Wind Energy – Part L2a

2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Thomas Ackermann, Ph.D. [email protected]

Expert User of DIgSILENT PowerFactory for Power Systems Studies

Biography Thomas Ackermann

Diplom Wirtschaftsingenieur • (MSc in ME and MBA) - Berlin, Germany MSc in Physics • New Zealand Ph.D. Electrical Engineering (Power System Deregulation and Distributed Generation) • Stockholm, Sweden Worked as a consultant in the Energy and wind power industry for the past 20 years • Germany, Sweden, China, New Zealand, Australia, India, Denmark, Japan, Costa Rica, Seychelles, Barbados and USA Currently CEO of Energynautics, a German-based research and consulting company in the field of renewable generation and power systems • e-Mail: [email protected]

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Study Trip: 23 and 24 November/Germany

• Start Sunday evening, 22 Nov, Germany (Hamburg-Bremen) • Study Trip: 23 and 24 November (Monday/Tuesday) • End: 6:30 pm 24th of November, Bremen Airport and 8:00pm Hamburg (to be confirmed) • Visit to (details still in work): • Wind Farm; • Wind Turbine Manufacturer; • May be Network Operator;

• KTH will pay the bus and two nights accommodation (22/23 and 23/24 Nov) • You pay transport to Hamburg/Bremen (Flight with SAS to Hamburg or train or…) • You need your own insurance…

Wind Turbine Development

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Outline today

• History & Current Situation

• Regulation and Economics

• Crash Course on Wind Power

Wind Energy History

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Vertical-axis Mills started it all

Vertical-axis Mills

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Vertical-axis Mills

First Horizontal axis: 1000 AD

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

~ 1150 they arrived in Europe

1600 - 1800

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Typical Dutch Windmill

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Wind Power was very important

The Netherlands Germany * Britain Denmark France

Year Units MW Units MW Units MW Units MW Units MW

1700 ------16,000 400 1750------1800 ------20,000 500 1850 9,000 225 ------1900 4,000 100 18,000 450 8,000 200 3,000 75 - - 1950 1,500 38 5,000 125 ------1990 1,000 25 1,000 25 100 3 100 3 - -

* Northern Provinces

Why Lift and not Drag Devices?

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Power in the Wind

At constant wind speeds:

1 2 P = m& v 2

m& = ρ Av

1 P = ρ vA 3 2

Principle of a Persian Windwheel

ρ ρ 2 2 D=c Aw =c A()v−u u, =ΩRM d 2 d 2

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Mean Driving Power, highest cp= ~16 %

ρ    2  = = 3 − u u P D u Av  c d  1   2   v  v 

ρ  u  = Av 3 c   2 P  v 

Cup Anemometer

Cup Anemometer c p = 8 %

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Lift Principal

Principles of Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Lift

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Lift

• The pressure differential between top and bottom surfaces results in a force, called aerodynamic lift

• In an aircraft wing, this force causes the airfoil to ”rise,“ lifting the aircraft off the ground

• “Since the blades of a wind turbine are constrained to move in a plane with the hub as its center, the lift force causes rotation about the hub”

Lift (2 D - Airplane)

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Lift – 2 D WTG

ρ L = c Av 2 L 2

Why Lift and not Drag Devices?

Lift Device Efficiency Drag Device Efficiency Dutch Smock Mills: up to 28 % Cup Anemometer: up to 8 % Modern Wind Turbines: up to 52 % Persian Wind Wheel: up to 16% Maximum possible: less than 59 %

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Industrial Revolution killed the Windmill in Europe, but not the American Windmill

American Windmill

Windmills Estimated Sailing Vessels Number of Units * Total Year hp (thousands) MW hp (thousands) MW * At 0,25 kW/unit (thousands) MW 1850 14 11 42 400 300 311 1860 20 15 60 597 448 463 1870 30 23 90 314 236 258 1880 40 30 120 314 236 266 1890 80 60 240 280 210 270 1900 120 90 360 251 188 278 1910 180 135 540 220 165 300 1920 200 150 600 169 127 277 1930 200 150 600 100 75 225 1940 130 98 390 26 20 117 1950 59 44 177 11 8 53 1960 44 33 132 2 2 35 1965 30 23 90 2 2 24 1970 24 18 72 1 1 19 28

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Windmills for Water Pumping Today

Region Units MW

Argentina 600,000 150

Australia 250,000 63

Brazil 2,000 1

China 1,700 0

Columbia 8,000 2

Curaçao 3,000 1

Nicaragua 1,000 0

South Africa 100,000 25

U.S. Southern Plains 60,000 15

1,025,700 256

Poul la Cour, 1891

Wind Mill First Wind Turbine! (Electricity)

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

In 1918 ...

• Wind turbines (DC generators) supplied about 3 % of the total electricity demand in Denmark

• Typical size: 20 - 35 kW

• Total capacity installed: ~ 3 MW

Wind Turbines for Electricity Production ...

Specific Diameter Swept Area Power Number Tower Height Date in Turbine, Country Power [m] [m 2] [kW] of Blades [m] Service [kW/m 2] Poul LaCour, DK 23 408 18 0.04 4 - 1891

Smith-Putnam, US 53 2231 1250 0.56 2 34 1941

F. L. Smidth, DK 17 237 50 0.21 3 24 1941

F. L. Smidth, DK 24 456 70 0.15 3 24 1942

Gedser, DK 24 452 200 0.44 3 25 1957

Hütter, Germany 34 908 100 0.11 2 22 1958

Table 1: Historical Wind Turbines, Source: Gipe

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

F.L. Smidth Turbine

• Two bladed! • DC Generator • DK • 1939

F.L. Smidth Turbine

• Three bladed! • DC Generator, later changed to AC • DK • 1941

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Johannes Juul & Vester Egesborg Turbines

• DK • circa 1950

• Juul was a student of Poul La Cour • he built the first AC wind turbine

Gedser Turbine

• built by Johannes Juul • Stall Regulated • AC Generator • 200 kW • DK • D = 24 m • 1957

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Oil Crises ...

Diameter Swept Area Capacity Operating Generated Turbine, Country Period [m] [m] [MW] Hours GWh Mod-1, US 60 2,827 2 - - 79-83 Growian, D 100 7,854 3 420 - 81-87 Smith-Putnam, US 53 2,236 1,25 695 0.2 41-45 WTS-4, US 78 4,778 4 7,200 16 82-94 Nibe A, DK 40 1,257 0.63 8,414 2 79-93 WEG LS-1, GB 60 2,827 3 8,441 6 87-92 Mod-2, US 91 6,504 2.5 8,658 15 82-88 Näsudden I, S 75 4,418 2 11,400 13 83-88 Mod-OA, US 38 1,141 0.2 13,045 1 77-82 Tjæreborg, DK 61 2,922 2 14,175 10 88-93 École, CD 64 4,000 3.6 19,000 12 87-93 Mod-5B, US 98 7,466 3.2 20,561 27 87-92 Maglarp WTS-3, S 78 4,778 3 26,159 34 82-92 Nibe B, DK 40 1,257 0.63 29,400 8 80-93 Tvind, DK 54 2,290 2 50,000 14 78-93

Table 3: Performance of the first large-scale demonstration wind turbines, Source: Gipe 37

Growian (3 MW) & Mod-5b (3.2 MW)

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

MOD-5B

• “The MOD-5B was the last of the federally sponsored wind turbines and was built for the U.S. Department of Energy by the Boeing Aerospace Company, under the project management of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.”

Tjæreborg Wind Turbine, Esbjerg, Denmark

• 2 MW

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

• WTS-3 MW • D = 78 • 1982

Darrieus Turbine

• Ecole 4.2 MW • D = 64 • 1988

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

Näsudden 2 (Aeolus 2)

• 3 MW • S + DE • D = 80 m • 1992

Monopteros 50

• 640 kW • DE • D = 56 m • 1989

Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015

The Future?

Thank you for your attention!

Thomas Ackermann [email protected]