THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

International Maritime Boundaries

VOLUME IV

Edited by

JONATHAN I. CHARNEY

and

ROBERT W. SMITH

MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS THE HAGUE / LONDON / NEW YORK Table of Contents

VOLUME I

Preface xiii Contributors xv Glossary of Terms xix References xxi Introduction and Conclusions xxiii Jonathan I. Charney

GLOBAL ANALYSES I. Political, Strategie, and Historical Considerations 3 Bernard H. Oxman II. The Legal Regime of Maritime Boundary Agreements 41 David Colson III. Economic and Environmental Considerations in Maritime Boundary Delimitations 75 Barbara Kwiatkowska IV. Geographie Considerations in Maritime Delimitation 115 Prosper Weil V. Islands, Rocks, Reefs, and Low-Tide Elevations in Maritime Boundaries 131 Derek Bowett VI. Baseline Considerations 153 Louis B. Sohn VII. The Use of Geophysical Factors in the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries 163 Keith Highet VIII. Method, Oppositeness and Adjacency, and Proportionality in Maritime Boundary Delimitation 203 Leonard Legault and Blair Hankey IX. Technical Considerations in Maritime Boundary Delimitations 243 Peter Beazley

REGIONAL ANALYSES REGION I. North American Maritime Boundaries 267 Lewis M. Alexander vi Table of Contents

REGION II. Middle American and Caribbean Maritime Boundaries 271 Kaldone G. Nweihed REGION EQ. South American Maritime Boundaries 285 Eduardo Jimenez de Arechaga REGION IV. African Maritime Boundaries 293 Andronico 0. Adede REGION V. Central Pacific and East Asian Maritime Boundaries 297 Choon-Ho Park REGION VI. Indian Ocean and South East Asian Maritime Boundaries 305 J.R. Victor Prescott REGION VII. Persian Gulf Maritime Boundaries 315 Lewis M. Alexander REGION VIEL Mediterranean and Black Sea Maritime Boundaries 321 Tullio Scovazzi REGION DC. Northern and Western European Maritime Boundaries 331 D.H. Anderson REGION X. Baltic Sea Maritime Boundaries 345 Erik Franckx

MARITIME BOUNDARY REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS I. North America 1-1 Canada-Denmark (Greenland) (1973) 371 1-2 Canada-France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) (1972 and 1992) 387 1-3 Canada-United States (Gulf of Mexico) (1979 and 1984) 401 1-4 Cuba-United States (1977) 417 1-5 Mexico-United States (1970, 1976 and 1987) 427 1-6 United States-Soviet Union (1990) 447

II. Middle America/The Caribbean 2-1 Colombia-Costa Rica (1977) 463 2-2 Colombia-Dominican Republic (1978) 477 2-3 Colombia-Haiti (1978) 491 2-4 Colombia-Honduras (1986) 503 2-5 Colombia-Panama (1976) 519 2-6 Costa Rica-Panama (1980) 537 2-7 Cuba-Haiti (1977) 551 2-8 Cuba-Mexico (1976) 565 2-9 Dominican Republic-Venezuela (1979) 577 2-10 France (Martinique)-Saint Lucia (1981) 591 2-11 France (Guadeloupe and Martinique)-Venezuela (1980) 603 Table of Contents vii

2-12 The Netherlands (Antilles)-Venezuela (1978) 615 2-13 (1) Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela (Gulf of Paria) (1942) 639 2-13 (2) Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela (1989) 655 2-13 (3) Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela (1990) 675 2-14 United States (Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands)-Venezuela (1978) 691 2-15 Dominica-France (Guadeloupe and Martinique (1987) 705 in. South America 3-1 Argentina-Chile (1984) 719 3-2 Argentina-Uruguay (1973) 757 3-3 Brazil-France (French Guiana) (1981) 777 3-4 Brazil-Uraguay (1972) 785 3-5 Chile-Peru (1952) 793 3-6 Colombia-Costa Rica (1984) 801 3-7 Colombia-Ecuador (1975) 809 3-8 Costa Rica-Ecuador (1985) 819 3-9 Ecuador-Peru (1952) 829

IV. Africa 4-1 Cameroon-Nigeria (1975) 841 4-2 The Gambia-Senegal (1975) 849 4-3 Guinea-Guinea-Bissau (1985) 857 4-4 Guinea-Bissau-Senegal (1989) 867 4-5 Kenya-Tanzania (1976) 875 4-6 Mauritania-Morocco (1976) 885 4-7 Mozambique-Tanzania (1988) 893

V. Central Pacific/East Asia 5-1 Australia-France (New Caledonia) (1982) 905 5-2 United Kingdom (Sarawak, North Borneo, Brunei) (1958) 915 5-3 Australia-Papua New Guinea (1978) 929 5-4 Australia-Solomon Islands (1988) 977 5-5 Cook Islands-United States (American Samoa) (1980) 985 5-6 Fiji-France (New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna) (1983) 995 5-7 France (French Polynesia)-United Kingdom (Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands) (1983) 1003 5-8 France (Wallis and Futuna)-Tonga (1980) 1011 5-9 (1) Indonesia-Malaysia (Continental Shelf) (1969) 1019 5-9 (2) Indonesia-Malaysia (Territorial Sea) (1970) 1029 5-10 Indonesia-Papua New Guinea (1980) 1039 viii Table of Contents

5-11 Indonesia-Singapore (1973) 1049 5-12 Japan-South Korea (1974) 1057 5-13 Malaysia-Thailand (Territorial Sea) (1979) 1091 5-13 Malaysia-Thailand (Gulf of Thailand Continental Shelf) (1979) 1099 5-14 New Zealand (Tokelau)-United States (American Samoa) (1980) 1125 5-15 (I) North Korea-Soviet Union (Territorial Sea) (1985) 1135 5-15 (2) North Korea-Soviet Union (Exclusive Economic Zone and Conti- nental Shelf) (1986) 1145 5-16 Papua New Guinea-Solomon Islands (1989) 1155 5-17 France (New Caledonia)-Solomon Islands (1990) 1167 5-18 Cook Islands-France (1990) 1175

VOLUME n

VI. Indian Ocean/South East Asia 6-1 Australia (Heard/McDonald Islands)-France (Kerguelen Islands) (1982) 1185 6-2(1) Australia-Indonesia (Seabed Boundaries) (1971) 1195 6-2 (2) Australia-Indonesia (Timor and Arafura Seas) (1972) 1207 6-2 (3) Australia (Papua New Guinea)-Indonesia (1973) 1219 6-2 (4) Australia-Indonesia (Fisheries) (1981) 1229 6-2 (5) Australia-Indonesia (Timor Gap) (1989) 1245 6-3 Burma (Myanmar)-India (1986) 1329 6-4 Burma (Myanmar)-Thailand (1980) 1341 6-5 France (Reunion)-Mauritius (1980) 1353 6-6 (I) India-Indonesia (1974) 1363 6-6 (2) India-Indonesia (Andaman Sea and Indian Ocean) (1977) 1371 6-7 India-Indonesia-Thailand (1978) 1379 6-8 India-Maldives (1976) 1389 6-9 India-Maldives-Sri Lanka (1976) 1401 6-10 (I) India-Sri Lanka (Historie Waters (1974) 1409 6-10 (2) India-Sri Lanka (Gulf of Manaar and Bay of Bengal) (1976) 1419 6-11 India-Thailand (1978) 1433 6-12 Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand (1971) 1443 6-13 (1) Indonesia-Thailand (Malacca Strait and Andaman Sea) (1971) 1455 6-13 (2) Indonesia-Thailand (Andaman Sea) (1975) 1465 Table of Contents ix

VII. PersianGulf 7-1 Abu Dhabi-Dubai (1968) 1475 7-2 Bahrain-Iran (1971) 1481 7-3 Bahrain-Saudi Arabia (1958) 1489 7-4 Dubai-Sharjah (1981) 1499 7-5 Iran-Oman (1947) 1503 7-6 Iran-Qatar (1969) 1511 7-7 Iran-Saudi Arabia (1968) 1519 7-8 Iran-United Arab Emirates (Dubai) (1974) 1533 7-9 Qatar-United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) (1969) 1541 7-10 Sharjah-Umm al Qaywayn (1964) 1549

VIII. Mediterranean/Black Sea 8-1 Cyprus-United Kingdom (Akrotiri, Dhekelia) (1960) 1559 8-2 France-Italy (1986) 1571 8-3 France-Monaco (1984) 1581 8-4 Greece-Italy (1977) 1591 8-5 Italy-Spain (1974) 1601 8-6 Italy-Tunisia (1971) 1611 8-7 (1) Italy-Yugoslavia (Continental Shelf) (1969) 1627 8-7 (2) Italy-Yugoslavia (Territorial Sea) (1975) 1639 8-8 Libya-Malta (1986) 1649 8-9 Libya-Tunisia (1988) 1663 8-10 (1) Turkey-Soviet Union (Territorial Sea) (1973) 1681 8-10 (2) Turkey-Soviet Union (Continental Shelf) (1978) 1693 8-10 (3) Turkey-Soviet Union (Exclusive Economic Zone) (1986 and 1987) 1701

DC Northern and Western Europe 9-1 Denmark (Faroe Islands)-Norway (1979) 1711 9-2 France-Spain (1974) 1719 9-3 France-United Kingdom (1975, 1982, 1988 and 1991) 1735 9-4 Iceland-Norway (1980 and 1981) 1755 9-5 Ireland-United Kingdom (1988) 1767 9-6 Norway-Soviet Union (1957) 1781 9-7 Portugal-Spain (1976) 1791 9-8 Denmark-Federal Republic of Germany (1965, 1967, 1969, and 1974) 1801 9-9 Denmark-Norway (1965) 1815 9-10 Denmark-United Kingdom (1966 and 1971) 1825 x Table of Contents

9-11 Federal Republic of Germany- The Netherlands (1962,1964,1967 and 1971) 1835 9-12 Federal Republic of Germany-United Kingdom (1971) 1851 9-13 The Netherlands-United Kingdom (1965 and 1971) 1859 9-14 Norway-Sweden (1968) 1871 9-15 Norway-United Kingdom (1965 and 1978) 1879 9-16 Belgium-France (1990) 1891 9-17 Belgium-United Kingdom (1991) 1901

X. Baltic Sea 10-1 Denmark-Federal Republic of Germany (1965) 1915 10-2 Denmark-Sweden (1984) 1931 10-3 Finland-Sweden (1972) 1945 10-4 (1) Finland-Soviet Union (Continental Shelf in the Gulf of Finland) (1965) 1959 10-4 (2) Finland-Soviet Union (Continental Shelf in the North Easter Baltic Sea) (1967) 1971 10-4 (3) Finland-Soviet Union (Fishing in the North Eastern Baltic Sea) (1980) 1979 10-4 (4) Finland-Soviet Union (the Economic Zone, the Fishery Zone, and the Continental Shelf in the Gulf of Finland and the North Eastern Baltic Sea) (1985) 1989 10-5 Federal Republic of Germany-German Democratic Republic (1974) 1997 10-6 (1) German Democratic Republic-Poland (1989) 2005 10-6 (2) Federal Republic of Germany-Poland (1990) 2023 10-7 German Democratic Republic-Sweden (1978) 2029 10-8 Poland-Soviet Union (1985) 2039 10-9 Sweden-Soviet Union (1988 2057 10-10 Poland-Sweden (1989) 2077 10-11 Denmark-German Democratic Republic (1988) 2087 10-12 Poland-Sweden-Soviet Union (1989) 2097

Index 2105 Table of Contents xi

VOLUME m

Preface xiii Contributors xv Introduction xix Jonathan I. Charney

MARITIME BOUNDARY REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS I. North America 1-2 (Add. 2) Canada-France (St. Pierre and Miquelon) (1992) 2141

II. Middle America/The Caribbean 2-16 United Kingdom (British Virgin Islands)-United States (Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands) (1993) 2161 2-17 United Kingdom (Anguilla)-United States (US Virgin Islands) (1993) 2171 2-18 Colombia-Jamaica (1993) 2179 2-19 Cuba-Jamaica (1994) 2205 2-20 France (St Martin and St. Barthelemy)-United Kingdom (Anguilla) (1996) 2219 2-21 France (Guadeloupe)-United Kingdom (Montserrat) (1996) 2227 2-22 Dominican Republic-United Kingdom (Turks and Caicos Islands) (1996) 2235

HI. South America None

IV. Africa 4-1 (Add.) Cameroon-Nigeria (1975) 2249 4-4 (4) & (5) Guinea-Bissau-Senegal (1993 and 1995) 2251 4-8 Cape Verde-Senegal (1993) 2279

V. Central Pacific/East Asia 5-7 (Add.) United Kingdom (Pitcairn)-France (Polynesia) 2295 5-15 (3) North Korea-Soviet Union (Territorial Sea) (1990) 2299 5-16 (2) Papua New Guinea-Solomon Islands (1989) 2323 5-19 Malaysia-Vietnam (1992) 2335 5-20 Malaysia (Johor)-Singapore (1995) 2345 5-21 Cambodia-Vietnam (1982) 2357 xili Table of Contents

VI. Indian Ocean/South East Asia 6-3, 6-4, 6-11 (Add. 1) India-Myanmar (Burma)-Thailand (1993) 2369 6-11 (Add. 2) India-Thailand (1993) 2377

VII. Persian Gulf 7-4 (Add. 1) Dubai-Sharjah (1981) 2385 7-11 Iraq-Kuwait (1993) 2387

. Mediterranean/Black Sea 8-6 (Corr.) Italy-Tunisia (1971) 2435 8-7 (3) Adriatic Sea Update (1996) 2437 8-10 (4) Black Sea Update (1996) 2443 8-11 Albania-Italy (1992) 2447 8-12 Israel-Jordan (1996) 2457

K. Northern and Western Europe 9-3 (4) (Corr.) France-United Kingdom (1991) 2465 9-3 (5) France-United Kingdom (Guemsey) (1992) 2471 9-5 (2) Ireland-United Kingdom (1992) 2487 9-18 Denmark-Netherlands (1966) 2497 9-19 Denmark (Greenland)-Norway (Jan Mayen) (1995) 2507 9-20 Northern and Western Europe Update (1996) 2527

X. Baltic Sea 10-13 Finland-Sweden (Bogskär Area) (1995) 2539 10-14 Baltic Sea Update (1996) 2557

Cumulative Index 2575

VOLUME IV

Preface xv Contributors xvii Introduction xxi Jonathan I. Charney

MARITIME BOUNDARY REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS I. North America 1-5 (Add) Mexico-United States (1978) 2619 Table of Contents xiii

1-5 (2) Mexico-United States (2000) 2621

II. Middle America/The Caribbean None

HI. South America 3-5 (Corr. 1, Add. 1) Chile-Peru (1952) 2639 3-6 (Add. 1; Corr. 1) Colombia-Costa Rica (1984) 2641

IV. Africa 4-8 Equatorial Guinea-Sao Tome and Principe (1999) 2647 4-9 Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria (2000) 2657

V. Central Pacific/East Asia 5-4 (Add.) Australia-Solomon Islands (1988) 2671 5-22 Niue-United States (American Samoa) (1997) 2673 5-23 Thailand-Vietnam (1997) 2683

VI. Indian Ocean/South East Asia 6-2(6) Australia-Indonesia (1997) 2697 6-14 Eritrea-Yemen (1999) 2729 6-15 Australia-United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) (2000) 2753 6-16 Saudi Arabia-Yemen (2000) 2797 6-17 Oman-Pakistan (2000) 2809

VH. Persian Gulf 7-4 (Add. 1) Dubai-Sharjah (1981) 2823 7-12 Kuwait-Saudi Arabia (2000) 2825 7-13 Bahrain-Qatar (2001) 2841

VJJI. Mediterranean/Black Sea 8-6 (Corr. 2) Italy-Tunisia (1971) 2863 8-10 (5) Georgia-Turkey (1997) 2865 8-11 (Corr. 1) Albania-Italy (1992) 2869 8-13 Bulgaria-Turkey (1997) 2871 8-14 Bosnia-Herzegovina-Croatia (1999) 2887 JCJV Table of Contents

IX. Northern and Western Europe 9-4(2) Iceland-Norway (Jan Mayen) (1997) 2903 9-19 (2) Denmark (Greenland)-Norway (Jan Mayen (1997) 2913 9-21 Belgium-Netherlands (1996) 2921 9-22 Denmark (Greenland)-Iceland (1997) 2941 9-23 Denmark (Faroe Islands)-United Kingdom (1999) 2955 9-24 France-United Kingdom (Jersey) (2000) 2979

X. Baltic Sea 10-15 Estonia-Latvia (19%) 2995 10-16 Estonia-Finland (1996) 3019 10-17 Estonia-Latvia-Sweden (1997) 3041 10-18(1) Lithuania-Russia (ExclusiveEconomic Zone and Continental Shelf) (1997) 3057 10-18(2) Lithuania-Russia (Territorial Sea) (1997) 3077 10-19 Estonia-Sweden (1998) 3089 10-20 Latvia-Lithuania (1999) 3107 10-21 Estonia-Finland-Sweden (2001) 3129

Cumulative Index 3141