105 Aspecte Privind Evoluţia Organizării Politice În Nord

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105 Aspecte Privind Evoluţia Organizării Politice În Nord Analele Universităţii “Constantin Brâncuşi” din Târgu Jiu, Seria Litere şi Ştiinţe Sociale, Nr. 3/2010 ASPECTE PRIVIND EVOLUŢIA ASPECTS REGARDING THE ORGANIZĂRII POLITICE ÎN NORD- EVOLUTION OF THE POLITICAL VESTUL ROMÂNIEI LA ORGANIZATION IN NORTH- ÎNCEPUTURILE EVULUI MEDIU WESTERN ROMANIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGE Dr. Florin SFRENGEU PhD Florin SFRENGEU Universitatea din Oradea University of Oradea Rezumat Abstract Cerecetările istorico-arheologice au arătat The historical-archaeological researches have existenţa unor formaţiuni politice în Transilvania shown the existence of certain political formations in şi vestul României. Cercetările arheologice din Transylvania and Western Romania. The cetatea de pământ de la Biharea precum şi cele din archaeological researches in the land citadel of Biharea aşezările rurale din teritoriul Crişanei, confirmă and also the ones in the rural settlements in Crişana relatările din Cronica lui Anonymus privind confirm the statements of Anonymus’ Chronicle on the existenţa ducatului lui Menumorut şi confruntările existence of Menumorut’s ducat and the confrontations cu ungurii. Documentele emise de cancelaria with the Hungarians. The documents emitted by the maghiară arată existenţa comitatului Bihor, în a Hungarian chancelleryhave shown the existence of the doua jumătate a secolului al XI-lea cu sediul la committee of Bihor in the second half of the 11th Biharea apoi, la începutul secolului al XII-lea, la century having the headquarters at Biharea and then, at Oradea. the beginning of the 12th century, at Oradea. Cuvinte cheie: cronici, formaţiuni politice, Key-words: chronicle, political formations, ducat (voievodat), autohtoni, migratori, comitat, ducat (principality), autochthonous, migratory, regalitatea maghiară. committee, Hungarian royalty. .Perioada secolelor IX-XI este The time of the 9th and 11th centuries cunoscută, în primul rând, datorită is known in the first place due to the cercetătorilor din ultimii 50 de ani, în care researches in the last 50 years when the arheologia a adus o remarcabilă archaeology had brought a sensible contribuţie. Cercetările au evidenţiat contribution. The researches have spotlighted existenţa unei culturi materiale dezvoltate the existence of a developed and unitary şi unitare pe aproape întreg teritoriul material culture on almost the entire territory României. Peste 2000 de aşezări şi of Romania. More than 2000 settlements and necropole au fost descoperite pe întreaga necropolises were discovered on the entire suprafaţă a ţării, sub forma unor surface of the country, as demographical concentrări demografice în zonele de concentrations in the areas of plains, hills, câmpie, de coline, de podiş, dar şi în cele highlands, but also in the subcarpathian areas subcarpatice (Pascu şi alţii, 2001a: 145). (Pascu and others, 2001a: 145). The mapping Cartarea acestor aşezări şi necropole pune of these settlements and necropolises în evidenţă existenţa unor grupări sau emphasizes the existence of certain territorial complexe teritoriale de diferite mărimi, groupings or complexes of different sizes, by Annals of the „Constantin Brâncuşi” University of Târgu Jiu, Letters and Social Sciences Series, Issue 3/2010 105 Analele Universităţii “Constantin Brâncuşi” din Târgu Jiu, Seria Litere şi Ştiinţe Sociale, Nr. 3/2010 arătând gradul procesului de organizare showing the degree of the political politică, „urmare a drumului parcurs de la organization process, “as a consequence of formele sale inferioare, la cele constatate the road crossed from its inferior forms to the în secolele IX-XI, rolul şi însemnătatea ones found in the 9th-11th centuries, the role raportului dintre populaţie şi organizarea and the significance of the report between politică în maturizarea vieţii noastre de population and the political organization in stat de la începutul evului mediu.” (Pascu the maturation of our state life at the şi alţii, 2001a: 149). beginning of the Middle Age.” (Pascu and Existenţa unor structuri politice, în others, 2001a: 149). această perioadă, este atestată şi de The existence of certain political documentele scrise. Dintre cele mai vechi structures in this time is attested also by the atestări a românilor amintim cronica lui written documents. Among the oldest Nestor (Povest vremennykh let), care attestation of the Romanians, we mention conţine referiri asupra relaţiilor dintre Nestor’s chronicle (Povest vremennykh let) ugrii albi, slavi şi volohi, adică acea that contains references on the relationships populaţie de origine romanică. În aceeaşi between white Ugrii, Slavs and Wallachians, cronică se fac referiri şi la pătrunderea namely that population having Latin origins. ungurilor prin pasul Verecke spre Câmpia The same chronicle refers to the Hungarian’s Tisei, care s-au luptat cu volohii şi slavii penetration of the Verecke mountain pass care locuiau acolo (Pascu şi alţii, 2001b: towards the Tisa Plain, who fought the 230). Geograful armean Moise Chorenaţ`i Wallachians and the Slavs living there (Pascu vorbeşte despre ţara Balak, ce se află la and others, 2001b: 230). The Armenian nordul bulgarilor, înţelegând prin Balak geographer Moise Chorenaţ`i speaks of Balak numele de valach sau blach, care arată country placed at the north of the Bulgarians, originea romanică a populaţiei ce trăiau Balak meaning Wallachian or Vlach, a name într-o unitate politică a lor, deci într-o ţară that shows the Latin origins of the population românească (Decei 1978: 104-105). living in their political unity, so in a Românii sunt cunoscuţi şi de către Gardizi Romanian country (Decei 1978: 104-105). (Podoaba istoriilor), în secolul al XI-lea, The Romanians are also known by Gardizi care prezintă un popor din Imperiul (Gem of the Histories), in the 11th century, roman, aflat între ruşi, bulgari şi unguri, who presents a people in the Roman Empire, plasat pe un teritoriu aflat la nord de placed between Russians, Bulgarians and Dunăre şi un munte ce poate fi identificat Hungarians, placed on a territory in the north cu Munţii Carpaţi, popor mai numeros of the Danube and a mountain that can be decât ungurii, dar mai slab sub aspect identified with the Carpathians, a people politic (Decei 1936: 3). more numerous than the Hungarians, but Situaţia formaţiunilor politice politically weaker (Decei 1936: 3). româneşti din Transilvania şi vestul The situation of the Romanian României ne este oferită de cronica lui political formations in Transylvania and in Anonymus, despre care s-a scris mult, Western Romania is offered to us by opiniile fiind controversate (Brezeanu Anonymus’ chronicle, about which it was 1999; Brezeanu 2002; Ciocâltan 1987; written a lot, the opinions being controversial Györffy 1972; Kristó 1978; Madgearu (Brezeanu 1999; Brezeanu 2002; Ciocâltan 2001a; Madgearu 2005; Macartney 1940; 1987; Györffy 1972; Kristó 1978; Madgearu Pop 2003; Sălăgean 2006 etc.) 2001a; Madgearu 2005; Macartney 1940; Pop Cronicarul anonim menţionează şi 2003; Sălăgean 2006 etc.) formaţiunile politice conduse de The anonymous historian also Menumorut, Glad şi Gelou. Din aceste mentions the political formations led by Annals of the „Constantin Brâncuşi” University of Târgu Jiu, Letters and Social Sciences Series, Issue 3/2010 106 Analele Universităţii “Constantin Brâncuşi” din Târgu Jiu, Seria Litere şi Ştiinţe Sociale, Nr. 3/2010 relatări, coroborate cu ştirile din alte Menumorut, Glad and Gelou. From these cronici, completate de rezultatele reports, corroborated to the news of other cercetărilor arheologice din ultima vreme, chronicles, completed by the results of the s-a prezentat un tablou istoric al recent archaeological researches, it was formaţiunilor politice amintite mai sus. presented a historical table of the political Acest lucru a fost făcut şi de către istoricul formations mentioned above. This was also clujean Ioan-Aurel Pop, într-o lucrare de done by the historian Ioan-Aurel Pop from sinteză, serios argumentată, cu o bogată Cluj, in a synthesis work that was seriously bibliografie istorică şi arheologică, dar şi motivated, having a rich historical and puncte de vedere echilibrate (Pop 2003). archaeological bibliography, but also Ducatul lui Menumorut, despre care balanced viewpoints (Pop 2003). Anonymus ne vorbeşte în capitolele 19-22, Menumorut’s ducat, to which 28, 50-52, era cuprins între Tisa, Mureş, Anonymus refers in chapters 19-22, 28, 50- Someş şi Carpaţii Occidentali, având 52, lied between Tisa, Mureş, Someş and the reşedinţa la Biharea. Analizând relatările Occidental Carpathians, having the residence din aceste capitole ale cronicii lui at Biharea. By analysing the statements of Anonymus, I. A. Pop arată că războiul these chapters of Anonymus’ chronicle, I. A. contra ducatului Crişanei are trei etape: Pop shows that the war against the Crişana „- prima expediţie militară, din direcţia ducat had three phases: nord-est spre sud-est, duce la „- the first military expedition, from north- atacarea teritoriului dintre râurile Er east towards south-east, leads to şi Someş, cu cetatea Sătmar, până attacking the territory between Er and sub Munţii Meseş şi până la Zalău; Someş rivers, with the citadel of Sătmar, - a doua expediţie este o continuare a to the area under the Meseş Mountains primei, din direcţia nord-est spre and to Zalău; nord-vest, de-a lungul râului Er, - The second expedition is a încheiată cu înfrângerea cetei continuation of the first one, from north-east Ungurilor la Szeghalom; to north-west, across the river Er, ended by - a treia, în care avangarda
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