Sustainable mobility in the Sustainable City – a study of 11 large municipalities in Sweden Final Report. Project 15-549 Author: Paul Fenton Division of Environmental Technology & Management, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden. Tel: +46 13 285620, Fax: +46 13 281101, Email: [email protected] Summary The report presents findings from a qualitative study of strategy and policy processes for sustainable mobility and sustainable transport in eleven large municipalities in Sweden. The findings are presented thematically and with reference to interviews in each of the municipalities. The main conclusions of the report are that organisational design and the extent to which external stakeholders are involved in municipal processes are important influences on outcomes; political will and the presence of committed individuals is vitally important; and that municipalities are hamstrung by ineffective national planning processes. Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank the funders of both phases of the project for their interest and support – for Phase I, Riksbyggens Jubileumsfond Den Goda Staden; the Swedish national innovation agency Vinnova through its programme “Verifiering för samverkan”; Göteborg Energis Stiftelse för forskning och utveckling; and for Phase II, J. Gust. Richerts stiftelse; and ÅForsk. In addition, thank you to the many individuals who have contributed directly or indirectly to this study, including Agnes Rönnblom, Prosper Chipato, Tanaka Mukoko, Jenny Ohlsson Orell, Karolin Ring, and Tove Nordberg. In particular, I wish to thank the interviewees for their time and insightful contributions to this report. I hope you find the results interesting and useful. Contents 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Methods .......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Document study ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Interviews ................................................................................................................................ 4 2.3. Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 6 3. Results ............................................................................................................................................. 6 3.1. Organisation - governing processes in 11 “larger cities” ........................................................ 6 3.1.1. General findings .............................................................................................................. 6 3.1.2. Examples .......................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.3. Barriers and challenges ................................................................................................... 8 3.1.4. Politics – enabler or impediment? ................................................................................ 10 3.1.5. Regional dimensions ...................................................................................................... 11 3.1.6. National frustrations ..................................................................................................... 12 3.1.7. Inter-municipal cooperation ......................................................................................... 13 3.2. Implementation ..................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.1. Compact cities, rural sprawl and walking ...................................................................... 14 3.2.2. Cycling ........................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.3. Public transport ............................................................................................................. 17 3.2.4. Cars and parking ............................................................................................................ 18 3.2.5. Goods and distribution .................................................................................................. 19 3.3. Instruments ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.3.1. Gathering data ............................................................................................................... 20 3.3.2. Communications ............................................................................................................ 21 3.3.3. External funding ............................................................................................................ 22 3.3.4. EU projects .................................................................................................................... 22 3.3.5. Stadsmiljöavtal .............................................................................................................. 23 3.3.6. Klimatklivet and Uthållig kommun ................................................................................ 23 3.3.7. Other activities .............................................................................................................. 24 3.3.8. Good practice ................................................................................................................ 24 3.3.9. Inspiration...................................................................................................................... 26 4. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 26 5. List of project publications / activities .......................................................................................... 27 2 1. Introduction “We can say as an introduction that… municipalities are very complex organisations with very many different departments, there are often political dimensions when we work with the public, and so it’s not always easy to describe our work in a well-structured way. So that which you take with you (from this interview) may not be really exact or complete or clear, but hopefully I can offer you insights into how we work in different ways… although it’s hard to describe in a really simple and clear way exactly how. And it changes a little with time, and it depends a little on which persons are involved, and what kind of politicians are in charge obviously influences how we work... but I hope that you gain more insights into how we work”. Respondent from Lund The objectives of this study are broadly addressed in the quote above. Municipalities are complex organisations and the precise structure of a municipal organisation is, like the territory it administrates and operates in, varies according to the local context. This study aims to provide insights into how so-called “larger cities” in Sweden – that is, municipalities with populations of approximately 100,000-250,000 located outside of larger agglomerations – work to develop strategies and policies to promote sustainable mobility and sustainable transport. The report presents this information thematically, based on the analysis of interviews with municipal representatives in 11 municipalities. Alternative accounts, presenting some of the municipalities featured in this study from a case study perspective, are offered by for example Holm, 20161. The findings of this study should thus be interpreted as indicative, as the best attempt of the author to present an overview of rather complex material sorted, as far as possible, by themes rather than location. Many of these themes may appear unsurprising, and many overlap with other themes. However, the report hopes to illustrate some intriguing perspectives which emerge from the study. 1 Fredrik Holm (2016) Hållbar mobilitet från Umeå till Malmö, Stockholm: Gröna Bilister. Fredrik and I discussed our projects during a meeting at Transportforum 2016. There are points of intersection between the studies, yet also significant differences – not least that, where Fredrik’s book presents cases, my study presents findings thematically. Nevertheless, I believe the studies complement each other. Additional reading relevant to this study includes scientific studies by authors such as Mattias Hjerpe, Robert Hrelja, Erik Hysing, Karolina Isaksson, and Sofie Storbjörk. A good overview of relevant literature is provided in Paul Fenton (2016) National infrastructure, small towns and sustainable mobility – experiences from policy and strategy in two Swedish municipalities. Accepted for publication in Environmental Planning and Management. DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2016.1246998 3 2. Methods This Chapter describes the methods used to conduct the study, qualitative document and interview studies. The methods are consistent with those used in Phase I of the project2. 2.1. Document study The internet was used to identify publicly-available material for the document study concerning the municipalities of Borås, Eskilstuna, Gävle, Helsingborg, Huddinge, Jönköping, Linköping, Lund, Norrköping, Sundsvall, Umeå, Uppsala, Västerås, and Örebro. The author made use of a variety of documents to plan the project, identify possible