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University of Hawn! Ubraay -----~-~~ UNIVERSITY OF HAWN! UBRAAY GLOBAL TOURISM AND COMMUNITY LIFE: TOWARD A RESPONSmLE TOURISM FRAMEWORK A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWArI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQ~SFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHllDSOPHY IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING MAY,200S By Napat Settachai Dissertation Committee: Michael Douglass, Chairperson KemLowry Karen Umemoto JonGoss Walter Jamieson We certify that we have read this dissertation and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Urban and Regional Planning. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without assistance and encouragement from many individuals. I would like to first thank my advisor Michael Douglass for his perceptive comments, guidance, and support throughout my study and this research. I also gratefully acknowledge the valuable contnbution of my committee members Kem Lowry, Karen Umemoto, Jon Goss, and Walter Jamieson whose constructive comments and suggestions are very essential and enriching to my work. I am grateful to the thirty-eight residents of the Tha Tien community and ten operators of tourism-related businesses, who granted their time, shared their insights, and made my fieldwork not only an educational but also a pleasant and fascinating experience. I thank especially Prayut Boonnak and Jul Adulvichitkasem who provided a vital piece of information about the history of the neighborhood. Several officials at the Bangkok Tourism Division, City Planning Department, Phranakhon Administrative District, Department ofTown and City Planning, and Tourism Authority of Thailand were of help with obtaining data for my research. Representatives of the Committee for Conservation and Development ofKrung Rattanakosin, Crown Property Bureau, Wat Pho, Silpakom University, and Thailand Environment Institute were also incredibly helpful and resourceful. Finally, I wish to acknowledge and thank my wonderful family, especially my parents and sister, for their unconditional support and understanding of my learning journey. My special thanks go to Katia Balassiano who has helped me on editing the entire paper, and Jing Wu who has given me continuing support and encouragement, particularly in times when it was needed most. iii ABSTRACT This research assesses the impacts of tourism on those living in the Tha Tien community located in the old royal center of Bangkok, Thailand. By utilizing a place­ making concept, the researcher constructs an analytical framework that explains how external forces reshape a place and provides a better understanding of the interaction and confrontation between tourism and the community. As defined in this research, four key attributes of place-based communities include the physical environment, place image and identity, community connections, and political capability. The results from the case study analysis demonstrate that small-scale, locally­ owned tourism development tends to benefit the community as it leads to the revitalization of the local economy, the improvement of the physical environment, and the preservation of historic buildings. On the other hand, large-scale market-led tourism development engenders the potential degradation of place attributes in various ways. While the local people's perceived image of their community is quite positive, the public and private place marketers view the area as degraded, unsafe, and unattractive. AIl a result, the public and institutional sectors have initiated controversial plans to conceal the area, remove structures deemed to interfere with the streamlined heritage concept, and has even proposed to uproot the neighborhood. Meanwhile, the private sector has developed tourism-marketing activities that bypass the community and its local culture. Conflicts over tourism benefits have undermined the close connections among residents. Most importantly, centralized tourism development has led to the weakening oflocal political capabilities and the exclusion of locals from tourism decision-making. iv To minimire the above impacts and establish responsible tourism in the Tha Tien community, the study provides a set of policy recommendations based on four key principles: tourism planning, heritage marketing, place-based development, and participation. The main objective of tourism planners is to balance between the destabilizing forces of tourism and the enhancement of the sense of place. Planners need to encourage institutions, local people, and the tourism industry to create a social fabric that not only serves commercial purposes but also reinforces mutual respect, beneficial relationships, and social identities. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... 111 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables................................................................................................................ ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................x List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1. The Global-Local Dilemma: A Cballenge to Urban Communities ............................... .! 2. Rationalization for Research ...................................................................................... 10 3. Research Goals and Objectives .................................................................................. 12 4. Research Proposition ................................................................................................. 13 5. Limitations of the Study............................................................................................. 14 6. Organization of the Research ..................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL TOURISM, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, AND PLACE MAKING .........................•............................................................................................ 20 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 20 2. Globalization, Tourism, and Local Communities ....................................................... 20 3. Community Life, Place and Place-Making Process .................................................... 26 4. Place and Process in the Tourist Political Economy ................................................... 34 4.1 The Commodification of Place: Conceptualization and Assessment ..................... 36 4.2 Cultural Politics in Place ...................................................................................... 44 5. Conceptual Framework of Tourism Impacts on Place Making .................................... 47 5.1 Physical Environment ......................................................................................... .50 5.2 Place Identity and Image ...................................................................................... 53 5.3 Community Connections ...................................................................................... 57 5.4 Political Capability............................................................................................... 59 6. Summary .........................................•..........•........................•.............................•....•..63 CHAPTER 3: RESPONSIBLE TOURISM FRAMEWORK .......................................... 68 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 68 2. Responsible Tourism Development. ........................................................................... 70 2.1 Conceptualization, Characteristics and Goals ....................................................... 70 2.2 Locating Responsible Tourism among other Alternative Forms of Tourism ......... 73 vi 3. Framework of Responsible Tourism .......................................................................... 77 3. I Destination Governance ....................................................................................... 79 3.2 UrbanPIanning .................................................................................................... 84 3.3 Destination Management ..................................................................................... 94 4. Applying Responsible Tourism in an Urban Context. ................................................. 98 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................................ 103 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 103 2. Research Design Approach ............................••........................................................ 103 3. Data CoIIection and Recoding Techniques .................•............................................. 106 3.1 Historical Analysis ............................................................................................. 106 3.2 Informant Interviews .........................................................................................
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