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Risky Business: a Pentadic Analysis of Two West Virginia Coal Mining

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Risky Business: a Pentadic Analysis of Two West Virginia Coal Mining Risky business: A pentadic analysis of two West Virginia coal mining disasters Nathan Zachary Sowder Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication Rachel L. Holloway, Chair Buddy W. Howell Damion M. Waymer May 8, 2013 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: coal, Burke, pentad, West Virginia Risky business: A pentadic analysis of two West Virginia coal mining disasters Nathan Zachary Sowder ABSTRACT: In just five years West Virginia was rocked with two devastating disasters in the coal mining industry. Despite the disasters, West Virginians could not just walk away from the mines, as they depended on the coal industry for jobs and tax revenue. West Virginia had built a purpose-driven orientation towards the coal industry through a historical and current dependency on coal. However, the two disasters had a chance to alter that dominant orientation. In order to understand how or if the coal orientation was altered, by the disaster or the discourse that followed, a pentadic analysis was completed. The analysis revealed that the coal companies constantly battled a tension between the elements of agency and purpose, while trying to overcome a scene that made safety challenging. In the end, one mining company altered the purpose-driven orientation, as the other reinforced the orientation. As both of the situations offered different orientations towards coalmining, their orientations showed that coal companies can be purpose-driven providers but also a responsible provider, understanding not only that miners need a paycheck, but also safety. In the end, when companies use the purpose-driven orientation, created from the history, present, and future of the West Virginia coal industry, their orientation drives profits and reduces the importance of safety for the coal miners, making coal mining a risky business. However, after just one disaster, despite the mining company’s orientation, the companies become providers to no one. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Looking back, I have put more time and effort into this thesis than any other project in my life. However, it would not have been completed without the support of many people. To begin, I would like to thank Dr. Holloway for her constant support and guidance, as not only did she teach me how to “dig” into an article, but also pushed me to keep digging deeper. I don’t think this thesis would have come nearly as far, as well as my skills as a researcher and critic, without her guidance. I would also like to thank Dr. Howell and Dr. Waymer, as they always provided smiling faces and probing questions when I was questioning my findings. I would also like to thank my mother, Karen Sowder, for all of her incredible support and love throughout not only the timeline of this thesis, but also life. I would like to thank my dad, Greg Sowder for his sympathy towards my situation and providing me with an outlet besides the constant communication about school, teaching, and my thesis. I would also like to thank my fiancé, Jeseca Bragg, for the many late night coffee runs and for always believing in me, even when I didn’t believe in myself. I would also like Dr. Waggenspack, who always gave me motivation as she repeatedly made sure my head was still above water. Finally, I would also like to acknowledge a special lady who showed me the importance of family and community. My Great Aunt Bea Stringfellow was always going the extra mile for anyone who asked all while loving everyone along the way. She always pushed me to go the extra mile, and I owe my strong work ethic and my passion towards my family, my community, and my state to her. iii Contents ABSTRACT: ................................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ iii CHAPTER 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: Burke and Dramatism .................................................................................................. 6 A Dramatistic Lens ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 The Pentad ....................................................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 3: Building a Purpose-Driven Orientation .............................................................. 19 A History of Purpose .................................................................................................................................. 19 The Modern Coal Orientation ...............................................................................................................................32 A dependency on coal. ............................................................................................................................... 32 Protecting the purpose ............................................................................................................................. 36 The miners ..................................................................................................................................................... 37 Building trained incapacities .................................................................................................................. 40 CHAPTER 4: The Sago Mine Disaster ............................................................................................. 44 The Sago Mine Disaster Timeline .......................................................................................................................44 The Sago Mine Disaster Analysis ........................................................................................................................52 Scene ................................................................................................................................................................. 52 Agency. ............................................................................................................................................................. 54 Purpose. .......................................................................................................................................................... 56 Agents .............................................................................................................................................................. 58 Act. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Analysis of the terms. ................................................................................................................................ 61 iv CHAPTER 5: The Upper Big Branch Disaster .............................................................................. 66 The Upper Big Branch Disaster Timeline .......................................................................................................66 The Upper Big Branch Disaster Analysis ........................................................................................................74 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................................... 74 Agency.............................................................................................................................................................. 77 Scene ................................................................................................................................................................. 79 Agents .............................................................................................................................................................. 84 Act ...................................................................................................................................................................... 87 The dominant element .............................................................................................................................. 87 CHAPTER 6: Risky Business .............................................................................................................. 96 Comparing the Two Disasters with the Pentad ...........................................................................................96 A Purpose-driven Orientation Revisited ....................................................................................................... 102 Purpose as a motivating force. ............................................................................................................ 102 Defending the industry from outside influence ........................................................................... 105 Coal miners as heroes ............................................................................................................................ 107 Balancing Risk .........................................................................................................................................................
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