Testimonio Y Memoria Del 11 S La Verdad En La Versión Oficial Y La Teoría De La Conspiración

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Testimonio Y Memoria Del 11 S La Verdad En La Versión Oficial Y La Teoría De La Conspiración Testimonio y memoria del 11 S La verdad en la versión oficial y la teoría de la conspiración. Un análisis comparativo entre 9/11: The Twin Towers y 9/11 Conspiracy Theory Diego Ezequiel Litvinoff Oh noche, que en tu profundo y oscuro seno relegaste al olvido un hecho tan grande. Dignas de ser representadas a la luz del sol, serían estas acciones tan memorables. Concédeme pues que lo evoque y claramente, a las futuras edades, lo explique y lo transmita. Que perpetúe su fama, y su gloria resplandezca en la oscuridad de la memoria. Combattimento di Clorinda e Tancredi, Claudio Monteverdi Introducción En este trabajo se analizarán y compararán dos producciones audiovisuales que abordan los hechos ocurridos en EE.UU., la mañana del 11 de septiembre de 2001: 9/11: The Twin Towers, realizada en el año 2006 por el director Richard Dale para la señal Discovery y 9/11, segunda entrega del programa Conspiracy Theory de Jesse Ventura, emitido por TruTV en el año 2009. Ese día a las 8:46 y a las 9:03 las cámaras registraron a dos aviones incrustándose en las Torres Gemelas de Manhattan, emblemas del poder económico y político del país. A las 10:28 y 9:59, respectivamente cada una de las Torres se desplomó, dejando cerca de 3 mil víctimas fatales y alrededor de 6 mil heridos. Si bien ese día también ocurrieron otros hechos significativos, como el ataque que recibió el Pentágono, sede del Departamento de Defensa del país, y la caída de un avión en la localidad de Shanksville, ambas producciones audiovisuales centran su atención en lo referido a la caída de las Torres. Los dispositivos de producción, circulación y recepción El acontecimiento que es objeto de abordaje en 9/11: The Twin Towers y 9/11 Conspiracy Theory ha ocurrido en el pasado reciente: 5 y 8 años separan a cada una de esas producciones de lo que sucedió el 11 de septiembre de 2001. A pesar de su brevedad, ese tiempo fue lo suficientemente largo como para permitir que haya mermado la aparición del tema en los canales de noticias, y consiga su lugar en aquellos canales que ofrecen producciones en un formato de documental. Esta velocidad con la que una noticia deviene objeto de memoria debe ser comprendida en el marco de lo que Huyssen define como el desarrollo de una cultura de la memoria. Si bien ese proceso se aceleró durante los últimos años del siglo pasado, el autor encuentra sus raíces a comienzos de la década del ´80, cuando se produjo un cambio profundo en la conciencia del tiempo, que comenzó a “asumir la responsabilidad por el pasado” (2001: 22). Uno de los aspectos principales a tener en cuenta al analizar esta transformación en la temporalidad, según el autor, es la influencia que han adquirido los medios masivos de comunicación, al convertirse en uno de los principales “vehículos de la memoria”. Y en la medida en que “los medios no 746 transportan la memoria pública con inocencia: la configuran en su estructura y en su forma mismas” (2001: 27), el hecho de que las producciones a analizar hayan sido concebidas para circular por la televisión constituye un dato que merece ser destacado1. Como afirma Feld, la televisión posee elementos propios a los que debe adecuarse el testimonio. Los programas, según la autora, poseen un “formato estandarizado” (2002: 79), que incluye una duración escasa y la necesidad de hacer cortes publicitarios. En las producciones analizadas, esto se hace evidente: en 9/11 Conspiracy Theory, por ejemplo, luego de cada pausa se hace un resumen de lo que se trató hasta entonces. El formato del capítulo 9/11 es el mismo que el programa utiliza para la presentación de los diferentes casos a investigar, a lo largo de varias temporadas, pero cabe aclarar que éste ha sido diseñado específicamente para este tipo de programa y que no se trata de la adaptación de un formato preexistente a la indagación sobre lo ocurrido en el 11 S. Por otra parte, si bien 9/11: The Twin Towers fue pensado para televisión, respeta las características de una producción propia de otros dispositivos, como el cine o el DVD. Si bien la televisión tiene por sí misma un “alcance masivo” (Idem), tanto Discovery Channel como TruTv permiten que sus productos excedan el territorio norteamericano, llegando a latitudes que van desde América Latina hasta Asia y elevando a millones la cantidad de espectadores. Los dos canales pertenecen a grandes emporios mediáticos, como lo son Discovery Communications y Time Warner que, con sede en los Estados Unidos, poseen una dimensión transnacional cuya envergadura los coloca a la altura de las empresas con mayor peso político y económico del mundo. No obstante, aun siendo ambas producciones transmitidas por canales de similares características y de amplia difusión, cabe destacar que la relación de los directores con las cadenas para las que realizan sus trabajos no es la misma, generando por ello distintas condiciones de producción. Richard Dale es un director que suele hacer trabajos “a medida” para las productoras que lo contratan2 y trabaja con Discovery Channel desde el 2003, cuando con Walking with Cavemen narró en 4 capítulos la vida del hombre de las cavernas, hasta, por lo menos, el 2011, cuando con Curiosity realizó una serie de documentales de carácter científico. No sucede lo mismo con Jesse Ventura, quien en sus apariciones en los medios suele hacer uso de su libertad para emitir constantemente sus opiniones, que no siempre coinciden con las de los dueños de las cadenas. Además de las discusiones generadas cuando es consultado en los canales de noticias (como Fox o CNN), también en la propia serie de la que forma parte 9/11, tuvo problemas, por lo menos, con 2 episodios3. Si es cierto, como afirma Raggio, que “no hay hechos sin relato, y [que en] todo acto de narrar lo que se pone en juego son significados” (Comisión por la memoria: 2), entonces esta singular posición del productor de 9/11 frente a la cadena permite que pueda aparecer en la televisión una forma de memoria diferente de la que se intenta configurar desde el relato oficial, incluyéndose en lo que Huyssen denomina memoria mediática una postura que hasta entonces se le escapaba. Se abre así la posibilidad de que esta forma de la memoria, ante su incapacidad para generar “formas consensuadas, (…) [configure] formas específicas de la memoria 1 El que un acontecimiento se haya convertido en tan poco tiempo en objeto de documentales de memoria de circulación masiva, lejos de confirmar el deseo de Huyssen de que llegaría el “tiempo de recordar el futuro en lugar de preocuparnos únicamente por el futuro de la memoria” (2001: 40), da cuenta de una intensificación de la cultura de la memoria. 2 Como Moonshot, sobre la llegada del hombre a la luna, realizado en 2009 para History Channel. 3 El propio gobernador de Tennessee, Steve Cohen, no escatimó críticas hacia el programa, cuando denunció que se habían manipulado sus declaraciones en Police State, en donde Jesse Ventura exponía que la construcción de espacios para refugiar víctimas de desastres naturales, permitida por Cohen, estaban destinados a convertirse en futuros campos de concentración. Si el castigo que sufrió ese episodio fue que no volvió a aparecer al aire, cuando otros capítulos se repetían con frecuencia, peor suerte sufrió aquel que investigaba el negociado de un ex ministro de estado, que, con la venta de scanners producidos por una de sus empresas a distintos aeropuertos, no sólo había utilizado la influencia pública para beneficio privado, sino que había sometido al personal que estaba expuesto a emisiones que generaban cáncer. Sin explicar los motivos precisos, y atribuyéndolos a decisiones del canal, Jesse Ventura se limitó a afirmar, en un programa radial, que ese capítulo había sido censurado, sin tener la posibilidad de aparecer siquiera una vez. 747 fragmentada” (2001: 23). De este modo, aun circulando por medios masivos, estas producciones encarnan lo que Valensi, tomando como ejemplo la guerra entre el ejército portugués y el Sultán de Marruecos, denomina “recuerdos divergentes” (1998: 67). Ahora bien, lo que se pone en juego en las distintas versiones que exponen las producciones aquí analizadas no es únicamente la distinta interpretación de un mismo hecho, como se desprende del análisis de Portelli de la Italia posfascista, según el cual las distintas ideologías políticas –de izquierda, derecha o centro- generan, de manera cambiante, “diversas memorias y desmemorias” (2003: 168). Lo que aquí aparece en cuestión es qué es lo que verdaderamente sucedió, dando lugar a dos perspectivas distintas, que generan dos dispositivos diferentes de recepción. 9/11: The Twin Towers encarna la denominada versión oficial, que consiste en aceptar, sin ningún tipo de objeción, lo que se desprende de la investigación llevada a cabo por la National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States4, que, en su Reporte Final, publicado en el año 2004, le asigna la responsabilidad de los ataques a la organización terrorista Al Qaeda, que aparece mencionada 824 veces en el reporte. Según se describe en ese documento, los terroristas habrían subido al avión con cuchillos y gas pimienta, y habrían accedido a la cabina apuñalando al personal de vuelo, bajo la amenaza de detonar una supuesta bomba5. Con respecto a la caída de las Torres, el reporte se limita a mencionar la forma de derrumbe denominada panqueque, que surge de los avances del informe del National Institute of Standards and Technology, cuyo resultado final sostiene que “in each tower, a different combination of impact damage and heat-weakened structural components contributed to the abrupt structural collapse” (2011).
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