have plundcrcd Uunip with municipal rule was readily adopted, without being plundered by Jlanakhbirin ? T even any official head being elected. These xods of Ezpt dwcll in Dunip. But - cities sccm to have been republics, like the now bclon: no more to Empt. For years (c2 times) rvc have scnt mcsscnyc Greek cities under Roman rule, managing but thy rcrnain with the king; now their uwn afhirs subject to a suzeriin, and de+ire the return of Yx!i-ad&, v:ho h sending embassies and conducting pditical been given by the king and then ordcrcd business by their council of elders. The return to him. Azira has captr~rcd pco~ date of this letter is shown to be before the in thc land of Khatat. A. will trcat Dur fall of Tsumura, yet after the fall of Ni, as hc has treated Sii ; and if we mourn t kin^will also have to mourn. And wh which still was safe in letter I I 2, and after rZzirn entcrs Tsumuri he will do to us as he the rise of Azira into command, and his pleases, and the kin: will ha1.e to lament. bringing Tsumura into danger. " And now Dunip your city weeps, and hcr tears nre runring, nnc! thcrc is no help for ) YAPAKHI-ADD1 to YANKHAMI. Why 11s. For 20 ycm wc hnvc bccn sending to docs Yan. ne~lcctTsumura? All is falling our lord, the kinx, thc king of Evpt, but to Aziru from Gubla to Cgarit. Shigata thcrc hxnot comc to us 3 war( j from our and rlrnbi are revolting. Ships beforel?) lord, not om" 05'. 41 ; S.13. .il. XV. IS.) Ambi and Shigata, and we cannot enter Tsurnura. (W. I 23.) -1 histoucliin~ end to the letter is proball1 y a picture oi much of the state of Syria at This letter again belongs to the time of this time, gradually forced by hard necessity the extremity of Tsumura, when it was and neglect to give up an alliance uihich had closcly besieged. become a real bond of loyalty dl ring the against R. and Tsumur: Yankhamusent, and for : Hcnccfor\vard Tsumura belongs to the enemy, and one great 1andmark in the (175) RIBXDDI to the king. JvllJ ul history is passed. rlbdashirta have taken horses and chariots and havc cklivcrcd mcn to thc land of (172) RIRIIDDI to t+e kirIT. .\bda~hirta is Suri. Ii'hcn R. wrote to tl~cking's father strong azainst R., and 7 ends to JIitana and he listcnerl and scnt troops to rcsist A. Kash. :I. has collected thc Khabiri n~ninst \Vhen R. sent lately two meswnxcrs to Shlqnta and rlmb~. " 'l'sumura, your Tsumura, thc dcputy prcvcn:cd a mcxayc fnrtrcq5 iq nmvin tbc po rvcr of t)?c I

Here Aziri is p!ayin~- th c faithful subject, This shows that Kibaddi was correspond- and excusing his wasting tlIe city of Simyra ing with Amenhotep III., and already had by the plea that he is so Imuch occupied in trouble with Azira at that time, which is in resisting the kings- of Nukhashi. That accord with the time of Azira's rise, in letter Tsumur was left wastc a ftcr being takcn, I I I. A stray ruler, othenvise unknown, may is seen by the nest lettcr 01f Ribxldi's. be noticed here.

(174) RIRiIDDI to kinc. 1rsurnura ha5 fallcn, (176) KURTUJ-.A . . . . hI;l to the kinz. but is not occupied by c nemy. \!'ar against Dcfends his city, which is about to fall,

R. now for five yearst . . . E'apakhi-addi and his father is slain. (It7.262.) . . . . Zimrida (of Sido~n) and princes are The city of Danuna named here is Darrian, Tyre nest claims our notice, as it fell the Hebrew Danyaan, at the Tyrian Steps, shortly after Tsumura. The letters about on the headland south of Tyre. The it are here grouped tcrqether, but probably references to Itnkama and Aziru fighting the first eight should bc interspersed some- h'amyawazrr, are later than the attack by what between the defection of Zimrida aftcr Namyawaza upon Itakama, but show that letter 145, and, perhaps, the fall of Tsumura, this letter probably goes in somewhere before in letter I 72. Certainly lettcr I Sjis after the present point. The allusions to Zimrida, letter I 72. however, put it after letter 145 ; and that (177)AI3II:ILKI to tl:c ki11g. .A. addresses thc in its turn cannot be put earlier, as then the kingat great lcnzth and very effusive!y. A. Khabiri had already taken all the region guards the city of Tsr~rriuntil troops come of Sidon. to give him water to drink and wood to The request for twenty men is like bum. Zimrida, of Ziduna,daily has news about Egypt from the rebel Aziri, Abda- the modem idiom of Egypt in asking for sharta's son. (W. 149 ; S.D.A.xv. 518.) two piastres, as a modest way of applying (178) .4BIMILKI to the king. A. cannot leave for an indefinite amount. The position of his city to see the kinc becauseof Zimrida, Tyre, on an island, has always made the of Ziduna, who wiil attack him if he leaves. supply of wood and of water a difficulty Asks for 20 mrn to guard the city in his in war. absence. Is hemmed in wit!lout nnter or wood. Scnt Ik-mill4 wit11 5 talents of copper (179) ABIhl ILK1 to the king. King gave orders and other $ts. Kin; askcd for news from to supply grain and water, but it has not Kinakhna The king of Danuna is dead ; hen done. A. is the servant of Shalma- his brother rides in peace Cityof Ugarit yati, and Tsurri is the city of Shalmayati. is half burntThe Khatti arc quiet. Itaknma Kames Tsumuri. Prince of Ziduna (Zim- took Qedesh, and ilziru has begun to fight rida) has come with two ships, and A. will Namyawaza Zimrida has collected ships go with all his ships. from Aziri's city against Abimilki. (\Ir. I 52 ; S.13.A. xv. 5 is.) (VV.r 5 I ; S.B.X.xv. 507.) !ISOI:\1ZI~TILTiI to the king. .I. wil! dcknd Zimridx has cizcd L'zu, nftcr the troops city, and cc~mcto see the kin;. ilsks for abandoned it, ant1 there ip no watcr, and no VSLI for his life (if., IIom?, to supply ~sond, nor burial ground. Zimrida of rr nlcr). (\Ir. 153.) Ziduna and Azirn rcbel, allied tvith pcople (ISI) :\RI3TILKI to the kin:. x and Zimridn of .-Irwadn,and collect ships, chariots, and soldicrs to scize Tsurri, and they ham fight him. (\I7. 1 55 .) taken Tsumurn. (182) ABIhTILKI to the kinz. Since the troops (W.I 50 ; S.B.A.xt-. 5 I I .) left the prince of Zidon (Zimrida) stops his getting ~vdand n8atcr. This ~nrkthe corr~ymndenceof Abi- (\V. I 56 ; S.B.A.x. 49S.j milki, who sccms to haw found the force All of these letters must be about the of circumstances too strong for him, as same period. Shalmayati seems to be the Ribaddi next reports his defection. god of Tyre.

(183)ABI MILK1 to the king. A. asks for L'zu 25. Ribndn'i in Beyrtrt. to supply food and water. The princc of (135)RIB-ADD1 to the king. Tsurri is rebelling Zicluna takcs away his people, and therefore under Ya milki (7). R.'s property was put he asksfor U2u. Princes of Ziduna and of into Tsurri with R.'s sister and her sons, Khazura have joined the Khahiri. Lct thc who havc hen l;i!!ed with the commander; king cnquirc of hisoficcr in Kinakhi. thc sistcr's daug!iters were scnt there to be (1;. 154 S.H.:]. xiii. 323.) ; safc from Abcla~hirta. Tsurri is not like This Khazura was Hazor, 11 S.E. of the land of a feudal princc, but is as Vgarita. (W.70 R.P sviii. 63.) Tyre, which princehad earlier reported his ; allegiance,in letters TG, 7 I. (ISGIRIBADDI to the king. Namcs city of J'abu 0). 12. \\-as not in Biruna. :lziru (134) ABl?rlILT

1 tomb of Huya, No. I at Tell el Amarna, no longerbelong to AMashirta ; they ho~ day and night for troops that they may fa dated in thc I zth year. 29 /ti!vdd: ilr GPJ/~, I (1%; RTI7,IDDI to thc kin?. .ibdnd~irtalong ?T'lic:cd R.,who wrote to kinc's fnthcr for Kcst wr=finrl tlnt Rihnddi wcnt back from tr,.n7t= to rcscuc the Innd. ilziru has his Ecyrut to Gulhin order to face Aziri in \ a=.;~n!,lec! Khnbiri against Gubla. . . . attack on Sliiznta 2nd Guhla. .lypcals to Yankhama as u.itncss. Samcs I'ay~- . . . dl thcy did not listen to the (197) RIRADDI to [KH!!IAP.C\ ?] Sow that K. words of J--- is-- avnin3 a reference to thc trnuldes to. Threc ycar.; have passed, for two scars \ bci'inninq at the. retirement of Arnenhotep train wnscrown, nnw there is nonc. Sons, The nest two letters also refer to the rlau~htcrc. and [timber1 of houses arc no -.111. more, sold to k'krnuta-for food. Lct king rxminc. . . ordered tn clcTcr:d his city, but \!.it11 1v1io1n ?hlI hc defcnd it ? Fnrmcrly a garrisonI ~vnstherc, and corn wa.: scnt from J'nrin nuta. 13ut now ;lziru has raicled cvcrythi nz. Other princcs hold thcir towns, but R.'s tosvns pork, all belonq to rlziru. " !\'hat do: :s the sons thful of Abdashirta arc ! And they ac!t according : up to their heart's wish and cause the king's I to cities to go up in qmnkr."

(W. 76 ; IB.O.D. 19.)

RIRrlDDI to AMAKAPPA,, Kames mger Amurri and Mitani : clesircs A . to speak with- to Yankhamu. For thrce years no grain, ~uniri and all is sold to Yarimuta lpied (!V.tXandgo;I irtals other The difficulties yet increased, I the and the 1 agc farninc is evcn not noticed in the midst of t his more urgent perils. son to the king ancl begsfor troops for Gubla, which hc still guards for the king, ('07) RIRADDI to thc king. Since ,\manappa though his brother is inciting it to turn to came a11 thc Khnbiri have been 5:ct azainzt the sons of Abdashirta. Lct the Icing not R. by Abr?ns!~irta. R. asks fi3r troops. ncglect his city, for there is much silver and Abdashirta has the city of 3lar- . . . and 1 gold in it, and propcrty in the temples. the foe is strivinz to takc G ubla and Let l'L bc a1lowc.d to 1ivc in Buruzilim. niruna, and a11 will Fall to tllr : Kl~abiri, I R. sill go to Khamuniri if Gubla is lost; Two cities left to R. thcy strivt: for, and and he fcars A'ssons will attack Ruruzilim goes R. is shut up in Gublaas a bird ir1 a net. if he to Khamuniri. R. now sends his son. (W. 71 R.P. xviii.70.) (N. Go.) ; wcl some This T.;haniuniri or :lmunirx wnq, as we I Hencc see that in Rcsrut he had see in letters 2 16 - ,.IS, the E

of Gubla being the faithful city, ,all show northern Syria Ribaddi flying from one that this is one of the last lettt:rs from city to another tlo animate the Egyptian North Syria. resistance was at Iast reduced to Gubla alonc, and then 11c disappcnrs dl

\ IYhcthcr hc succccdcd in llwing Iclown to Eyypt, or cnpitulatcd to his foe iiziru, or was killecl by treachery or capture, wc have I 1 - 1 i no light. His resistance was faith1 mu CHAPTER IV. hardy; and thc Ecptianyoke cannot have been very oppressiveto Syria whcn a nativc THE SOUTH SYRIAN \fTAI would be thus f~ithfulin the fice of the yreatest discoun~ement and opposition. The Egyptian powr had finaI1y dcparted OSEof the earlicst letters of the trolubles in from northcrn S!+a aftcr scvcral generations Palestine is that from Baiya, who ma!5 son of of dominion, and tllcrc is only lcft thc south Gulati, and whom we afterwards find seizing Syrian war, whcre we shall see several of Gezer and Rabbath (letter 260), and: taking the formcr actors arjain continuing their prisoners (letter 26 1). In the peacefiul times support of the waning power of Egpt. he had sent reports of fidelity to tl1e king (letter roo).

(226) I3AIYA to th~king. If Yankha1mu does not come this year the Khnbiri I\ rillseiw the- countrv.- - 270:-u-, .. - ...... J - (w.,- -.3.D.60.)n.c But the main series of letters from Pxlestine is that from Abckhiba king of Jcmsdem. Thcsc show that Jcrusalcm was not mcrdy a Jebusitc villn~emade into a capital by David and Solomon, but was the capital of south Pxlcstine from early times. From the accounts of the state of Palestine at the Israelite invasion it appears 117 11 TIIE SQUTIT S\'RI.lY 1

that the ~Imoritcshcld mgst of t i. Yankhamu has taken away a but this \v,?s apparently not thc Cities of the king undcr Ili-millii SVIIIth Dynasty. On the con I away. A. continually tells the it dlthc dependent princes will are never mentioned in the sc ,et troops be scnt, for the king But the Israelites found A1 ~gerany territory, the Khabiri pnsscsion of Jerusdem. Hcbron td all. "To the scribe of my Lachish, and Eglon (Josh. x. icing--4bdkhiba your servant southern extensicln of the Amori~ ~d before my lord the kin^the proba51y the dircct consequence IC wholc territory of my lord, the of Aziru, the chief of the Amc ing to ruin.' " (W. 179 RP. xvii. 66.) carried their rule Tramthe Iand ; or the Lower Orontes, down t ?junction to the scribe,to ts on the king, is curious; it GaliIee early in the present 1 116); and then seems to have imp of sincerity that it seems southward,until by the timc of tl estness even now. invasion the Amorites were par the whoIe of Palestine. This a1 with the prominence of the At ti or Milk-ili wrote also to triumphs of Ramcssu I1I. on tt m his ,character. Medinet Habu, though he does to thc king. Hostility against to have at all touched north ,rerful, and nzainst Shuwardata. Appxently the earliest letter of king rescue thc Iand from the refers to trouble alrcady arising. >r send chariots to remove the ivy.ll. ~~drnesYankhama. ABDKHIRXto the king. 1 (W. 170 R.P. xvii. So.) slandcrcd, and accused of revo ; not an hereditary chiec but w; (229) MILKILI to the kin?. Yankhamu has the king. He is slandercd taken 3(?)mtalents from M., and de- rcproacllcd thc king's oficer wii manded his wife and sons that Y. might kill them. Rl.xdis for him and fnmily to the c ( w Here we see much what north, scveral panics, Abclkf and Milkili, ail actinq in prof to Egypt, but all quarrejiin. succcss. The amount of ;a by Yankhamu seems prorligi, likely an error or esayzeratic Shuwardata, nicnticlned a1 of ITilkili, also wrote to Eg) of troubles. (230) SHUil-XRD=lTAto th~ invited to court, but can khamu knows his trouble rewue him. Thirty town his enemies are pn~vcarfi~l. Of anothcr ally of JIilkili, Tagi, an early Iettcr belonqs t~ of the troubles, when a br& Lettcrs, Jurin; the peace, tver

Tngi {So, S J ).

(z~I!TAG1 t3 thc king. T,'s I wnundcd, so T. ciocs not lctter with his brothcr's. to send caravans tu 1Sg.pl ( 11:. THE SOUTH SYRI.IS IYIIR ra;

(234) ABDKFI1R:Ito the king. -4. has been where two chiefs, Turbatsu and Yapti- slandered, but prote~tshis fidelity, 'IYhcn Addi, were slain, is Zelah (Heb.) north of Shuta,the officcr, came, 12.sent 21 ivomcn \and 20 men 3s.z prcscnt to the kin:. Land Jerusalem. of Shiri, as Tar as Ginti-kirmil,it? princcs (235) ABI . . . . to the general. Shipti-rlddi arc wholly lost, and fi$t against .I. So and Zimrid~. demand the city; and long as ships wcrc on thc sea the king Shipti-.Udi spokc to Zimrida about occupied land of Sak!~rima and land of Abishiarami. (W. 2 19.) Kash. Now the Khabiri occupy the cities. h'nt nnp princr remains, all src ruined. This is the celebrated tablet found at Tell Turbatsu was slain at the gate of Zilu. Hesy ; and from its locality it doubtless Sewants conspire qainst Zimrida, of refers to Zimrida, of Lachish, and not to Lakisi. Yapti-Addi was slain at the gate Zimrida of Siclon. The other mention of of Zilu. tZsks for troops to Urusalirn, or all will be lost If not, desires to be fctchcd Shipti-Addi is in letter 56, with Yankhamu; away with his brothers,to the king. " To but the latter appears in both northern and the scribe of my lorr! the king,-Abdkhiba, southern letters, so that proves nothing as your servant. At your feet I fall. Bring to place. these words plainly bcfore my lord, the king ; 'I am your faithful servant."' (W. 181 ; R.1'. xvii. 6s.) We next turn to the prince of Gezer, west letter shows that not only the west, This of Jerusalem, close to Ginti. but the north of Jcrusalcm was lost. The land of Shiri, as far as Ginti-liirmil, is (236)YAP:lKI-I1 to the king. Y. is obedient, Shaamim ( 1-1eb.), K'lrrtrht rs Snimh, wl~ich but has suffercd from thc Suti people. (\Ir. 206 ; 13.O.D. 5I .) is four miles nearcr Jerusalem than En uI Gan n im ( I-lcb.). Khtrriict Unm Jitm, and (237) YAPAKHI of Gazri to the king. Y.'s these "gardens" would naturally be vine- youngest brother rcbels, and occupied yards-kirmil-as it is in the Vale of 3lu . . khazi,allied with the Khabiri, who arc no\rf hostile to Y. Asks for instructions. Sorek, "the choice vine." Thcn Zilu, (W. 205 ; B.O.D.so.) I (233) YAPIIKHIof Gxzri to the kin?. ;lsks fnr hclp, as thc Khabiri are powerful, and let the kir?? rescue him from the Khnbiri. (IV.204 ; R.O.D. 43.) ll'c havc seen before somc mention of I~paya,who in Ictter 232 seem+ to have been faithful. He fell into trouble, how- ever, as follows :-

The next, however,shows that he found it expedient to join the enemy, and that his next affair was attacking Yapakhi of Gezcr. (240) LAPAI'A to the king. L. is a faithful servant, and has becn slandered. Is it an otTencc that hc ha< cntcrcd Gazri, and levied the pcnplc? Lc: the kin2ta1:e all that L. and XIilkiIihavc, and then decidc bctwecn him and nI. King wrotc aqking if Dummuinhad joincd the Jihxhiri. L. had hanclcd him to dlclrln-Dnn. If kin: demanded J,.'s wifc hc ~r-oultlscntl Ilcr ; or if hc ordcrcrl L. to run n sword of bron~c into hisheart lie would do it. (IV. IG;; R.P. x\*ii.7S.j Here we see that Lnpaya was against Gczer, and also against hIilkili. This seems (244) BIRIDIYII!o :l?c kin:. Sincc : thc trrnpc prnlit : Aklia beinz a port, he naturally pro- left, T,?pq.a ha< att8zcl;crl I?.. wh o cannot co POSCCIt~ send Lapa!.a by sea. His takinz out or ?Tn~iddx.Lct the kin; rcscuc hi< ; him ovcr the Jordan to Kannwat to relcasc city, t+at L?payamay not take it. him, in accord with Shutatna son of (\V.195 ; R P. x~ii.$1.) is Shnr;~tiiof :lkkaiu seizin^the cara~~anfrom (245) IIIRIDIY.4 to the kin:. B. i s defending Jlakida,but polverful is the en rnity of :hc Burnnburyash in Kanawat (lcttcr I 24). The Khabiri (1:. 193 ; R..P. svii. Sz) princes of Akka seem to have ruled the country across to Bashan. The writer of The following may probably bc t also frnrrl 2.46 nay Sc read as Yashda . . . and is Biridijba, but it is only a sccond tablet of prohhly thr- Yashclatn of the previous letter. a Ictter, and thc beginning cannc Ir now be peoplc of Takh may be of iden tifivd. The . . . Takhida, where ICibaddi's messenger was (z4G)x to the kinc. x xayrmd ~vithhis brothers to capturc Lapaya and bringhim to the king, stoppcd on the way from ~e)vrut to and ~o with Yashdata to EgyI)t, for Y. is Egypt. If so it must be looked for near loyal, and goes into battle wi,th x. But Mcgiclclo. Zurata took Lapaya out of 31;qidda and said to x that Z. would send hirI by ship to thc kin:. Rut Zurata ~Cnthim home from We now turn to Shuwardata, who we Khinntuna and took the mon,ey for his ransom. Zurata also let Adduniikhir go. have seen was an Eetwccn the robbed cities of S. Jordan and the Litiiny. And IIakhzi . . . ti (If'. 16j; S.R.1. xi. 343; R.Y. x\:i. 77.) looks like 'I\lik?~izn,t!le city nf Ar.ratvnya on thr, south of Herrnon. If so, Ushtiru This last let~crmust then be after letters 240-246,describing Lapayl's warfare. Dantasccs. The sec Of a chief in northern Palestine wc obtain bclong to the first, T a little light. and p~siblyKhaLi a

(252) . . . .IITARZANAprince of Khazi to the king. Prince of Tushulti has attacked him. Kkbiri arc taking cities, including3Iakh- \17e now turn bnck zi . . . ti, and burnt it. Khabiri htakc Ic:ter, written after tl themselves to Amankhatbi. Khabiri have him : after 219,240 f occupicd Sigi . . . and burnt it. The from Biridiyn ; after housc of Dil-zarib (?) iq rcscued; . . . . turc ; and afwr 2 j I c rescued from t!~city of >Inti . . . L'shtiru is takcn by the lihabiri and burnt ; and this L;?pnya secms tc they mill occupy Khazi. .knankhatbi actinx alone. is an cncmy. (\Y.134; R.1'. xvii. Sj.) (254) .~RDKHII3~~to 1 (253) r to king,from city of Tu . . . Khabiri are arc hostilc, Gazr cncrnics. Xamcs :Irnankhatbi,and city of if no troops arc I the king. bfi1 kil Khabi. . . . (if-. 135.) arc ciclivcring land to the Khabiri. A. is innocent abut the Kashi (nrho seer- *- hnvc kcn plundering). Cntil the o I'auru went to Urndim Adaya w; revo!t. Caravans of the kinq wc:e rc at Yaluna, so A. cannot fonvard t "To the scribe of my lord the ki! Abdkhiba your servant. ilt your fc fall. I am your servant Bring pl bcforcmy lord, the king, these words, ' an officer of the king.' Nay yo1 very veil." .4nd if .A. hns donc cvi! tc Kashi, let A, be killed. (W. I&; R.P.x-vii This letter hasthe curious little posts to the scribe, like most of his other lett and it seems as if the cuneiform scrib Tell el Amarna were a personal frienc Abdkhiba's, and was expected to spec interfere on his behalf with the king.

(255) ABDKHInX to the king. Milkili ..mu ..mu ...a -.. ...- revolted to thc sons of L~pnyn,and I ------r ------sons of ilrzawa.nlilkili and Tngi have t3 had from E*;r~-pt Rubuta Puuru is in Khazati. Let ' 39. Lon of Sonth Pnlcsiitrc. khamri he writ. "To thc king's sc -Abdkhiba your servant. Dring The following letter is from a man other- message plainly before the king. wise unknown. it be very well indeed with you. I (257) ADDU-ASHARIDUto the king. Two your servant" (\V.152 ; R.P.xvii. sons of Lapaya rebel, and desircd A. to I TI-IE SOUTI-I S\'Rl.\S IY.?R

jnln again;: mrn of Gina, who killcd thcir father, or el:e the). wouId ficht him. .lqk< (2h) 'IDDV-DRI:lS to thc king. Ordcrcd to that xn nfSccr hc sent to Samyav:aza to clcicnd hi? c::y and will do so. City of order him to fight thc sons of L~paya. Tumur1:a rebels, and A. has fortified Thcy ask A. to fiqht tllc kine, as Laprtya >lankhatishum; but Maya has taken it did when hc bc=iegcd Shuna . ., and from him, and put officer in it. Asks for ISur. . . . ., and Rharabu, and Gitirimu. . . orclcr to Rianap to rcturn it to A. niia, 31cssengcrs of XlilkiliaEco stir rckllion, snn of Gulati, has taken Gazri and Rubuti. {\V.r64 ; R.1'.xvii. 83.) Ransome to x were 30 of silver, to Biia Thc places named here sccm to belong looof p!d. (W. 239 ; M.A.F. vi. 279.) to the loppa rexion; Slluna . . . may be (261) x to the king. Biia son of Gulati took 1; Shunama; ~harabu,El Khurab; and brothers of whom x had sent to scwc in Yapu. If x is ordered to give his city to Gitirinlu . . . Gathrimmon. This shnws Biia he would do so, and go to serve the that Lapaya probably took Joppa. We kin?. (W. 178 ; B.O.D.7 I.) see here how Kamyawaza has driftcd down into the southern seat of war, like so many From the?? letters it secms that Addu- other of the northern fighters, Arzawaya, daian was in ;he south of Judea. He names Pakhura, Maia, Rianappa, &c. This shows Gezcr and Rabbah. Tumurka is probably that the snt~thernmar succeeded thc nnrthern, Tumrah, near Gaza; and Mankhatishum and was, probably, a sort of running fiqht seems from its length to be a compound . 4- from the Orontes down to the E.qyptian name, including that of the if'acly hlenakh, frontier. near Gezcr. Uiia IWS formerly an Egyptian Addu-daian wns another personage about subiect, as in Ietter ~oo,where he obeys this time, but his locality is unknown. Maya, and Ictter 226.

(258) [ADDU]D,II:ZU to thc king, Dcimds hi5 (262) x tcr the king. 3Iagdalirn and Kuatsbat city. (If'. 275.) are hostile; and ;lbbikha heads an in- (259) ADDU-DAIAS to the kin:. Kames surrection. (11'. 281 ; 1J.O.D. 73.) YAb . . . . and Kaya . . . . ; asks for 30 men, and will comc to Egypt. (W.240.) This city of Kuatsbat seems to be Cozeba of the Hebrew, now Ifircizilrn, near HalIiuI. I3.f THY SOUTI-I SYRI.ZS \Y THE SOLTH SYRIAN IVAR 135

This hfayddirn muqt he a fortrcrs, in Judca, as!;he rnames hlilkiii,and the attack in the Ju(lvnnhi:ls ; but thc namr on Ayalon a nd Zorah, in the hills, half-way scem to have survived like the J from Jenrsalem to the coast. The city of the north. Tsxpuna is 1:herefore some~rherenear there, and Siffin, R orth of Apalon, seems to corre- (1'63)D.~GAST..AI<.lL.I to the king resc~~efrom thc KhaSiri and the spond to this. It is certain that thcsc letters (IV.216 ; must come1: ite in the history,as the position (264) D.4G.ASTAKALA to the kir of the Khabiri corresponds to that of the and grandfatherwere obetlicnt, ; last of Abdkhiba's letters. listcn an2 ck--. (W. 2 I; ; S.E.: T!.h 1stI etter may belong to Galilee, but cannot be safely placed. This chief seems to have be south Palestineland, as the name c (267)x to ki ng. Brother of x has rebelled in Dagon is used by him. Beth Tubikhi, and gone to besiege cities . . . . . now Dajun-is six miles S.E. lands o Amurri . . . . . garrisons allgone and Da~onwas worshipped at ..a*. towns belong to Khabiri. Asks for he11I to retake Tubikhi. (W.127.) Ashdod.

(2G5) NINUR to the king. Land has 40. In taking a general, view of these to the Khabiri, who have sent i letters, and the history that they show, we and to Tsarkha . . . . two sons may notice some broad concIusions. The I.., graduallysh ifting of the peoples downSyria (2M) to king. :lsks Ic5Lucu [NINYR] thc to - southwardis 1 re~ularand clear. In the early from the Khabiri. City of Tsapuna has part of these letters the Khita, Hittites, are (IV.174) been captured. in the far norih, and only one or two princes Thelatter lctter is doubtlessfrom Xnur,as have estaldi:ihed thcmselvessouthward. The in both she addresses the kincas his hand- Hittite primce who went farthest south at maid, and writes in the same style. that timewa 1s that on the mountainsof Ipid The district of this qucen was evidently (letter I) ir11 thc Lebanon; having come from the mountainous north it w35 natural sn far south, for thew is not n 4ni.kmention that he should nnt cln like oihcr Syrians and of tile .lmurri or of their chiefs Abdas'nirta scttlc in the icrtile low plains, but rather on nncl Aziru in the whole of the letters from the colder mountain ranze. Then latcr the Pxlecitinc, though they are the main factors Khntti in general came south with iqziri, and in the north Syrian letters. \Ve must, pIundered on the coast around Gubla (letter therefore, place all thc accounts of the I j2). After this age, about I 3; j B.c., the Hebrew conqucst ns after these letters and Khatti advanced so that their chief city was after the war of Iiarnessu II., at, in fact, the Qedesil by Lake Homs, and Ramessu 11. latest stage of the Amorite movement south- only nlmin~da frcntier ji!st beyond Beymt wm?. by his fighting with them. 41. rlnother noticeable point is the variety The Amurri, Amar, or Amorites show a of government in Syria at the time of this I similar and more completc shifting south- correspondence. Fivc different forms of ward. Originally from the references here government can bc traced. we glean that Amurri or Martu was the (I) Chiefs afjointed by the king of main part of the Orontes valley. Then in Egypt, such as Ramman-nirari's grandfather the time of Ramessu I I. they appear side by (letter fl),and l'abitiri of Gaza and Joppa side with thc Iihita at Qedesh. Lilter, the (lettcr 101). war of Ramessu I1I., which was mainly in (2) HrrrdifmycL*?'Lfs, as Ramman-nirari southern Syria, found thc Amar throu$~out (letter 36), Itaiinma (letter I 14))Shumaddu that region. Lastiy, when thc I-le!~rews (Icttcr I 1.6)~nnd ilziri. came in they found thc "five kings of the (j) fhrnfc rule, as by Ninur in Judea Amorites" in Juclea from JTcrus;?lcm down (Icttcrs 265,266) reminding us of Deborah . :nn

est;lblishc~l me ovcr my father's territory." of Gibeon. (Josh. ix. r I.) It is clear that At first sight this would seem to be mcrcly 1 though government by chiefs was the more a statement of his bein? the kin& nominee. usual, yet municipalities existed under the Eut the writer of the Epistle to the Hcbrcws E-gptian rule, much as they did in Asia lml somc document containing a similar IrTinor and other countries under Roman statement about another kin^of Jerusalem, rule.

I\lelkizedek, being '* without father, without mother, without genea10,yy." (Heb. vii. 3.) Such cannot be a coincidence when it con- cerns two kings oi the same city, and is a phrase never known elsewhere. We must recognize in it a formula familiar at Jerusa- lem, and so quoted by Abdkhiba in referring his elevation to the king. It is the formula of an eIective rule distinctly, and shows that the main city of south Palestine for several centuries was familiar with elected chiefs. (5)Mmici$aL gmc?rrtrrenf. This occurs in three cities. Irqata addresses a letter from " Irqata and its elders" (letter 159). Dunip also addresses the king as "The inhabitants of Dunip " (letter r 70). And in the absence of Ribaddi, GubIa managed its own affairs and wrote from "The people who are occupying (?) Gubla " (letter 193). ll'ith these we may compare the deputation from n' the elders and all the inhabitants" ZR."lHIC.-IL OUTLTSES rjr

Shipsnccc lcd to attack B . . tG5 S ally with .: kmda . . 1fi5 Z attacks GLlbla . . 167,rdS S resist E?y ptians . If9 Z took Ni nrid threatens Tunip. . 170 42. BIOGRA\PHICrlLOUTLINES OF Z has nearly all the coast . 171. ISS I? a!!ics with Yitnni, Tiash, and Khabiri . 172 PRIKCIPALPERSOSS B tabcs Shig:an, ~Imbi,and Tsumura . 172, 18s ARDASHIRTJ(B),A~DAS~RTA'S soxs (S), and AZIRI(2). Z hnci not rc'built Tsumura . a 173 a11 linked together. S clcliwrcd incn to Suri . I75 % Icagucd wi it11 Zimrida . . 177, 17s Z attacked Qatna and threatend h'lrkhashi. I I r 7.- attn.r&sy; tmi3.,.u.a73 , . 178 Z troops used by ilr;lnn,aya to take Shaddu. 116 Z and S att2~ck :lbimilki . 183 B makes obeisance . . 127 Z Ica~uedtv ith .Imrniya, Ardata, and Xi . 187 Z sends slaves as messengers. . 128 Z r;mitcs Irqata, Tsumur, and Cllaza . . 188 Z rcports peace to Dudu . 130 Z excuses tcI king . 191 Z reports overtures to him from Nukhashi . 131 Z attackcd 1by Sukhashi and betrayed by H attacks Ribacltli . 140, r42 Khatiib . . 191 R sendstribute . I43 I3 excuscs tcI king, will yield Tsumur . . 192 I3 dictates tcrms . Amurri rcbels against B 195,209 144 . . I3 ordered by king . 1.17 I3 nrtlcrcd insurrcciion in ihmi).a . 195, 203 Z refuse.; to leave, as Khatti arc in Xukhashi Z Icapcd n. ith Khabiri . 179 R took xll bl lt Gubla and Biruna , 202,21 I B attacks Rihaddi 151.154, B writes to IBit Sinib . ' . 203 Z tics up Ribaddi's ttadc S burn the c.it ics . . 20; Ribntidi desires to attack Z, S Z has rair?cclI all the land . ZO;, 210 S ally with hlitani, Kash, and Khitn S Gnhla bet raycd to, by Rabimur - . 203 13allies with Yaps-addiand Zimsida Z nbtains Cr'ubln . . 220 S dcsccnd into .lmurri . B takcs Bin:~ta . . :?I, 3112 Z takes Ribaddi's mcn and ships rh~)il~IDh accused of rcvolt . . 227 Z allied 1vi:h Yap-addi . (0 f attacked by Milkili . 232 Burnabula holds L'llaza to Shigata Urusnlimj at Urusalim 233 H attacks Tsurnun . ~42 BIOGR.WlIIC.\L OUTLINES I

I.sendsq~slnt.es . . 23.4 1I attacks Shuwardata . . 251 caravans robbed . 254 asks for Yankhamu 255 lost all but Urusalim . . 256 -\v~x~rrndemands shccp from Ribaddi . 132 (comrnis- namedby Ribnddi . IN, 207 sioner) askedto deliver Ribaddi . . 142 complained to by Ribaddi 165,225 in Tsumura 169 appealed to by Ribaddi rgs. 203,m~,203,(2 15), 225 ITAKAX~attacked Amki 107,roS, log, 158 (ofKinza against Akizzi . . 113 and Qtdesh) appeals to king . . Irq takes Gizza . 1x6 7 (?) allied with Amurra . r47 took Qedesh . . . 178 named by Rabimur . . 188 KHAI sent to Bumaburyash . . 21 Khaya goesto ITutzu , 41 K h aya hostile to Atdashirta . I44 by Khai addressed Aziru . - I49 Khaya ordered by king to Tsumur , 166 Khaib desired by Ribaddi to take message . IS,1% Khayapa addrc.ssed by Ribaddi . 196, 197 Khaib yielded up Tsumura . I99 K haya sends garrison to Urusalirn . 233 (The above are all variants of the name of one commissioner.) E!OCR.API-IIC.ILOCTLINES 145 S.! %!\-.\!Y.IZ.I nnmcd by Ribaddi . .112 (in Tsumuy.)only Ts. and Irqata left aslxcl for by ~ldduadwidu 257 } 158 . governorhas fled from Gubla I appejlcd to by Itnkama . r14 . Criven out of Irqata, now in Rikhura kin^ ackcd to mtclR. to Ts. . IGO .\murti. 155 (in Gub1.1) ships of Ts. Uirutu and Ziduna ,, hoIdqKumidi . . (156) 199 ;{:I lost, Tsumura still kept . 161 )I of Kumicli attacks Ribaddi. zm cannotgo to Tsumura . . 162 Pakhura samc . 01 fears for Tsurnura . 163 ,, named , . 141 .4Mnshitta besieges Tsumura . 161 Pauru snvcs LTnlsalim 254 . I Tsumur;! in great danger. . 165 Fun1 wcnt to lihazati . 255 I Khaya in Tsumura . . 166

(The abovc a11 act 2s Eyj.ptinr~ cr>rnrnis4orlcr, I Azim attacking Gubla 167-8 and seem to bc probably all variants of one name.) let Khaib and Amanappa leave Ts. . . . 169 RlllhD~1 ordercd to supply shccp . . 1;s Tsumura lost . . 172 named . . 133, 1.17-3 ,, not occupied by enemy 174 .hips sci7ed by Yap-nddi I 34 . desires to drive enemyfrom Ts 175 will dcfcnd city . 159 ~ Tyrc rebelling 185 defends ayainct ilbdashirta . 140 . . (in Biruta) Tsumura should berecaptured 186 surrounded by Khabiri , . 141 j I ordcred to send ship.; to Yari- Gubla faithful . [Rabimur in Gubla 187,1581 muta , . 142 . Gublais in danger (2) asked Xbdashirta to hclp ) 189 him . . 1.17 I wood sold to Yarimuta . wants troops for Gubla, no attacked by ilbdashirta . . 151 corn - 190 stopped by rlziru. . 152 . wants to raise Amurri against namcs Tsumuri and nTartu . 153 rlziru . I95 nnmcs Tsurniiri and .~lbrla~liirtnr 51 wants to reoccupy Tsumura, (not in Tsu- desires kinq to occupy z'tmurri 1 ;5 and troops to go to Shigata rnura) and Ambi . . , 196 (in ~ubla) Tsumura in danger . 156 . (in Gubla) cannot reoccupy Ts., Gubla icars for Tsurnurn 157 surrounded . 197 L I3IOGR.ll'lIIC;'IL OUTLISES 1.17 199 Kl~aib~iclr!ciPu~:,Tsnmur~. l'.\s~r [.\\IT: ,asl:cd to brinq troops . . 156 aitackcdbyl?ikhura . 200,201 oo.~htto give corn 157 only has Gubla and Biruna namcd by Ribxtldi, 165, IS, cirls and timber so!d to Yari- 202 Ij'l., 19, 222 rnuta . . I rcprortchcd for neqlccting Tsu- pcopIc sold to Yarimutn . mum . . 171 203 only Gubla and two cities left j namedby Gublitcs 193 204 in 3rd par no corn, acks ) goncto Egypt . . 199 for supplies given before to can order corn for Ribaddi . 204 to Tsumura . m6 to be spokento by Amanappa 205 Gubla and Biruta only left . 207 to be askcd of by thc king . 214 R;lh:rnur tried to drivc R. from to come, or all will bc lost in Gubla . . 208 South. . 226 asksfor troops to Gubla and took away a garrison . . 227 Biruta . 209 to be asked of by the king . 228 all but Gubla lost. . 210 took 3000 talents from Milkili 229 (in Biruta) trapped in Gubla R. flees to knowsShunwdata's troubles . 230 Riruta , . 211 askcd for by Abdkhiba . 255 only niruta left . 212 . YAPX-ADDIblamed by Ribaddi . - 134 Rahimur(?) hastaken Gub!a . 214 will explain Kibaddi's affairs . 139 family rebel in Gubla . . 216 fights Ribaddi. I5 5, I 56, "5 reported by governor of Riruta 220 named . . 158 (in Gubla) Bintta tnkcn and 221 Gubla ail1 fall a-yrccs with Abdashirta . - I57 Zirlnn and I3imta cncmies . 222 I* ,, Azin~. . IGI Gubla only left . 223-4 tnok mnney . 204 ~tlern!~at gnte of Gubln 21c . . ., Zrv~rn.~N. grov. of Tsiduna . 145 YAKKHAJIUtook Yabitiri to Enpt , . IOI in Tsumurn (') . . 145 (cornmissioncr) with Shipti-nddi . 56 gov. of Tsiduna . 145 informed that S. Galilee is lost 1x8 gone over to Abdnshirta, 168, asked by Ribaddi to occupy 157,153, 174 Amurri 155 . gets IICIYSfrom .\ziri . 177 Z~IDAS. dluts up ilbimilkiin 'I Fi:!lt~ ~lbimilki , tnkcs LTzu. ZI?!RIDAS. obedient in Lachish conspiredagainst in L; demands scrvicc of . 4;. ISDES OF PEIISO3S rami , Theytar showsa chmge of nllegisncefrom Egj-pt toSyria.

Aaddu, r10, Addu. .. . ya, I 10, Ahanappa,~.Amanappa IRduna, 188, 189,' Abbikha. 252 A kia, 40, * I Abdncidi, 133, Akl~itl~~bu,124, Abdashirta,v. Biog. out- Akhunimiiki, 184 line Akizzi, 111, 112, It3, Abdirama,zco, 123, Abclkhiba, v. Bog. out- Amanappa,v. Biog.out- line line Abdmilki,85, 200, ' Amankhatbi,*252, 253 Abdna . .. roa, Amanma,161,~ Abd Sinip, 164, Amayashi, 53, Abdtirshi,70, I ~munira,:?S2j, 186,208, Abdurash,I lo,* ' 216, 217, 218, (219)~ Abi . . ., 235,. I 220,' Abimilki,177 - - to 135 Amuraddi,I 10, Abishiarami,235 Anati,I 10, Adnia, ' a54 Am.. . ., 198,. Adcladan,240, ' ' r\rtamanya, Cg, Adduasharidu,257,* Artashumra, 4, Addudayan, 258, 259, Artatama, I I,* 260, Ar Tishub, * I r Addumikhir,78,79, 233, Artiawiya (in N.), 75, 246 76,' 112, 116 I49 33, Riridiy?, ?.I: to "7, Irshappn. I,+ IIaia, 97, 100, lfh4 260 Bishitanu, rfa, It;rknma, z: Biq. out- Rin@ari,193, 194~ lint lla!ia, 147 Ihhri,10, I I, Itilluna, ?o,* Mani, 5,6, 7, 9, I4 n, Ihikhiya, r63, 12, 14.4, Jhrnabu!a, 162 lhllirnasin,13, 14, Iluribita, IC;;, 16, 17,' 11 !.ab, * I I S Karnindnsh, 19,+ Aziri, :*. 13ioz. outline Kasi, I+I,* Kayn . . .., 259,' Dagantakala, 333. 266.' Khabi, 184 Fhhikha, r59, ' Khai. Khaiapa, Baduza, 55, Dasha, * I 12 Baiaya, ~co,226, 260, Dashirti, 147 Namyawaza v. Biog. Dxhru, 47, 49, 8 line 26 I outline Diyati, 89,* Khama~hi,11, 12, 21,' Balummi. 124 Natanaddu, 200, Durlu, 130, 131, 148, Khama:hni, 198, Uatti-ilu, I 10, 191,. Nimmakhi, I47 Dummup, 240 narvanamash, + I 17 Sinur (fc?~~.),265, 266. Lhshratta, 4, 5,6,7,8,9, Ucnana, I 10, Sizazl II,* 10, I I, 12, Bcnazi, I 33, Kurtuya .. . .ma, 176, * Benili, I 10, * 49, 15519I Denzidki,I ro,* Gesdinna, * 1pakharnnata, 163." 192, Gilukhipa, 4, Khiziri, 99,* 13idinazn, I 23 Khua:~, 21,~ I93 Gilya, 4, 5, 6, g, I I, r2,* Hiia, v. Ilaiayu Kidinramman, 23, Pakhura, v. Biog. out- Rikhura,I rj,I%, * Gulati, * 2G0, GI line Kunia, 30, . nilqarib, 252, Faluia, 150, K\lrignlzu, 20, ?I, Hilram 30, I lJa1umn, + 147 .. . ., Ildaya, 107,. Kuzuna,I 26, * Bininima, I IS, Ilkha ... ., 133,. , J'amakhu, * 2" Biri . , . ., 108, Ilumilki, A, ITS*; B, Lapya, V, Bbg. out- : Pashtummi, 30, Biriarnaza,* 22 I 227 line , Pauru, v. Pakhura Biridshya, (1081, + r16, l'aya ., 19 Inbauta, 103, * Lip, 147 i . . . I 17, (122 ?) Iribniaqha, 141,s Lupakku, I 10 I'crizzi, 10, I I, 12, Pirlihi, * 4 230, 248 to ,151, I'amilki, v. Abimilki,, Yitya, go to #, Puaddi, 72, 73, 74, 256 ISS ' Yuni, 9, Ramman-ninri,36, Subayacli,r 37, Rabirnur, r97, 188, Sur;i~hnr,50, (2151, (220) I Surnta,tr. Zurata Rianapa,72, $, 6.26,* [Su]n.arrana,2 52, 1 -+ Ribaddi, v. Biw. out- Yaps-addi, 7: l3ioz. out- Zidn . .. ,, 2, * ... I line line Zimrida, v. Riog. out- Tadua,I r 8, + Riqa, I 3, E'nnakhi,236, 237,23s line I Tadukhipa.3, g, 10, I I: Rusmania,45, E'apakhi-addi, 1 7 I. 174.' Zirda)~ashda, I zz I Tag;, So, sr, 231; 232, Saptiaddu,234, Zishamini,46, r,255 ~33~24 I'ashdata, 246,247, 1Zitana, I 10, Takhmaini,81, Shaba... ., 51,* Yaehuia, I 18, ( Zitriyara, 58, 59,% Takua,3G Shabi-ilu,I Go, Yiktasu, 54 1 Zurata, I 19, 1 24, 246 1Tarkhurndarau~h, r, Shakhshikhashikha,73 Yishiari, 147 ) ZU ....,204,. Sharatu,:I. Zurata Tashu.. . ., 213 Sham,' 147 Tiuwati, * I 12 Shatiya, 68, Tsalma, 21, 22, EGYPTIAN KISGS NAMED Shindirhugab,19, + 1 Tuni~-i~ri*4.* Turbazu,2~4~ Shiptiaddi, 56, 57, ! Khuri = Yapkhuriya,3 I Kapkhuria (Amenhotep 235 1Turhikhnm, 165; Shipturi,42, * 1 IV.),10, 1 I, 12,18, 19, Sh~~bnndi,63 to 67, ,/ Tup.* 147 J'lanakhbiia (Tahutmes 201 21, 221 351 124 135,* I IIl.),36 ' Nimmuria (Amenhotep Shumadda.* I ZA, 125, ,Ushbarra, 30. 111.)~194.5~ 6,7,S* 1'8 ' BTmakhbiria(Tahutmes I r 26 IV.), 130 13~14, 16,17, I I I, I 12~ Shumukha. .. ., 52,' ! I'ab . . .., 52,259. llirnmuria (Amenhotep (204) Shuta, IG,122, 234," Yabsia, ICQ III.), 9 12 , Tii (Tyi), 9, I 0, I I Shutma(king), 5, r I, * Shutarna(govcmor), 37, 38,+ Shutatna,v. Zatatna , Yakhzibaia,104 105,. Shuwardata,86, 57,228, Yama, I 35, ISDEX OF I'L.\CES 155

Khanigalbat, 6, I I, 13, 35, 419 Kharabu, * 257 Khashabu, 108, 4mki,* 107, 108, 19, ' niruna, Diruta, 144, 151, Khasugari (omitted by 110, r 18 W.; U. I I~~,ISF~,ZX,ZO~,~O~, 10) Amrnia, 1x2, 187, 188, 211,21.?,217,~1g,~20, Khatat,* 170 1951202,203. 2 I 1 221, 322, 224, 225 Khntti, 1, 2, 3,* 4, 33, tlmurra, 11 r, 128, 139, , Hit-arti, 157, + I~aid.I, jG, 107, 108, ~q,I 10, 130, 142, rl~,147, I Rit-Tinib N., 2o3; S., Ikhibni[omitted by \Ir.: I1 I, 112, 148, 149,150, 149, 153, 155, 158; 's6 B. 27) 152, 156,178,133, 191, 161, 192, Igj, 204 I nit-tiri, 197 Inishatsi(ri),Go, +

306,214220,267 / hr(q3?), * 257 Araru,' I 18 i Buruzilim,~OP, Xrdnta, a rGz, IS?,133, ) B~zrllna,43, ' I 16 1 Sg Karduniyash, 13, 39, 1~hazun, 70, 71, + 183 Arsa~i:(omitted 'Danuna, 178, B. 10) 1Dima,.hqa, rz, Ic 41, 1Khikubta, 1G4,* Kashi, I 56, IGZ,172, Khinatuna, 124* 246 Anmda, 144, rG5, 184 ! Dubu,61, . I 193, 214 234,254 Khinianabi,* I 18 Ashtarti. I IG,I 18 Gadashuna, 16. Khabi . .. 253, ' Kinal.:haiu,20, S:?iri,* 234 273 Shuarbi, 22 I , + Tsurri, 177, 179, 184,~ Shuna. . ., * 257 185 Shuti, 35,1r5,13rI 138,+ TU... .,253, 157,700,201,202,236, Tubikhi, * 267 Tumurkha, * Z~O Lakisha. 97, 2341 254 263 / Sigi .. , .,+ 252 Tunip, 149, 150. 170,* Lpana, ' I I 2 I Suarti!?), 157, t 191 Subari, 169 I ~ushulti,* 252 Sun', * 175 Magdali, I 18, 262, , Ubi,+ 112, I14 (Egypt), 122 Udumu,+ 118 Takh ., + 247 Magiddn,122, 242, 244, . .. Takhida,* I 86 Ugarit, I 3, 63, I 52, 171, Rubuta, 255,256,260 2451 2461 Tana Tashu) * 204 178, 185, + hlakhzi ti, 252 Rukhizi,* I 12, 213 Ullaza, 155, *162, 165, . . . Taruna, 45, Mankhatishurn, 2Go, * 3Inrtu, v, Amurri Shaddu.r 16, Mar . .. ., 270 Shamkhuna, + 125 Mati .. ., 252 Shanira (omitted by U'. ; Xikhiza, 75, B. 27) Nihkha, 155, 166, I:s,* Shmkhar, 33 3lir;litu,* I 18 Shanh, rjg Nitani(see 4 to 12),* Shaskhimi, 85, * 15611621 1%,172,rSg, Shaushbi (omitted by Yabishi, * I 18 206,213,224 W.; B. 27) Yabu, +SG Mu(ru?)khazi, + 137 Shigatq* 162, 171, 172, Yacla, + 162 Flushikhuna,37,38, q61 203 Yaluna, ;I. Ayaluna 45. IDENTIFICIITIOY OF PLACES

Italic nnmcs are modem Anbic forms. Kt., orten prefixed,is AvhrtrFd, and shows anancient ruin to cxlct at tlw plnce.

ARITUoccurs in a group of names which must be considered together. The history in the letter 116 is that Biridashya stirs up Yanuh in the hinterland of Tyre, and then, being afraid of Namyawaza coming down from Kumidi by the Litsny, he boldly struck across to the Haumn, brought up forces of Bozrah, &c., and compelled N. to retreat from Kumidi (on the Beyrut and Damascus road) into Damascus, in order to save that from the rebels. Then Aziru's troops in Gish arc brouzht up, either to thc bmd of thr: I,ithy, or on the Damascus road, to Shacldu (not iclentified), to block Namyaviaza from reaching the Tyrinn region. Thus Gish was destroyed, and the territory of Abitu will be taken. This points to .9bitu bcing S.\j7. of thc line from Gish

as9 to Yznuh, nnd this agrees to Kk. Afid-4, oppn4t.cxrms tl~c Jnrclnn (6 S. R',cthql~can). is I 5 S. of Tyre, 16 11'. of Gish. ant1 Tc:trqi prol~blya :r:yr7, or chrk p'incc, a mlour-name often found, thouqh ADURI occurs in another pup, linrtlly the Jclxl Zerqn 20 S.E. of Jabesli. Tlic cities of the land of Gar arc Lrc' .IKIILI~TIare nnmcd with the kin: of Aduri, Amru, hlishtu, >Iagdali, and Ic Ii:~rci~in!-nsIi,;I people I<~O\VIIto thc -4ssyrians anabi. There is no general indicatic betwccn Bal~ylonancl Nincwh (So. 29). known locality, but most of these n are found west of the lake of Tiberias. AI~I~Ai5 uucloultcdly ALka, Gr. Akko. land of Gar is namcd in t!:e going up to " I..This ha5 been wliproposccl Gur which by Ibleam," and which led to is to be Cyprus,and looking to thc abundance Jlegiddo (2 Kinqs ix. 27); a phrase which of copper it can I~ardybc dnubtccl. One belongs to a whole region, like "the entering gnotl iridication slioultl bc sought ; in No. ;o in of Hamath." This going up must be " " the Lycinnsplunder the city of Zikhru in the valley of Jezrccl, and the land of Gar Alasi).a. therefore about Nazareth. Here are found Udumu (Adamah UCC'J.,DutnifA, 5 S.W. Tiberias), Aduri (EL Tid, I 4 Lb7.S.11'. Tiberias), Araru (Avnvct/r,8 S. W. Megiddo, the key to that city in the Tahutmes war), Mishtu(Kh. Af~tsL/u/r, 14 1fr.N.\V.Tiberias), 3lagJali ( Mnpdala, J1~jdc/,3 X.1J. Ti berias), and Khinianabi (or 'Enanab,Winckler) may be Hananieh (Krfu 'Anc;rr, 12 N.W. Tiberias). After this it is said Tsarqi, Khawani, and Yabishi were captured. Ya- bishi must be Yabcsh Gilead (I 2 S.E. 13eshshean), Khawani agrees to Kh.Kri~iii)!, . .. noticcd under AEitt~,hi< nct~v~trcyl!.iny west to Yinuama. and east tn Ashtarti. Mere thcre is not a sinclc reference to any coast tc?~r*n; evidently the whole group is in thc Orontes-jordnn~allcy. Damascus is thc fiscd point; Ubi (Egn. Aup?)must be thc Damascus plain. In the rezion of Biridashya we must fis Iuas the Hl'l\haba valley nf Ganins,thc capital being prnhal~ly Rnnia.;. Thc other alIietl capital, Iihazi, must be ncx; and a key of the cnuntryis Kh. ':4zziych (91V.N.W. Banias), between the bend of the Lithny and thc source of Jordan, one of the most important stratqic pints. Thc only great plain that thcsc would c~mmnndwould be the Bukeiah up the Litins, where >lmnt?J stands (19 S. E. Bcyrur). Itnkama hcld Kinrahim~lf, and Girlshi (a Qcdesh) had bclonyed to his father (cviii.). For him to repel this north- ward rnovcmcnt he must halve been to the north of 'ilrnmik; his Qedesh then must bc t11at of Lake Horns, 2nd cannot be that by Lnkc Hu!ch. His Iiinznis prc~hnlrly lost to sizht in one of thc ma!ly Kncseh (church) nnmcs in thc Uaalbrk rrpion. Th:ware thrce places that mightbe Qatna, 'rdl liarcine11 (by Lake I Ioms), Qatana (I-1. I\'. Dnmnscus). Kh. Iintanch (5 E.S. E, Safcd). Thcr first ~~ouldbe in Italcan~n's Ar,n..\v.i1;nnn.n as ;5rrad, Aratius (Gr.), pnwcr, and too hr frnm Ihmaqcus rnr d. .\kizzi : thc last would hnvc no rclnticvl to c;?,ff S~lkhashi,Xi, and Zinsar. with Itnl:;~mn AGIIT.~~.TIjliincd with I3ozs;~hand Golan ; cutting ccoimunicxi~nsat Qcclcsh. I-Icncc t~~iilmtly.\\!~:~rml~ (?cj E. Tihrii~s). the Qntnnx by D;:m~scusnirtst LCths spat of .Ilii~zi. Lnpuna, which joined I talia~~n in ;~ttncl:iny Qmn. is probnldy I-Idhiln (1; N. S.?\-. L'zn?nqc:~c). T!~is co:xp!e:-5 !!?is voup of associated namcs. .=' .~JZ.ITT,or I

Rlr XIYIE. (1) Scar Guhla (203). dtcr Tsumura was lost; unknown.(2) Sear Qilti (licilnh), toward Jcr~lsalcm(1~6) : un- known. RIT-TIRT.Occupied b!- Khainpa in retreat from Tsu mura (.?) ; proT~d~lyK/:. et T;Yc~on foot of hills ;. S.E. of Akka. J3c~Lf:~j.Perhaps Ecnc-bcraq, 5 E. of Joppx. as the other nnrncs with it in 257 ayce with th;.; region. I~CI:LILI\T,near Gubln ; unknown. Bvzr:c\-~,certainly Botrah by the con- nection. D.iw~.i,certainly Danyaan Meb., A'd. D(irric;u now, on thc hraciland of Ras en Sakurah at thc 'l'yrian Stcps. It is n,~mcd by ilbimilkiof 'l'yrc, at a time when he was besiegc-d ; it is visibly, as thc headland to the south, from Tye. D~v.islrq \. a1v1 written Ti!nxhZi, is GIT-1 this name rnerd). Tamcsqu of the E~ptinns,-. J3it,r!'sLi~, Da- rnc ;ins " th?: ~zrdcnsof thy ~int+!.nrJ,"lilic: mascus. ~li~g* :;~rclc~~s,+' Sm. .i~, 6;. 70, mi1 q; in -1 alit::rn~,s 111, li\t (/ii.

E;~I.\TTIare ccrtai111y the Khita of the E~>.~ti;rn.;,or i-Iittites. Thcy be~nnto act far in thc north, and grad:~;dly pushd

E;![\ZCI;I OCCII~Sin 70,71, but onl!. hns any po-ition s11on-n in I $3, \I hcrc new.: of it.: dr[(-ctir,n is :iven from Tlr~,vith nfbm of uiu (Homh) 2nd Zidt-~n. 1~ tllll; I IDFYTTrTC.\TTOY OF PI, ICES

nev TJ~,and doubtlcss Hnznr, I I S.E. nf ( It must, ther~forc,he a belt ncrnqs Ty rc. Galilce to the Hauran.

~

hlrr.n~is ilram Sahnraini, or upper IIcso- potnrnia.

RIu . . I;II.~:wns ncnrGezcr (33;); pos~ibl!. Kk. c/ .l/~tk/:c.;ti~t,S S.11-. Gezcr. I . . . I not identi5cd; scc Cl;rrrrr:r : perhaps the same as h11ri~rz.1. ?Ivsrrrr;rr~.x.ioccupied by a rulcr Shu- tarna ; neither riarnc occurs again. ?T.ixr;lr.~rrsr!r-?.rwns in thc soutii, nnt fiir I 1, thc country fron~Gczcr (260). Thc \Ync!!* ?Icna!;h (; ..~III; of S. Gezcr) seems to prcscrve thc name. Sallactin I>>*hlitani, in upper RIcsopotamin.

KI.prcdxtbly the same 3% zhc Eg!.pti:~ri jmsscssion Xi)'. Ev ow reference(fix[. ii. 6;) it looks 3s if it wwr3 in S;htraina. but this is csplninccl by n similar passqc (Hist. I IG), where aftcr settin2 LIPa tablct in Naharaina, thc king came to thc city of I Siyin going south, after the tnblct was set h' up Xi!. iq Eln!:wl i~i~l~Spn nlnmst crrt~inl!-tl~c Hzr or hill nf Schru, tllrqC jrt~~rc,S/.ivr>l~;-. I o m. nnn- Ar~fi?!i-+,t3c great hendlnnd of tllc 1.I*;lcphant< wcrc hunte '%xl-~T>~ri~rmi (I 2 ni. S. Tyrc). Ndiwn I 2.1) ; nntl thi.; ~ITI>IITthat t! and I'nnuh and 1)y strmmr, nnd .lnauqnsa been fertile plains. It iq lir 1wtn.ccn thc~woulcl prc-,bnl)ly bc on the n~i!-n and .lrtlata (letter rS; intcrmcdiatc strcanl r?i the Il'rtdy 'Ezzi!.eh. br, possiihy h'ih(7, rg S.\Y It is juqt po~~ibl~:that .Inwq?sa has been nn thr other ltand it is refc cnrruptcd into 3ledinet en Xnhas (city of mvn nT 'I'ilnip (1c~~t.r l>rass) on tIi;lt stream. Anyhow this de- ?:!!l?er iQ l<[,fl* 11rr711/7s !\-.y pcnciency, or country pdace, of the king of and this wouicl bctter fit thc Jlcgid110 can haye nothin: to do with thc of Aincnhotcp 11. to Ugari~ far northrrn kingdom of Kukhnshi. Nuk- ?;I?;.I, city of Ishtar, is Nil liashi appears to have been bctwcen the Orontcs and Euphrates, from the various Nr.~rr.is~r.This is thc I portant country of S. Syria mentions of it. strangely confuscd with Anar Q.IYL~,from thc prince of which a letter 1mes 111. annals. (H;kl. I rcmains { miyht bc "the water or Anaugasa is connectedwith i Qina," by JIcgiddo of thc Tahutn~escam- and in its f rst mention is plac paiy (Hisf. ii. IO;), or Qnrrn, S S.E. of country palaces of thc kin Tyre, or Cana- Q17trct ELJc.fil- 13 \V. Yenuamu. Anau~asa, an Tibcrias. There is nothing to prove the These shor~ldbc iound nen position. somc~vlicre withinthe terriror Ycnuamuappcars to be Yan Q.l~s.1we haye seen to be Qatana, 14 Sanu of tllc /]mu or Syrix \Y.S.\V. of Dmascu.;. (Scc AVKI.) part of the name is sp&d QIDEWUwas thc ptrirnnny of Itnliama csactly as the Amu. Ha (I 141, and probably Qedesh by Lake Honis. SIIANII~:,near I rqatn ; appnrcntly S/lnqga on thc coast lo S.\V.of Tripoli. Srr.\s~:!~rvr,citv of ;lbdimilki,not identified. Srrrc, ~TAis Tell Snukat or Sukat, 3 m. S. of JL~~/:.R,see Grn~x. QL.TLTwas ncar .\nlntn :~ndIrqntn, hut is SHTKIIMLIwould be found now most now unknown. likcly as Sihlnli, and this might well be a RI:I:T:T \ is n Rablxtth or capitnl, nnd was sah! or plain on the coast near Tsumura. ncar Gczer (260) and not far from Gimzu with wllic11 it is mentioned. nncl Iieilah (2 jf)?. This points to A"'.1i'rrlOn SHIRDANAare named as Egyptian auxili- (-1 N.S.W. Keil;~ll),supposcd to bc Rabbah aries, and are doubtless the Shardana, foreign nf Josh. xv. 60. auxiliaries so wcll known in the XIXth Dynasty. SIIII;~,Shaaraim, Heb. Kh. es Said (I2

I W. Jertisalrm), see GISTIKIR~.. Sttc?i:nrwould be very important to SIIAYI;HT?:.\was the tit!, of Cl~~rrnn~lrl~~, identify, as (216) it w3s "LIKgate to \y.r.ho lcaguecl \r.ith .\kl;u to ;11b~ckI

VG.\RIT,a diqtrict in the north c thc coxst (letter r :? ; news nbtai~ lettrr I;S), and far north, at t11 Ec).ptian claims (letter I; I). valuable piece of country on the of Gubla is the mouthof the Oro must have becn of importance, -- 126 IDI?YTITlC.\TIOY OF J'L.-\CFS Z.i~r.~;rirwx, a coast land ncar LT3~rit.not J'.IP~~IIIis Yabc4 GiLd, I 2 S.E. Erth- shran ; scc. .I~r-r,r. idcntilicrl. YADAcomcs nrtcr :Imbi, Shi~atn,and ZIKII~:.~n cil!- of rSlashi~aor Cyprus, cx- Ullnzn,but no moclcrn name tliercnbouts p~-lscrlto Lycinn incursions. rescmblcs it. ZILUwas in thc so~tli,named next after YAPUis certainly KTfn or Joppa Ginti (En Gannim);it may well be Zclah, I-Icb., S. of Tcrusdem, but not identified. YAR~IUTAcannot be the Biblical Yeri- moth, as that was inland ; but Yorinloth, ZIKZA!:is namccl between Xi and Kinanat, mn Arimathcn, Kmioth, and Ramah, arc 21 and hardly be othcr than S/iitrshnv,11 terms for a high place, and ma!- occur any- S. of Moms. where. The bcqt inclicaiinn is that it wlsan Zrr;r~.\s~~zstis the plain of Bashan. important port OFcoinmcrcc, and closc to Z~I~TILIis named as a citj Gubla. Thc nearest port to Gabuln is where a rncssencer would fin Laodiccn, and ;.~q this mas a Ramoth, bcin: This was probably a capital known ns Ramitha, it is pretty certainly lowcr Ezypt. It can hardly k Yarimutn; see GUBLA. Xeniphis, the city of Ptah YIBUL~VAmust be between Gubh,where Sqqara. The constant mutatic Ribadda was, and Tsumura,to which his man in Laptian prevent any diffil was going when cnpturcd (lettcr 161): no identification. such name is in the map. YIKHLIYAis linliccl with Ullaza, Ardntn, Y..Ambi, and Ships; it is probably Qlrhit, 5 N.E. of Ardnta. Y~sv.iv;\r.~is thc Egyptian J'enuamu, or Yanoah, I-Ieb. I'mrrc/:,7 E. Tyrc, belongin< to the ilmu or Syrians.