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NYS Natural Heritage Program "Palustrine"

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PALUSTRINE COMMUNITIES V. PALUSTRINE SYSTEM 1. Deep emergent marsh: a marsh community that occurs on mineral soils or fine-grained organic soils The palustrine system consists of non-tidal, (muck or well-decomposed peat); the substrate is perennial wetlands characterized by emergent flooded by waters that are not subject to violent wave vegetation. The system includes wetlands permanently action. Water depths can range from 6 in to 6.6 ft (15 saturated by seepage, permanently flooded wetlands, cm to 2 m); water levels may fluctuate seasonally, but and wetlands that are seasonally or intermittently the substrate is rarely dry, and there is usually standing flooded (these may be seasonally dry) if the vegetative water in the fall. cover is predominantly hydrophytic and soils are The most abundant emergent aquatic plants are hydric. Wetland communities are distinguished by their cattails (Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia), wild rice plant composition (hydrophytes), substrate (hydric (Zizania aquatica), bur-weeds (Sparganium soils), and hydrologic regime (frequency of flooding) eurycarpum, S. androcladum), pickerel weed (Cowardin 1979). (Pontederia cordata), bulrushes (Scirpus Peatlands are a special type of wetland in which tabernaemontani, S. fluviatilis, S. heterochaetus., S. the substrate primarily consists of accumulated peat acutus, S. pungens, S. americanus), arrowhead (partly decomposed plant material such as mosses, (Sagittaria latifolia), arrowleaf (Peltandra virginica), sedges, and shrubs) or marl (organically derived rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), bayonet rush (Juncus calcium carbonate deposits), with little or no mineral militaris), water horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile) and soil. Stable water levels or constant water seepage bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis). allow little aeration of the substrate in peatlands, The most abundant floating-leaved aquatic plants slowing decomposition of plant litter, and resulting in are fragrant water lily (Nymphaea odorata), duckweeds peat or marl accumulation. In this classification, (Lemna minor, L. trisulca), pondweeds (Potamogeton peatlands are characterized by their hydrologic regime; natans, P. epihydrus, P. friesii, P. oakesianus, P. water source and water chemistry are important factors. crispus, P. pusillus, P. zosteriformis, P. strictifolius), Minerotrophic peatlands (fens) are fed by groundwater spatterdock (Nuphar variegata), frog’s-bit that contains minerals obtained during passage through (Hydrocharis morus-ranae), watermeal (Wolffia spp.), or over mineral soils or aquifers. Ombrotrophic water-shield (Brasenia schreberi), and water-chestnut peatlands (bogs) are fed primarily by direct rainfall, (Trapa natans). with little or no groundwater influence (Damman and The most abundant submerged aquatic plants are French 1987). The vegetation of ombrotrophic pondweeds (Potamogeton richardsonii, P. amplifolius, peatlands is depauperate; plants in the families P. spirillus, P. crispus, P. zosteriformis), coontail Sphagnaceae and Ericaceae are prominent. The (Ceratophyllum demersum), chara (Chara globularis), vegetation of minerotrophic peatlands is comparatively water milfoils (Myriophyllum spicatum, M. sibericum), rich in species; plants in the families Cyperaceae and pipewort (Eriocaulon aquaticum), tapegrass Poaceae are prominent (Heinselman 1970). (Vallisneria americana), liverwort (Riccia fluitans), In a natural landscape there are continuous naiad (Najas flexilis), water lobelia (Lobelia gradients from ombrotrophic to strongly minerotrophic dortmanna), waterweed (Elodea canadensis), water wetlands; there are also continuous gradients in soils stargrass (Heteranthera dubia), and bladderworts from mineral soils to peat soils. The boundaries (Utricularia vulgaris, U. intermedia). between different types of wetlands are not always Animals that may be found in deep emergent discrete. Several different types of wetlands may occur marshes include red-winged blackbird (Agelaius together in a complex mosaic. phoeniceus), marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris), bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), and painted turtle A. OPEN MINERAL SOIL WETLANDS (Chrysemys picta). Rare species in some deep emergent This subsystem includes wetlands with less than marshes include American bittern (Botaurus 50% canopy cover of trees. In this classification, a tree lentiginosus), Virginia rail (Rallus limicola), and pied- is defined as a woody plant usually having one billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps). principal stem or trunk, a definite crown shape, and Marshes that have been disturbed are frequently characteristically reaching a mature height of at least 16 dominated by aggressive weedy species such as purple ft (5 m) (Driscoll et al. 1984). The dominant vegetation loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and reedgrass may include shrubs or herbs. Substrates range from (Phragmites australis). Deep emergent marshes also mineral soils or bedrock to well-decomposed organic occur in excavations that contain standing water (e.g., soils (muck). Fluctuating water levels allow enough roadside ditches, gravel pits). aeration of the substrate to allow plant litter to decompose, so there is little or no accumulation of peat. Distribution: throughout New York State. Rank: G5 S5 Revised: 2001 New York Natural Heritage Program 41 PALUSTRINE COMMUNITIES americanum, S. eurycarpum), swamp milkweed Examples: Lake Champlain South Basin, Washington (Asclepias incarnata), water-hemlock (Cicuta County; Lake Lila, Hamilton County; Chippewa Creek bulbifera), asters (Aster umbellatus, A. puniceus), Marsh, St. Lawrence County; Upper and Lower Lakes, marsh bellflower (Campanula aparinoides), water St. Lawrence County, Big Bay Swamp, Oswego purslane (Ludwigia palustris), royal and cinnamon County.. ferns (Osmunda regalis, O. cinnamomea), marsh cinquefoil (Potentilla palustris), rushes (Juncus Sources: Bray 1915; Cowardin 1979; Gilman 1976; effusus, J. canadensis), arrowleaf (Peltandra NYNHP field surveys. virginica), purple-stem angelica (Angelica atropurpurea), water docks (Rumex orbiculatus, R. verticillatus), turtlehead (Chelone glabra), water- 2. Shallow emergent marsh: a marsh meadow parsnip (Sium suave), and cardinal flower (Lobelia community that occurs on mineral soil or deep muck cardinalis). soils (rather than true peat), that are permanently Shallow emergent marshes may have scattered saturated and seasonally flooded. This marsh is better shrubs including rough alder (Alnus incana ssp. drained than a deep emergent marsh; water depths may rugosa), water willow (Decodon verticillatus), shrubby range from 6 in to 3.3 ft (15 cm to 1 m) during flood dogwoods (Cornus amomum, C. sericea), willows stages, but the water level usually drops by mid to late (Salix spp.), meadow sweet (Spiraea alba var. summer and the substrate is exposed during an average latifolia), and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). year. Areas with greater than 50% shrub cover are classified Most abundant herbaceous plants include bluejoint as shrub swamps. grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), cattails (Typha Amphibians that may be found in shallow latifolia, T. angustifolia, T. x glauca), sedges (Carex emergent marshes include frogs such as eastern spp.), marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris), manna grasses American toad (Bufo a. americanus), northern spring (Glyceria pallida, G. canadensis), spikerushes peeper (Pseudoacris c. crucifer), green frog (Rana (Eleocharis smalliana, E. obtusa), bulrushes (Scirpus clamitans melanota), and wood frog (Rana sylvatica); cyperinus, S. tabernaemontani, S. atrovirens), three- and salamanders such as northern redback salamander way sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), sweetflag (Plethodon c. cinereus) (Hunsinger 1999). Birds that (Acorus americanus), tall meadow-rue (Thalictrum may be found include red-winged blackbird (Agelaius pubescens), marsh St. John’s-wort (Triadenum phoeniceus), marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris), and virginicum), arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia), common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) (Levine goldenrods (Solidago rugosa, S. gigantea), 1998). eupatoriums (Eupatorium maculatum, E. perfoliatum), Shallow emergent marshes typically occur in lake smartweeds (Polygonum coccineum, P. amphibium, P. basins and along streams often intergrading with deep hydropiperoides), marsh bedstraw (Galium palustre), emergent marshes, shrub swamps and sedge meadows, jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), loosestrifes and they may occur together in a complex mosaic in a (Lysimachia thyrsiflora, L. terrestris, L. ciliata). large wetland. Frequently in degraded examples reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and/or purple loosestrife Distribution: throughout New York State. (Lythrum salicaria) may become abundant. Sedges (Carex spp.) may be abundant in shallow Rank: G5 S5 Revised: 2001 emergent marshes, but are not usually dominant. Marshes must have less than 50% cover of peat and Examples: South Branch Grass River Colton, St. tussock-forming sedges such as tussock sedges (Carex Lawrence County; West Branch Oswagatchie River stricta), otherwise it may be classified as a sedge Diana, Lewis County; East Branch Fish Creek, Lewis meadow. Characteristic shallow emergent marsh sedges County; Jordan River, St. Lawrence/Franklin Counties; include Carex stricta, C. lacustris, C. lurida, C. Lakeview Marshes, Jefferson County. hystricina, C. alata, C. vulpinoidea, C. comosa, C. utriculata, C. scoparia, C. gynandra, C. stipata, and C. Sources: Bray 1915; Gilman 1976; Hotchkiss 1932; crinita. Hunsinger 1999; Levine 1998; Metzler and Tiner 1992;
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