DOCSLIB.ORG

A History of High-Power Laser Research and Development in the United Kingdom

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A History of High-Power Laser Research and Development in the United Kingdom High Power Laser Science and Engineering, (2021), Vol. 9, e18, 86 pages. doi:10.1017/hpl.2021.5 REVIEW A history of high-power laser research and development in the United Kingdom Colin N. Danson1,2,3, Malcolm White4,5,6, John R. M. Barr7, Thomas Bett8, Peter Blyth9,10,11,12, David Bowley13, Ceri Brenner14, Robert J. Collins15, Neal Croxford16, A. E. Bucker Dangor17, Laurence Devereux18, Peter E. Dyer19, Anthony Dymoke-Bradshaw20, Christopher B. Edwards1,14, Paul Ewart21, Allister I. Ferguson22, John M. Girkin23, Denis R. Hall24, David C. Hanna25, Wayne Harris26, David I. Hillier1, Christopher J. Hooker14, Simon M. Hooker21, Nicholas Hopps1,17, Janet Hull27, David Hunt8, Dino A. Jaroszynski28, Mark Kempenaars29, Helmut Kessler30, Sir Peter L. Knight17, Steve Knight31, Adrian Knowles32, Ciaran L. S. Lewis33, Ken S. Lipton34, Abby Littlechild35, John Littlechild35, Peter Maggs36, Graeme P. A. Malcolm OBE37, Stuart P. D. Mangles17, William Martin38, Paul McKenna28, Richard O. Moore1, Clive Morrison39, Zulfikar Najmudin17, David Neely14,28, Geoff H. C. New17, Michael J. Norman8, Ted Paine31, Anthony W. Parker14, Rory R. Penman1, Geoff J. Pert40, Chris Pietraszewski41, Andrew Randewich1, Nadeem H. Rizvi42, Nigel Seddon MBE43, Zheng-Ming Sheng28,44, David Slater45, Roland A. Smith17, Christopher Spindloe14, Roy Taylor17, Gary Thomas46, John W. G. Tisch17, Justin S. Wark2,21, Colin Webb21, S. Mark Wiggins28, Dave Willford47, and Trevor Winstone14 1AWE Aldermaston, Reading, UK 2Oxford Centre for High Energy Density Science, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 3Centre for Intertial Fusion Studies, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK 4Formerly of Electrox, Letchworth, UK 5Formerly of Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Laboratory, Didcot, UK 6Formerly of Ferranti Defence Systems, Lincoln, UK 7Leonardo, Edinburgh, UK 8Retired, AWE, Reading, UK 9Formerly of AWE, Reading, UK 10Formerly of Laser Lines Ltd, Banbury, UK 11Formerly of Optilas Ltd, Milton Keynes, UK 12Retired, Pro-Lite Technology, Cranfield, UK 13Specialised Imaging Ltd, Pitstone, UK 14Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK 15Magna-Power Electronics Ltd, Reading, UK 16DeBe Lasers, Needham Laser Technologies, Whitchurch, UK 17Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK 18SPIE Europe, Cardiff, UK 19Professor Emeritus (Physics), University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK 20Kentech Instruments Ltd, Wallingford, UK 21Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 22Professor Emeritus, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK 23Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press in association with Chinese Laser Press. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 24 May 2021 at 13:42:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. 2 Colin Danson et al. 24Professor Emeritus (Photonics), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK 25Professor Emeritus, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK 26Optical Surfaces Ltd, Kenley, UK 27JEH Lasers Ltd, Rugby, UK 28Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK 29ITER Organization, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France 30Manx Precision Optics Ltd, Ballasalla, UK 31Laser Lines Ltd, Banbury, UK 32Elliot Scientific Ltd, MetroTest Scientific Group, Harpenden, UK 33Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK 34Retired, Founder, and former MD, Rofin-Sinar UK Ltd, Hull, UK 35Heraeus Noblelight Ltd, Cambridge, UK 36Mirli Books, Chelmsford, UK 37M Squared Lasers Ltd, Glasgow, UK 38University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK 39E&EO UK Ltd, Barton-upon-Humber, UK 40Department of Physics, University of York, York, UK 41IC Optical Systems Ltd, Beckenham, UK 42Laser Micromachining Ltd, St Asaph, UK 43MBDA UK Ltd, Bristol, UK 44Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 45Photek Ltd, St Leonards-on-Sea, UK 46Island Optics Ltd, Ballasalla, UK 47Retired, Lincoln, UK (Received 4 December 2020; revised 15 January 2021; accepted 26 January 2021) Abstract The first demonstration of laser action in ruby was made in 1960 by T. H. Maiman of Hughes Research Laboratories, USA. Many laboratories worldwide began the search for lasers using different materials, operating at different wavelengths. In the UK, academia, industry and the central laboratories took up the challenge from the earliest days to develop these systems for a broad range of applications. This historical review looks at the contribution the UK has made to the advancement of the technology, the development of systems and components and their exploitation over the last 60 years. Keywords: high-power lasers; history; United Kingdom Contents 2.8 Heriot-Watt University 20 2.9 University of Strathclyde 20 1 Introduction 3 2.10 Swansea University 25 2 Academia 4 2.11 University of Essex 26 2.1 University of Oxford 4 2.12 University of Reading 27 2.2 Imperial College London 8 2.13 X-Ray Laser Consortium 27 2.3 QUB 12 3 UK national laboratories 29 2.4 University of Southampton 14 3.1 Introduction 29 2.5 University of Hull 16 3.2 CLF 29 2.6 University of Manchester 18 3.2.1 Early years: the setting up of the 2.7 University of St Andrews 19 CLF 29 3.2.2 The laser programmes 30 Correspondence to: R. Penman, AWE Aldermaston, Reading, Berk- 3.2.3 CLF support facilities 35 shire RG7 4PR, UK. Email: [email protected] 3.2.4 Other CLF programmes 36 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. 24 May 2021 at 13:42:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use. History of high-power laser research and development in the UK 3 3.2.5 CLF spin-out companies 37 took up the challenge to develop laser systems leading to 3.2.6 Summary of activities at the CLF 38 them being used in a broad range of applications. 3.3 AWRE/AWE Aldermaston 38 This review covers the history of the UK contribution to 3.3.1 The early years 38 the development of high-power lasers and is presented in 3.3.2 Early 1970s: AWRE’s three-pronged five sections. In the four following sections we present the approach 39 work in the UK academic community; the role of the national 3.3.3 The HELEN laser facility 41 laboratories (Central Laser Facility at Rutherford Appleton 3.3.4 The Orion laser facility 42 Laboratory; AWE, Aldermaston, and UKAEA Culham); UK 3.3.5 Target fabrication 44 industry; and the defence sector. What is not covered are 3.3.6 Summary of activities at AWE 44 applications associated with industrial material processing, 3.4 UKAEA Culham 45 welding and cutting for instance, and the vast field of medical applications, although reference is made to these sectors 3.5 Conclusion on national laboratories 46 where appropriate developments were achieved. 4 UK industry 46 Academia are driven by research interest and from the 4.1 UK industrial regional centres 47 earliest days the UK community realized the potential of 4.1.1 Isle of Man 47 lasers. Several key individuals have established world lead- 4.1.2 Rugby, Warwickshire 47 ing reputations in laser development and their applications. 4.1.3 St Asaph, Wales 50 Contributions are detailed from the leading university groups 4.2 UK laser system suppliers 50 across the UK including those at Oxford, Imperial College 4.3 Laser component suppliers 53 London, Queen’s University Belfast (QUB), Southampton 4.4 Micromachining companies 57 and Hull. It is also of note that the academic community have 4.5 Pulse power suppliers 59 also exploited their successful research activities through 4.6 High-voltage pulsers 60 spin-out companies from groups in many of the universities 4.7 Laser system/component distributors 61 discussed. 4.8 Conclusion on UK industry 63 The Central Laser Facility (CLF) was established at the 5 UK defence sector 63 Rutherford Laboratory (later to be renamed Rutherford 5.1 Introduction 63 Appleton Laboratory (RAL)) in 1976 to provide a national 5.2 UK defence companies 64 facility for conducting research by the UK academic 5.3 UK government defence establishments 69 community. Its first user facility, later to be called VULCAN, 5.4 Conclusion on defence 74 became operational in the following year. VULCAN 6 Conclusion 74 is a multi-beam high-power Nd:glass laser and is still 7 List of abbreviations 74 operational today although upgraded extensively such that References 77 it is unrecognizable from its original form. Over the years the CLF has developed and operated a range of lasers to cover, not only the high-energy density physics (HEDP) community, but photochemistry, photobiology, materials 1. Introduction studies and micromachining. It provides its facilities for both the national and international communities and has The start of the laser story goes back over a hundred established itself as a world leader in many aspects of its years when in 1917 Albert Einstein suggested the concept development and operations. of stimulated emission. Prior to optical lasers there were At AWE (formally AWRE, the Atomic Weapons Research operational masers, the equivalent to lasers working in Establishment) the potential of lasers was seen at a very early the microwave region of the spectrum, for which Charles stage with a High Power Laser Group set up in 1962. The use Townes, Aleksandr Prokhorov, and Nikolay Basov were of lasers for stockpile stewardship was realized in the early awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics[1]. Arthur 1970s and construction began on the first large-scale laser Schawlow and Charles Townes, Bell Labs/Columbia facility at AWE, HELEN (High Energy Laser Embodying University, are generally credited with ‘inventing’ the Neodymium), in 1976.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Application of the Theory of Laser to Nitrogen Laser Pumped Dye Laser
    SD9900039 AN APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF LASER TO NITROGEN LASER PUMPED DYE LASER FATIMA AHMED OSMAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Physics. UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS MARCH 1998 \ 3 0-44 In this thesis we gave a general discussion on lasers, reviewing some of are properties, types and applications. We also conducted an experiment where we obtained a dye laser pumped by nitrogen laser with a wave length of 337.1 nm and a power of 5 Mw. It was noticed that the produced radiation possesses ^ characteristic^ different from those of other types of laser. This' characteristics determine^ the tunability i.e. the possibility of choosing the appropriately required wave-length of radiation for various applications. DEDICATION TO MY BELOVED PARENTS AND MY SISTER NADI A ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr. AH El Tahir Sharaf El-Din, for his continuous support and guidance. I am also grateful to Dr. Maui Hammed Shaded, for encouragement, and advice in using the computer. Thanks also go to Ustaz Akram Yousif Ibrahim for helping me while conducting the experimental part of the thesis, and to Ustaz Abaker Ali Abdalla, for advising me in several respects. I also thank my teachers in the Physics Department, of the Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum and my colleagues and co- workers at laser laboratory whose support and encouragement me created the right atmosphere of research for me. Finally I would like to thank my brother Salah Ahmed Osman, Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Graduate Studies in Nuclear Physics At
    Graduate Studies in Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics at The College of William and Mary Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Group: General Information: Experimental Faculty: 4 The College of William and Mary (W&M), chartered in 1693, Theoretical Faculty: 1 is the second oldest university in the US. It boasts four US Graduate Students: 14 presidents, supreme court justices and Jon Stewart as alumni. Female Students: 5 W&M is a liberal arts university with a strong research focus. Our 7,800 students (2,000 of them graduate students) enjoy a Rankings (US News and World Report): low student-to-faculty ratio, state-of-the-art facilities, and a beautiful campus. W&M ranked 6th amongst public US universities Located in Williamsburg, Virginia, W&M is in the heart of Physics Department Statistics: colonial American history and is adjacent to Colonial Average annual number of Ph. D. recipients: 8 Williamsburg, a historic recreation of 18th century colonial Average time to Ph. D.: 5 years life. While much of the campus has been restored to its 18th- century appearance, the physics department is housed in a Departmental Website: newly refurbished and expanded building that provides http://www.wm.edu/physics outstanding teaching and research space. http://www.wm.edu/as/physics/research/index.php The William and Mary physics department benefits Graduate Admissions: enormously from close ties with both Thomas Jefferson http://www.wm.edu/as/physics/grad/index.php National Accelerator Facility (JLab) and NASA Langley Application deadline: Feb 1st Research Center in nearby Newport News (thirty minutes from the W&M campus).
    [Show full text]
  • HD DVD: Manufacturing Was Developed.This Recorder Is Equipped with a 257Nm Gas Laser (Frequency Doubled Ar+ Laser)
    paper r& white d Six years ago, the LDM 3692 DUV recorder HD DVD: Manufacturing was developed.This recorder is equipped with a 257nm gas laser (frequency doubled Ar+ laser). All options with regards to future for- mats were still open at that time.The recorder features two recording spots, with a wobble The New Format option on both. This recorder is an adequate R&D tool to record HD DVD. BY DR. DICK VERHAART, from 740nm to 400nm. To read these smaller For HD DVD stamper manufacturing, a Singulus Mastering information structures, it is necessary to use recorder with a 266nm solid state laser was PETER KNIPS, blue diode lasers with a wavelength of 405nm developed. This system contains a stable and Singulus EMould instead of the 650nm red lasers used for CD easy to operate solid state laser, with a much DIETER WAGNER, and DVD. longer lifetime than the gas laser. As all pro- Singulus Technologies AG An advanced copy protection system will posed next-generation formats require only The third generation of optical disc formats is give better protection than what was avail- one spot, the system has a single recording set to arrive on the market by the end of this able for CD and DVD with mandatory serializ- spot. Spot deflection, required to create the year.As with Blu-ray Disc, the HD DVD format ing of each single HD DVD. The serialization groove wobble in the recordable and was developed to tremendously increase the will take place on the aluminum covered layer rewritable formats, is available as an option.
    [Show full text]
  • Direct Frequency Comb Laser Cooling and Trapping
    Selected for a Viewpoint in Physics PHYSICAL REVIEW X 6, 041004 (2016) Direct Frequency Comb Laser Cooling and Trapping A. M. Jayich,* X. Long, and W. C. Campbell Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA and California Institute for Quantum Emulation, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA (Received 11 May 2016; published 10 October 2016) Ultracold atoms, produced by laser cooling and trapping, have led to recent advances in quantum information, quantum chemistry, and quantum sensors. A lack of ultraviolet narrow-band lasers precludes laser cooling of prevalent atoms such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Broadband pulsed lasers can produce high power in the ultraviolet, and we demonstrate that the entire spectrum of an optical frequency comb can cool atoms when used to drive a narrow two-photon transition. This multiphoton optical force is also used to make a magneto-optical trap. These techniques may provide a route to ultracold samples of nature’s most abundant building blocks for studies of pure-state chemistry and precision measurement. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.6.041004 Subject Areas: Atomic and Molecular Physics I. INTRODUCTION ultraviolet means that laser cooling and trapping is not currently available for the most prevalent atoms in organic High-precision physical measurements are often under- chemistry: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. taken close to absolute zero temperature to minimize Because of their simplicity and abundance, these species, thermal fluctuations. For example, the measurable proper- with the addition of antihydrogen, likewise play prominent ties of a room temperature chemical reaction (rate, roles in other scientific fields such as astrophysics [11] and product branching, etc.) include a thermally induced precision measurement [12], where the production of average over a large number of reactant and product cold samples could help answer fundamental outstanding quantum states, which masks the unique details of questions [13–15].
    [Show full text]
  • Concept for Cryogenic Kj-Class Yb:YAG Amplifier K
    OSA / ASSP/LACSEA/LS&C 2010 AWB20.pdf a288_1.pdf Concept for Cryogenic kJ-Class Yb:YAG Amplifier K. Ertel, C. Hernandez-Gomez, P. D. Mason, I. O. Musgrave, I. N. Ross, J. L. Collier STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Central Laser Facility, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom [email protected] Abstract: More and more projects and applications require the development of ns, kJ-class DPSSL systems with multi-Hz repetition rate. We present an amplifier concept based on cryogenically cooled Yb:YAG, promising high optical-to-optical efficiency and high gain. ©2010 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.3280) Laser amplifiers; (140.3480) Lasers, diode-pumped, (140.3615) Lasers, ytterbium, (140.5560) Pumping 1. Introduction Currently, most lasers for producing multi-J to multi-kJ ns pulses are based on flashlamp pumped Nd:glass technology. These lasers show very poor electrical-to-optical (e-o) efficiency and can only be operated at very low repetition rates (few shots per minute to few shots per day, depending on size). A new approach is required to overcome these limitations in order to advance fundamental laser-plasma research and to enable envisioned real world applications such as laser driven particle accelerators and inertial fusion energy (IFE) production. Two multi-national laser research projects have been started in Europe. The first is ELI [1], focussed on ultra- short pulse laser research and applications, and the second is HiPER [2], focussed on IFE research. Both projects require the development of kJ-class ns-lasers operating at high e-o efficiency and at repetition rates around 10 Hz.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe for Inertial Confinement Fusion
    EuropeEurope forfor InertialInertial ConfinementConfinement FusionFusion Technology Watch Workshop on IFE-KIT Madrid March 22, 2010 Jiri Ullschmied Association EURATOM IPP.CR PALS Research Centre, a joint laboratory of the Institute of Physics and Institute of Plasma Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic www.pals.cas.cz Paper Layout State of the art - where are we now Lasers on the path to fusion National Ignition Facility Indirect drive / direct drive European lasers, LMJ Coordinated European effort in the laser research Various ignition scenarios - EU KIT contributions SWOT Summary State of the art - where are we now Steadily increasing progress in laser technology since 1960, lasers becoming the most dynamic field of physical research in the last decade. Megajoule and multi-PW lasers have become reality, laser beam focused intensity has been increased up to 1022 W/cm2 (Astra, UK). Last-generation high-power lasers - an unmatched tool for high-energy density physical research and potential fusion drivers. High-energy lasers worldwide Lasers on the path to Fusion Max output energy of single beam systems (Nd-glass, iodine, KrF) in the 1-10 kJ range, while EL > 1 MJ is needed for central ignition => multi-beam laser systems. Various fast ignition schemes are have been proposed, which should decrease the required energy by an order of magnitude. History and future of IFE lasers HiPER Three main tasks demonstrate ignition and burn demonstrate high energy gain develop technology for an IFE power plant Ignition to be demonstrated at NIF (2010?) and LMJ lasers. The natural next step: HiPER. National Ignition Facility NIF is a culmination of long line of US Nd-glass laser systems Nova, OMEGA and NIF shot rates measured in shots/day.
    [Show full text]
  • ASNE “A Vision of Directed Energy Weapons in the Future”
    A Vision for Directed Energy and Electric Weapons In the Current and Future Navy Captain David H. Kiel, USN Commander Michael Ziv, USN Commander Frederick Marcell USN (Ret) Introduction In this paper, we present an overview of potential Surface Navy Directed Energy and Electric Weapon (DE&EW) technologies being specifically developed to take advantage of the US Navy’s “All Electric Warship”. An all electric warship armed with such weapons will have a new toolset and sufficient flexibility to meet combat scenarios ranging from defeating near-peer competitors, to countering new disruptive technologies and countering asymmetric threats. This flexibility derives from the inherently deep magazines and simple, short logistics tails, scalable effects, minimal amounts of explosives carried aboard and low life cycle and per-shot costs. All DE&EW weaponry discussed herein could become integral to naval systems in the period between 2010 and 2025. Adversaries Identified in the National Military Strategy The 2004 National Military Strategy identifies an array of potential adversaries capable of threatening the United States using methods beyond traditional military capabilities. While naval forces must retain their current advantage in traditional capabilities, the future national security environment is postulated to contain new challenges characterized as disruptive, irregular and catastrophic. To meet these challenges a broad array of new military capabilities will require continuous improvement to maintain US dominance. The disruptive challenge implies the development by an adversary of a breakthrough technology that supplants a US advantage. An irregular challenge includes a variety of unconventional methods such as terrorism and insurgency that challenge dominant US conventional power.
    [Show full text]
  • Inertial Fusion Power Development:Path for Global Warming Suppression
    Inertial Fusion Power Development:Path for Global Warming Suppression EU:France, UK,etc. US: LLNL, SNL, U. Rochester East Asia: Japan, China,etc. Kunioki Mima Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University IAEA- FC 2008, 50 years’ Ann. of Fusion Res. , Oct.15, 2008, Geneva, SW Outline • Brief introduction and history of IFE research • Frontier of IFE researches Indirect driven ignition by NIF/LMJ Ignition equivalent experiments for fast ignition • IF reactor concept and road map toward power plant IFE concepts Several concepts have been explored in IFE. Driver Irradiation Ignition Laser Direct Central hot spark Ignition HIB Indirect Fast ignition Impact ignition Pulse power Shock ignition The key issue of IFE is implosion physics which has progressed for more than 30 years Producing 1000times solid density and 108 degree temperature plasmas Plasma instabilities R Irradiation non-uniformities Thermal transport and ablation surface of fuel pellet ΔR R-M Instability ΔR0 R-T instability R0 R Feed through R-M and R-T Instabilities in deceleration phase Turbulent Mixing Canter of fuel pellet t Major Laser Fusion Facilities in the World NIF, LLNL, US. LMJ, CESTA, Bordeaux, France SG-III, Menyang,CAEP, China GXII-FIREX, ILE, Osaka, Japan OMEGA-EP, LLE, Rochester, US HiPER, RAL, UK Heavy Ion Beam Fusion: The advanced T-lean fusion fuel reactor Test Stand at LBNL NDCX-I US HIF Science Virtual National Lab.(LBNL, LLNL,PPPL) has been established in 1990. (Directed by G Logan) • Implosion physics by HIB • HIB accelerator technology for 1kA, 1GeV, 1mm2 beam: Beam brightness, Neutralization, NDCX II Collective effects of high current beam, Stripping.(R.Davidson etal) • Reactor concept with Flibe liquid jet wall (R.Moir: HYLIF for HIF Reactor) History of IFE Research 1960: Laser innovation (Maiman) 1972: Implosion concept (J.
    [Show full text]
  • RAF Centenary 100 Famous Aircraft Vol 3: Fighters and Bombers of the Cold War
    RAF Centenary 100 Famous Aircraft Vol 3: Fighters and Bombers of the Cold War INCLUDING Lightning Canberra Harrier Vulcan www.keypublishing.com RARE IMAGES AND PERIOD CUTAWAYS ISSUE 38 £7.95 AA38_p1.indd 1 29/05/2018 18:15 Your favourite magazine is also available digitally. DOWNLOAD THE APP NOW FOR FREE. FREE APP In app issue £6.99 2 Months £5.99 Annual £29.99 SEARCH: Aviation Archive Read on your iPhone & iPad Android PC & Mac Blackberry kindle fi re Windows 10 SEARCH SEARCH ALSO FLYPAST AEROPLANE FREE APP AVAILABLE FOR FREE APP IN APP ISSUES £3.99 IN APP ISSUES £3.99 DOWNLOAD How it Works. Simply download the Aviation Archive app. Once you have the app, you will be able to download new or back issues for less than newsstand price! Don’t forget to register for your Pocketmags account. This will protect your purchase in the event of a damaged or lost device. It will also allow you to view your purchases on multiple platforms. PC, Mac & iTunes Windows 10 Available on PC, Mac, Blackberry, Windows 10 and kindle fire from Requirements for app: registered iTunes account on Apple iPhone,iPad or iPod Touch. Internet connection required for initial download. Published by Key Publishing Ltd. The entire contents of these titles are © copyright 2018. All rights reserved. App prices subject to change. 321/18 INTRODUCTION 3 RAF Centenary 100 Famous Aircraft Vol 3: Fighters and Bombers of the Cold War cramble! Scramble! The aircraft may change, but the ethos keeping world peace. The threat from the East never entirely dissipated remains the same.
    [Show full text]
  • Solid State Laser
    SOLID STATE LASER Edited by Amin H. Al-Khursan Solid State Laser Edited by Amin H. Al-Khursan Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Solid State Laser, Edited by Amin H.
    [Show full text]
  • A Light Over All Processes Cnc-Powered Laser Innovation Laser Use in Manufacturing Grows Welding Applications Expand
    LASER FOCUS — A SPECIAL SECTION I R O M G M D of esy urt Co LASERS TODAY: A LIGHT OVER ALL PROCESSES CNC-POWERED LASER INNOVATION LASER USE IN MANUFACTURING GROWS WELDING APPLICATIONS EXPAND A laser cutting head, mounted to the end effector of a robot, is robust and compact to withstand the challenging environment while having internal sensors and mechanisms that provide accuracy and feature capabilities that are beyond the normal capacity of the robot. Courtesy of Laser Mechanisms Inc. LASERS: A LIGHT OVER ALL PROCESSES AND MARKETS SME’s Industrial Laser Community Geoff Shannon, PhD, Laser Technology Manager—Miyachi America, and Mark Taggart, President—Laser Mechanisms Inc. s we approach the 50-year anniversary of laser use in manu- facturing, the use of lasers to make things is accelerating and expanding. Laser applications that just a few years ago were thought to be impossible or too expensive are Abecoming feasible and cost effective. Lasers, in fact, touch all of our lives on a daily basis. With great preci- sion and efficiency, lasers: • cut the glass for our smartphone and tablet screens; • weld the hard disk drives in our PCs and laptops; • cut airbag material and weld airbag detonators in our cars; • drill the fuel injectors in our engines to increase fuel economy; and • cut medical stents that enhance our lives. MfgEngMedia.com LF3 What’s more, remarkable, fast-paced advances in specialized optics and high-speed beam delivery computers, sensor technologies, and wireless com- systems, and non-metals welding and processing. munications are creating increasingly sophisticated Advancements in the field of laser additive manufac- tools such as process monitors and system diagnostics turing have also caught the attention of the public that are enhancing the performance, reliability and and the media.
    [Show full text]
  • Gaussian Beams • Diffraction at Cavity Mirrors Creates Gaussian Spherical
    Gaussian Beams • Diffraction at cavity mirrors creates Gaussian Spherical Waves • Recall E field for Gaussian U ⎛ ⎡ x2 + y2 ⎤⎞ 0 ⎜ ( ) ⎟ u( x,y,R,t ) = exp⎜i⎢ω t − Kr − ⎥⎟ R ⎝ ⎣ 2R ⎦⎠ • R becomes the radius of curvature of the wave front • These are really TEM00 mode emissions from laser • Creates a Gaussian shaped beam intensity ⎛ − 2r 2 ⎞ 2P ⎛ − 2r 2 ⎞ I( r ) I exp⎜ ⎟ exp⎜ ⎟ = 0 ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝ w ⎠ π w ⎝ w ⎠ Where P = total power in the beam w = 1/e2 beam radius • w changes with distance z along the beam ie. w(z) Measurements of Spotsize • For Gaussian beam important factor is the “spotsize” • Beam spotsize is measured in 3 possible ways • 1/e radius of beam • 1/e2 radius = w(z) of the radiance (light intensity) most common laser specification value 13% of peak power point point where emag field down by 1/e • Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) point where the laser power falls to half its initial value good for many interactions with materials • useful relationship FWHM = 1.665r1 e FWHM = 1.177w = 1.177r 1 e2 w = r 1 = 0.849 FWHM e2 Gaussian Beam Changes with Distance • The Gaussian beam radius of curvature with distance 2 ⎡ ⎛π w2 ⎞ ⎤ R( z ) = z⎢1 + ⎜ 0 ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ λz ⎟ ⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦⎥ • Gaussian spot size with distance 1 2 2 ⎡ ⎛ λ z ⎞ ⎤ w( z ) = w ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 0 ⎜π w2 ⎟ ⎣⎢ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦⎥ • Note: for lens systems lens diameter must be 3w0.= 99% of power • Note: some books define w0 as the full width rather than half width • As z becomes large relative to the beam asymptotically approaches ⎛ λ z ⎞ λ z w(z) ≈ w ⎜ ⎟ = 0 ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝π w0 ⎠ π w0 • Asymptotically light
    [Show full text]