Voievodatele Româneşti Din Transilvania În Secolele Ix

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Voievodatele Româneşti Din Transilvania În Secolele Ix VOIEVODATELE ROMÂNEŞTI DIN TRANSILVANIA ÎN SECOLELE IX-XIII Ecaterina OPREA, Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie The Romanian voivodeships of Transylvania in 9 th – 13 th centuries” it’s a controversial problem due to the political context generated by the political fight between Hungarians and Romanians for Transylvania. We have analyzed the voivodeship of Menumorut in Crishana, the voivodeship of Glad-Ahtum in Banat and the ,,terra Ultrasilvana” of Gelou-Gyula, all mentioned in ,,The Gesta Hungarorum” of Anonymus and other sources before and after their conquest until 13 th century, through the Hungarian politics of colonization, influence of Catholicism, organization of counties etc. This period is significant by the organization of Voivodeship of Transylvania. Problema voievodatelor româneşti din Transilvania în secolele IX-XIII este o problemă controversată, deci şi actuală, dat fiind disputele dintre istoriografia maghiară şi românească referitoare la etnogeneza poporului român. Examinând problema formaţiunilor statale incipiente româneşti din Transilvania până la cucerirea maghiară, am tratat dilema celor trei formaţiuni statale incipiente menţionate de Notarul Anonim, cu confirmările sau infirmările cronicilor ulterioare. Voievodatul lui Menumorut este formaţiunea despre care se vorbeşte cel mai mult în gestă. Arpad trimite soli la duce pentru a-i ceda o parte din pământurile sale. Menumorut invocă vasalitatea faţă de Împăratul Bizantin [1]. Luptele cu siguranţă s-au produs în câteva etape, identificate de Ioan- Aurel Pop [2]. Într-un sfârşit, în capitolul 51, „Menumorut... învins şi zdrobit, nu stă la îndoială să-i dea întregul său regat şi lui Zulta, fiul lui Arpad, pe fiica sa”. Această cedare a fost de fapt o înţelegere, pentru că Menumorut a fost lăsat în cetatea Bihar [3]. Ioan-Aurel Pop face o precizare că ţara lui Menumorut nu a fost cucerită, ci doar supusă [2, p.107]. O structură etnică generală ar fi: români – urmaşi ai dacilor romanizaţi; slavi, bulgari, avari; secui, khazari. Cert e că izvoarele relatează despre teritoriul Crişanei din sec. IX că populaţia era sedentară, construia cetăţi (prisăci), se ocupa cu agricultura, lupta cu arcuri şi săgeţi [2, p.106-107]. Voievodatul bănăţean era condus, conform cronicarului, la răscrucea secolul IX-X de Glad: „Teritoriul însă care se întinde de la fluviul Mureş până la fortăreaţa Urscia, l-a ocupat un oarecare duce...Glad, care a ieşit cu ajutorul cumanilor din fortăreaţa Vidin, şi din ai cărui urmaşi s-a născut Ohtum, pe care mai târziu... în vremea regelui Ştefan cel Sfânt, l-a omorât...Sunad, fiul lui Dobuca” [3, p.83-84]. Împotriva lui Glad, Arpad trimite din start o armată [3, p.10]. Populaţia Banatului din secolele IX-X era alcătuită din români, bulgari, slavi şi pecenegi. Etnia voievodului Glad nu se poate de precizat, dar „ieşirea” din Vidin nu-i „asigură” o origine bulgară, 30 fiind ştiut faptul că, în această zonă, comunitatea românească este foarte numeroasă. Despre viaţa spirituală a populaţiei voievodatului bănăţean se poate de afirmat, sigur, că era creştinată, la prima incursiune a maghiarilor. Noi susţinem că confesiunea populaţiei era ortodoxă, pentru că ţara respectivă era apropiată de Ţaratul bulgar care, în 864, s-a creştinat în rit grecesc. Urmaşul îndepărtat al lui Glad este Ahtum/Ohtum care stăpânea o formaţiune statală destul de puternică, pe care o putem numi chiar regnum. Formaţiunea a fost supusă în timpul regelui maghiar Ştefan I, conflict despre care aflăm în Legenda Sancti Gerardi episcopi în care a fost implicat şi episcopul Gerard. Legenda confirmă existenţa unei populaţii sedentare care se ocupa cu agricultura, creşterea animalelor, practicarea meşteşugurilor. Despre voievodul/ducele Gelou, care stăpânea terra Ultrasilvana, ştim sigur că era vlah, iar populaţia ţării era compusă din vlahi şi slavi, iar Gelou suferea neajunsuri din partea cumanilor şi pecenegilor [3, p.94-95]. Sub aspectul politicii externe, Gelou pare independent, Cronica Anonimului nu menţionează vreo relaţie de dependenţă a acestuia [2, p.140-141]. Considerăm că religia populaţiei, posibil şi a ducelui, care era blac, era ortodoxă, fapt ce justifică acţiunea lui Gyula I de aducere a unui episcop grec din Bizanţ. Suntem de acord cu părerea lui I.-A. Pop, cum că nu toată ţara Ultrasilvana a fost supusă din start [2, p.134]. Conform lui Anonymus, ţara Transilvaniei a fost stăpânită de urmaşii lui Tuhutum până în vremea regelui Ştefan, când Gyula cel Tânăr a refuzat să treacă la creştinism, a ajuns în conflict cu regele şi a fost învins, ţara Transilvaniei ocupată, şi împreună cu familia sa, dus în Ungaria [3, p.94-97]. Simon de Keza relatează şi el acest conflict [4]. Pe timpul lui Geula/Gyula cel Tânăr, în 1002-1003, terra Ultrasilvana a fost supusă de Istvan I. Aceste formaţiuni statale incipiente erau destul de avansate economic, din punct de vedere social se începea o stratificare după modelul feudalităţii occidentale. Din punct de vedere etnic, nu le putem numi româneşti, ci româno-slave, dar majoritari erau românii. Maghiarii şi-au impus stăpânirea în teritoriile respective nu fără rezistenţă din partea populaţiei locale, majoritar românească. Prin tratarea acestui subiect – formaţiunile statale din Transilvania în componenţa regatului maghiar până în secolul XIII, am urmărit să analizăm evoluţia formaţiunilor statale incipiente. Cel mai uşor de supus a fost voievodatul lui Menumorut, unde se şi creează primele comitate. Aici a fost aplicată politica de colonizare, prozelitism catolic, instituirea comitatelor etc. În voievodatul Bănăţean a fost aplicată aceeaşi politică a regalităţii maghiare. Românii, pentru a se apăra de această politică, se organizau în provincii sau „districte” româneşti, iar în Banat au fost cele mai multe, 33 [2, p.175]. 31 Instituţia Banatului a fost adusă de maghiari de la sud de Dunăre. Fosta formaţiune a lui Gelou-Gyula a devenit treptat parte a Voievodatului Transilvaniei, despre care se poate vorbi din secolul XII. Voievodatul Transilvaniei este o creaţie maghiară, deşi au existat unii istorici, precum Ioan Moga, Ioan Lupaş, care neagă vehement contribuţia maghiară la crearea acestuia. Voievodatul este o instituţie românească, dar iniţiativa de creare aparţine maghiarilor. La început, ei au introdus instituţia principatului care nu a fost vitală. Românii îşi păstrează vechile formaţiuni – cnezatele, voievodatele, deşi maghiarii instituie comitatul, care s-a dovedit a fi mult mai vital [5]. Treptat, această formaţiune statală devine centrul politic spre care tind celelalte regiuni româneşti anexate de maghiari (Crişana, Banat). Voievodatul a suportat aceeaşi politică maghiară: de colonizare cu saşi, secui, cavaleri teutoni, cavaleri ioaniţi etc., prozelitism catolic, instituirea comitatelor. În concluzie, putem afirma că populaţia locală românească se apăra de aceste atacuri ale maghiarilor în toate sferele vieţii. Românii îşi păstrau confesiunea de rit grecesc, păstrau instituţiile politico-administrative locale: cnezatele, voievodatele, şi se organizau în „provincii” locuite compact de ei. Am încercat să arătăm evoluţia formaţiunilor statale în raporturile lor cu dinastia Arpadiană. Însă perioada de dominaţie maghiară nu trebuie văzută în sens restrâns, raportată doar la această perioadă, ci în sens larg, la toată perioada, pentru că astfel vedem influenţa pozitivă a acestei dominaţii, Transilvania fiind regiunea cea mai dezvoltată din punct de vedere economic, cultural, după părerea noastră. Referinţe: 1. SIMON de Keza. Cronica ungurilor în Izvoarele Istoriei Românilor. Traducere de POPA-LISSEANU, G. Bucureşti: Bucovina, 1935, vol. IV. 2. Gesta Hungarorum. În: Izvoarele Istoriei Românilor vol. I. Traducere de POPA- LISSEANU, G. Bucureşti: Bucovina, 1934, vol. I . 3. PASCU, Ş. Voievodatul Transilvaniei. Cluj: Ed. Dacia, 1971, vol. I. 4. POP, Ioan-Aurel. Românii şi maghiarii în secolele IX-XIV. Geneza statului medieval în Transilvania. Cluj-Napoca: Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Fundaţia Culturală Română,1996. Recomandat Ion EREMIA, dr. hab., prof. univ. 32 .
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