2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Wind Energy – Part L2a Thomas Ackermann, Ph.D. [email protected] Expert User of DIgSILENT PowerFactory for Power Systems Studies 1 Biography Thomas Ackermann Diplom Wirtschaftsingenieur • (MSc in ME and MBA) - Berlin, Germany MSc in Physics • New Zealand Ph.D. Electrical Engineering (Power System Deregulation and Distributed Generation) • Stockholm, Sweden Worked as a consultant in the Energy and wind power industry for the past 20 years • Germany, Sweden, China, New Zealand, Australia, India, Denmark, Japan, Costa Rica, Seychelles, Barbados and USA Currently CEO of Energynautics, a German-based research and consulting company in the field of renewable generation and power systems • e-Mail: [email protected] 2 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Study Trip: 23 and 24 November/Germany • Start Sunday evening, 22 Nov, Germany (Hamburg-Bremen) • Study Trip: 23 and 24 November (Monday/Tuesday) • End: 6:30 pm 24th of November, Bremen Airport and 8:00pm Hamburg (to be confirmed) • Visit to (details still in work): • Wind Farm; • Wind Turbine Manufacturer; • May be Network Operator; • KTH will pay the bus and two nights accommodation (22/23 and 23/24 Nov) • You pay transport to Hamburg/Bremen (Flight with SAS to Hamburg or train or…) • You need your own insurance… 3 Wind Turbine Development 4 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Outline today • History & Current Situation • Regulation and Economics • Crash Course on Wind Power 5 Wind Energy History 6 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Vertical-axis Mills started it all 7 Vertical-axis Mills 8 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Vertical-axis Mills 9 First Horizontal axis: 1000 AD 10 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 ~ 1150 they arrived in Europe 11 1600 - 1800 12 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 13 Typical Dutch Windmill 14 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Wind Power was very important The Netherlands Germany * Britain Denmark France Year Units MW Units MW Units MW Units MW Units MW 1700 - - - - - - - - 16,000 400 1750- - - - - - - - 1800 - - - - - - - - 20,000 500 1850 9,000 225 - - - - - - - - 1900 4,000 100 18,000 450 8,000 200 3,000 75 - - 1950 1,500 38 5,000 125 - - - - - - 1990 1,000 25 1,000 25 100 3 100 3 - - * Northern Provinces 15 Why Lift and not Drag Devices? 16 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Power in the Wind At constant wind speeds: 1 2 P = m& v 2 m& = ρ Av 1 P = ρ vA 3 2 Principle of a Persian Windwheel ρ ρ 2 2 D=c Aw =c A()v−u u, =ΩRM d 2 d 2 18 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Mean Driving Power, highest cp= ~16 % ρ 2 = = 3 − u u P D u Av c d 1 2 v v ρ u = Av 3 c 2 P v 19 Cup Anemometer Cup Anemometer c p = 8 % Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Lift Principal 21 Principles of Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Lift 22 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Lift • The pressure differential between top and bottom surfaces results in a force, called aerodynamic lift • In an aircraft wing, this force causes the airfoil to ”rise,“ lifting the aircraft off the ground • “Since the blades of a wind turbine are constrained to move in a plane with the hub as its center, the lift force causes rotation about the hub” 23 Lift (2 D - Airplane) 24 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Lift – 2 D WTG ρ L = c Av 2 L 2 25 Why Lift and not Drag Devices? Lift Device Efficiency Drag Device Efficiency Dutch Smock Mills: up to 28 % Cup Anemometer: up to 8 % Modern Wind Turbines: up to 52 % Persian Wind Wheel: up to 16% Maximum possible: less than 59 % Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Industrial Revolution killed the Windmill in Europe, but not the American Windmill 27 American Windmill Windmills Estimated Sailing Vessels Number of Units * Total Year hp (thousands) MW hp (thousands) MW * At 0,25 kW/unit (thousands) MW 1850 14 11 42 400 300 311 1860 20 15 60 597 448 463 1870 30 23 90 314 236 258 1880 40 30 120 314 236 266 1890 80 60 240 280 210 270 1900 120 90 360 251 188 278 1910 180 135 540 220 165 300 1920 200 150 600 169 127 277 1930 200 150 600 100 75 225 1940 130 98 390 26 20 117 1950 59 44 177 11 8 53 1960 44 33 132 2 2 35 1965 30 23 90 2 2 24 1970 24 18 72 1 1 19 28 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Windmills for Water Pumping Today Region Units MW Argentina 600,000 150 Australia 250,000 63 Brazil 2,000 1 China 1,700 0 Columbia 8,000 2 Curaçao 3,000 1 Nicaragua 1,000 0 South Africa 100,000 25 U.S. Southern Plains 60,000 15 1,025,700 256 29 Poul la Cour, 1891 Wind Mill First Wind Turbine! (Electricity) Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 In 1918 ... • Wind turbines (DC generators) supplied about 3 % of the total electricity demand in Denmark • Typical size: 20 - 35 kW • Total capacity installed: ~ 3 MW 31 Wind Turbines for Electricity Production ... Specific Diameter Swept Area Power Number Tower Height Date in Turbine, Country Power [m] [m 2] [kW] of Blades [m] Service [kW/m 2] Poul LaCour, DK 23 408 18 0.04 4 - 1891 Smith-Putnam, US 53 2231 1250 0.56 2 34 1941 F. L. Smidth, DK 17 237 50 0.21 3 24 1941 F. L. Smidth, DK 24 456 70 0.15 3 24 1942 Gedser, DK 24 452 200 0.44 3 25 1957 Hütter, Germany 34 908 100 0.11 2 22 1958 Table 1: Historical Wind Turbines, Source: Gipe 32 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 F.L. Smidth Turbine • Two bladed! • DC Generator • DK • 1939 33 F.L. Smidth Turbine • Three bladed! • DC Generator, later changed to AC • DK • 1941 34 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Johannes Juul & Vester Egesborg Turbines • DK • circa 1950 • Juul was a student of Poul La Cour • he built the first AC wind turbine 35 Gedser Turbine • built by Johannes Juul • Stall Regulated • AC Generator • 200 kW • DK • D = 24 m • 1957 36 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Oil Crises ... Diameter Swept Area Capacity Operating Generated Turbine, Country Period [m] [m] [MW] Hours GWh Mod-1, US 60 2,827 2 - - 79-83 Growian, D 100 7,854 3 420 - 81-87 Smith-Putnam, US 53 2,236 1,25 695 0.2 41-45 WTS-4, US 78 4,778 4 7,200 16 82-94 Nibe A, DK 40 1,257 0.63 8,414 2 79-93 WEG LS-1, GB 60 2,827 3 8,441 6 87-92 Mod-2, US 91 6,504 2.5 8,658 15 82-88 Näsudden I, S 75 4,418 2 11,400 13 83-88 Mod-OA, US 38 1,141 0.2 13,045 1 77-82 Tjæreborg, DK 61 2,922 2 14,175 10 88-93 École, CD 64 4,000 3.6 19,000 12 87-93 Mod-5B, US 98 7,466 3.2 20,561 27 87-92 Maglarp WTS-3, S 78 4,778 3 26,159 34 82-92 Nibe B, DK 40 1,257 0.63 29,400 8 80-93 Tvind, DK 54 2,290 2 50,000 14 78-93 Table 3: Performance of the first large-scale demonstration wind turbines, Source: Gipe 37 Growian (3 MW) & Mod-5b (3.2 MW) 38 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 MOD-5B • “The MOD-5B was the last of the federally sponsored wind turbines and was built for the U.S. Department of Energy by the Boeing Aerospace Company, under the project management of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.” 39 Tjæreborg Wind Turbine, Esbjerg, Denmark • 2 MW 40 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 • WTS-3 MW • D = 78 • 1982 41 Darrieus Turbine • Ecole 4.2 MW • D = 64 • 1988 42 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 Näsudden 2 (Aeolus 2) • 3 MW • S + DE • D = 80 m • 1992 43 Monopteros 50 • 640 kW • DE • D = 56 m • 1989 44 Thomas Ackermann [email protected] 2a: Wind Power: Historical Overview September 2015 The Future? 45 Thank you for your attention! 46 Thomas Ackermann [email protected].