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Home , India, Manmohan Ghose

V Siva Prasad* et al. ISSN: 2250-3676

[IJESAT] [International Journal of Engineering Science & Advanced Technology] Volume-5, Issue-2,134-139

A SURVEY ON LITERATURE Dr.V. Siva Prasad , Department of English, S.V ,Kadapa,

Abstract

Indo-Anglian literature contributed to the common pool of writing in English. It is a literature which is a combination of Indian 9 literature and written in English. Indian refers to the body of work by writers in India who write in the English and whose native or co-native could be one of the numerous of India. It is also associated with the works of members of the Indian . It is frequently referred to as IndoAnglian literature. As a category, this production comes under the broader realm of - the production from previously colonized such as India. Indian English literature has a relatively recent history; it is only one and a half centuries old. The first written by an Indian in English was by Sake Dean Mahomet, titled Travels of Dean Mahomet; Mahomet's travel narrative was published in 1793 in . In its early stages it was influenced by the Western art form of the novel.

INTRODUCTION my research work. On the basis of the understanding of the Indo-Anglian literature whole. The fact that Indian literatures are a and the rise and development of novel in product of a multilingual, multicultural and IndoAnglian literature, the novels of sociohistorical mélange cannot be overlooked. can be judged properly. Indo- Today Indian literature reached at the apex of Anglian literature contributed to the common creation with the contribution of regional and pool of world writing in English. It is a national writers. This researcher would like to literature which is a combination of Indian 9 focus on the root and brief literary history of literature and Indian literature written in Indian writing in English and the genre – novel English. Indian English Literature refers to the in Indo-Anglian literature up to the time of body of work by writers in India who write in Mulk Raj Anand for better understanding of the English and whose native or co-native his novel. Here, it is essential to mention the language could be one of the numerous brief history of Indian writing in English and . It is also associated with the contributors of it. the works of members of the Indian Diaspora. Along with the list of the contributors in It is frequently referred to as IndoAnglian Indian writing in English, the rise of the new literature. As a category, this production form of literature- novel in also comes under the broader realm of necessary to focus. For that researcher would postcolonial literature- the production from like to divide the history of Indian writing in previously colonized countries such as India. English into three parts, first to understand Indian English literature has a relatively recent the beginning and of Indian history; it is only one and a half centuries old. writing in English by major contributors, The first book written by an Indian in English second for the rise and development of new was by Sake Dean Mahomet, titled Travels of literary genre (novel) in Indo-Anglian Dean Mahomet; Mahomet's travel narrative literature and third to understand Anand as a was published in 1793 in England. In its early novelist. These three parts are foundation of stages it was influenced by the Western art

IJESAT | Jan-Feb 2017 1 Available online @ http://www.ijesat.org V Siva Prasad* et al. ISSN: 2250-3676

[IJESAT] [International Journal of Engineering Science & Advanced Technology] Volume-5, Issue-2,134-139 form of the novel. Early Indian writers used Hindu College, Calcutta. A teacher as well as a English unadulterated by Indian words to poet, Derozio had expressed nature in his convey an experience which was essentially poetry like Keats. The flavor of Romanticism Indian. Indian writings in English are a product found in his poetry as he was highly of the historical encounter between the two influenced by Byron, Shelley, Keats, Scott and cultures—Indian Moore. He died at the very early age due to cholera in 1831. This was the time when Indian English Literature refers to the body of Hindu society in was undergoing works by authors in India who write in English considerable turmoil. In 1828, Raja Ram and whose native or co-native language could Mohan Roy established the , be one of the numerous languages of India. It which kept Hindu ideals but denied idolatry. is also associated with the works of members This resulted in a backlash within orthodox of the Indian diaspora. The very definition of Hindu society. It is in the perspective of these the adjective “Indian” here is hazy. Many of changes that Derozio was appointed at Hindu these writers neither live in India, nor are college, where he helped release the ideas for Indian citizens. As a category, this production social change already in the air. His brilliant comes under the broader realm of lectures presented closely-reasoned postcolonial literature – the production from arguments based on his wide reading. He previously colonised countries such as India encouraged to read Thomas Paine's Though one can trace such writers in India to Rights of Man and other free-thinking texts. a century back, Indian writing in English has Although Derozio himself was an atheist and come into force only in the last couple of had renounced , he encouraged decades or so, as far as literature goesIn this questioning the orthodox Hindu customs and way he had contributed his writing and conventions on the basis of Judeo-Christian thoughts in the foundation of Indo-Anglian rationalism. He infused in his students the literature and prepared pathway for his spirit of free expression, the yearning for successors and contemporaries like Henry knowledge and a passion to live up to their Derozio, the Cavally Brothers, Kashiproshad identity, while questioning irrational religious Ghose, Hasan Ali, P. Rajagopual, Mohanlal, and cultural practices. Derozio's intense zeal 12and Michel Madhusudan Dutt etc are for teaching and his interactions with students considered first Indo-Anglian writers of verse created a sensation at Hindu College. His and prose students came to be known as Derozians. He The mid nineteenth century is the renaissance organised debates where ideas and social in India as that was the time of great literary norms were freely debated. In 1828, he and social revolutions. At that time legendary motivated them to form a literary and thinkers like Maharshi , debating club called the Academic Kesub Chunder , Dayanand , the Association. In 1830, this club brought out a founder of the Samaj have contributed magazine named Parthenon. Apart from for social reform, educational reform and articles criticizing Hindu practices, the religious reform which has given scope for students wrote on women's emancipation renaissance in India. The first Indian English and criticized many aspects of British rule. He poet, Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-1831) also encouraged students into , to had nurtured English verse in India. He spread these ideas into a society eager for became a teacher of English literature at the change. He took great pleasure in his

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[IJESAT] [International Journal of Engineering Science & Advanced Technology] Volume-5, Issue-2,134-139 interactions with students, writing about but inspired by Milton's Paradise Lost. them: ‘Expanding like the petals of young Madhusudan transformed the villainous flowers I watch the gentle opening of your into a Hero. This grand heroictragic …’ Kashiprosad Ghose (1809-1837) is was written in nine cantos which is quite also counted as one of the founder pillars of unique in the history of . indo-Anglian literature. His contribution in Meghnad-Badh Kavya was Bengali literature's Indian English literature is as as Henry first original epic and gave Madhusudan the Derozio. His The Shair and Other Poems status of an Epic Poet. Much of his time (1830), finds a place in literary . abroad, especially in Versailles, was spent in Even he is considered as the first Indian to abject , as the money from his late publish a regular volume of English verse. father’s estate on which he was relying did Ghose edited an English weekly not come regularly. His Indian friends who Intelligence. His poetry is counted as had inspired him to cross the ocean had by moralizing as good texture of originality and now managed to forget the beggar conventional descriptions. Michael Madhusudan altogether. He fell hopelessly Madhusudan (1824-1873), began into debts and appealed for help to the great writing while he was at Hindu College. He won personality, the scholar, social reformer, and several scholarships in college exams as well activist Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar (this kind as a medal for an essay on women's soul was known to all as Daya Sagar – the . While a at Hindu College, ocean of kindness, for his immense his poems in Bengali and English were generosity). His extravagant life-, published in Jnananvesan, Bengal Spectator, fickleness in money matters, and reckless Literary Gleamer, Calcutta Library Gazette, drinking to drown problems conspired to Literary Blossom and . Lord Byron was wreck his health and happiness, and likewise Madhusudan's inspiration. the health and happiness of his second partner Henrietta, who had also succumbed to alcoholism during her days of poverty in Michael’s exceptionally colourful personality Versailles. He was a man of real, though and his unconventional, dramatic and in many somewhat erratic, genius, and a courageous ways tragic life have added to the magnetism innovator of forms and types which altered and glamour of his . Generous in the whole of Bengali literature and friendship, romantic and passionate by added new dimensions to it. To his temperament, he was fond of the good life. adventurous spirit, Bengali Literature owes its By dint of his genius, he removed the first blank verse and the sonnet, its first stagnation in Bengali literature both in style modern comedy and tragedy, and its first and content. He was the first to use blank epic. Dutt was particularly inspired by both verse in 1860 in the play based on the life and work of the English Romantic poet a Greek myth. His later poems silenced the Lord Byron. The life of Dutt closely parallels to critics and detractors, and permanently the life of Lord Byron in many respects. Like established the vogue of blank verse Byron, Dutt was a spirited bohemian and like literature. Madhusudan’s epic poem: Byron, Dutt was a Romantic, albeit being born Meghnad-Badh Kavya is considered as his all- on the other side of , and as a time masterpiece till today. Written in blank recipient subject of the British imperialist verse, this epic was based on the enterprise. Madhusudan was a gifted linguist

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[IJESAT] [International Journal of Engineering Science & Advanced Technology] Volume-5, Issue-2,134-139 and polyglot. Besides Indian languages like A brief History of Ancient and Modern Bengal. Bengali, and Tamil, he was well Apart from this, hisgreatest achievement was versed in classical languages like Greek and the Bengali of Rig Veda. His Latin. He also had a fluent understanding of translation in to Englishverse from Ramayana, modern European languages like Italian and , Rig Veda, The , French and could read and write the last two Buddhist literatures, Kalidasa’s with perfect grace and ease. Kumarasambhava and Bharavi’s Kiratarjuniya – is most creditable contribution.

writes the turn from to Romesh Bengal was epicenter for renaissance as it has Chunder Dutt as; To turn from Aru and Taru given literary scholars who gave fame to Dutt to Romsh Chunder Dutt is like passing India at globe. Among them, Toru from the bud and the flower to the ripened Dutt is the first poetess in Indo-Anglian fruit; from Erato and Melpomene to Clio and literature. She had English education and had Calliope; from , rosy- fingered and a rich and respectable ancestry. Her short-lived, to the toiling Sun on the was rich and highly educated. Her father ascendant; from infinite promise to Govind Chunder Dutt was a good linguist and impressive achievement. a civilized man with literary eye. The Dutt Another sparkling of Indian literature is family moved to Cambridge in 1871 where (1869- 1924). He was an she had attended lectures. In 1875, she had elder brother of . He had English translated French writing in to English with education at Manchester and Oxford. His first the A Sheaf Gleamed in French Fields. She poem collection – Primavera (1890) was had learned Sanskrit and translated appreciated by literary scholars and classmate Ramayana, Mahabharata and Sakuntala into at Oxford. Like Derizio, Manmohan Ghose English verse. She had attained command became professor of English at the Presidency over Sanskrit language and transformed her College, Calcutta. In 1898, he published interest from French to Sanskrit and collection of poems – Songs and Elegies translated so many Indian mythological works and also wrote five act playPerseus the into English. Another contributor of literature Deliverer. His wonderful sense of the beauty from Bengal, as is the land of arts, is Romesh of English words and 19rhythm made him Chunder Dutt (1848-1909). He was Toru notable literary craftsman in eyes of English Dutt’s cousin and forwarded her writing at scholars of England. His poetry was height. He had passed Indian civil considered much intellectual thoughts and Examination in 1869 and served at various rhythm in his poetry is outstanding feature. capacities in India. He had also devoted much Manmohan Ghose was born in 1869, the time for literary creation in Bengali and second son of an illustrious surgeon, Dr. K. D. English. Romesh Dutt had written novels in Ghose. Together with his brothers, Binoy Bengali and translated two of these novels in Bhushan and Aurobindo, he studied at Loreto to English named – The Lack of palms (1902) Convent, . In 1879 Manmohan and The Slave of (1909). He had Ghose went to England where he remained narrated historical surveys in a large range like until 1894, completing a professional – A History of Civilization in Ancient India, qualification of Bar-at-law at Lincoln’s Inn. On later Hindu Civilization, India in the Victorian his return to India, he joined College as Age, The Economic History of British India and

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[IJESAT] [International Journal of Engineering Science & Advanced Technology] Volume-5, Issue-2,134-139 professor of English; later on, he was languages of world. To his credit, there is a appointed professor at Presidency College, long list of poems and plays, both in Bengali and worked as Inspector of schools. and English which had made his place among Manmohan Ghose began writing poetry when the world’s greatest writers. In Iyengar’s he was in England and some of his poems words. were published in Primavera, an anthology which also contained poems by Laurence As the passed, he became more and more a legendary figure; in his flowing bead Binyon, Arthur Cripps and . and immaculate white robes he was truly in , reviewing the volume, wrote of Manmohan Ghose: “The temper of Keats and the line of the great of Upnishadic times, and indeed he was truly in the line of the the moods of Matthew have great bearing witness to the triune Reality, influenced Mr. Ghose, and what better influences could a beginner have?” seeing the way showing it to others Manmohan Ghose’s poetry in many ways The fertile soil of Bengal has given a shining broke with the earlier school of Orientalist star to the world in the form of Sri Aurobindo poetry. His poems often spoke of a longing to Ghose. He (1872-1950) is the one return to England, where he had spent twenty uncontestable outstanding figure in Indo- two years of his life. While his contemporaries Anglian literature. He had contributed very in India, including his brother Aurobindo much to Indian literature and also uplifted his 20Ghose, were writing on nationalistic works at globe. Sri Aurobindo’s long poetic themes and were drawing upon ancient career has given him the height of literary Indian culture, Manmohan Ghose turned to master of Indo-Anglian literature. He was England for inspiration. Up to this time, Indian interested in teaching, poetry and politics. His literature had flourished in its fullness but it Songs to Myrtilla and longer poems of the was who lifted Indian early period- Urvasie were published in 1895 literature at world level and gained for and 1896 respectively. He was scholar of modern India a place on the world literary classics and used Miltonic diction and epic history that won Noble Prize for literature and similes in his works. This classical layer found gave recognition to India on global scale. in “Love and Death” – a poem of about 1100 Rabindranath Tagore (1861- 1941) the lines of blank verse and its central theme is versatile personality of Indian literary scholar love which is based on an ancient Hindu is considered as – the Rishi, the Gurudev and legend with a remarkable resemblance to the Maharshi. He was a poet, dramatist, actor, 22the Greek legend of Orpheus and Eurydice. producer, musician, painter, an educationist, Besides so many volumes of his poetry and reformer, philosopher, prophet, novelist, plays, Sri Aurobindo has written – The Life and story writer, and a critic of life and literature. Divine – a work of prose art which is Rabindranath Tagore wrote primarily in considered as the greatest philosophical Bengali and translated many of his poems and religious book. The most outstanding work of plays into English. Before he was eighteen, he Indo-Anglian literature is Aurobindo’s Savitri had written more than 7000 lines of verse. For which is in three parts, divided in to 12 Gitanjali (1912) he won the noble prize for or 49 cantos which have total 23813 lines, on literature and became poet of the world. After which the poet worked for fifty years of his that his other works and Gitanjali were life. M.K.Naik observes in A History of Indian translated by literary scholars into major English Literature that.

IJESAT | Jan-Feb 2017 5 Available online @ http://www.ijesat.org V Siva Prasad* et al. ISSN: 2250-3676

[IJESAT] [International Journal of Engineering Science & Advanced Technology] Volume-5, Issue-2,134-139

C0NCLUSIONS

His 1991 essay "Three Hundred : Five Examples and Three Thoughts on " courted controversy over its inclusion in B.A. in History syllabus of University of in 2006. In this essay, he wrote of the existence of many versions of Ramayana and a few versions portrayed and as siblings, which contradicts the popular versions of the Ramayana, such as those by Valmiki and

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